Practicing the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 3 allows you to get rid of exam fear and be confident to appear for the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 3 with Solutions
Time: 3 Hours.
Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
- All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
- Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type-O questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type-II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words.
- Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
Section A (18 Marks)
Question 1.
____________ is the way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality. [1]
(A) Defense mechanisms
(B) Egocentrism
(C) Resistance
(D) Transference
Answer:
(A) Defense mechanisms
Explanation: Defense mechanisms are behaviors that people use to separate themselves from unpleasant events, actions, or thoughts by distorting their reality.
Example: Repression, where an individual suppresses or represses their unpleasant emotions or memories into their unconscious to protect themselves from anxiety.
Question 2.
Emotional competence refers to ___________. [1]
(A) Self-monitoring of emotions
(B) Discrimination of behavior.
(C) Persistence in behaviour
(D) Self-competence to handle behaviour
Answer:
(A) Self-monitoring of emotions
Explanation: Emotional competence is defined as an important set of personal and social skills for identifying, interpreting, and constructively responding to emotions in oneself and others.
Question 3.
The concept of source traits and surface traits was given by: [1]
(A) B.F. Skinner
(B) Gordon Allport
(C) Raymond Cattell
(D) Thurston
Answer:
(C) Raymond Cattell
Explanation: Cattell stated source and surface traits to describe personality. Surface traits are very obvious and can be easily identified by other people, in contrast, source traits are less obvious to other people and appear to underlie several different aspects of behavior.
Question 4.
The __________ model of stress explains The body’s response to stress. [1]
(A) Resilience
(B) GAS
(C) Sympathetic
(D) Alarm
Answer:
(D) Alarm
Explanation: The GAS model or General Adaptation Syndrome model given by Hans Selye explains the effect of stress on the body. The model gives three stages that the body goes through, The alarm stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage.
Question 5.
Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion (A): Many of us drive ourselves ruthlessly towards achieving unrealistic and high standards in achieving our goals. This is a source of psychological stress.
Reason (R): Conflicts stem from beliefs based on expectations from inside us to ourselves. [1]
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true, R is false
(D) A is false, R is true
Answer:
(C) A is true, R is false
Explanation: Setting unrealistic goals and high standards for ourselves and exhausting our efforts and resources to try to achieve those goals is one of the leading causes of stress in an individual. Conflict exists when the reduction of one motivating stimulus involves an increase in another, so a new adjustment is required.
Question 6.
The ability of a counsellor to reflect on what the client says and feels using different words is known as ____________. [1]
(A) Decoding
(B) Communication
(C) Paraphrasing
(D) Listening
Answer:
(C) Paraphrasing
Explanation: Paraphrasing or active listening (a term coined by Carl R. Rogers in Client-CenteredTherapy) is a form of responding empathically to the emotions of the client by repeating, using different words what the client said while focusing on the crux of what they feel and what is important to them.
Question 7.
Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option.
Assertion (A): The Greek Physician Hippocrates proposed the typology of personality based on humor or fluids. He classified it into 4 types: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric, each characterized by special behavioral features.
Reason (R): Using bodily build and temperament, Sheldon proposed personality types. [1]
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true, R is false
(D) A is false, R is true
Answer:
(C) A is true, R is false
Explanation: Hippocrates’ temperament theory suggests that four bodily fluids (called humors) black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood directly affect an individual’s personality, behavior, and health. Sheldon also gave the Constitutional theory where he attempted to correlate body composition and type with certain personality traits. Example: Endomorphic, ectomorphic, mesomorphic.
Question 8.
Identify the moral branch of mental functioning: [1]
(A) Id
(B) Ego
(C) Superego
(D) Libido
Answer:
(C) Superego
Explanation: The superego is the ethical or moral component of the personality which provides the moral standards by which the ego operates.
Question 9.
The coping strategies given by Endler and Parker are: [1]
(i) Task Oriented
(ii) Emotion Oriented
(iii) Avoidance Oriented
(iv) None of the above
(A) Only (i)
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(C) Only (iii)
(D) (iv)
Answer:
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Explanation: A coping strategy is a characteristic manner of responding to stressful situations. According to Endler & Parker (1992), There are three basic coping styles: task-oriented coping, emotion oriented coping, and avoidance-oriented coping.
Question 10.
Mood disorder in which Mania and Depression are alternatively present is known as ___________. [1]
(A) Depression
(B) Anxiety
(C) Bipolar disorder
(D) Schizophrenia
Answer:
(C) Bipolar disorder
Explanation: Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder that is characterized by episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. Depressive episodes may include symptoms such as extremely low energy, low motivation, anhedonia, etc. Manic episodes include symptoms such as impulsive behaviour, low need for sleep, and hyperactivity.
Question 11.
Nonverbal acts in any talk are referred to as: [1]
(A) Emotions
(B) Body language
(C) Behaviour
(D) Facial feedback
Answer:
(B) Body language
Explanation: Body language suggests an individual’s state of emotion. Non-verbal messages or cues such as body movements, facial expressions, vocal tone and volume, and other signals are collectively known as body language.
Question 12.
If a person can understand other people’s motives, emotions and feelings of others are known as__________. [1]
(A) Interpersonal intelligence
(B) Intrapersonal intelligence
(C) Linguistic intelligence
(D) Social intelligence
Answer:
(A) Interpersonal intelligence
Explanation: According to Howard Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligence, interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand other people’s motives, emotions and Intelligence and interact effectively with them. Example: Psychologists exhibit interpersonal intelligence because they can understand other people’s emotions.
Question 13.
Which of the following are symptoms of schizophrenia: [1]
(i) Manic episodes, Hyperactivity, Depression
(ii) Delusions, Hallucinations, Catatonia
(iii) Panic attacks, intense fear, breathlessness
(iv) Aggressive behaviour, manipulation, violence
(A) (i) and (ii)
(B) Only (iii)
(C) (ii) and (iii)
(D) Only (ii)
Answer:
(D) Only (ii)
Explanation: Schizophrenia is a serious psychotic disorder that exhibits symptoms such as a combination of hallucinations, delusions, catatonia and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling.
Question 14.
The correlation between intelligence test scores of identical twins is___________. [1]
(i) Higher when they are raised together than when they are raised apart.
(ii) Greater than that for fraternal twins raised together.
(iii) Lower than that for any other blood relatives.
(iv) The same whether they are reared together or apart.
Choose the correct option:
(A) (i) and (iii)
(B) (i) and (ii)
(C) (iii) and (iv)
(D) (i) and (iv)
Answer:
(B) (i) and (ii)
Explanation: Researchers have found that identical twins raised together and identical twins reared apart exhibit a higher correlation between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together which reveals a genetic component to intelligence. Identical twins are about 85 percent similar in IQ, whereas fraternal twins are about 60 percent similar in IQ.
Question 15.
Assigning causes to the behaviour shown in specific social situations is known as: [1]
(A) Attribution
(B) Attitudes
(C) Social influence
(D) Conformity
Answer:
(A) Attribution
Explanation: Attributions are conclusions that people make about the causes of certain events and behaviors. People make attributions to understand other people’s experiences. Attributions strongly influence the way people interact with others.
Question 16.
Logotherapy was developed by ___________. [1]
(A) Sigmund Freud
(B) Carl Rogers
(C) Victor Frankl
(D) B.F. Skinner
Answer:
(C) Victor Frankl
Explanation: Logotherapy is a form of therapy that helps the client to understand the personal meaning of life. Victor Frankl developed logotherapy after surviving Nazi concertation camps in the 1940s. It’s a form of psychotherapy that focuses on our future and on our ability to endure difficulties and suffering through a search for purpose.
Question 17.
Which of the following professions require naturalistic intelligence? [1]
(A) Doctor
(B) Farmer
(C) Lawyer
(D) Politician
Answer:
(B) Farmer
Explanation: According to Howard Gardener’s theory of Multiple Intelligence, naturalistic intelligence is the ability to identify, classify and manipulate elements of the environment, objects, animals or plants.
It is marked by an intense interest in nature. Example: A farmer is high on naturalistic intelligence because of their ability to understand nature, appropriate weather for crops, etc.
Question 18.
Aisha is in the final year of schooling and is highly motivated to excel in the competitive examinations. However, she feels she is short of time and always burdened with work. She finds it difficult to slow down and relax. Identify her personality type. [1]
(A) Type A
(B) Type B
(C) TypeC
(D) Type D
Answer:
(A) Type A
Explanation: Characteristics associated with type A personality include: competitiveness, achievement-oriented, impatient, fast paced and work obsessed.
All these characteristics are catalysts for various health problems such as heart diseases and so on. Therefore Aisha, who is highly competitive and impatient has a type A personality.
Section- B (10 Marks)
Question 19.
What is panic disorder and mention its clinical features? [2]
Answer:
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder which is characterized by regular and sudden attacks of panic or fear, often for no apparent reason. There are several diagnostic symptoms for panic disorder:
(i) Periods of intense fear which has no cause
(ii) Shortness of breath, trembling, chest pains
(iii) Nausea
(iv) Fear of dying or feeling dissociated or disconnected from your own body.
Question 20.
What is cognitive dissonance? Give examples. [2]
Answer:
Cognitive dissonance is a phenomenon that occurs when there is incongruency between a person’s true beliefs and actions. It is a type of mental conflict where a person holds two contradictory beliefs at the same time.
Cognitive dissonance causes a lot of tension and stress in a person. Example: Some people who view themselves as animal lovers, may like to eat meat and also feel uncomfortable when they think about where their meat comes from.
Question 21.
What is Logotherapy?
OR
What are the 4 D’s of abnormality? [2]
Answer:
Logotherapy is the type of psychotherapy proposed by Victor Frankl that primarily focuses on helping the client find the personal meaning in life. Frankl strongly believed that humans are motivated and have a desire to find meaning in life.
He stated that a person’s life can have meaning even in the most hopeless and depressing circumstances and that the motivation for living and surviving comes from finding that meaning.
OR
Four D’s when defining abnormality or psychopathology are:
(i) Deviance: Unacceptable thoughts, emotions or behaviours.
(ii) Distress: Negative feelings or stress associated with the disorder.
(iii) Dysfunction: Impairment of individual’s abilities to perform daily functions.
(iv) Danger: Being dangerous to oneself or other people.
Question 22.
What is DSM-IV? Mention its use in treatment of mental disorders. [2]
Answer:
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a publication produced by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders, widely used by clinicians and psychiatrists for the diagnosis of psychiatric illnesses.
It comprises descriptions, symptoms, and other criteria necessary for diagnosing mental health disorders. DSM helps to establish a common language between patients and their clinicians to help communicate in. It also provides a reliable diagnosis that can be used for further research.
Question 23.
What is meant by compliance? Give examples. [2]
Answer:
Compliance refers to an act of accepting or responding favorably to the requests of other people. It refers to changing one’s behavior at the request of another person and submitting to their wishes or demands.
There are many different situations in which compliance comes into play, for example: Buying a product because a salesperson makes a pitch for the product and then asks you to make a purchase.
Section – C (12 Marks)
Question 24.
How does Rational Emotive therapy help in reducing distress? Support your answer with the help of an example? [3]
Answer:
Albert Ellis formulated rational emotive therapy (RET). It helps in reducing psychological disorders in the following ways: The first step is the Antecedent Belief-Consequence (ABC) analysis, which causes psychological distress. The client is interviewed to find the irrational beliefs which are distorting the present reality.
These beliefs are characterized by thoughts with ‘musts’ and ‘shoulds’ i.e., things ‘must’ and ‘should’ be in a particular manner. The distorted perception of the antecedent event due to the irrational beliefs leads to the consequence i.e., negative emotions and behaviors. For E.g ., ‘One should be loved by everybody all the time’ is an irrational belief.
In the process of RET, the irrational beliefs are refuted by the therapist through a process of non-directive questioning. The questions make the client think deeper about his/her assumptions about life and problems. Gradually, the client is able to is able to alter the irrational beliefs by making a change in his/her philosophy of life.
Question 25.
Describe the defining symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. [3]
Answer:
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a type of behavior disorder which is mostly diagnosed during childhood. Children with ODD are uncooperative, disobedient, and hostile toward their peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures.
ODD is characterized by a frequent and persistent pattern of anger, irritability, arguing, defiance or vindictiveness displayed by children. This behavior often disturbs a child’s normal daily functioning and affects their relationships and activities within their family and at school.
There are several defining symptoms of ODD:
(1) Throwing persistent temper tantrums
(2) Excessively arguing with people of authority
(3) Refusing to comply with regulations
(4) Saying spiteful things whenever upset
(5) Vindictiveness towards other people
(6) Argumentative and irritable behaviour
Question 26.
How is Empathy different from Sympathy? [3]
OR
Which therapies help the client to find fulfillment and genuine meaning in life?
Answer:
Empathy and sympathy are often confused with one another. While empathy is a one-on-one connection involving deep understanding and active listening, sympathy is simply the feeling of sorrow or pity for someone else’s plight.
| Empathy | Sympathy |
| Empathy means understanding and sharing another person’s emotions. |
Sympathy is simply a reaction to the plight of other people. |
| Empathy involves shared perspective and shared emotions. It conveys shared distress. | Sympathy does not involve shared perspective or shared emotions. It does not convey shared distress. |
| Empathy involves actively listening to another person without giving unsolicited advice | Sympathy involves giving unsolicited advice to the person who may be suffering. |
| Example: One of the core principles of humanistic therapies is to exhibit empathy toward the client and create a safe, judgement free space for them. | Example: Exhibiting condolences for a person’s loss. |
OR
The humanistic-existential therapies encourage personal growth and help the client to find fulfillment and meaning in life. The core principles of humanistic-existential therapy are:
(1) The client has the free will and responsibility to control their behaviour.
(2) Psychological disorders arise as a result of feeling lonely, and unable to find meaning and genuine fulfillment in life.
(3) All individuals are driven by the desire for personal growth and an innate need to grow emotionally and self-actualize.
Therapies based on the humanistic-existential Approach:
(i) logotherapy is a form of existential therapy developed by Victor Frankl which aims to help the client find personal meaning in life. Frankl strongly believed that humans are motivated by the desire to find meaning in life.
He stated that a person’s life can have meaning even in the most hopeless and depressing circumstances and that the motivation for living and surviving comes from finding that meaning.
(ii) Gestalt Therapy: It is humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Peris and Laura Peris. It helps the client to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. It is based on the idea that people are influenced by their present environment. It is centered on increasing the
person’s self-awareness, personal direction and autonomy.
(iii) Client-Centered Therapy: This kind of therapy was developed by Carl Rogers. It is based on a non-directive approach. Humanistic therapists help the client reach their maximum potential and self-actualize by providing a safe environment with the use of empathy, active listening and understanding.
Question 27.
What are the various methods used in behaviour therapy? [3]
Answer:
Behavioral therapy is the type of therapy that has its roots in the principles of behaviorism, a school of thought which focused on the idea that we learn from our environment.
The main focus of behaviour therapy is to decrease maladaptive patterns of behaviour. Behavior therapy operates on the basic principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning and aversive conditioning. It makes use of a token economy, systematic desensitization, reinforcements, etc.
There are various methods used in behaviour therapy:
Reinforcement: There are two types of reinforcements that may be used to increase the likelihood that a desired behaviour will be repeated:
Negative reinforcement: Negative reinforcement encourages specific behaviors by removing or avoiding negative consequences or stimuli.
Example: Taking an ant add before having a spicy meal.
Positive reinforcement: Positive reinforcement involves following a desirable response with a reward such as praise, food, money, etc. This increases the likelihood that the behaviour will occur again. Example: Rewarding one’s child for deaning their room will increase the likelihood that they will do it again.
1. The token economy: Technique based on positive reinforcement where a deal is established between the client and the doctor where the client will be rewarded with a token comprising of certain privileges whenever they will exhibit desirable behaviour.
2. Aversive Conditioning: It is a technique where the stimuli inviting deviant behaviour such as smoking are paired with an aversive or unpleasant stimulus such as electric shocks or nausea inducing drugs with a repeated presentation so that the patient starts to associate the two together and develops an aversion towards the stimuli which used to invite deviant behaviour.
Section – D (16 Marks)
Question 28.
What are dissociative disorders? Explain their various types. [4]
OR
What are eating disorders? Mention its types.
Answer:
Dissociative disorders are mental disorders that are marked by a persistent feeling of detachment from reality and one’s sense of self. It may develop as a result of a traumatic Efe event such as abuse, assault, loss of a loved one, etc. In dissociative disorders, the patient experiences a disconnection and lack of continuity between their thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions and self-identity.
People with dissociative disorders escape reality in ways that are unsafe and unhealthy causing problems or hindrances to functioning in everyday Efe. Symptoms of dissociative disorders vary, depending on the type of dissociative disorder a person may have, but a few signs include:
(i) Amnesia: Memory loss of certain events, identity, etc.
(ii) Distorted sense of personal self.
(iii) inability to cope with stressors
(iv) Sense of detachment from your own emotions
(v) Other mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, etc.
There are different types of dissociative disorders:
(i) Dissociative amnesia: The main symptom of dissociative amnesia is a severe form of memory loss that can’t be explained by a medical condition. This type of amnesia is also known as “psychogenic amnesia.”
A person with dissociative amnesia can’t recall information about themselves or events and people in their Efe, espedaEy from a traumatic period. Dissociative amnesia can be specific, And generalized and can also involve a complete loss of memory about oneself.
Another important aspect of dissociative amnesia is A dissociative fugue. Dissociative fugue, also known as psychogenic fugue, is a state where an individual experiences temporary memory loss or amnesia and impulsively wander off from their homes or places of work to a new, unknown place. People with dissociative fugue do not have any memory about their past identities or may even adopt new identities.
(ii) Dissociative identity disorder: Formerly known as multiple personality disorder, this disorder is characterized by the presence of different personalities that may switch between one another, thereby controling or influendng a person’s behaviour.
Each identity may have a unique name, distinct personal history and characteristics, such as obvious variations in the tone of voice, gender, mannerisms, etc. These identities may or may not be aware of another. Dissociative identity disorder may also involve the presence of dissociative fugue and amnesia.
(iii) Depersonalization-derealization disorder: This is characterized by an ongoing or episodic sense of detachment from oneself and their own body which is involuntary or out of one’s control. It may involve a feeling of being outside yourself, observing One’s actions, state of feelings, thoughts and self from a distance as if watching a movie.
This is known as depersonalization. DereaEzation involves feeling alienated from one’s surroundings where people and the world around one may feel unreal or foggy and distortion distorted by time and space. One can experience depersonalization, derealization or both.
OR
Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions that are characterized by abnormal and persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact one’s health, emotional functions and ablity to operate in important areas of Efe.
Eating disorders typically involve a dangerous obsession or a fixation with body weight, body shape and calorie count of the food resulting in maladaptive eating behaviours.
These behaviors can significantly affect the body’s ability to get proper nutrition. Eating disorders are so dangerous that they can cause a lot of harm to the heart, digestive system, bones, and teeth and mouth, and further lead to other diseases. The most common types of eating disorders are Anorexia, BuEmia and Binge eating disorder.
(i) Anorexia Nervosa: Anorexia (short for Anorexia Nervosa) is a type of eating disorder that is characterized by symptoms such as a voluntary refusal to eat or distorted eating habits due to an obsessive and dangerous fixation on body weight etc.
Individuals with anorexia have an abnormally low body weight which can sometimes even be fatal. People with anorexia have a catastrophic fixation on thinness and are often very underweight.
(ii) Bulimia Nervosa: Bulimia is also a type of eating disorder that may even be fatal. It involves periods of binge eating and purging. Many people may also exhibit a refusal to eat during one specific time of the day, resulting in more bingeing and purging or vomiting.
During these episodes, a person may eat a large amount of food in a short time, and then try to free themselves of the extra calories and shame or guilt associated with bingeing in an unhealthy way.
This is done by the use of laxatives. Because of guilt, shame and the severity of the fear of gaining any weight from overeating, one may induce vomiting forcefully or exercise too much. People with bulimia are fixated on their calorie intake and they may be of normal weight, overweight or underweight.
(iii) Binge eating disorder: Binge-eating disorder is characterized by regular bingeing of unhealthy amounts of food. A person may feel like they are not in full control of their eating habits.
They may eat quickly or eat more food than they want, even when they are not hungry or when they are uncomfortably full. After a binge, feelings of shame, guilt and disgust are followed, which in this case, are not compensated for by exercise, purging or starvation like in other eating disorders. A person with a binge eating disorder may be of normal weight or may be obese.
Question 29.
Explain the reasons people join groups. [4]
Answer:
Groups can be defined as organized systems of two or more individuals who interact with one another, adopt certain ranks, roles and responsibilities, are interdependent and have certain common goals. There are several reasons for people to join groups:
Security: One of the most important reasons for people to join groups is to reduce the insecurity of”standing alone” or being isolated. A person feels stronger, has fewer self-doubts, and is more resistant to threats when they are part of a group. Group also provides us with a sense of comfort and makes us feel protected and less vulnerable to threats from the outside.
Status: When we are members of a group that is considered important by others, it makes us feel recognized and important, giving us a sense of power and status outside the group.
Even in the group, different members differ in status or their rank within the group. People are often extremely sensitive to their status in a group as it comes with desirable rewards such as respect, defenses from other group members, and numerous material benefits.
Self-esteem: Being part of a group provides feelings of self-worth which helps the group member to develop a positive social identity. Group membership becomes a critical part of our identity which also helps in self enhancement and boosting one’s confidence.
Affiliation: Joining a group satisfies our need for belonging. Being part of a group fulfills basic social needs because group members get to enjoy regular interactions which can be a primary source for fulfilling the need for affiliation.
Power: What cannot be achieved individually often becomes possible when parting of a group. Many goals require a collective effort. People form groups to obtain and utilize the benefits of a cooperative effort.
Goal achievement: Some tasks require more than one person and need a pool of talents. Collective knowledge or power can contribute greatly to the achivement of desired goals.
Question 30.
Explain briefly the factors that influence attitude change. [4]
Answer:
Attitudes are beliefs and behaviours towards a particular object. These beliefs are highly susceptible to change. Several factors influence
attitude change:
(1) Several factors influence of attitude: Positive and Negative .attitude: Positive attitudes are more easily changeable whereas it’s very difficult to bring about a change in negative attitudes.
(2) Simplicity or complexity of attitude: Simpler attitudes are easier to change than complex or multiple attitudes.
(3) The centrality of the attitude: Attitudes that are more central or extreme are more difficult to change than the ones which are more peripheral and not that extreme.
(4) The direction and extent of the attitude change should also be taken into consideration. Attitude change may be congruent, that is the change occurs in the same direction as the existing attitude or they may be incongruent, that is, the change in attitude is opposite to the direction of the existing attitude.
Congruent changes in attitude can easily bring about modifications in the existing attitude than the incongruent changes. For example: It’s easier to bring about positive changes with a positive attitude.
(5) Source characteristics: The characteristics of the source of attitude change also play a major role in bringing about the modifications in attitude. The credibility of the source and attractiveness of the source are two important features that influence attitude change. If the source is highly credible and attractive, attitude change is more likely.
(6) Target characteristics: Certain qualities of the target such as their personalities, specific prejudices, self-esteem, confidence and intelligence also play a huge role in determining whether an attitude change will occur or not.
(a) Individuals who exhibit high prejudice are less likely to undergo attitude change.
(b) Individuals who are more open minded and have a more flexible personalities easily go through with attitude change.
(c) Individuals with low self-esteem may not have enough confidence to go through any kind of attitude change. On the contrary, people with high self-esteem undergo attitude change more easily.
(d) It is more difficult for highly intelligent people to go through an attitude change than individuals who have low intelligence.
Question 31.
What do you understand by substance use and substance dependence? [4]
OR
What are some strategies to handle prejudice?
Answer:
Substance use, also known as drug use or drug addiction is characterized by the inability to control the continuous usage of illegal or legal substances such as alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, etc.
Drug or substance addiction may typically start with recreational or experimental use in social situations but over time, continuous usage of substances or drugs increases the risk of developing an addiction Substance abuse is a pattern of drug or alcohol use those results in aversive consequences.
It often causes problems in The workplace or school, impacts relationships with friends or family members, and introduces dangerous or potentially fatal situations. After the development of addiction, as time passes, one may require even larger doses of the substances to get high.
As drug use increases, one may find that it’s increasingly strenuous to function without the drug. Furthermore, any attempts to stop drug use may cause severe cravings and make a person feel physically ill with symptoms such as nausea, migraine, hallucinations, frustration, aggression etc.
These are known as withdrawal symptoms. This is a common occurrence in substance dependence. Substance dependence is a physical and mental reliance on a drug or substance. A person may feel dysfunctional without abusing the drug. They may not be able to stop the usage of drugs even after potentially negative consequences.
Substance use often leads to substance dependence. As the abuse increases, the quantities of the drug to achieve the same high effect increases too, this is known as tolerance.
Tolerance results in a change in brain chemistry and even life-threatening withdrawal symptoms. Substance dependence changes the daily mental function of a person, ruins the relationship with peers and family members and causes them to lose jobs or discontinue school.
OR
Prejudice is the existence of negative attitudes towards other people.It is a flawed and preconceived notion, belief or an idea about something, typically a perceived group membership. Prejudice may not be eradicated but may be reduced or handled. There are several ways to handle prejudice that would only be effective if they aim to:
- Reduce the opportunities for acquiring prejudice through learning.
- Change strong negative attitudes.
- Discouraging the tendency of self-fulfilling prophecy among the victims of prejudice.
- Reduce the importance of in a group.
Techniques for decreasing prejudice are:
(i) Increasing awareness through the means of education and exposure for correcting stereotypes associated with certain groups/ cultures.
(ii) Decreasing severe in-group bias.
(iii) Increasing intergroup contact: According to the contact hypothesis of prejudice, one of the most important ways to handle and minimize prejudice is by increasing interpersonal interaction between members of different social groups or persons under appropriate conditions (such as when there are common goals).
Contact between two different groups can promote acceptance and tolerance among those groups. This can be done when there is direct communication between two groups and mistrust between groups is eradicated. intergroup contact is only possible under certain conditions:
- There is close interaction between the two groups so that they get to know each other better.
- Both groups don’t differ in power or status.
- The two groups interact in a cooperative context.
Section – E (6 Marks)
Question 32.
Describe the Multiple intelligence theory by Gardener. [6]
Answer:
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences challenged the traditional idea that there is one single type of intelligence, known as “g” for general intelligence, that only focuses on cognitive abilities. To broaden this meaning of intelligence, Gardner introduced eight different types of intelligence comprising of:
Linguistic intelligence: This type of intelligence deals with being “word smart” or being able to use spoken and written language, having a high ability to learn languages, and the capability to use language to accomplish certain goals. Example: William Shakespeare has high linguistic intelligence.
Logical-mathematical intelligence: This type of intelligence refers to the capacity to analyze problems logically, perform mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. Example: Albert Einstein is the most notable example of an individual with a high logical mathematical intelligence.
Spatial intelligence: This type of intelligence is marked by the potential to recognize and manipulate the patterns of wide space as well as the patterns of cramped areas. Example: Pilots, such as Amelia Earhart have high spatial intelligence.
Bodily kinesthetic intelligence: It is the ability to use one’s whole body or parts of the body skillfully. Example: Gymnasts such as Simone Biles, dancers, athletes etc.
Musical intelligence: This refers to the skill or ability to produce rhythms, compose and appreciate musical patterns, and perform/ exhibit musical expressiveness. Example: Beethoven is one of the most prominent examples of high musical intelligence.
Intra-personal intelligence: Intrapersonal intelligence is one’s ability to understand their own emotions, desires, feelings and motives.
Interpersonal intelligence: interpersonal intelligence is the ability of an individual to understand other people’s emotions and behaviors. This quality is exceptionally exhibited by psychologists and therapists.
Naturalistic intelligence: Naturalistic intelligence involves proficiency in the recognition and classification of the numerous species of both the flora and fauna around one’s environment. Example: Charles Darwin exhibited high naturalistic intelligence.
Section – F (8 Marks)
Jack is a 7-year-old boy who interacts with peers of his age, but his parents noted that he gets upset when he does not receive recognition or feels ignored. His teachers noted that he sometimes acts in a socially immature way and often demonstrates attention seeking behaviour. Jack finds difficulties with focusing and sitting still in class. He is described as constantly running around and presenting difficulties in listening and following instructions.
Question 33.
From the symptoms noted above, which disorder Jack has according to you? Give reasons to support your answer. [2]
Answer:
Jack’s symptoms direct towards diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, combined type. ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders that occurs during childhood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, sitting still, listening or following instructions, all of which are exhibited by Jack.
Question 34.
Explain the features of the disorder. [2]
Antony, is a 40-year-old man, who looks 10 years younger. He is brought to hospital, his 12th hospitalization, by his mother because she is afraid of him. He is dressed in a ragged overcoat, bathroom slippers and wears several medals around his neck.
His effect ranges from anger to his mother to giggling. His speech and manner have a childlike quality, he walks with a mincing step and exaggerated hip movements.
His mother reports that he stopped taking his medication about a month ago and has since begun to hear voices and to look and act more bizarrely. When asked what he has been doing, he says “Eating wires and lighting fires.” His spontaneous speech is often incoherent and marked by frequent rhyming and clang associations.
Answer:
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is usually diagnosed during and often lasts till adulthood. Three categories of symptoms that are most prominent in ADHD are:
(a) Inattention: This is marked by a very short attention span or difficulty sustaining attention, following instructions, or focusing on something.
(b) Impulsivity: This is where the child often interrupts others, is impatient and doesn’t wait for his/her turn.
(c) Hyperactivity: When a child is hyperactive, they are in constant motion, that is, they run around or are overactive at times with no apparent goal except motion.
Question 35.
Based on the given case study, define what disorder does Antony have? [2]
Answer:
Based on Antony’s symptoms, Antony seems to be suffering from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a serious and psychotic mental health disorder which results in disordered thinking, hallucinations, delusions and behaviours that negatively affect or maybe even impair daily functioning.
Question 36.
List the symptoms of schizophrenia. [2]
Answer:
There are several symptoms associated with schizophrenia:
(1) Hallucinations: Example: Antony, in this case is experiencing auditory hallucinations.
(2) Delusions
(3) Catatonia
(4) Alogia or speech impairment
(5) Avolition or lack of motivation to engage in activities
(6) Paranoia
(7) Problems with motor coordination.