Practicing the CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology with Solutions Set 10 allows you to get rid of exam fear and be confident to appear for the exam.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Psychology Set 10 with Solutions
Time: 3 Hours.
Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
- All questions are compulsory except where internal choice has been given.
- Question Nos. 1-18 in Section A carry 1 mark each.
- Question Nos. 19-23 in Section B are Very Short Answer Type-I questions carrying 2 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
- Question Nos. 24-27 in Section C are Short Answer Questions Type-II carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words.
- Question Nos. 28-31 in Section D are Long Answer Type I questions carrying 4 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
- Question No. 32 in Section E is a Long Answer Type-II question carrying 6 marks. Answer to this question should not exceed 200 words.
- Question Nos. 33-36 in Section F are based on two cases given. Each case has two questions carrying two marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 30 words.
Section A (18 Marks)
Question 1.
The notion of contextual intelligence implies that intelligence is a product of _____________. [1]
(A) Culture
(B) Gift
(C) Intelligence
(D) Performance
Answer:
(A) Culture
Explanation: Contextual Intelligence involves the ability to deal with the Environment, which is influenced by one’s culture. Sternberg’s notion of contextual or practical intelligence implies that intelligence is a product of culture.
Question 2.
Enhancement of people’s self-concept is possible by creating an atmosphere of ____________. [1]
(A) conditional positive regard
(B) unconditional positive regard
(C) unconditional and biased regard
(D) identity crisis
Answer:
(B) unconditional positive regard
Explanation: Enhancement of people’s self concept is possible by creating an environment of unconditional positive regard. This concept was given by Carl Rogers and he considered it to be an important part of the client-therapist relationship.
Question 3.
A___________ is considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. [1]
(A) typology
(B) personality
(C) trait
(D) persona
Answer:
(C) trait
Explanation: A trait is considered a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another. They include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation.
Question 4.
Ivaan reached the genital stage of psychosexual development. Which of the following is/are NOT TRUE about this stage? [1]
i. Ivaan has attained maturity in psychosexual development.
ii. This stage lasts from about seven years until puberty.
iii. Physical growth continues and much of lvaan’s energy is channelled into social or achievement-related activities.
iv. lvaan’s sexuality, fears and repressed feelings of earlier stages are once again exhibited in this stage.
(A) i, ii and iv
(B) ii
(C) ii and iii
(D) i and iii
Answer:
(C) ii and iii
Explanation: Genital stage does not last from seven years until puberty. During the latency stage, physical growth continues in latency stage. This stage lasts from about seven years until puberty.
During this period, the child continues to grow physically, but sexual urges are relatively inactive. Much of a child’s energy is channeled into social or achievement-related activities.
Question 5.
Heena lost her husband in a car accident. This life event is traumatic. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the effects this stress can have on her? [1]
(i) Stress can affect her behaviour in the form of eating less nutritional food, disrupted sleep patterns increased absenteeism and reduced work performance.
(ii) The cognitive effects of stress will be both, enhanced concentration and increased short-term memory capacity.
(iii) In her case, the stress can start a vicious circle of decreasing confidence, leading to more serious emotional problems.
(iv) The effects of this stress will mostly be physiological.
(A) (i) and (ii)
(B) (ii) and (iv)
(C) (ii) and (iii)
(D) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Answer:
(B) (ii) and (iv)
Explanation: Traumatic events include being involved in a variety of extreme events such as a fire, train or road accident, robbery, earthquake, tsunami, etc.
The effects of these events may occur after some lapse of time and sometimes persist as symptoms of anxiety, flashbacks, dreams and intrusive thoughts, etc. Severe trauma can also strain relationships.
Question 6.
Choose all the correct options.
When Vikram was caught in a traffic jam he felt angry, because he believed that the traffic ‘should’ move faster. To manage this stress, he needs to: [1]
(i) Cope with stress on the basis of rigid deep-seated beliefs.
(ii) Reassess the way he thinks and learn coping strategies.
(iii) Allow himself to manage and regulate the emotional response to that problem.
(iv) Handle this stressful situation by including only covert activities in the coping strategies.
(A) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(B) (ii) and (iv)
(C) (ii) and (iii)
(D) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Answer:
(C) (ii) and (iii)
Explanation: To manage stress, Vikram needs to reassess the way he thinks and learn coping strategies. He should allow himself to manage and regulate the emotional response to the problem.
Question 7.
__________ involves feelings of tension or uneasiness that occur before, during or after an examination. [1]
(A) Examination Verification
(B) Examination Anxiety
(C) Examination Visualisation
(D) Examination Feedback
Answer:
(B) Examination Anxiety
Explanation: Many people find it helpful in some ways, as it can be motivating and create the pressure that is needed to stay focused on one’s performance. High stress can interfere with the student’s preparation, concentration and performance.
Question 8.
Which of these models is the oldest and the most famous of the modern psychological models? [1]
(A) Psychodynamic model
(B) Behavioural model
(C) Cognitive model
(D) Socio- cultural model
Answer:
(A) Psychodynamic model
Explanation: Psychodynamic model is the oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models. Psychodynamic theorists believe that the behaviour, whether normal or abnormal, is determined by psychological forces (id, ego, superego) within the person of which he/she is not consciously aware.
These internal forces are considered dynamic, i.e. they interact with one another and their interaction gives-shape to behaviour, thoughts and emotions.
Question 9.
Which of the following options is correct: [1]
(A) Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders
(B) Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(C) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(D) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Answer:
(C) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Explanation: The full form of DSM is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Question 10.
The stresses which people experience vary in terms of intensity, duration, complexity and __________. [1]
(A) Personality
(B) Predictability
(C) Temperament
(D) Intelligence
Answer:
(B) Predictability
Explanation: The stresses which people experience vary in terms of intensity, duration, complexity and predictability.
Question 11.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): Psychological stresses are caused when we overexert ourselves physically, lack a nutritional diet, suffer an injury or fail to get enough sleep.
Reason (R): Environmental stresses are caused by air pollution, crowding, noise, the heat of the summer, winter cold or disasters such as fire, or natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, drought, landslides, volcanic eruptions, etc.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Explanation: The causes mentioned in (A) are physical stresses and not psychological stresses.
Question 12.
Gestalt theory was developed as a revision to: [1]
(A) Psychotherapy
(B) Psychoanalysis
(C) Negative reinforcement
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(B) Psychoanalysis
Question 13.
According to the gestalt school of thought: [1]
(A) An individual perceives things as a whole.
(B) Reinforcement and rewards can change behaviour.
(C) An individual learns from experiences.
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(A) An individual perceives things as a whole.
Explanation: According to the gestalt school of thought an individual perceives things as a whole.
Question 14.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): Each one of us has the capacity to choose and create.
Reason (R): Every individual suffers from the feeling of adequacy and ego, i.e., a superiority complex, which arise from childhood.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
Explanation: Every individual suffers from feelings of inadequacy and guilt, i.e., inferiority complex, which arise from childhood.
Question 15.
It is an approach to studying any subject with social psychology. [1]
(A) Physiotherapy
(B) Social Cognition
(C) Social Dilemma
(D) None of the above
Answer:
(B) Social Cognition
Explanation: The combination of social processes like attitude, impression formation, attribution and pro-social behaviour is called social cognition. Social cognition refers to the mental activities related to the gathering and interpretation of information about the social world. Social cognition is activated by cognitive units called schemes.
Question 16.
Who gave social facilitation? [1]
(A) Zajonc
(B) Triplett
(C) Festinger
(D) Mohsin
Answer:
(A) Zajonc
Explanation: Zanjonc gave social facilitation.
Question 17.
Performance on specific tasks is influenced by the presence of others. What is this called? [1]
(A) Social Facilitation
(B) Social Loafing
(C) Social Cognition
(D) Pro-social behaviour
Answer:
(A) Social Facilitation
Explanation: Social facilitation is when performance on specific tasks is influenced by the presence of others.
Question 18.
In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice. [1]
Assertion (A): Some verbal tests require responses in written form.
Reason (R): Verbal tests can only be administered to literate people.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Answer:
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Explanation: Both (A) and (R) are statements of facts about verbal tests. They do not have a cause-and-effect relationship.
Section- B (10 Marks)
Question 19.
What are leucocytes? Name the three types of leucocytes. [2]
Answer:
Leucocytes (white blood cells) identify and destroy antigens (foreign bodies) such as viruses. It also leads to the production of antibodies.
Leukocytes are of three types:
(i) T cells: T cells destroy invaders and T-helper cells increase immunological activity. T helper cells are attacked by HIV leading to AIDS.
(ii) B cells: Produce antibodies
(iii) Natural killer cells: Involved in the fight against tumors and viruses.
Question 20.
Explain the two types of coping responses according to Lazarus and Folkman? [2]
OR
Explain the cognitive behavioural techniques under stress management techniques.
Answer:
According to Lazarus and Folkman, coping responses can be divided into two types of responses:
(a) Problem-Focused:
- It includes taking direct action to solve the problem.
- It is seeking information that will be relevant to the solution for, e.g., developing a study schedule to cope with the semester demands, and thereby reduce examination pressure.
- It is basically confronting the problem using all the available resources.
(b) Emotion-Focused: It refers to a reduction of the negative emotional reaction to stress, e.g., by distracting oneself from the problem, relaxing or seeking comfort from others.
OR
Cognitive Behavioural Techniques: These techniques aim to inoculate people against stress. Stress inoculation training is one effective method developed by Meichenbaum. Replace negative andirrational thoughts with positive and rational ones, i.e., Follow through.
- Assessment involves discussing the nature of the problem and seeing it from the view point of the person/client.
- Stress reduction involves learning the techniques of reducing stress such as relaxation and self-instruction.
Question 21.
Define psychotherapy and write any two characteristics. [2]
Answer:
Psychotherapy is a voluntary relationship between the one seeking treatment or the client and the one who treats the therapist. Characteristics of Psychotherapies:
- There is the systematic application of principles underlying the different theories of therapy.
- Persons who have received practical training under expert supervision can practice psychotherapy and not everybody.
Question 22.
Explain the two-step concept given by Mohsin. [2]
Answer:
According to the two-step concept of S.M Mohsin, attitude change takes place in the form of two steps:
(i) The target of change (the person whose attitude is to be changed) identifies with the source (the person through whose influence the attitude is to be changed). Identification means that the target and the source have mutual regard and attraction.
(ii) The source himself/ herself shows an attitude change, by actually changing his/her behaviour towards the attitude object. Observing the source’s changed attitude and behaviour, the target also shows an attitude change through behaviour. This is a kind of imitation or observational learning.
Question 23.
Write the causes of group polarisation? [2]
Answer:
Some of the causes of group Polarization are:
(i) In the company of like-minded people, you’re likely to hear newer arguments favouring your viewpoints.
(ii) Bandwagon effect when you find others sharing your viewpoint, you feel your view is validated by the public.
Section – C (12 Marks)
Question 24.
Elaborate on the Structure of Intellect Model by Guilford. [3]
Answer:
The Structure of Intellect Model given by J.P. Guilford classifies intellectual traits among three dimensions operations, contents and products.
Operation: what the respondent does, e.g., cognition, memory, retention, recording etc.
Contents: the nature of materials or information on which intellectual operations are performed, e.g., visual, auditory, semantic, behavioural.
Products: the form in which information is processed by the respondent, e.g., relations, systems, transformations.
Question 25.
Explain the three coping strategies given by Endler and Parker. [3]
Answer:
The three coping strategies given by Endler and Parker are:
(1) Task-oriented Strategy:
- It is goal management through confrontation with the problem.
- This involves obtaining information about the stressful situation and making the best use of the resources available.
(2) Emotion-Hyper-oriented Strategy:
- It is emotion management.
- This strategy involves efforts to maintain hope and control one’s emotions. Individual works on their emotions rather than situations and goals.
(3) Avoidance-Hyper oriented strategy
- It is avoid stressful events by indulging in different activities. The individual does not want to accept that he is facing such a stressful situation.
- This involves denying or minimizing the seriousness of the situation.
Question 26.
Define attitudes, beliefs and values. [3]
OR
Explain the features of attitude.
Answer:
Attitude: Attitude is a state of the mind, a set of views or thoughts, regarding some topic (called the ‘attitude object’), which have an evaluative feature (positive, negative or neutral quality).
If your views are not merely thoughts, but also have emotional and action components, then these views are more than ‘opinions’ they are examples of ‘attitudes’.
Beliefs: Beliefs are generally defined as convocations that things held in the mind are true. Belief refers to the cognitive component of attitudes, and forms the ground on which attitudes stand, such as belief in God, or belief in democracy as a political ideology.
Values: Values are attitudes or beliefs that contain a ‘should’ or ‘ought’ aspect, such as moral or ethical values. One example of a value is hard work or honesty. Values are formed when a particular belief or attitude becomes an inseparable part of the person’s outlook on life. Values are difficult to change.
OR
Features of Attitude:
(i) Valence (positivity or negativity): The valence of an attitude tells us whether the attitude is positive or- negative towards attitude objects.
(ii) Extremeness indicates how positive or negative an attitude is.
(iii) Simplicity or Complexity (multiplexity): Refers to how many attitudes there are within a broader attitude. An attitude system is said to be ‘simple’ if it contains only one or a few attitudes and ‘complex’ if it is made up of many attitudes.
(iv) Centrality: This refers to the role of a particular attitude in the system much more than noncentral (or peripheral) attitudes. A positive attitude towards education influences various other attitudes e.g., attitudes towards knowledge or attitude towards work.
Question 27.
What is a group? Write any 3 advantages of belonging to a group. [3]
Answer:
Group: An organized system of two or more individuals who are interacting and are interdependent, who have common motives, have set role relationships amongst the members and have norms that regulate the behaviour of members. Examples–family, class, playgroup etc.
Advantages: We are simultaneously members of different groups; different groups satisfy different needs but could create pressures due to competing demands and expectations.
(a) Security: Groups reduce insecurity by being with people a sense of comfort/protection. people feel stronger less vulnerable to threats.
(b) Status: Recognised group gives a feeling of pride, power and importance.
(c) Self-esteem: Feeling of self-worth and positive social identity. member of a prestigious group enhances self-concept.
Section – D (16 Marks)
Question 28.
Define the psychometric approach to studying intelligence. Describe any two theories under it. [4]
OR
Explain the competencies of the Indian notion of intelligence.
Answer:
The Psychometric Approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. It expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.
(1) Uni/One-Factor Theory (Alfred Binet):
Definition: The ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well.
- Binet was the first psychologist who formalized the concept of intelligence in terms of mental operations.
- Differentiating more intelligent from less intelligent individuals.
- Conceptualized intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities that can be used for solving any or every problem in an individual’s environment.
(2) Two-Factor Theory (Charles Spearman) [1927]:
- Employed a statistical method called factor analysis.
- Intelligence consists of a general factor (G-factor) and specific factors (S-factor).
G-Factor: It includes mental operations which are primary and common to all performances.
S-Factor: It includes specific abilities (singing, scientists and architects, etc.) which allow individuals to excel in their respective domains.
OR
(1) Cognitive capacity (sensitivity to context, understanding, discrimination, problem-solving and effective communication).
(2) Social competence (respect for social order, commitment to elders, the young and the needy, concerned about others and recognizing others’ perspectives).
(3) Emotional competence (self-regulation and self-monitoring of emotions, honesty, politeness, good conduct and self-evaluation).
(4) Entrepreneurial competence (commitment, persistence, patience, hard work, vigilance and goal-directed behaviour).
Question 29.
Explain any two theories from the type approach of personality. [4]
Answer:
(a) Sheldon: Using body build and temperament as the main basis for classification:
(i) Endomorphic (fat, soft and round): plump relaxed and round sociable tempered and relaxed paunch indicates excess viscera as fat.
(ii) Mesomorphic (strong musculature, rectangular, strong body build)—This component refers to the bone and muscles as energetic and courageous.
(iii) Ectomorphic (thin, long, fragile): This is based upon the delicacy of skin, fine hair and a somatic-narrow system, brainy, artistic and introverted. Limited use in predicting behaviour: simple and similar to stereotypes.
(b) Jung grouped people into two types: widely recognized.
Introverts: People who prefer to be alone, tend to avoid others, withdraw themselves in the face of emotional conflicts, and are shy.
Extroverts: Sociable, outgoing, drawn to occupations that allow dealing directly with people, and react to stress by trying to lose themselves among people and social activity.
Question 30.
Define life skills and describe any 3 of them. [4]
Answer:
Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. Some of the life skills that help in coping with stress are given below.
(a) Assertiveness: Helps to communicate clearly and confidently, our feelings, needs, wants and thoughts. It is the ability to say ‘no’ to a request, to state an opinion without being self-conscious, or to express emotions.
(b) Time Management: Learning how to plan time and delegate can help to relieve the pressure. The central principle of time management is to spend your time doing the things that you value, or that help you to achieve your goals. Each day make a list of things one wants to accomplish.
- Arranging work schedule.
- Changing perception of time
- Setting aside time in the schedule for exercise and leisure activities.
- Learning to plan time.
(c) Rational Thinking: When we are stressed, we have an in-built selective bias to attend to negative thoughts and images from the past, which affect our perception of the present and the future. Challenging your distorted thinking and irrational beliefs, driving out potentially intrusive negative anxiety provoking thoughts, and making positive statements
Question 31.
Define abnormal and state some conflicting views on abnormal behaviour. [4]
OR
What is PTSD? Differentiate it from GAD.
Answer:
Abnormal literally means “away from normal”. It implies deviation from some-defined norms or standards. Conflicting views on abnormal behaviour:
- The first approach views abnormal behaviour as a deviation from social norms.
- The second approach views abnormal behaviour as maladaptive which states the best criterion for determining the normality of behaviour is not whether the society accepts it but whether it fosters the well-being of the individual and eventually of the group to which he/she belongs.
OR
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): recurrent dreams, flashbacks, impaired concentration, and emotional numbing followed by a traumatic or stressful event like a natural disaster, serious accident, etc. Some of its key symptoms are:
- Recurrent dreams.
- Frequent flashbacks.
- Emotional distress.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: prolonged, vague, unexplained and intense fears that are not attached to any particular object. It is accompanied by apprehensive feelings about the future with constant hypervigilance and motor tension. Unlike PTSD, GAD is based on unexplained and vague anxiety which does not have a distinctive reason, whereas PTSD occurs due to a traumatic event.
Section – E (6 Marks)
Question 32.
Write about any 3 psychological models of abnormal behaviour. [6]
OR
Elaborate on any three psychological (therapeutic) models proposed to treat mental disorders.
Answer:
(a) Psychodynamic Model: This is the oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models. Psychodynamic theorists believe that the behaviour, whether normal or abnormal, is determined by psychological forces (id, ego, superego) within the person of which he/she is not consciously aware.
These internal forces are considered dynamic, i.e., they interact with one another and their interaction gives -shape to behaviour, thoughts and emotions. Abnormal symptoms are viewed as the result of conflicts between these forces.
The model was first formulated by Freud who believed that three central forces shape personality instinctual needs, drives and impulses (id), rational thinking (ego), and moral standards(superego). Freud stated that abnormal behaviour is a symbolic expression of unconscious mental conflicts that can be generally traced to early childhood or infancy.
(b) Behavioural Model:This model states that both normal and abnormal behaviours are learned and psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving.
The model concentrates on behaviours that are learnt through conditioning and propose that what has been learned can be unlearned. Learning can take place through classical conditioning (temporal association in which two events repeatedly occur close together in time), operant conditioning (behaviour is followed by a reward) and social learning (learning by imitating others’ behaviour). These three types of conditioning account for behaviour whether adaptive or maladaptive.
Cognitive Model: This states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems. People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate. People may also repeatedly think in illogical ways and makeover generalizations, that is, they may draw broad, negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.
OR
The different types of psycho-therapies are as follows:
Psychodynamic therapy: According to Psychodynamic therapy intrapsychic conflict is the source of psychological problems. The unfulfilled desires of childhood and unresolved childhood fears lead to intra-psychic conflicts.
Psychodynamic therapy uses the methods of free association and reporting of dreams to elicit the thoughts and feelings of the client.
This material is interpreted by the client to help him/ her confront and resolve the conflicts and thus overcome problems. The therapist understands and interprets the thoughts and feelings of the client. The client’s symptoms and distresses reduce as a consequence of the development of emotional insight.
Behaviour therapy: According to behaviour therapies, psychological problems arise due to faulty learning of behaviours and cognitions. The faulty conditioning patterns, faulty learning and faulty thinking and beliefs lead to maladaptive behaviours that lead to psychological problems.
Behaviour therapy identifies faulty conditioning patterns and sets up alternate behavioural contingencies to improve behaviour and overcome psychological distress.
Behaviour therapists are capable of arriving at solutions to the client’s problems. Adaptive and healthy behaviour and thought patterns replace faulty behaviour and ensure the removal of symptoms.
Existential therapy: These therapies postulate that the questions about the meaning of one’s life and existence are the cause of psychological problems.
It gives importance to the present wherein the current feelings of loneliness, alienation, and a sense of the futility of one’s existence cause psychological problems. Existential therapy provides a therapeutic environment that is positive, accepting, warm, empathic and non-judgmental.
The therapist acts as a facilitator in which the client arrives at the solutions through the process of personal growth. Thus, the client understands oneself and one’s aspirations, emotions and motives.
Section – F (8 Marks)
Read the following passage and answer the following questions:
The humanistic-existential therapies postulate that psychological distress arises from feelings of loneliness, alienation, and an inability to find meaning and genuine fulfilment in life. Human beings are motivated by the desire for personal growth and self-actualization, and an innate need to grow emotionally.
When these needs are curbed by society and family, human beings experience psychological distress. Self-actualization is defined as an innate or inborn force that moves the person to become more complex, balanced, and integrated, i.e. achieving complexity and balance without being fragmented. Integrated means a sense of the whole, being a complete person, being in essence the same person despite the variety of experiences that one is subjected to.
Just as lack of food or water causes distress, the frustration with self-actualization also causes distress. Healing occurs when the client is able to perceive the obstacles to self-actualisation in her/his life and is able to remove them.
Self-actualisation requires free emotional expression. The family and society curb emotional expression, as it is feared that a free expression of emotions can harm society by unleashing destructive forces.
This curb leads to destructive behaviour and negative emotions by thwarting the process of emotional integration. Therefore, the therapy creates a permissive, nonjudgmental and accepting atmosphere in which the client’s emotions can be freely expressed and the complexity, balance and integration could be the client to have the freedom and responsibility to control her/his behaviour.
The therapist is merely a facilitator and guide. It is the client who is responsible for the success of therapy. The chief aim of the therapy is to expand the client’s awareness.
Healing takes place through a process of understanding the unique personal experience of the client herself/himself. The client initiates the process of self-growth through which healing takes place.
Question 33.
What are humanistic-existential therapies? [2]
OR
Name all the humanistic-existential therapies.
Answer:
Humanistic-Existential therapy creates a permissive, non-judgmental and accepting atmosphere in which the client’s emotions can be freely expressed and complexity, balance and integration could be achieved.
It postulates that psychological distress arises from feelings of loneliness, alienation, and an inability to find meaning and genuine fulfilment in life.
OR
Logotherapy, Client-centred therapy, and Gestalt therapy are some of the humanistic-existential therapies.
Question 34.
Explain client-centred and gestalt therapy. [2]
Read the following case and answer the following questions:
Social psychologists have shown that prejudice has one or more of the following sources:
Learning: Like other attitudes, prejudices can also be learned through association, reward and punishment, observing others, group or cultural norms and exposure to information that encourages prejudice.
The family, reference groups, personal experiences and the media may play a role in the learning of prejudices. People who learn prejudiced attitudes may develop a ‘prejudiced personality, and show low adjusting capacity, anxiety, and feelings of hostility against the outgroup.
A strong social identity and ingroup bias: Individuals who have a strong sense of social identity and have a very positive attitude towards their own group boost this attitude by holding negative attitudes towards other groups. These are shown as prejudices.
Scapegoating: This is a phenomenon by which the majority group places the blame on a minority outgroup for its own social, economic or political problems. The minority is too weak or too small in number to defend itself against such accusations. Scapegoating is a group-based way of expressing frustration, and it often results in negative attitudes or prejudices against the weaker group.
Kernel of truth concept: Sometimes people may continue to hold stereotypes because they think that, after all, there must be some truth, or ‘kernel of truth in what everyone says about the other group. Even a few examples are sufficient to support the ‘kernel of truth’ idea.
Self-fulfilling prophecy: In some cases, the group that is the target of prejudice is itself responsible for continuing the prejudice. The target group may behave in ways that justify the prejudice and confirm the negative expectations.
Answer:
Client-centred therapy provides a warm relationship in which the client can reconnect with her/his disintegrated feelings. The therapist shows empathy and unconditional positive regard to the client.
Gestalt therapy’s goal is to increase an individual’s self-awareness and self-acceptance. The client is taught to recognize the bodily processes and the emotions that are being blocked out from awareness. The therapist does this by encouraging the client to act out fantasies about feelings and conflicts.
Question 35.
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? [2]
Answer:
In this prophecy, the target group may behave in ways that justify the prejudice i.e., confirm the negative expectations.
Question 36.
Differentiate between prejudice and stereotype. [2]
Answer:
Prejudices are usually negative attitudes against a particular group. A stereotype is a cluster of ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group.