Practicing the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology with Solutions Set 6 allows you to get rid of exam fear and be confident to appear for the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Sociology Set 6 with Solutions
Time: 3 Hours.
Max. Marks: 80
General Instructions:
- The question paper is divided into four sections.
- There are 38 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
- Section A includes questions No. 1-20. These are MCQ-type questions. As per the question, there can be one answer.
- Section B includes questions No. 21-29. These are very short answer-type questions carrying 2 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Section C includes questions No. 30-35. They are short answer type questions carrying 4 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 80 words.
- Section D includes questions No. 36-38. They are long answer type questions carrying 6 marks each. The answer to each question should not exceed 200 words. Question no. 36 is to be answered with the help of the passage given.
Section A (20 Marks)
Question 1.
________refers to the number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group, usually taken to be 15 to 49 years. [1].
(a) Rate of natural increase.
(c) Fertility rate.
(b) Birth rate.
(d) Death rate.
Answer:
(c) Fertility rate.
Question 2.
Which of the following statements are incorrect about the population studies? [1].
(a) The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live births.
(b) The maternal mortality rate is the number of women who die in childbirth per 1,00,000 live births.
(c) life expectancy refers to the estimated number of years that an average person is expected to survive.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(d) None of the above
Question 3.
Assertion (A) The age structure of the population refers to the proportion of persons in different age groups relative to the total population. Reason (R) The age structure changes in response to changes in levels of development and the average life expectancy. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Question 4.
If prejudice describes attitudes and opinions_________ refers to actual behavior towards another group or individual [1].
(a) discrimination.
(b) stereotype.
(c) social injustice.
(d) social change.
Answer:
(a) discrimination.
Question 5.
Assertion (A) ‘Upper’ caste Hindu communities have often denied entry into temples for the ‘lower’ castes and especially the Dalits. Reason (R) Prolonged experience of discriminatory or insulting behavior often produces a reaction on the part of the excluded who then stop trying for inclusion. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Question 6.
‘’____where the spirit of the Western nationalism prevails, the whole people is being taught from boyhood to foster hatred and ambitions by all kinds of means – by the manufacture of half-truths and untruths in history, by persistent misrepresentation of other races arid the culture of unfavorable sentiments towards them. Which one of the following personalities said the above-mentioned statements? [1].
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Raja Rammohun Roy
(c) Rabindranath Tagore
(d) Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar
Answer:
(c) Rabindranath Tagore.
Question 7.
India is the second largest country in terms of population in the world. It has a population of about________ people according to the Census of India 2011. [1].
(a) 1.11 billion
(b) 1 .21 billion
(c) 1.31 billion
(d) 1.41 billion
Answer:
(b) 1 .21 billion
Question 8.
Assertion (A) Policies that promote assimilation are aimed at persuading, encouraging or forcing all citizens to adopt a uniform set of cultural values and norms. Reason (R) Policies promoting integration insist that the public culture be restricted to a common national pattern, while all ‘non-national cultures’ are to be relegated to the private sphere. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) .
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Question 9.
In the areas where non-Sanskritic castes were their influence was very strong. It is known as_______ [1].
(a) backward, de-Sanskritisation
(b) dominant, modernisation
(c) dominant, de-Sanskritisation
(d) backward, development
Answer:
(c) dominant, de-Sanskritisation.
Question 10.
Which of the following systems of marriage were debated among Muslim social reformers? [1].
I. Polygamy
II. Purdah
III. Divorce
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) I, II, and III
Answer:
(c) Both I and II.
Question 11.
Who coined the term ‘Sanskritisation’? [1].
(a) M N Srinivas.
(b) Vishnu Shastri.
(c) Jyotiba Phule.
(d) Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
(a) M N Srinivas.
Question 12.
Which of the following statements is/are correct about the Halpati system? [1].
(a) It represents a kind of bonded labor, where the poor workers were involved in hereditary labor relationships with the landowners
(b) This system shows how landowners controlled the poor through land ownership by exploiting their dependence on land for survival.
(c) Jeeta system is the name given to the Halpati system practiced in Karnataka.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.
Question 13.
‘A particular seed is genetically modified to produce ten times more crops than regular seeds. It was developed by scientists to meet the food supply during famines.” Mention the name of this seed. [1].
I. High-Yielding Variety (HYV)
II. Moderate-Yielding Variety (MYV)
III. Low-Yielding Variety (LYV)
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Only III
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(a) Only I.
Question 14.
Assertion (A) Women workers in most regions in our country are usually excluded from ownership of land because of the prevailing patrilineal kinship system and mode of inheritance. Reason (R) The exploitative nature and decreasing level of women’s participation, leads to a decrease in their social position and more exploitation. [1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Question 15.
Which of the following is correct about Karl Marx and Mahatma Gandhi? [1].
(a) Marx and Mahatma Gandhi supported machinery.
(b) Marx and Mahatma Gandhi saw mechanization as a danger to employees.
(c) Marx and Mahatma Gandhi believed in the alienation of work.
(d) Marx and Mahatma Gandhi saw unemployment as a big concern.
Answer:
(b) Marx and Mahatma Gandhi saw mechanization as a danger to employees.
Question 16.
The fish processing plants along the coastline employ mostly single women from_______and ________. [1].
(a) Maharashtra and Kerala
(b) Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.
(c) Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
(d) Tamil Nadu and Punjab.
Answer:
(c) Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Question 17.
“This was the most visible in the hiring of casual labor for work on construction sites and brickyards. The contractor went to villages for employing people in various occupations. He gave loans to them in the form of money and this loan included the cost of transport to the work site. The loaned money was treated as an advance wage and the worker worked without wages until the loan was repaid.” Which one of the following systems is associated with the above-mentioned statements? [1].
(a) Contractor system .
(b) Slave system.
(c) Jazmani system .
(d) Credit system.
Answer:
(a) Contractor system.
Question 18.
Which of the following statements is invalid regarding social movements? [1].
(a) Social movements often arise with the aim of bringing about changes on a public issue.
(b) Social movement activists hold meetings to mobilize people around the issues that concern them.
(c) Social movements also chart out campaigns that include lobbying with the government, media, and other important makers of public opinion.
(d) Poetry is not a mode of protest.
Answer:
(d) Poetry is not a mode of protest.
Question 19.
‘Historians influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx offered a different view of violent collective action. One of the historians argues that the ‘crowd’ and the ‘mob’ were
not made up of lawbreaking hooligans who were out to destroy society. Identify the historian who said the above-mentioned statement. [1].
(a) EP Thompson.
(b) Emile Durkheim.
(c) Max Weber.
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(a) EP Thompson.
Question 20.
Assertion (A) The Dalit Movement is said to be a struggle for recognition as fellow human beings. Reason (R) There has been a growing body of Dalit literature.[1].
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer:
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Section B (18 Marks)
Question 21.
Write a brief note on the terms ‘Nuclear family’ and ‘Extended family’. [2].
OR
“The dominant classification of tribes as used in academic sociology, as well as the public and political affair, is the extent of assimilation in Hindu mainstream. This assimilation can further be seen from the point of view of tribes and from the Hindu mainstream.” State both viewpoints of tribes and mainstream with regard to the above-mentioned statements.
Answer:
The term ‘nuclear family’ refers to a family that consists of only one set of parents and their children. However, an extended family also known as ‘a joint family can take different forms, but typically has more than one family couple with two generations, living together. The term extended family is often considered to be symptomatic indicative of India.
OR
This assimilation can further be seen from the point of view of tribes and from the Hindu mainstream. These are as follows:
(i) From the tribes1 point of view, the attitude of the people towards the Hindu mainstream is important with the differentiation between tribes that are positively inclined towards Hinduism and those who oppose it.
(ii) From the mainstream point of view, tribes may be viewed according to their status in Hindu society, wherein high status is given to some, and low status according to most.
Question 22.
What is meant by the term ‘Untouchability’? Explain. [2].
Answer:
The term untouchability defines as an extreme aspect of the caste system where members of certain castes are considered untouchable by upper castes. The three main dimensions of untouchability i.e. exclusion, humiliation-subordination, and exploitation are equally important.
Untouchability is associated with economic exploitation of various kinds, most commonly through the imposition of forced, unpaid (or underpaid) labor or the confiscation of property.
Question 23.
“OBC is neither part of the ‘forward’ castes at the upper end of the status spectrum, nor of the Dalits at the lower end. But since caste has entered all the major Indian religions and is not confined to Hinduism alone, there are also members of other religions who belong to the backward castes and share the traditional occupational identification and similar or worse socio-economic status.”Elaborate on the term OBC as per the above-mentioned statements with special reference to the Indian Constitution.
OR
Write a brief note on one of M G Ranade’s literary works in the context of social movement in India. [2].
Answer:
The term OBC, a large group of castes that were of low status and are also subjected to varying levels of discrimination but were not untouchables. They are the service and artisanal castes who occupied the lower ranks of the caste hierarchy. The Constitution of India recognizes the possibility that there may be groups other than the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantages.
All these groups are based not on caste alone but were described as the ’socially and educationally backward classes. This gives a constitutional basis to ‘Other Backward Classes’ (OBC) which are common today.
OR
M G Ranade was one of the leading reformers who raised his voice against the deplorable and unjust treatment of the Hindu upper caste widows. He used the writings of scholars such as Bishop Joseph Butler whose ‘Analogy of Religion’ and ‘Three Sermons on Human Nature’ dominated the moral philosophy syllabus of Bombay University in the 1860s.
He was known for his writings entitled The Texts of the Hindu Law on the Lawfulness of the Remarriage of Widows and Vedic Authorities for Widow Marriage.’ The book represents the shastric sanction for the remarriage of widows.
Question 24.
Define the term ‘Regionalism’ with regard to the Indian context.
Answer:
The term ‘Regionalism’ refers to the ideology of commitment to a particular regional identity which could be based on language, ethnicity, and other characteristics. Regionalism in India is rooted in India’s diversity of languages, cultures, tribes, and religions.
It is also encouraged by the geographical concentration of these identity markers in particular regions and promoted by a sense of regional deprivation. Indian federalism has been a means of accommodating these regional sentiments.
Question 25.
The Sanskritisation process has been criticized due to various reasons. State two reasons. [2].
Answer:
The Sanskritisation process has been criticized due to various reasons such as:
(i) It exaggerates the social mobility or the scope of lower castes to achieve higher social status. Inequality continues to exist in society and there are no fundamental changes that have been brought about by Sanskritisation.
(ii) It justifies a practice that is based on inequality and exclusion. The notion of upper caste and lower caste strengthens the discrimination and undemocratic vision in society.
Question 26.
Who coined the term ‘Footloose labor’? What is meant by it? [2].
Answer:
Jan Breman coined the term ‘footloose labor’. The term ‘footloose labor’ refers to those laborers who are pushed out of agriculture and rely on casual labor. These workers migrate to other states in search of seasonal occupations. For example, in India, they migrate to Punjab, Haryana, Mumbai, Delhi, etc., to engage in construction work.
Question 27.
What are some problems faced by the mine workers?
OR
Who invented ‘Scientific Management’? Elaborate on the term Taylorism or Industrial engineering. [2].
Answer:
Some problems faced by the mine workers are as follows:
(i) Rules are not followed in smaller mines and quarries. Laborers are kept under a contractual system and are not given proper wages.
(ii) Many contractors do not maintain a proper register of workers, thus avoiding any responsibility for accidents and benefits.
(iii) The mine workers working in underground mines face very dangerous conditions, due to flooding the collapse of roofs and sides the emission of gases, and ventilation failures.
OR
Frederick Winslow Taylor, an American, invented a new system in the 1890s which he called ‘Scientific Management’. Taylorism or Industrial engineering refers to all work that was broken down into its smallest repetitive elements and was divided between workers. Workers were timed with the help of stopwatches and had to fulfill a certain target every day.
Production was further speeded up by the introduction of the assembly line. Each worker then sat along a conveyor belt and assembled only one part of the final product. The speed of work could be set by adjusting the speed of the conveyor belt.
Question 28.
Discuss the major features of social movement. [2].
Answer:
The features of social movements are as follows:
(i) A social movement requires sustained collective action over time. Such action is often directed against the state and takes the form of demanding changes in State Policy or practice.
(ii) Those people who participate in social movements have shared objectives and ideologies.
(iii) Social movement activists hold meetings to mobilize people around the issues that concern them. Such activities help shared understanding.
Question 29.
Write a brief note on the role of political parties in the old social movements in India. [2].
Answer:
In the old social movements, the role of political parties was central. The increase in social movements in India in the 1970s was due to people’s growing dissatisfaction with parliamentary democracy. It is noteworthy that the institutions of the state have been captured by elites.
Due to this, electoral representation by political parties is no longer an effective way for the poor to get their voices heard. People left out by the formal political system join social movements or non-party political formations in order to put pressure on the state from the outside.
Section C (24 Marks)
Question 30.
How have tribes been classified in India? [4].
Answer:
Tribes in India have been classified according to their permanent’ and ‘acquired’ traits. Permanent Traits Permanent traits include region, language, physical characteristics, and ecological habitat. About 85% of the tribal population lives in ‘middle India’. Of the remaining 15%, over 1 1% is in the North-Eastern states, and over 3% live in the rest of India.
In terms of language, tribes are categorized into four categories as Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austric, and Tibeto-Burman. In physical-racial terms, tribes are classified as Negrito, Australoid, Mongoloid, Dravidian, and Aryan.
In terms of size, tribes range from about seven million to some Andamanese islanders who are less than a hundred persons. The biggest tribes of India are Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Oraons, Minas, Bodos, and Mundas. Acquired Traits Acquired traits include criteria i.e. mode of livelihood, and extent of incorporation into Hindu
society.
On the basis of livelihood, tribes can be categorized into fishermen, food gatherers/hunters, shifting cultivators, peasants, and plantation and industrial workers. The extent of incorporation into the Hindu society, the dominant classification of tribes is based on the extent of their assimilation in the Hindu mainstream.
(i) From the tribe’s point of view, the attitude of the tribe towards the Hindu mainstream is important as there are tribes that are positively inclined towards Hinduism and others who oppose it
(ii) From the Hindu mainstream point of view, tribes may be viewed according to their status in the Hindu society which is generally low.
Question 31.
What are the major factors behind the existence of the hierarchy in the caste system? Explain. [4].
Answer:
There are several factors behind the existence of hierarchy in the caste system. As the hierarchical order of caste is based on the distinction between purity and pollution. The word ‘purity’ connotes division between something believed to be closer to the sacred and the word ‘pollution’ represents something which is distant from or opposed to the sacred.
Castes that are considered to be ritually pure have high status, while those considered less pure have low status. Apart from purity, material power, economic power, or military power is also associated with social status. Therefore, those in power have higher status and those defeated have lower status. Castes in the past were not only unequal to each other in ritual terms, but also complementary and non-competing.
Thus, each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other castes. Further, castes are associated with the occupation. The caste system often functions as the social division of labor wherein there is no movement or mobility.
Question 32.
How are the Other Backward Castes different from the Dalits or Schedule Castes? [4].
OR
Elaborate on the term ‘stereotype’ in the context of sociological study.
Answer:
Other Backward Castes (OBCs) are different from the Dalits or Scheduled Castes (SCs) in the following ways:
(i) OBCs are not any particular group like SCs and STs but individuals from all communities whose standard of living is below the poverty line.
(ii) There is a tough procedure for OBC candidates to establish themself in this category while SCs and STs and unconditionally recognized.
(iii) The proportion of reserved seats is equal to the percentage share of the Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the total population but for OBCs this proportion is decided differently.
(iv) OBCs have been scheduled in the Constitution of India through 93rd Amendment, 2006, and these classes are recognized since the early 1990s
OR
The term ‘stereotype’ is a widely held, fixed, and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. It is often applied to ethnic and racial groups and to women in the context of sociological study. In a country such as India, which was colonized for a long time, many of these stereotypes are partly colonial creations.
For example, some communities were characterized as martial races’ and others were treated as cowards and untrustworthy. It may be true that some individuals are sometimes lazy or cunning, brave or cowardly. Even for such individuals, it is not true all time, because the same individual may be both lazy and hardworking at different times. Stereotypes fix the whole group into single, homogeneous categories. Sometimes, the entire community is characterized by an all-encompassing trait or characteristic
Question 33.
What is meant by the term ‘Secularism’ in both Indian and Western contexts? Explain. [4].
Answer:
Secularism in Indian Context In the Indian context, secularism or the word secular refers to a state that does not favor the religious beliefs and practices of any particular religion or sect over others. In everyday language, secular is considered the opposite of communal. It implies equal respect for all religions rather than separation or distancing.
For example, the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions. Secularism in Western Context It is the progressive retreat of religion from public life. It is a result of the arrival of modernity and the rise of reason and rational thinking. Thus, it promotes a new way of understanding. Presently secularism in India also includes the Western understanding of secularism also
Question 34.
State the two reform programs related to land reforms in Independence India. [4]
Answer:
There are two major reforms related to land reforms that were carried out from the 1950s to the 1970s after India’s independence. These are as follows:
(a) Abolition of Zamindari System The first step taken by the Indian government under land reforms post-independence was passing the Zamindari Abolition Act. It removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state. In many areas, superior rights were taken away from the zamindars and weakened their economic and political power. However, the Abolition of such intermediaries not only improved the conditions of farmers by establishing their direct connection with the government but also improved agricultural production.
(b) Land Ceilings Act The other reform that the government passed was the Land Ceiling Act in order to bring uniformity across states. These laws imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that a family could own. The ceiling varies from region to region, depending on the kind of land, its productivity, etc. Very productive land has a low ceiling while unproductive dry land has a higher ceiling limit.
Question 35.
Why does sociology have a keen interest in the study of social movements?
OR
Imagine a society where there has been no social movement. Discuss. Can you also describe how you imagine such a society to be? [4].
Answer:
Sociology has always been interested in studying social movements. The following points will express the reasons behind this interest which are as follows:
(i) Sociology took birth as a discipline due to three major revolutions, the French Revolution, The Industrial Revolution, and the Enlightenment. Since the inception of Sociology, it has always studied and analyzed social movements as it impacts the social order of society.
(ii) Classical sociologists have shown keen interest in maintaining the social order. Emile Durkheim was keen to protect the social order of society, whereas Karl Marx promoted social movements to bring revolution. Max Weber studied the capitalist society and the changes it brought along.
(iii) The transformative power of the social movements renders sociology to take a keen interest in analyzing and studying the same as it brings reforms or changes in the societal status quo.
OR
A society where there is no social movement should have been an inclusive society where every section is it workers, women, tribals, or Dalits, etc. will be enjoying the benefits of development. Society will be based on egalitarian principles. This society will be free from exploitation of any kind and people will enjoy certain alienable rights.
This kind of society can also be referred to as one with continuous and ongoing social change but free from social movements. This type of society can be imagined by choosing a welfare state approach in which society will be free from discrimination. The government should provide minimum basic amenities to the people. This type of approach will not allow the people to go for social movement as the interest of every group will be taken care of.
Section D (18 Marks)
Question 36.
“Economists often make a distinction between organized or formal and unorganized or informal sector. According to one definition, the organized sector consists of all units employing ten or more people throughout the year. These have to be registered with the government to ensure that their employees get proper salaries or wages, pensions, and other benefits.” Highlight the major social implications of the organized sector in India on the basis of the above-mentioned statements. [6].
Answer:
There are some major social implications of the organized sector in India as follows:
(i) Only a few people work in large firms where they get to meet people from various backgrounds and regions. Unlike urban regions, large firms have well-defined rules with a transparent recruitment process along with provisions for complaints and redressals.
(ii) Few Indians have access to secure jobs and benefits. Two-thirds of those enjoy this work for the government. Government employment has contributed to overcoming the boundaries of caste, religion, and region.
(iii) Since very few people are members of a union, a feature of the organized sector, people in the unorganized sector do not experience collective fighting for wages and safe working conditions. Industrial or non-industrial sector/enterprises which are registered with the government is called an organized sector. In this sector, people get assured work, and the employment terms are fixed and regular. A number of acts apply to the enterprises, schools, and hospitals covered under the organized sector.
The benefits of the organized sector include access to government schemes, safety and security for workers, and employee benefits such as health insurance and retirement plans. For example, the Tertiary sector is the most important organized sector because it employs more people when compared to the primary and secondary sectors. In addition, it is the backbone that further boosts the growth of primary and secondary sectors
Question 37.
The Population of India and its Growth During the 20th Century [6].
| Year | Total Population (In millions) |
Average Annual Growth Rate (%) |
Decadal Growth Rate (%) |
| 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 |
238 252 251 279 319 361 439 548 683 846 1028 1210 |
– 0.56 |
– 5.8 |
(a) What was the total population of India as per the census of 2001?
(b) What was the percentage of the average annual growth rate between 1901-1951 and 1911 and 1921?
(c) What was the percentage of decreasing decadal growth rate from 2001 to 2011?
Answer:
(a) India is the second most populous country in the world, with a total population of 1 .21 billion according to the Census of India 2001.
(b) Between 1901-1951, the percentage of the average annual growth rate was approximately 1 .33%, a modest rate of growth, and between 1 91 1 and 1921, there was a negative growth rate i.e. -0.03%, because of the influenza epidemic during 1918-19.
(c) The percentage of decreasing decadal growth rate from 2001 to 2011 is 3.8%.
Question 38.
If capitalism became the dominant economic system in the colonial period, nation-states became the dominant political form. Explain how this process took place.
OR
How are capitalism and colonialism related? Explain the impact of colonialism in India in bringing about a structural change in society. [6].
Answer:
Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and organized to accumulate profits within a market system. The emergence of capitalism was a complicated process. It was the interplay of European exploration, growth in industrialization, trade, and science and technology.
In due course of time, capitalism became the dominant economic system. It was characterized by dynamism, growth, expansion, innovation, and the use of labor and technology. Gradually, in Western countries, it was found that if capitalism became the dominant economic system, then the nation-state became the dominant political form.
During the period before the First World War, people hardly had passports and these were not used in international travel. In the modern world, we see nation-states. The nation-state is a particular type of state in which a government has supreme or sovereign power within a defined territorial area. In this type of state, the people are citizens of a single nation.
Therefore, nationalism is also closely related to nation-states. Nationalism advocates the right to freedom and sovereignty of a set of people living in a particular area. Thus, capitalism, nationalism, and nation-states developed over a period of time.
OR
Capitalism in the West emerged out of a complex process of European exploration of the rest of the world. It used to plunder wealth and resources and an unprecedented growth of science and technology. Western colonialism was connected to the growth of Western capitalism. It had a lasting impact on the way capitalism developed in a colonized country like India.
Colonialism in India introduced a wide array of changes in every sphere- be it legal, cultural, or architectural. These changes were done to facilitate the smooth functioning of British rule. Some of the changes that took place were deliberate, while others were unintended consequences. Following are the changes brought about by colonialism
(i) Western education was introduced to create Indians who would manage British colonialism. Instead, it led to the growth of a nationalist and anti-colonial unconsciousness.
(ii) Capitalism became the prime mode of an economic system that emerged out of a complex process of European exploration of the rest of the world. It was characterized by the plunder of wealth and resources. The unprecedented growth of science and technology led to the harnessing of industries and agriculture.
(iii) Colonialism became the dominant economic system; nation-states became the dominant political form. Societies began to be organized on the lines of nationality and citizenship.
(iv) The colonial rule changed not just land ownership but even decided what crops should be grown and what should not be. (v) During the colonial period every policy was made toward the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism. It changed the land-holding system in India.
(vi) The overall changes in the Forest Act changed the lives of pastoralists. Consequently, they were checked from entering many forests.
(vii) Architecture was also influenced by the Britishers. They developed towns in India that had spacious bungalows, elegant apartment houses, planned streets, and trees on both the houses of the street.
(viii) British colonialism deeply affected Indian cultural life. The English language is widely used in India and it is a doorway to various opportunities. Roadside eateries and canteens also have bread omelets and cutlets on their menu. We are also habitual to driving on the left side of the road like the British.