Practicing the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 5 allows you to get rid of exam fear and be confident to appear for the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 5 with Solutions
Time: 3 Hours.
Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
- All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
- Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type-I questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type-II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words.
- Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
Section A (18 Marks)
Question 1.
The ability to produce ideas, objects or problem solutions that are novel and innovative is called ____________. [1]
(A) Intelligence
(B) Creativity
(C) Emotions
(D) Performance
Answer:
(A) Intelligence
Explanation: The ability to produce ideas, objects or problem Solutions that are novel and innovative is called Creativity.
Question 2.
Value judgement of a person about himself herself is called _____________. [1]
(A) Self-Esteem
(B) Self-Efficacy
(C) Self-Regulation
(D) Self-Cognition
Answer:
(A) Self-Esteem
Explanation: Self-esteem is the cognitive and behavioural aspect of self. It is of two types- High self-esteem and Low self-esteem.
Question 3.
Anupam lacks patience, exhibits high motivation, feels burdened with work and always seems to be in a hurry. He needs to take care of himself as such people are prone to ailments like. [1]
(A) Cancer
(B) Depression
(C) Coronary Heart Disease
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(B) Depression
Explanation: According to Friedman and Rosenman, persons like Anupam belong to Type-A personality. Such people are prone to hypertension and chronic heart diseases because of goal-oriented personalities and hostile natures.
Question 4.
In which type of delusion do people believe themselves to be specially empowered? [1]
(A) Delusion of grandiose
(B) Delusion of persecution
(C) Delusion of reference
(D) None of these
Answer:
(A) Delusion of grandiose
Explanation: Delusion can be defined as a false belief that is held firmly by the person even in the face of contradictions. When a person believes themselves to be special, unique or specially empowered, it is called as delusion of grandiose. There are other types of delusion too, such as delusion of reference, the delusion of control, the delusion of persecution, etc.
Question 5.
What is the final and last stage of GAS? [1]
(A) Resistance
(B) Exhaustion
(C) Burnout
(D) Alarm
Answer:
(B) Exhaustion
Explanation: Exhaustion is the last stage of General Adaptation Syndrome given by Hans Selye. The three stages in the correct order are (i) Alarm, (ii) Resistance, and (iii) Exhaustion.
Question 6.
____________ is the term used to describe the level of stress that is good for you. [1]
(A) Super stress
(B) Eustress
(C) Distress
(D) Strict stress
Answer:
(B) Eustress
Explanation: The term Eustress was coined by endocrinologist Hans Selye consisting of the Greek prefix eu- meaning “good,” and stress, literally meaning “good stress”. It is healthy to feel eustress and it can actually elevate your performance in a task. There are two types of stress: Eustress and Distress.
Question 7.
Frustration is one of the sources of __________stress. [1]
(A) Physical
(B) Environmental
(C) Psychological
(D) Social
Answer:
(C) Psychological
Explanation: Psychological stresses are generated by ourselves in our minds. These are personal and unique to the person experiencing them and are internal sources of stress. Frustration results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that hinders us from achieving the desired goal.
Question 8.
Which of the following disorders are not a part of anxiety disorders? [1]
(A) Generalised Anxiety Disorder:
(B) Phobia
(C) Bulimia
(D) panic disorder
Answer:
(C) Bulimia
Explanation: Bulimia nervosa is when the individual may eat excessive amounts of food, then purge her/ his body of food by using medicines such as laxatives or diuretics or by vomiting. A sense of tension and negative emotions after purging. It is a part of eating disorders whereas GAD, Phobia, and panic disorders are a part of Anxiety disorders.
Question 9.
When children have difficulties in social interaction and communication, a restricted range of interests, and a strong desire for routine, they are diagnosed with _____________. [1]
(A) ADHD
(B) Conduct disorder
(C) Anxiety
(D) autism spectrum disorder
Answer:
(D) autism spectrum disorder
Explanation: When children have difficulties in social interaction and communication, a restricted range of interests, and a strong desire for routine, they are diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.
Question 10.
Which of the following developed DSM-5? [1]
(A) ICD
(B) WHO
(C) APA
(D) UNESCO
Answer:
(C) APA
Explanation: DSM was developed by APA (American Psychiatric Association). It is very comprehensive because classification is based on biological, psychological and social factors, causes and prognosis of disorders. ICD was developed by WHO.
Question 11.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): According to Freud, Id is based on the pleasure principle.
Reason (R): The id is a source of a person’s instinctual energy and so deals with tire immediate gratification of primitive needs, sexual desires and aggressive impulses.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true
Answer:
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation: According to Freud, the structure of personality includes the id, ego and superego. The id function on the pleasure principle, the ego functions on the reality principle whereas the superego functions on the morality principle. The id is a source of a person’s instinctual energy and so deals with the immediate gratification of primitive needs, sexual desires and aggressive impulses.
Question 12.
The rapid breathing techniques to induce hyperventilation is part of ___________ yoga. [1]
(A) Sudarshana kriya
(B) pranayama
(C) kundalini
(D) ashtanga
Answer:
(A) Sudarshana kriya
Explanation: The rapid breathing techniques induce hyperventilating as Sudarshana Kriya. Yoga is found to be a beneficial treatment.
Question 13.
Give an allowance or treat to encourage children to complete their chores instead of nagging is an example of: [1]
(A) Aversive Conditioning
(B) Positive reinforcement
(C) Negative reinforcement
(D) None
Answer:
(B) Positive reinforcement
Explanation: If an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit. The positive stimulus presented after the desired behaviour increases its frequency.
If a child does not do homework regularly, positive reinforcement may be used by the child’s mother by preparing the child’s favourite dish whenever s/he does homework at the appointed time. The positive reinforcement of food will increase the behaviour of doing homework at the appointed time.
Question 14.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): Primacy effect, the information presented first has a stronger effect than the information presented at the end.
Reason (R): In the recency effect, the perceiver may be asked to pay attention to all the information whatever information comes at the end may have a stronger influence.
(A)Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation: Primacy and recency effects are a part of the serial position effect according to which the information provided to us in the beginning and in the end is remembered better than the information given in the middle. Both statements are correct but do not have any correlation with each other.
Question 15.
Discrimination is the behaviour or action based on: [1]
(A) Sex
(B) Race
(C) Social class
(D) All of the above
Answer:
(D) All of the above
Explanation: Discrimination is the behaviour or action based on all characteristics including sex, race, social class, etc.
Question 16.
The Tendency of the respondents to endorse items in a socially desirable manner is known as: [1]
(A) Acquiescence
(B) Self-report
(C) social desirability
(D) Halo effect
Answer:
(C) social desirability
Explanation: Social desirability refers to the tendency to respond to self-report items in a way that makes the respondent look good, rather than to respond in an accurate and truthful manner.
Question 17.
Collection of people who have assembled for a special purpose, may be to watch a cricket match or a movie. [1]
(A) audience
(B) team
(C) mob
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) audience
Explanation: A collection of people who have assembled for a special purpose, maybe to watch a cricket match or a movie is called an audience.
Question 18.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): Interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality.
Reason (R): Diagnostic interviewing generally involves basic interviewing which seeks to go beyond the replies given by the person.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Explanation: Interview is a commonly used method for assessing personality. Diagnostic interviewing generally involves basic interviewing which does not go beyond the replies given by the person.
Section- B (10 Marks)
Question 19.
What do you understand by Positive Psychology? [2]
Answer:
Positive Psychology systematically investigates the positive aspects that are the strengths and virtues of human beings such as wisdom and knowledge [curiosity, love, emotional intelligence, etc.], courage [bravery, industry, integrity] justice [loyalty, equity, leadership] Temperance [self-control, prudence, modesty] Transcendence [excellence, gratitude, hope, optimism, zet].
Question 20.
What do you understand by creative visualization? [2]
OR
Explain Adjustment?
Answer:
Creative visualization is a subjective experience that uses imagery and imagination. This technique uses the imagination power of an individual to deal with stress. Before visualizing one must set oneself a realistic goal, as it helps build confidence. It is easier to visualize if one’s mind is quiet, the body is relaxed and the eyes are closed.
OR
Adjustment helps us keep a balance between our needs and the capacity to meet these needs. Adjustment is a subjective process. It is always related to some object and it varies from culture to culture. Adjustment is the end product of coping.
Question 21.
A client experiences irrational thoughts that are self-defeating in nature. Suggest a suitable therapy that will help her/him to reduce her/his distress. Also, provide the rationale for selecting this therapy. [2]
Answer:
The suggested therapeutic technique will be Cognitive- behavioural therapy. CBT adopts a bio-psychosocial approach to the delineation of the psychopathology. It combines cognitive therapy with behavioural techniques.
The rationale is that the client’s distress has its origins in the biological, psychological, and social realms. It seeks to address: The biological aspects through relaxation procedures – The psychological aspects through behaviour therapy – Cognitive therapy techniques and the social ones with environmental manipulations.
Question 22.
State any four significant features of attitudes. [2]
Answer:
The four features of attitude are:
(i) Valence
(ii) Extremeness
(iii) Simplicity or Complexity
(iv) Centrality
Question 23.
Explain any two differences between primary and secondary groups. [2]
Answer:
Primary groups are pre-existing formations that are usually given to a person. People usually remain a part of it throughout their lifetime. Includes face to-face interaction and dose physical proximity.
Members share warm, emotional bonds. Central to a person’s functioning; major role in developing values and ideals. Boundaries are less permeable can’t choose membership, join or leave easily. Example: family, religion, caste. Secondary groups are groups that individuals join
by choice: Relationships among members are more impersonal, indirect and less frequent. These may or may not be short-lived. It is easy to leave and join another group. Example: Political party.
Section – C (12 Marks)
Question 24.
Intelligence is the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems. Explain this theory. [3]
Answer:
PASS theory of intelligence
Arousal/Attention: The state of arousal is basic to any behaviour as it helps us in attending to stimuli. Arousal and attention enable a person to process information.
Simultaneous and Successive Processing: Simultaneous processing takes place when you perceive the relations among various concepts and integrate them into a meaningful pattern for comprehension.
Planning: This is an essential feature of intelligence. After the information is attended to and processed, planning is activated. It allows us to think of possible courses of action, implement them to reach a target, and evaluate their effectiveness.
Question 25.
What are the types of stress? [3]
Answer:
The major types of stress are:
(i) Physical and Environmental Stress: Physical stresses are caused when we overexert ourselves physically, lack a nutritional diet, suffer an injury or fail to get enough sleep. Environmental stresses are caused by air pollution, crowding, noise, the heat of the summer, winter cold or disasters such as fire, or natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, drought, landslides, volcanic eruptions, etc.
(ii) Psychological Stress: This is caused by:
(a) Frustration: It results from blocking of needs and motives while achieving a the desired goal. Causes of frustration are social discrimination, interpersonal hurt, low grades in school.
(b) Conflicts: These may occur between two or more incompatible needs or motives, e.g., whether to learn dance or study psychology.
(c) Internal pressures: These stem from beliefs based upon expectations from inside us to ourselves such as, ‘I must do everything perfectly.’
(d) Social pressures: These are brought about by people who make excessive demands on us, e.g., parents and teachers.
(iii) Social Stress: These result from our interaction with other people, such as death or illness in the family, strained relationships, trouble with neighbours, etc. For example, attending a party could be stressful for a person who is an introvert and staying at home for a person who is a party lover.
Question 26.
Distinguish between Beliefs and Values? [3]
OR
Explain the POX triangle and cognitive dissonance theory.
Answer:
Attitudes have to be distinguished from two other closely related concepts, beliefs and values. Beliefs refer to the cognitive component of attitudes and form the ground on which attitudes stand, such as belief in God or belief in democracy as a political ideology.
On the other hand, Values are attitudes or beliefs that contain a ‘should’ or ‘oughT aspect, such as moral or ethical values. Values are formed when a Particular belief or attitude becomes an inseparable part of the person’s outlook on life. Consequently, values are difficult to change.
OR
Balance or P-O-X triangle (Fritz Heider) represents the relationships between three aspects or components of attitude. Here,
- P is the person whose attitude is being studied,
- O is another person
- X is the topic towards which the attitude is being studied (attitude object).
It is also possible that all three are persons. The basic idea is that an attitude changes if there is a state of imbalance between the P-O attitude, O-X attitude, and P-X attitude.
This is because the imbalance is logically uncomfortable. Imbalance is found when all three sides are negative, or two sides are positive, and one side is negative. Balance is found when all three sides are positive or two sides are negative, and one side is positive. Cognitive Dissonance (Leon Festinger) emphasizes on the cognitive component.
Cognitive components of art attitude must be constant’ (opposite of ‘dissonant’), i.e., they should be logically in line with each other. If an individual finds that two cognitions in an attitude are dissonant, then one of them will be changed in the direction of consonance.
Both balance and cognitive dissonance are examples of cognitive consistency which means that two components or elements of the attitude, or attitude system, must be in the same direction. If this does not happen, then the person experiences a kind of mental discomfort, i.e., the sense that’ something is not quite right’ in the attitude system.
Question 27.
Explain how the crowd is different from the group? [3]
Answer:
A group is an organized system of two or more individuals who are interactingand interdependent. The members of a group have common motives, and have a set of relationships among its members. The group has norms that regulate the behaviour of its members. On the other hand, a crowd is also a collection of people who may be present at a place or a situation by chance.
Suppose someone is going on the road and an accident takes place. Soon, a large number of people tend to collect. This is an example ofa crowd. There is neither any structure nor a feeling of belongingness in a crowd. Behaviour of people in the crowd is irrational and there is no interdependence among members. There are no norms that regulate the behaviour of the crowd.
Section – D (16 Marks)
Question 28.
State the eight types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner. [4]
OR
Explain the two-factor theory of intelligence given by Charles Spearman.
Answer:
The 8 intelligences given by Howard Gardner are as follows:
(1) Linguistic (Use of language-skills )
(2) Logical-Mathematical (Scientific thinking and Problem solving)
(3) Spatial (Visual images & Patterns)
(4) Musical (Sensitivity’to rhythm )
(5) Bodily-Kinaesthetic (Using body flexibly & creatively)
(6) Interpersonal (Sensitivity to subtle aspects of other’s behaviors)
(7) Intra personal (Awareness of one’s own feeling, motives and desires)
(8) Naturalistic (Sensitivity towards the natural world)
OR
Two-Factor Theory of intelligence was given by Charles Spearman in 1927. It employed a statistical method called factor analysis and stated that Intelligence consists of two factors: a general factor (G-factor) and specific factors (S-factor).
G-Factor: It includes mental operations which are primary and common to all performances.
S-Factor: It includes specific abilities (singing, scientists, and architects, etc.) which allow individuals to excel in their respective domains.
Question 29.
Discuss the 4 types of personality given by Friedman and Rosenman. [4]
Answer:
Friedman and Rosenman tried to identify psycho social risk factors and discovered 4 types of personality which are explained below:
Type-A (susceptible to hypertension and coronary heart disease): Highly motivated, impatience, feel short of time, be in a great hurry, and feel like being always burdened with work. Such people find it difficult to slow down and relax.
Type-B The absence of Type-A traits. Morris continued this research and identified.
Type-C (prone to cancer): Co-operative, the unassertive patient, suppress negative emotion, shows compliance to authority.
Type-D (prone to depression): Personality typologies are usually too simplistic as human behaviour is highly complexand variable. Assigning people to a particular personality type is difficult. People do not fit into such simple categorization schemes so neatly.
Question 30.
Discuss GAS while describing its three stages. [4]
Answer:
Hans Selye’s GAS Model explains the influence of stress on the body. From his studies, he found that there was a similar pattern of bodily responses in animals to a variety of stressors. According to him, stress refer to non-specific bodily reactions. He believed that stresses may be many but responses are only physiological reactions.
Selye is known as ‘The father of modern stress research. He did many experiments on animals in extreme climatic conditions as well as he observed chronic patients and concluded that the reaction to stress is the same.
Based on his experimental conclusions, he gave a pattern of stress reactions. He called this pattern the General Adaptation Syndrome and it involves three stages:
Stage 1- Alarm Reaction Stage: The presence of a noxious stimulus or stressor leads to activation of the adrenal-pituitary-cortex system. This triggers the release of hormones producing the stress response. Now the individual is ready for fight or flight.
Stage 2- Resistance Stage: If stress is prolonged, the resistance stage begins. The para-sympathetic nervous system calls for more cautious use of the body’s resources. The organism makes efforts to cope with the threat, through confrontation.
Stage 3- Exhaustion stage: The stage is the result of prolonged or chronic stress. Continued exposure to the same stressor or additional stressors drains the body of its resources and leads to the third stage of exhaustion.
Question 31.
Describe the symptoms of any two anxiety disorders. [4]
OR
Classify and explain the symptoms of eating disorders.
Answer:
Anxiety Disorder: The term anxiety is defined as a diffuse, vague and very unpleasant feelings of fear and apprehension. Its symptoms are rapid heart rate, sweating, etc. An anxious individual shows a combination of the following symptoms:
Rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent urination and tremors.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: prolonged,vague, unexplained, and intense fears that are not attached to any particular object. It is accompanied by apprehensive feelings about the future with constant hyper vigilance and motor tension.
Panic Disorder: frequent anxiety charactrized by feelings of intense terror and dread; unpredictable ‘panic attacks’ along with physiological symptoms like breathlessness, palpitations, trembling, dizziness, and a sense of losing control or even dying.
OR
Feeding & Eating disorders
Anorexia Nervosa: the individual has a distorted body image that leads her/him to see herself/ himself as overweight. Often refusing to eat, and exercising compulsively may lose large amounts of weight and even starve herself/himself to death.
Bulimia Nervosa: the individual may eat excessive amounts of food, then purge her/ his body of food by using medicines such as laxatives or diuretics or by vomiting. A sense of tension and negative emotions after purging.
Binge eating: there are frequent episodes of out-of-control eating.
Section – E (6 Marks)
Question 32.
How do you define personality? Explain any one approach to the study of personality [6]
OR
Describe the key features of self-report measures used in personality assessment.
Answer:
Personality refers to individual differences in characteristics and patterns of thinking. It is derived from ‘persona’ (Latin), the mask used by actors in Roman theatre for changing their facial make-up.
Psycho-Dynamic Approach (Sigmund Freud) Levels of Consciousness Conscious thoughts, feelings and actions of which people are aware. This includes our current thought. Preconscious a mental activity which people may become aware of only if they attend to it closely.
Unconscious a mental activity that people are unaware of these include fears, unacceptable sexual desires, selfish needs, violent motives, and shameful experiences.
Freud gave an imaginary division of mind that believed in internal dynamics which can be inferred from the ways people behave. Three competing forces that make up the Structure of Personality i.e., Id, ego and superego make up the structure of personality.
ID: Source of a person’s instinctual energy deals with the immediate gratification of primitive needs, sexual desires and aggressive impulses. Works on the pleasure principle, which assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. Demanding, unrealistic and does not care for moral values, society, or other individuals.
Energized by instinctual forces, life instinct (libido) and the death instinct.
Ego: Seeks to satisfy an individual’s instinctual needs in accordance with reality. Works on the reality principle, and directs the id toward more appropriate ways of behaving. Patient and reasonable.
Superego: Moral branch of mental functioning. Tells the id and ego whether the gratification in a particular instance is ethical. Controls the id by internalizing the parental control. Criticism of Psychodynamic Theories The theories are largely based on case studies; they lack a rigorous scientific basis.
They use the small and typical individuals as samples for advancing generalizations. The concepts are not properly defined, and it is difficult to submit them to scientific testing.
OR
Self-report measures: These are fair, structured, measures, often based on one theory that requires subjects to give verbal responses using some kind of rating scale. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
(MMPI): developed for psychiatric diagnosis but later applied to a variety of psychopathology, hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria masculinity, and feminity. True/false questions.
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: (EPQ) Tests 2 dimensions of personality- Introverted/ Extraverted and emotionally stable/unstable. Later, Eysenck added 3rd dimension to this theory psychoticism (lack of feelings for others). Such people have a tough manner of interaction, a tendency to defy social conventions.
Cattell- Sixteen personality factor questionnaire – (16PF). The tests provide decorative statements and the subjects respond to the specific situation by choosing from a set of given alternatives.
Uses of Self-report test:
- Career guidance, vocational exploration, and occupational testing for students/adults.
- To assess specific dimensions of personality type (e.g., authoritarianism, locus of control, optimism) Limitations of Self-report tests:
- Social desirability: This is a tendency on part of a student to endorse/select responses based on socially desirable behaviour.
- Acquiescence: It is a tendency of the subject of saying Yes to items irrespective of the content, which makes it less reliable for an effective outcome.
- Hesitant to open: This is a direct method where assessment is based on the information directly obtained from the subject, hence he knows that he has been assessed for personality and gets self-conscious and hesitates to share his private feelings. Hence these tests should be performed under the careful supervision of an expert or a trained person.
Section – F (8 Marks)
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Phobia is a Greek word that means fear. A person diagnosed with a specific phobia (formerly known as a simple phobia) experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (such as animals, enclosed spaces, elevators, or flying) (APA, 2013).
Even though people realize their level of fear and anxiety in relation to the phobic stimulus is irrational, some people with a specific phobia may go to great lengths to avoid the phobic stimulus (the object or situation that triggers the fear and anxiety). Typically, the fear and anxiety a phobic stimulus elicits are disruptive to the person’s life.
For example, a man with a phobia of flying might refuse to accept a job that requires frequent air travel, thus negatively affecting his career. Clinicians who have worked with people who have specific phobias have encountered many kinds of phobias. Specific phobias are common; in the United States, around 12.5% of the population will meet the criteria for a specific phobia at some point in their lifetime (Kessler et al., 2005).
One type of phobia, agoraphobia, is listed in the DSM-5 as a separate anxiety disorder. Agoraphobia, which literally means “fear of the marketplace,” is characterised by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack.
These situations include public transportation, open spaces (parking lots), enclosed spaces (stores), crowds, or being outside the home alone (APA, 2013). About 1.4%of Americans experience agoraphobia during their lifetime (Kessler et al., 2005).
Question 33.
Define anxiety disorders and phobia. [2]
Answer:
Anxiety Disorder: The term anxiety is defined as diffuse, vague and very unpleasant feelings of fear and apprehension. Its symptoms are rapid heart rate, sweating, etc. An anxious individual shows a combination of the following symptoms: Rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent urination and tremors.
Phobias: irrational fears related to specific objects, interactions with others (social phobia), and unfamiliar situations (Agoraphobia). Some of the phobia-related disorders include specific phobia (phobia from a particular object or situation), Social phobia (phobia from social situations), and agoraphobia (fear of certain places that may be crowded or open spaces).
Question 34.
Explain a behaviour therapy techniques that is used to treat the phobia. [2]
Answer:
Behaviour techniques include Systematic desensitization Systematic desensitisation a technique introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears.
(a) The client is interviewed to elicit fear-provoking situations and together with the client, the therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy.
(b) The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think about the least anxiety.
(c) The client is asked to stop thinking of the fearful situation if the slightest tension is felt.
(d) Over sessions, the client is able to imagine more severe fear-provoking situations while maintaining relaxation. The client gets systematically desensitized to the fear.
Read the case and answer the questions that follow.
Five-Factor Model of Personality
The controversy regarding the number of basic personality traits has taken an interesting turn in recent years. Paul Costa and Robert McCrae have examined all possible personality traits. The findings indicate a set of five factors.
They are often called Big Five Factors. These factors include: This five-factor model represents an important theoretical development in the field of personality.
It has been found useful in understanding the personality profile of people across cultures. While it is consistent with the analysis of personality traits found in different languages, it is also supported by the studies of personality carried out through different methods. Hence, it is now considered to be the most promising empirical approach to the study of personality.
Question 35.
Name the Big five factors. [2]
Answer:
The big five factors are:
(a) Openness to experience
(b) Conscientiousness
(c) Extraversion
(d) Agreeableness
(e) Neuroticism
Question 36.
Discuss two more self-report assessments like five-factor model. [2]
Answer:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): developed for psychiatric diagnosis but later applied to a variety of psychopathology, hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria masculinity, and feminity.
It involves True/false questions. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: (EPQ) Tests 2 dimensions of personality- Introverted/Extraverted and Emotionally stable/unstable. Later, Eysenck added 3rd dimension to this theory psychoticism (lack of feelings for others). Such people have a tough manner of interaction, a tendency to defy social conventions.