Practicing the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 9 allows you to get rid of exam fear and be confident to appear for the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 9 with Solutions
Time: 3 Hours.
Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
- All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
- Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type-I questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type-II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words.
- Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
Section A (18 Marks)
Question 1.
Aptitude tests are available in. [1]
(A) three forms-independent (specialized), and multiple (generalized) aptitude tests.
(B) two forms-multiple and generalized aptitude tests.
(C) two forms-independent and specialized aptitude tests.
(D) two forms-independent and multiple aptitude tests.
Answer:
(D) two forms-independent and multiple aptitude tests.
Explanation: Aptitude tests are available in two forms-independent and multiple aptitude tests
Question 2.
For most behaviourists, the structural unit of personality is the________ . [1]
(A) response
(B) stimuli
(C) archetypes
(D) emotions
Answer:
(A) response
Explanation: For most behaviourists, the structural unit of personality is the response. Each response is a behaviour, which is emitted to satisfy a specific need
Question 3.
__________personality is characterised by proneness to depression. [1]
(A) Type-A
(B) Type-B
(C) Type-C
(D) Type-D
Answer:
(D) Type-D
Explanation: Type ‘D’ Personality is charactrized by proneness to depression. Type- D personality typologies are usually too simplistic as human behaviour is highly complex and variable. Assigning people to a particular personality type is difficult. People do not fit into such simple categorization schemes so neatly.
Question 4.
The _________ self emerges in relation to others and emphasizes such aspects of life as cooperation, unity, affiliation, sacrifice or sharing. [1]
(A) personal
(B) individual
(C) social
(D) positive
Answer:
(C) social
Explanation: The social self emerges in relation to others and emphasized such aspects of life as cooperation, unity, affiliation, sacrifice, support or sharing
Question 5.
It is the_____ that is attacked by the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV), the virus causing Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).[1]
(A) B cells
(B) T-helper cells
(C) T cells
(D) natural killer cells
Answer:
(B) T-helper cells
Explanation: It is these T-helper cells that are attacked by the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV), the virus causing Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Question 6.
Negative events are appraised of their possible. [1]
(A) harm, threat or commitment
(B) harm thought or controllability
(C) hurt, threat, damage or challenge
(D) harm, threat or challenge
Answer:
(D) harm, threat or challenge
Explanation: Negative events are appraised for their possible harm, threat or challenge.
Question 7
_______stresses are demands that change the state of our body. For example, we feel strained when we overexert ourselves, lack a nutritious diet or suffer an injury. [1]
(A) Environmental
(B) Bodily
(C) Physical
(D) Health-related
Answer:
(C) Physical
Explanation: Physical stresses are demands that change the state of our body. For example, we feel strained when we overexert ourselves physically, lack a nutritious diet or suffer an injury.
Question 8.
What is “Phobia”? [1]
(A) an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.
(B) an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm.
(C) a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(A) an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.
Explanation: Phobia is a Greek word that means fear. A person diagnosed with a specific phobia (formerly known as a simple phobia) experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (such as animals, enclosed spaces, elevators, or flying)
Question 9.
Compulsive behaviour is doing things over and over again [1]
(A) Counting
(B) Touching
(C) Checking
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(D) All of the above
Explanation: Compulsive Behaviour- is the need to perform certain behaviours over and over again. e.g., Counting, touching, checking, washing etc.
Question 10.
___________are perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli are called. [1]
(A) Delusions
(B) Hallucinations
(C) Inappropriate affect
(D) Formal Disorders
Answer:
(B) Hallucinations
Explanation: Hallucinations are perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli.
Question 11.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): People with high levels of stress but low levels of illness share three characteristics.
Reason (R): The three characteristics are Quality, Buffer and Resistance.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation: The three characteristics are 3 Cs Commitment, Control and Challenge.
Question 12.
Negative reinforcement is: [1]
(A) Negative reinforcement refers to the undesired response with an outcome that is painful or not liked.
(B) Negative reinforcement refers to the repeated association of an undesired response with an aversive consequence.
(C) Only (A)
(D) Both (A) & (B)
Answer:
(A) Negative reinforcement refers to the undesired response with an outcome that is painful or not liked.
Question 13.
What are a variety of conditions that Gestalt therapy can treat? [1]
(A) Anxiety
(B) Depression
(C) Low self-esteem
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(D) All of the above
Explanation: Gestalt therapy can treat all of the given options which are anxiety, depression and low self-esteem
Question 14.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): Source credibility and attractiveness. Attitudes are more likely to change when the message comes from a highly credible source rather than from a low-credible source.
Reason (R): Attitudes will change when the amount of information given about the topic is just enough, neither too much nor too little. Whether the message contains a rational or an emotional appei, also makes a difference. The motives activated by the message depend on the mode of spreading the news (face-to-face transmission is more effective than indirect transmission).
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Question 15.
Which of the following is not the main explanation of prejudice and discrimination? [1]
(A) Authoritarian Personality
(B) Realistic Conflict Theory – Robbers Cave
(C) Stereotyping
(D) Social Injustice theory
Answer:
(D) Social Injustice theory
Explanation: The other three options- Authoritarian Personality, Realistic Conflict Theory – Robbers Cave, and Stereotyping are some of the main explanations for discrimination and prejudice.
Question 16.
Social and cognitive psychologists use computers for [1]
(A) Measuring cognition
(C) Describing cognition
(B) Simulating cognition
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(D) All of the above
Explanation: Social and cognitive psychologists use computers for measuring, simulating, and describing cognition
Question 17.
___________is a stage of intragroup conflict. [1]
(A) Storming
(B) Norming
(C) Performing
(D) Adjourning
Answer:
(A) Storming
Explanation: Storming is: Second state of group formation in which Intra-group conflict—is about how the goal is to be achieved, who will be the leader and who will perform what task (hierarchy of leadership and how to achieve a goal is developed).
Question 18.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): Group formation depends highly on elements like roles, norms, status and most importantly cohesiveness.
Reason (R): More Cohesiveness means that members start thinking, feeling and acting as a social unit (no isolated individuals); there is an increased desire to remain in the group
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Section – B (10 Marks)
Question 19.
State and discuss the two levels of stress. [2]
Answer:
Stress has two levels:
Eustress: It is good, healthy, positive, inspiring and motivational. The term was coined by endocrinologist Hans Selye, consisting of the Greek prefix eu- meaning “good,” and stress, literally meaning “good stress”. It can be used to reach peak performance and manage crises.
Distress: Distress refers to non-specific symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression. Distress comes together with feelings of anxiety which are considered negative and unwanted. Distress hinders a person’s ability to function normally, communicate and think clearly. If it continues on a long-term basis, it can become detrimental to a person’s mental and physical health.
Question 20.
Write about the emotional effects of stress. [2]
OR
Define coping and explain its relation with stress.
Answer:
The emotional effects of stress on a person include the following:
- Experiencing mood swings,
- Showing erratic behaviour or maladjustment with family and friends
- Starting a vicious circle of decreasing confidence
- Intolerance leads to more serious emotional problems
OR
Coping is a dynamic situation-specific reaction to stress. It is a set of concrete responses to stressful situations or events that are intended to resolve the problem and reduce stress. The way we cope with stress often depends on rigid deep-seated beliefs, based on experience, e.g., when caught in a traffic jam we feel angry because we believe that the traffic ‘should’ move faster.
To manage stress, we often need to reassess the way we think and learn coping strategies. People who cope poorly with stress have an impaired immune response and diminished activity of natural killer cells. Individuals show consistent individual differences in the coping strategies they use to handle stressful situations.
Question 21.
Write a short note on systematic desensitization.[2]
Answer:
Systematic desensitization is a technique introduced by psychologist BOL for treating phobias on irrational fears. The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think about the least anxiety-provoking situation. Gradually the client is able to imagine more severe provoking situations while maintaining relaxation and in this way . the client gets systematically desensitized
Question 22.
Define schema and write its relationship with the stereotype.[2]
Answer:
A schema is defined as a mental structure that provides a framework, set of rules or guidelines for processing information about any object. Schemata (or ‘schemas’) are the basic units stored in our memory, and function as shorthand ways of processing information, thus reducing the time and mental effort required in cognition. A schema for cultural understanding is more than just a stereotype about the members of a culture. Whereas stereotypes tend to be rigid, a schema is dynamic and subject to revision.
Question 23.
Explain the concepts of in-group and out-group.[2]
Answer:
In group: One’s group We denoted it by use of ‘we’ (e.g., India). Members in the group are similar, viewed favourably, have desired traits. Out group: Another group denoted by the term they ‘they’ (e.g., Pakistan). Members of out-group viewed differently, negatively in comparison to in a group.
Section – C (12 Marks)
Question 24.
Discuss Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence.[3]
Answer:
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Robert Sternberg) [1985]:
Definition: The ability to adapt, shape and select the environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture. Three Basic Types of Intelligence:
(i) Componential Intelligence/Analytical Intelligence: The analysis of information to solve problems. It had three components: Knowledge Acquisition responsible for learning and acquisition of the ways of doing things. Meta or Higher Order Component planning concerning ‘what to do’ and ‘how to do it’. Performance Component actually doing things.
(ii) Experiential/Creative Intelligence: Using past experiences creatively to solve new problems. Ability to integrate different experiences in an original way to make discoveries and inventions. Quickly find out what information is crucial in a given situation.
(iii) Contextual/Practical Intelligence: The ability to deal with environmental demands encountered daily May be called ‘street smartness’ or ‘business sense’ Easily adapt to their present environment/ select a more favourable environment, and modify the environment to fit their needs.
Question 25.
Differentiate between psychological and social stress.[3]
Answer:
Psychological Stress: These are stresses that we generate ourselves in our minds. These are personal and unique to the person experiencing them and are internal sources of stress.
- Frustration results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving the desired goal (social discrimination, low grades).
- Conflicts may occur between two or more incompatible needs or motives. Pressure (Expectations)
- Internal pressure stems from beliefs based upon expectations from inside us of ourselves
- Social pressure may be brought about by people who make excessive demands on us. Also, there are people with whom we face interpersonal difficulties.
Social stress: Social stress is caused due to social interaction. Social events like death or illness in the family, strained relationships, trouble with neighbours, rapid social change, poverty, discrimination, and poor social conditions are examples of social stress. Social stress can emerge in several situations.
Question 26.
Define social psychology and write its features.[3]
OR
Explain the reasons that make people join groups.
Answer:
Social Psychology: Social psychology is a branch of Psychology that investigates how the behaviour of individuals is affected by others and the social environment. Social psychology is the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, beliefs, intentions and goals are constructed within a social context by the actual or imagined interactions with others. It, therefore, looks at human behaviour as influenced by other people and the conditions under which social behaviour and feelings occur.
Baron, Byrne and Suls (1989) define Social Psychology as ‘The scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behaviour in social situations. Topics examined in social psychology include the self-concept, social cognition, attribution theory, social influence, group processes, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal processes, aggression, attitudes and stereotypes.
OR
People join groups because these groups satisfy a range of needs:
(i) Security: Groups reduce the feeling of insecurity when we are alone. Being with people gives a sense of comfort and protection As a result, people feel stronger and are less vulnerable to threats.
(ii) Status: When we are members of a group that is perceived to be important by others, we feel recognized and experience a sense of power.
(iii) Self-esteem: Groups provide feelings of self-worth and establish a positive social identity Being a member of prestigious groups enhances one’s self self-concept.
Question 27.
Explain the ABC Component of attitude. [3]
Answer:
An attitude is a state of mind, a set of views, or thoughts, regarding some topic (Called the attitude object), which has an evaluative feature (Positive, Negative or neutral quality). It is accompanied by an emotional component and tends to act in a particular way with regard to the attitude object. If our views are not merely thoughts, but also have emotional and action components, then these views are examples of attitude.
The thought component is referred to as the cognitive aspect, the emotional component is known as the affective aspect, and the tendency to act is called the behavioural aspect. These 3 aspects have been referred to as the ABC components, (affective, behavioural, cognitive components) of attitude.
Section – D (16 Marks)
Question 28.
Define any four assessment methods to test intelligence. [4]
OR
Differentiate between verbal, non-verbal and performance tests.
Answer:
Psychological test: It is an objective and standardized measure of an individual’s mental and/or behavioural characteristics.
Interview: It involves seeking information from a person on a one-to-one basis. Case Study: It is an in-depth study of the individual in terms of her/his psychological attributes, and psychological history in the context of her/his psychological and physical environment.
Observation: It involves employing systematic, organized and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomena occurring naturally in real time.
OR
Verbal tests
- Require verbal responses in either oral or written form.
- Can only be administered to literate people. Non- Verbal tests
- Use pictures or illustrations as test items, e.g.RSPM.
- Can only be administered to literate people Performance tests
- Require subjects to manipulate objects to perform a task; written language is not necessary for answering
- Can be easily administered to persons from different cultures
Question 29.
Define personality and elaborate on its features.[4]
Answer:
Personality refers to individual differences in characteristics and patterns of thinking. It is derived from ‘persona’ (Latin), the mask used by actors in Roman theatre for changing their facial makeup. Once we are able to characterise someone’s personality, we can predict how that person will probably behave in a variety of circumstances. An understanding of personality allows us to deal with people in realistic and acceptable ways.
Features of Personality:
- The two components of personality are physical and psychological.
- Its expression in terms of behaviour is fairly unique in a given individual.
- The features of personality don’t change over time completely.
- Internal or external situational demands; adaptive to situational demand might change features of personality to a certain extent.
Question 30.
Discuss any 4 stress management techniques.[4]
Answer:
Stress Management Techniques: Managing stress is essential for the mental well-being of an individual. Relaxation Techniques: This technique is highly effective in managing stress when an individual is not feeling his best. Reduces symptoms of stress and decreases the incidence of illnesses such as high blood pressure and heart diseases. Starts from the lower part of the body and progresses up to the facial muscles in such a way that the whole body is relaxed. Deep breathing is used along with muscle relaxation to calm the mind and relax the body.
Meditation Procedures: A very powerful tool to manage stress is the ancient yogic practice of meditation. A sequence of learned techniques
for refocusing of attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. Such a thorough concentration that the meditator becomes unaware of any outside stimulation and reaches a different state of consciousness.
Biofeedback: Monitors and reduces the physiological aspects of stress by providing feedback about the current physiological activity and is often accompanied by relaxation training.
- Developing an awareness of the particular physiological response.
- Learning ways of controlling that physiological response in quiet conditions.
- Transferring that control into the conditions of everyday life. Creative Visualisation: Creative visualization is a subjective experience that uses imagery and imagination. This technique uses the imagination power of an individual to deal with stress. Before visualizing one must set oneself a realistic goal, as it helps build confidence. It is easier to visualize if one’s mind is quiet, the body is relaxed and the eyes are closed.
Question 31.
Define abnormality and state the 4 D’s of abnormality.[4]
OR
Write a short note on DSM-5 and ICD-10.
Answer:
Abnormal literally means “away from normal”. It implies deviation from some clearly- defined norms or standards. Most definitions of abnormal behaviour have certain common features, often called “four Ds”:
Deviance: Psychological disorders are deviant ifferent, extreme, unusual, and even bizarre.
Distress: Behaviour which is unpleasant and upsetting to the person and to others.
Dysfunction: Behaviour that is interfering with the person’s ability to carry out daily activities in a constructive way.
Danger: Behaviour that is dangerous to the person or others.
OR
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has published an official manual describing and classifying various kinds of psychological
disorders. The current version of it, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5 edition (DSM-5), evaluates the patients on five axes or dimensions rather than just one broad aspect of ‘mental disorder’. These dimensions relate to biological, psychological, social and other aspects.
The classification scheme officially used in India and elsewhere is the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), which is known as the ICD-10 Classification of Behavioural and Mental Disorders. It was prepared by the World Health Organisation (WHO). For each disorder, a description of the main clinical features or symptoms, and other associated features including diagnostic guidelines are provided in this scheme
Section – E (6 Marks)
Question 32.
Define trait and elaborate on Allport’s Trait Theory. [6]
OR
State the psychodynamic theory of personality and elaborate on the structure of personality and the psychosexual Development given by Freud.
Answer:
A trait is considered a relatively enduring attribute or quality in which one individual differs from another. The trait theory of personality suggests that people have certain basic traits and the intensity of those traits account for personality differences. (a) Allport’s Trait Theory (Gordon Allport): Individuals possess a number of traits dynamic nature that determines behaviour.
Analyzed words people use to describe themselves provided a basis for understanding human personality and categorized them into Cardinal Traits: highly generalized disposition indicates the goal around which a person’s entire life revolves, rare and dominating usually developing later in life e.g., Hitler’s Nazism. Central Traits: less pervasive in effect, but still quite generalized disposition. e.g., sincere, intelligent, honest, shy and anxious.
Secondary Traits: least generalized characteristics of a person, e.g., impatience while waiting in line. The way an individual reacts to a situation depends on his/her traits. People sharing the same traits might express them in different ways.
OR
The psychodynamic theory of personality was pioneered by Sigmund Freud and is the oldest theory. It is based on Intrapsychic conflicts: conflicts within the psyche of the person (dynamics between different components of the psyche). There are three levels in the structure of personality.
ID: Source of a person’s instinctual energy deals with the immediate gratification of primitive needs, sexual desires and aggressive impulses. It
works on the pleasure principle, which assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. ID is demanding, unrealistic and does not care for moral values, society, or other individuals. It is energized by instinctual forces, life instinct (libido) and the death instinct.
Ego: It seeks to satisfy an individual’s instinctual needs in accordance with reality. It works on the reality principle and directs the id towards more appropriate ways of behaving. This level of personality is patient and reasonable. Superego: This is the moral branch of mental functioning. It tells the id and ego whether the gratification in a particular instance is ethical or not. It controls the id by internalized the parent.
The psychosexual stages of Personality are described below:
According to Freud, the core aspects of personality are established early, remain stable throughout life, and can be changed only with great difficulty. The problems encountered at any stage may arrest development, and have long-term effects on a person’s life.
The stages include:
(i) oral stage,
(ii) anal stage,
(iii) phallic stage,
(iv) latency and
(v) genital stage.
Section- F (8 Marks)
Read the following passage and answer the following questions: [6]
Billy, a 6-year-old first grader, was brought to a psychological clinic by his parents because he hated school and because his teacher had told them that his showing off was disrupting the class and making him unpopular. It became apparent in observing Billy and his parents during the initial interview that both his mother and his father were non-critical and approving of everything Billy did.
After further assessment, a three-page program of therapy was undertaken:
(1) Billy’s parents were helped to discriminate between showing-off behaviour and appropriate behaviour on Billy’s part.
(2) They were instructed to ignore Billy when he engaged in showing-off behaviour while continuing to show approval of appropriate behaviour.
(3) Billy’s teacher was also instructed to ignore Billy, insofar as it was feasible when he engaged in showing-off behaviour and to devote her attention at those times to children who were behaving more appropriately. Although Billy’s showing off in class increased during the first few days of this behaviour therapy program, it diminished markedly after his parents and teacher no longer reinforced it. As his maladaptive behaviour diminished, he was better accepted by his classmates. This helped reinforce more appropriate behaviour patterns and changed Billy’s negative attitude toward school.
Question 33.
What behaviour therapy was used in Billy’s case? How did Billy’s parents reinforce his showing-off behaviour?
Answer:
Differential reinforcement was used on Billy while ignoring unwanted behaviour. Billy’s parents positively reinforced Billy’s behaviour of showing off by not correcting him when needed.
OR
Behaviour therapies are those that focus on the response of the client. It helps in countering and changing these responses to the desired ones
through the use of conditioning and learning. Some of these include differential reinforcement and systematic desensitization.
Question 34.
What are behaviour therapies? Name any two of them. What are positive and negative reinforcement?[6]
Answer:
Positive reinforcement- If an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit Negative reinforcement- It refers to following an undesired response with an outcome that is painful or not liked. In other words, responses that lead organisms to get rid of painful stimuli or avoid and escape from them constitute negative reinforcement.
Read the following case and answer the following questions:
Psychological Stress These are stresses that we generate ourselves in our minds. These are personal and unique to the person experiencing them and are internal sources of stress. We worry about problems, feel anxiety, or become depressed. These are not only symptoms of stress, but they cause further stress for us. Some of the important sources of psychological stress are frustration, conflicts, internal and social pressures, etc. Frustration results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving the desired goal.
There could be a number of causes of frustration such as social discrimination, interpersonal hurt, low grades in school, etc. Conflicts may occur between two or more incompatible needs or motives, e.g. whether to study dance or psychology. You may want to continue your studies or take up a job. There may be a conflict of values when you are pressurised to take any action that may be against the values held by you. Internal pressures stem from beliefs based upon expectations from inside us ourselves such as, ‘I must do everything perfectly’. Such expectations can only lead to disappointment.
Many of us drive ourselves ruthlessly towards achieving unrealistically high standards in achieving our goals. Social pressures may be brought about by people who make excessive demands on us. This can cause even greater pressure when we have to work with them. Also, there are people with whom we face interpersonal difficulties, ‘a personality clash’ of sorts.
Question 35.
Define Conflict and Frustration.
Answer:
Conflict is something occurs between the two or more incompatible needs or motives of an individual. This can lead to frustration and ultimately cause stress. Frustration results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving the desired goal.
Question 36.
Differentiate between Internal and Social Pressure
Answer:
Internal pressures stem from beliefs based upon expectations from inside us ourselves whereas social pressures may be brought about by people who make excessive demands on us.