Combustion: Carbon, in all its allotropic forms, burns in oxygen to give carbon dioxide along with the release of heat and light. Most carbon compounds also release a large amount of heat and light on burning. C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light CH4 + 2O2 → …

Ethanol Ethanol is an alcohol and is obtained by the fermentation of molasses which are obtained from sugarcane juice. Its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Alcohols are carbon compounds containing – OH group attached to a carbon atom. It can also be conside…

Soaps The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. A soap molecule has: Ionic (hydrophilic) part Long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic) part Structure of soap molecule Example 1. What change will you observe if yo…

Early Attempts at Classification of Elements The number of elements known to us is around 118. But around the year 1800, only 30 elements were known and their properties were also not known much. With the discovery of more elements, scientists gathered …

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table The main credit for classifying elements goes to Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, a Russian chemist. He was the most important contributor to the early development of a Periodic Table of elements wherein the elements were arranged …

The Modern Periodic Table In 1913, Henry Moseley showed that the atomic number of an element is a more fundamental property than its atomic mass. Accordingly, Mendeleev’s Periodic Law was modified and the atomic number was adopted as the basis of the Mo…

Life Processes Living creatures must keep repairing and maintaining their structures all the time which might break down due to environmental effects. Since all these structures are made up of molecules, they must move molecules around all the time. The…

Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic nutrition is defined as a type of nutrition in which organisms synthesize organic materials (food) from the inorganic source by the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis The overall equation for photosynthesis is: 6…

Respiration Respiration is a biochemical process taking place in the mitochondria and involves exchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide and oxidation of food in celLs to release energy. Respiration is essential for life because it provides energy for…

Transportation Transportation in Human Beings In human beings, the transportation of various substances to relevant organs and tissues is done by blood and lymph. Blood circulatory system: The blood circulatory system comprises heart and blood vessels.…