Practicing the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions 7 Set allows you to get rid of exam fear and be confident to appear for the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 7 with Solutions
Time: 3 Hours.
Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
- All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
- Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type-I questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type-II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words.
- Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
Section A (18 Marks)
Question 1.
_________ is the exceptional ability to show superior performance in A wide variety of areas. [1]
(A) Talent
(B) Giftedness
(C) Creativity
(D) Intelligence
Answer:
(B) Giftedness
Explanation: Giftedness is defined as an unusually high ability or potential in any domain.
For example A gifted 4-year-old may have an exceptional ability to read and write.
Question 2.
Aarti lacks patience, exhibits high motivation, feels burdened with work and always seems to be in a hurry. She needs to take care of herself as such people are prone to diseases like: [1]
(A) Coronary Heart Disease
(B) Depression
(C) Bipolar disorder
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(A) Coronary Heart Disease
Explanation: Work-related stress, burnout and Over-exhaustion are important psychosocial risk factors that can contribute to the development of various heart diseases such as coronary heart disease which is characterized by symptoms such as chest pains, shortness of breath, fatigue, etc
Question 3.
Disha just found a gold bracelet inside a movie theatre. Which part of her personality will urge her to deposit it in the manager’s office? [1]
(A) Ego
(B) Id
(C) Superego
(D) Ego Ideal
Answer:
(C) Superego
Explanation: According to the psychoanalytic theory of personality, the Superego operates on the morality principle. It is the ethical component of personality that provides moral standards by which the ego operates. Therefore, it is because of the superego that Disha will deposit the gold bracelet she found to the manager’s office.
Question 4.
If a person has the skill of understanding the motives, feelings and behaviors of other people, he/she is said to have: [1]
(A) Interpersonal intelligence
(B) Intrapersonal intelligence
(C) Linguistic intelligence
(D) Social Intelligence
Answer:
(A) Interpersonal intelligence
Explanation: According to Howard Gardener’s Multiple Intelligence Theory, interpersonal intelligence is the ability of an individual to understand other people’s emotions and behaviors. This quality is exceptionally exhibited by psychologists and therapists.
Question 5.
Nishant feels very strongly that everyone should love him and he should be selected to represent the school in all competitions. When this does not happen, he feels miserable and is unable to concentrate. Which form of therapy would be the most suitable for him to overcome this problem? [1].
(A) Cognitive therapy
(B) Psychodynamic therapy
(C) Behavior therapy
(D) Biomedical therapy
Answer:
(A) Cognitive therapy
Explanation: Cognitive behavioral therapy is a form of psychological treatment that aims to change catastrophic and unhelpful thinking patterns which further contribute to unhelpful behaviors. In this case, Nishant’s constant need to be loved is an example of distorted thinking which further upsets him and affects his behavior negatively. Therefore, Nishant needs to be treated with cognitive therapy.
Question 6.
The craze for thinness valued by models and actors resulting in refusal to eat and loss of appetite: [1]
(A) Bulimia
(B) Anorexia
(C) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(B) Anorexia
Explanation: Anorexia (short for Anorexia Nervosa) is a type of eating disorder which is characterized by symptoms such as refusal to eat or distorted eating habits, an obsessive and dangerous fixation on body weight etc . Individuals with anorexia have an abnormally low body weight which can sometimes even be fatal.
Question 7.
In which defense mechanism, people refuse to accept the truth or reality? [1]
(A) Repression
(B) Projection
(C) Sublimation
(D) Denial
Answer:
(D) Denial
Explanation: Denial is the conscious refusal to accept that painful acts exist. When a person uses denial, they choose to ignore the reality of the situation to avoid anxiety. Example: A person may use denial to cope with the loss of a loved one
Question 8.
The state of emotional, physical and mental exhaustion is known as: [1]
(A) Stress
(B) Burnout
(C) Resistance
(D) Coping
Answer:
(B) Burnout
Explanation: Burnout is caused due to persistent emotional, physical and mental stress which results in overall exhaustion in an individual.
Question 9.
__________was developed by Morgan and Murray. [1]
(A) Rorschach test
(B) MMPI
(C) Thematic Apperception Test
(D) Social Apperception Test
Answer:
(C) Thematic Apperception Test
Explanation: Thematic Apperception Test is a type of projective psychological test developed by Morgan and Murray during the 1930s. TAT consists of 31 cards and uses picture interpretation techniques to interpret behaviors, mental health disorders etc .
Question 10.
Reinforcements behaviors whereas punishments__________ behaviors. [1]
(A) Weaken; Weaken
(B) Strengthen; Weaken
(C) Strengthen; Strengthen
(D) Weaken; Strengthen
Answer:
(B) Strengthen; Weaken
Explanation: Reinforcements (positive and negative) are used to strengthen behavior, ensuring the reproduction of a desirable behavior while punishments (positive and negative) are used to inhibit behaviors that are not desired.
Question 11.
Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion and Reasoning read the statement and choose the appropriate option.[1]
Assertion (A): Self-concept is the way we perceive ourselves and the ideas we hold about our competencies and attributes.
Reasoning (R): People who make decisions for their children when they do not need assistance often suffer from low esteem.
(A) both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is true but R is false
(C) A is false but R is true
(D) both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(D) both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Self-concept is term used to define how an individual perceives and evaluates themselves, their abilities and unique characteristics. Carl Rogers had put a lot of emphasis on the effect of negative self-concept and its contribution to the development of psychological disorders. Children whose parents make every decision for them lack a sense of autonomy and therefore develop poor self-esteem.
Question 12.
Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.[1]
Assertion (A): Neurotic people have control over their feelings.
Reason (R): Neurotic people are anxious, moody, touchy, restless and are quick to lose control
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) A is false but R is true.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(B) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: According to the Big Five Model of Personality, neuroticism is a fundamental personality trait having which, a person exhibits
anxiety, restlessness, constant worry, moodiness and instability. A neurotic individual does not have control over their feelings and responds poorly to stressful situations.
Question 13.
Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.[1]
Assertion (A): An individual’s response toward stressful situations largely depends upon perceived events and how they are interpreted.
Reasoning (R): Lazarus has distinguished between two types of appraisals that is primary and secondary
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is false but R is true.
(D) A is true but R is false.
Answer:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: How we respond to a situation is highly subjective, which means each individual may perceive and respond to the same situation differently. According to the Lazarus theory of cognitive appraisal, an emotional experience of a person largely depends upon how they perceive or appraise the situation they are in.
The process of appraisal occurs in two steps: Primary and Secondary. Primary appraisal involves the interpretation of stressors, that is if the situation is threatening, positive or negative. Secondary appraisal involves the analysis of the available resources to deal with the situation.
Question 14.
Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.[1]
Assertion (A): There may be many people who are academically talented but are unsuccessful in their own lives.
Reasoning (R): The source of that difficulty is a lack of emotional intelligence.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is false but R is true.
(D) A is true but R is false.
Answer:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Academically talented individuals are unsuccessful in their own lives and workspaces because of lack of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is the ability to regulate one’s own emotions as well as understand other people’s emotions and behaviors. The four main skills of emotional intelligence are empathy, motivation, relationship management, self -management.
Emotional intelligence provides a sense of internal equilibrium which enables us to maintain our composure, effectively communicate with other people, make good decisions and maintain effective leadership even under stressful situations. These skills ensure personal and professional success.
Question 15.
Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. [1]
Assertion (A): Psychodynamic theories face strong criticisms from many quarters.
Reasoning (R): The theories are largely based on case studies. Thus, they lack a rigorous scientific basis.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is false but R is true.
(D) A is hue but R is false
Answer:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The psychodynamic theories developed by Sigmund Freud faced several criticisms for overemphasizing the importance of childhood sexuality on personality development and even being sexist.
But one of the greatest criticisms of the psychodynamic theory was that it was too deterministic and not empirical or scientifically testable because theories were based on case studies by Freud which lacked scientific basis.
The findings from these casem studies were generalized and Did not apply to the larger populations. Furthermore, case studies are extremely susceptible to experimenter biases.
Question 16.
Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. [1]
Assertion (A): Intelligence is a single entity.
Reasoning (R): Various types of intelligence exist independently of each other.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is false but R is true.
(D) A is true but R is false.
Answer:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Howard Gardener’s Multiple Intelligence Theory states that psychometric views limit the meaning of intelligence. According to this theory, there are 9 different types of intelligence such as Linguistic intelligence, Kinesthetic intelligence, Interpersonal intelligence etc. which exist independently of one another.
Question 17.
Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. [1]
Assertion (A): Rogers emphasized the relationship between the ‘real self and the ‘ideal self.
Reasoning (R): The congruence of these ‘real” and ‘ideal’ selves makes a person fully functioning.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is false but R is true.
(D) A is true but R is false.
Answer:
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: According to Rogers humanistic theory of personality development the concept of self can be divided into three parts the real self, the perceived self and the ideal self. For a person to self-actualize and reach their maximum potential, there needs to be congruency between the real self, that is our actual true self and the ideal self, that is,what we aim to be.
The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self worth.
Question 18.
A is a cluster of ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group. [1]
(A) Scapegoating
(B) Prejudice
(C) Discrimination
(D) Stereotype
Answer:
(D) Stereotype
Explanation: Stereotypes are defined as false, generalized and biased beliefs about a particular group which ultimately result in social categorization and prejudice towards that group.
Section – B (10 Marks)
Question 19.
Explain Separation Anxiety Disorder. [2]
Answer:
Separation anxiety disorder is a psychological condition used to describe extreme anxiety faced by children when separated from the parent or the caregiver for even brief periods of time . Symptoms of separation anxiety include constant fear of separation constant, excessive crying, poor school performance and other physical symptoms such as headaches, stomach aches, and nausea.
Question 20.
What is the difference between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia? [2]
| Anorexia Nervosa | Bulimia |
| Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is characterized by loss of appetite and long periods of voluntary starvation. | Bulimia is an eating disorder that is characterized by binge eating followed by periods of purging that is vomiting with the help of laxatives. |
| People with anorexia have a catastrophic fixation with thinness and are often very underweight. | People with bulimia are fixated on their calorie intake and they may be of normal weight, overweight or underweight. |
Question 21.
Explain any two characteristics of a group. [2]
OR
Define Groupthink
Answer:
(A) Group as a social unit distinguishes from other groups which give its unique identity.
(B) Group has common motives and goals. It functions either by working towards a given goal or away from certain threats facing the group.
Question 22.
What is self-actualization? [2]
Answer:
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the highest level of the psychological stage of development where a person reaches their maximum potential after their basic physiological, security, social and self-esteem needs are fulfilled. Self-actualization Involves the complete development of an individual’s capabilities and appreciation for life.
Question 23.
What is instrumental conditioning? [2]
Answer:
Instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning is a learning process described by psychologist BF Skinner where positive and
negative reinforcements are used to strengthen the behavior. These reinforcements are delivered contingent upon a desirable response to ensure the reoccurrence and persistence of the desirable Solutions behavior. For example: rewarding a student for scoring good marks strengthens the likelihood of that student scoring good marks in future tests as well.
Section – C (12 Marks)
Question 24.
What is Schizophrenia? What are the two categories of symptoms of schizophrenia? [3]
Answer:
Schizophrenia is a category of severe, chronic and psychotic mental health disorder which affects an individual’s ability to think, function and behave properly. Schizophrenia involves psychosis, that is, inability to distinguish reality from imagination because of which schizophrenics lose touch with reality. People with schizophrenia are generally withdrawn, so they have a lot of difficulty in functioning properly in a society, forming relationships, performing at school and workplaces etc. Symptoms of schizophrenia can be categorized into two parts:
(i) Positive symptoms: Presence or addition of a symptom that are not normally present in an individual. Examples: Disorganized thinking,
Catatonia, that is loss of responsiveness to the surroundings and motor functions, hallucinations and delusions.
(ii) Negative symptoms: Loss of normal functions.
- Depression, Sleep disturbances
- Alogia: Difficulty speaking
- Flat affect: Loss of emotional responsiveness.
- Avolition: Loss of motivation
Question 25.
What are defense mechanisms? Explain repression. [3]
Answer:
Defense mechanisms are behaviors or strategies that people use to protect themselves from confronting unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts. The concept of defense mechanisms arises from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, a psychological perspective of personality that sees personality as the interaction between three components: id, ego, and super-ego. According to this theory, when there is a conflict between the Id, ego and superego, the individual experiences anxiety.
In order to cope with that anxiety and protect oneself from guilt or shame, defense mechanisms are used. Repression is a type of defense mechanism where instead of confronting painful thoughts, feelings and emotions, people may choose to unconsciously hide or repress them in hopes of forgetting them. This does not erase those painful feelings or thoughts from the memory and it may manifest itself in your day-to-day behavior. Example: A person who does not recall their childhood sexual abuse may have problems with intimacy in relationships.
Question 26.
Explain Group Polarisation. Give reasons for the occurence of group Polarisation: [3]
Answer:
Group polarization focuses on how groups usually make decisions that are more extreme than the original thoughts and views of the individual team members. It refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. For example, suppose you favor capital punishment for heinous crimes, and you are interacting this issue with like-minded people. After this interaction, your views may become stronger as a result of Group interaction and discussion.
Group polarization occurs because of the following three reasons In the company of like minded people, you are likely to hear new arguments favoring your view points. When you find others also favoring capital punishment, you feel that this view is validated by the public. This is a sort of bandwagon effect. When you find people having similar views, you are likely to perceive them as in Group. You start identifying with the group, begin showing conformity, and as a consequence, your views become strengthened.
Question 27.
What is cognitive therapy? Describe two types of cognitive therapy [3]
OR
What are the three techniques of self-control?
Answer:
Cognitive therapies are psychological interventions that are used to treat mental disorders such as depression, anxiety etc. Cognitive therapies are based on the fact that mental health disorders arise from distorted and catastrophic thinking and beliefs which affect the way we perceive a situation. Cognitive therapy is of two types: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy.
(i) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Cognitive behavioral therapy was developed by Aaron beck. It is based on a core principle that mental disorders arise from unhelpful ways of thinking. CBT treatment involves efforts to change distorted ways of thinking. A cognitive therapist might help the patient to recognize their unhelpful ways of thinking and help in reevaluating their patterns. They may help the patient to gain a better understanding of their problems and use problem-solving skills to cope with stressful situations.
(ii) Rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT): Rational emotive behavioral therapy was developed by Albert Ellis. It aims to identify irrational thought patterns and beliefs which are at the core of mental disorders. REBT is based on three core principles- A B C:
- A refers to the (a) activating event or situation that triggers a negative reaction or response.
- B refers to the (b) beliefs or irrational thoughts you might have about an event or situation.
- C refers to the (c) consequences, often the distressing emotions, that result from irrational thoughts or beliefs.
OR
Self-control refers to the ability to regulate our own emotions, thoughts and feelings when confronted with temptations and impulses. It is the ability to control and alter one’s own behavior to pursue desirable behaviors, inhibit undesirable behaviors and pave way long term goals.
There are various techniques for self-control:
(i) Observation of one’s own behavior: This type of self-control technique involves observation and regulation of one’s own behavior which may provide us with necessary information about the changes or alterations that we need to make on our own selves.
(ii) Self-instruction: Self-instruction is a self-directive process that involves instructing ourselves to do something or behave in a certain way. Such instructions are quite effective in self-regulation.
(iii) Self-reinforcement: This is the third technique for self-regulation which involves rewarding behaviors that lead to pleasant outcomes.
For example You may treat yourself with a cheat day after being on diet and working out during the whole week.
Section – D (16 Marks)
Question 28.
Describe the Big 5 Model of Personality. [4]
Answer:
The Big 5 model of personality was given by Costa and McCrae. This model gave five different dimensions based on which the personality of an individual can be described.
These five dimensions include:
- Openness to experience
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
- Extraversion
- Conscientiousness
(i) Openness to experience: People who are high in openness possess a wide range of interests. They are inquisitive and curious about the world and other people and are eager to learn new things and enjoy new experiences. They are open to new experiences and ready to take on challenges. However, people low on this dislike changes, resist new ideas and are more withdrawn.
(ii) Agreeableness: This personality trait involves altruism, goodwill, trust, kindness, affection and pro-social behavior. Individuals high on this are empathetic, cooperative and enjoy helping others. However, individuals low on this are manipulative and don’t help others.
(iii) Neuroticism: Neuroticism is a personality trait characterized by moodiness, constant worry, sadness, irritability and anxiety. Individuals high on this exhibit dramatic shifts in their moods, are easily irritable and experience high stress. However, individuals low on this are more emotionally stable, are relaxed and are able to deal with stress effectively.
(iv) Extraversion: Extraversion (also known as extroversion) is a personality trait characterized by sociability, talkativeness and high amounts of emotional expressiveness and excitability. People who are high on this trait are outgoing, enjoy being in social settings and have a wide range of social circles. However, people who are low on this are introverted, do not enjoy social settings or parties and prefer solitude.
(v) Conscientiousness: This personality trait is characterized by high levels of thoughtfulness, excellent impulse control, and goal-driven behaviors. Highly conscientious people tend to be highly organized and are mindful of deadlines. People low on this are procrastinators, they tend not to meet deadlines on time and fail to finish tasks on time.
Question 29.
What is Intelligence? Describe the PASS model of intelligence. [4]
OR
What are somatoform disorders? Describe the types of somatoform disorders
Answer:
Intelligence is defined as the global ability to think, solve problems, to learn and to adapt to new situations. It is the ability of an individual to meet the demands of the environment effectively. The PASS, Planning, Attention-Arousal, Simultaneous and Successive theory of intelligence,] proposed by Das, Naglieri & Kirby in the year 1994. The PASS model of personality describes three important components of intellectual functioning:
(i) Attention-Arousal: This process involves ability to attend to important stimuli while ignoring other unimportant stimuli. In order to attend to these stimuli, the optimal level of arousal is required. Individuals suffering from Attention Deficit Disorderattention deficit (disorder (ADD) exhibit problems in this area.
(ii) Simultaneous Processing: This involves the ability to integrate separate stimuli/information to our knowledge system as an integrated whole. The occipital and parietal lobes play an important role for these functions. This stage involves associations between different abstract concepts.
(iii)Successive Processing: This involves the ability to integrate stimuli/information into a sequential order. Learning of digits, alphabets, multiplication tables, etc. are examples of successive processing. Temporal lobes are involved in this process.
(iv) Planning: Planning involves the ability to come up with appropriate problem-solving strategies. Frontal lobes are said to be associated with this function of intellectual processing
OR
And somatoform disorders are a class of psychological disorders that cause one or more physical symptoms without a definite pathological cause. These disorders cause extreme distress to the patients and are often confusing for a physician to diagnose.
Somatoform disorders are categorized into 3 types:
(i) Somatization disorder: In this type of disorder the patient exhibits physical symptoms for six months or more without any pathological causes. In this type of disorder, the patient has extreme fixation on physical symptoms such as pain, shortness of breath etc. The patient exhibits constant worry about their health and symptoms which causes extreme distress.
(ii) Hypochondriasis: Also known as Illness Anxiety Disorder is a disorder where the individual exhibits constant worry about their health and symptoms despite reassurances from multiple doctors and normal reports from regular tests. Normal body functions such as muscle twitching etcetc. can be interpreted as a symptom of a serious illness for hypochondriacs. One of the most telling signs of this disorder are a collection of huge stacks of medication and medical bills.
(iii) Conversion disorder: It is a type of somatoform disorder where the person experiences extreme physical and sensory problems such as paralysis seizures, blindness, deafness etcetc without any cause. It is believed that this may be as a result of either an interpersonal conflict or deep psychological trauma.
Question 30.
How does the psychodynamic approach explain personality? Describe any two well-known self-report inventories [4]
Answer:
The psychodynamic approach to explaining personality was put forth by Sigmund Freud. According to this approach, our behaviors and actions are highly driven by unconscious motives. The unconscious part of our mind is the primary source of our behavior and it comprises of mental components that are inaccessible to us and comprise of our hidden desires, thoughts and emotions.
The psychodynamic theory also puts a strong emphasis on the influence of childhood experiences on our current behavior. Events that took place during childhood shape who we are as adults and contribute in shaping our personality.
According to this theory, personality is made up of three components:
(i) Id: Id is an instinctive or primitive component of personality that operates on pleasure principle. It aims to seek immediate pleasure or gratification without a care for consequences. According to the psychodynamic theory of personality, when a child is born, it is all Id, that is, it only seeks gratification for its needs.
(ii) Ego: Ego is that component of personality that operates on reality principle. It aims to keep a check on Id and mediate between its need for gratification and the real world.
(iii) Superego: Superego is that component of personality which operates on morality principle. It incorporates morals and values
acquired from society and parents to function properly. It is with the interaction of these three components that our personality is shaped.
However, when there is a conflict between the Id, Ego and Superego, the individual experiences anxiety and as a result they develop various defense mechanisms to cope with that anxiety. There are various methods to measure and assess personality, one of them being self-report inventories where a person fills a questionnaire or survey with or without the help of an experimenter.
Examples of self-inventory include:
(i) MMPI or Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: This inventory is a standardized psychometric test used to analyze personality and presence in any psychopathology.
(ii) Neo-PI-3 or NEO Personality Inventory: This inventory is based on the big 5 models of personality developed by Costa and McraeMcCrae.
Question 31.
Explain three components of attitude. [4]
OR
Explain the role of assessment in understanding psychological attributes. Describe the key features of any three methods used for psychological assessment.
Answer:
Attitudes are predisposed evaluations of a person, idea or object. They may be positive or negative. attitudes comprise of three components: Affective, cognitive, and behavioral.
(i) Affective component: Affective component refers to an individual’s feelings or emotional response towards a person, idea or object.
It comprises of emotions or feelings that are brought to the surface in response to something.
For example, someone might hate smoking because of the harm it causes to our health.
(ii) Cognitive component: Cognitive component refers to the beliefs, thoughts and attributions that we associate with an object, a person or an idea.
For example, someone might think that all snakes are venomous and dangerous.
(iii) Behavioral component: Behavioral component also known as the cognitive component describes the way we behave or act towards someone. it directs our actions and reflects our intentions. For example: while walking alone, Radha might take well-lit roots to avoid running into a burglar.
OR
Psychological assessments are an important tool for understanding and evaluating a person’s traits, characteristics and personality. These assessments use systematic testing procedures and standards of comparison to evaluate abilities , qualities and personal traits of an individual. There are various types of traits that can be measured through psychological assessments such as: intelligence, aptitude, personality, interests, values etc .
Two methods used for psychological evaluations are:
- Case studies: Case studies are an in-depth, long-term study or examination of a particular individual. This involves studying their psychological history, psychological characteristics, their psychosocial environment, surroundings and so on. Nearly every aspect of that individual’s life is studied. Case studies are developed with the help of several methods such as interviews, questionnaires etc.
Example: One of the most important case studies in psychology is of a guy named Phineas Gage, who was a construction worker and is remembered for his survival in an accident in which an iron rod went through his head, damaging and destroying most of his frontal lobe.
- Interviews: Interviews are one of the most important and easy methods used for psychological evaluations. Interviews involve, an interviewer, that is, a person who asks the questions and an interviewee, that is, an individual who answers those questions. It is a one-on-one conversation where the interviewer seeks information from the interviewee. Example: a journalist who conducts an interview of a prominent personality on national television.
- Psychological Tests: Psychological tests are standardized tests that aim to measure and evaluate a person’s mental or behavioral characteristics. They are primarily used for psychological analysis, research, diagnosis etc. These tests may be objective, that is when a test requires a person to respond to a structured set of instructions (example: MMPI) or they may be projective, that is, when test takers have to respond to an ambiguous stimulus.
Section – E (6 Marks)
Question 32.
Tanya wants to form a group for a group discussion to discuss the upcoming farewell party. How will Tanya form the group explain the stages of group formation. [6]
OR
Explain disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders.
Answer:
According to the model of group formation as given by Tuckman, there are 5 stages for group formation. This model describes each stage that a group of individuals go through for team development. These stages are: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing and Adjourning.
(i) Forming: This is the first stage of group formation. This step involves the process of forming the initial structure of the group where members of the group have a shared purpose or goal. At this stage, the nervousness is high and group members are overly polite and nice to each other for the sake of being accepted and welcomed into the group. Team members at this stage look up to their leader for guidance, discuss their goals, work styles, ground rules and individual goals.
(ii) Storming: This is the second and the hardest stage of group formation. At this stage, conflicts arise due to difference in opinions, clashing workstyle and personalities and miscommunication. Groups may also disagree on goals and divide themselves into smaller groups or cliques. It is important that these conflicts are addressed at the storming stage so that there are no problems in the group dynamics in further stages.
(iii) Norming: At this stage, the group members move past their interpersonal problems and conflicts to finally recognize the value of the
other group members, resulting in a sense of cohesion and unity. This allows the group members to cooperate and work together, to reach their end goal.
(iv) Performing: At this stage, strong interpersonal relationships are formed and the group has an organized, clear and stable structure. There is a strong sense of cooperation and cohesion in the group. The group members still face many conflicts, but they deal with it effectively. The prime focus of the group is on problem-solving and seeking common goals.
(v) Adjourning: This stage is also known as the “mourning stage”. This stage assumes that groups are formed for specific purposes only. After meeting the goal, the group members separate and go their own ways. This stage may be difficult for a lot of group members as they had formed strong interpersonal relationships with each other.
OR
The disorders included under disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders category are Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct disorders (CD) and others. Oppositional Defiant Disorders: Children with ODD are irritable, defiant, disobedient and behave in a hostile manner. Individuals with ODD do not see themselves as angry, oppositional or defiant. They often justify their behavior as a reaction to circumstances or demands. So, the symptom of the disorder become entangled with the problematic interaction with others.
Conduct Disorders and Anti–Social Behavior: it refers to the age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms and the personal or property right of others. The behaviours include aggressive actions that cause or threaten harm to people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property damage, major deceitful or theft and serious rule violations.
Some types of aggressive behaviour are:
Verbal aggression (i.e., name-calling, swearing)
Physical aggression (i.e., hitting, fighting)
Hostile aggression (i.e., directed at inflicting injury to others)
Proactive aggression (i.e., dominating and bullying others without provocation)
Section- F (8 Marks)
Read the following passage and answer the following questions:
Jim was a nice-looking man in his mid-30s. He could trace his shyness to boyhood and his social anxiety to his teenage years. He had no friends of his own, except for the couples his wife knew from her work. At times when he felt he simply had to go to social events, Jim was very ill-at-ease, never knew what to say, and felt the silences that occurred in conversation were his fault for being so backward.
Of course, the worst part of all was the anticipatory anxiety Jim felt ahead of time- when he knew he had to perform, do something in public, or even make phone calls from work. The more time he had to worry and stew about these situations, the more anxious, fearful and uncomfortable he felt.
Question 33.
What type of psychological disorder does Jim seem to have?
Answer:
Jim’s symptoms such as uneasiness in social situations, constant worry about being in a social setting, and lack of friends direct directs towards a form of anxiety disorder known as a phobia, specifically agoraphobia which is characterized by an irrational and intense fear or anxiety about social situations or gatherings.
Question 34.
Describe an appropriate treatment for Jim’s psychological problem. [6]
Answer:
Treatment for Agoraphobia involves a combination of psychotherapy, specifically Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Sudarshana Kriya yoga is also proved beneficial for anxiety patients.
Read the following case and answer the following questions: A 40-year-old man and his young son were driving through an intersection when another car ran through a red traffic light and struck them. The two were trapped in the car until a fire department rescue team freed them. The patient was bruised but not seriously hurt. His son had a broken leg.
The first few days after the accident the patient was preoccupied with arranging care for his son and getting the car repaired. A few days later he began having recurrent distressing thoughts and images of the accident. The memory of his son’s screams after the car was struck seemed particularly vivid. The patient became irritable, had difficulty concentrating, and avoided talking about the accident. He went out of his way to avoid driving down the street where the accident occurred. These symptoms lasted for several weeks.
Question 35.
Which psychological disorder the man may be suffering from?
Answer:
The man seems to be suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by the inability to recover from a stressful or traumatic event. In this case, the man is experiencing extreme distress and fear to drive on the same route after the accident.
Question 36.
What are the treatment methods used for PTSD? [6]
Answer:
To cope with the symptoms of PTSD, a combination of psychotherapy with medications work best. Most PTSD therapies use methods from cognitive behavioral therapies. PTSD patients exhibit symptoms of excessive anxiety, sleep disturbances, and nightmares. Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) also proved to be beneficial for PTSD people.