A Truly Beautiful Mind Class 9 Question Answer
Textbook Questions
Thinking about the Text
Question 1.
Here are some headings for paragraphs in the text. Write the number(s) of the paragraph(s) for each title against the heading. The first one is done for you.
(i) Einstein’s equation
(ii) Einstein meets his future wife
(iii) The making of a violinist
(iv) Mileva and Einstein’s mother
(v) A letter that launched the arms race
(vi) A desk drawer, full of ideas
(vii) Marriage and divorce
Answer:
(i) 9
(ii) 7
(iii) 3
(iv) 10
(v) 15
(vi) 8
(vii) 8
Question 2.
Who had these opinions about Einstein?
आइन्टीन के बारे में यह किस की राय थी ?
(i) he was boring
वह नीरस था।
Answer:
Einstein’s playmates said he was boring.
(ii) he was stupid and would never succeed in life
वह बुद्धू था और जीवन में कभी सफल न होगा।
Answer:
A headmaster said these words to Einstein’s father about Einstein.
(iii) he was a freak
वह विलक्षण था।
Answer:
Einstein’s mother thought he was a freak.
Question 3.
Explain what the reasons for the following are :
इनके कारण बताओ :
(i) Einstein leaving the school in Munich for good.
आइन्स्टीन ने म्यूनिक में स्कूल सदा के लिए छोड़ दिया।
Answer:
Einstein was a good student. But he did not like the strict discipline in the school at Munich. He often had confrontation with his teachers. So he decided to leave the school in Munich for ever.
(ii) Einstein wanting to study in Switzerland rather than Munich.
आइन्टीन म्यूनिक की बजाए स्विट्जरलैंड में पढ़ना चाहता था।
Answer:
Einstein wanted to study in Switzerland because it was more liberal than Munich.
(iii) Einstein seeing in Mileva an ally.
आइन्स्टीन को मिलेवा सहायक प्रतीत होती थी।
Answer:
Einstein opposed the uncultured people both at home and at the university. He found that Mileva had similar views. So he felt that she could be his ally in opposing the Philistines.
(iv) What do these tell you about Einstein?
ये सब बातें आइन्स्टीन के बारे में क्या बताती हैं?
Answer:
All these things show that Einstein was a liberal and cultured person. He loved freedom. He did not like orthodox views
Question 4.
What did Einstein call his desk drawer at the patent office? Why?
आइस्टीन पेटेंट कार्यालय में अपने डेस्क के दराजों को क्या कहता था? क्यों?
Answer:
Einstein jokingly called his desk drawer the ‘bureau of theoretical physics’. He called it so because he was using it to develop his own theories of relativity.
Question 5.
Why did Einstein write a letter to Franklin Roosevelt?
आइन्स्टीन ने फैक्लिन रूजवेल्ट को पत्र क्यों लिखा?
Answer:
In Germany the Nazis had come to power. The scientists there discovered nuclear fission. The Nazis could use this discovery to make atom bomb. Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt to apprise him of the extent of the destruction this bomb could cause.
Question 6.
How did Einstein react to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
हिरोशिमा व नागासाकी पर बम गिरने पर आइन्स्टीन की क्या washer?
Answer:
Einstein was deeply shocked when America dropped atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He wished that discoveries of science must not be used for destruction. He wrote an open letter to the United Nations against such use. This one made no impact. But over the next decade, Einstein got over involved in politics – agitating from an end to the arms build up and using his popularity to campaign for peace and democracy. He suggested the formation of a world government.
Question 7.
Why does the world remember Einstein as a ‘World Citizen’?
संसार आइन्स्टीन को “विश्व नागरिक’ के रूप में क्यों याद करती
Answer:
Einstein agitated for the end of arms build up. He campaigned for world peace and democracy. He worked not for any one nation but for humanity. He belonged to the whole world. That is why the world remembers him as a ‘World Citizen’.
Question 8.
Here are some facts from Einstein’s life. Arrange them in chronological order.
आइन्स्टीन के जीवन के कुछ तथ्य यहाँ नीचे दिए गए हैं। इन्हें घटनाक्रम से संयोजित करें।
Answer:
- Einstein is born in the German city of Ulm.
- Einstein attends a high school in Munich.
- Einstein’s family moves to Milan.
- Tired of the school’s regimentation, Einstein withdraws from school.
- Einstein joins a university in Zurich, where he meets Mileva.
- He works in a patent office as a technical expert.
- Einstein publishes his special theory of relativity.
- He provides a new interpretation of the centre of gravitation.
- He is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- When Hitler comes to power, Einstein leaves Germany for the United States.
- Einstein writes a letter to US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and warns against Germany’s building an atomic bomb.
- Einstein dies.
Thinking about Language
I. Here are some sentences from the story. Choose the word from the brackets which can be substituted for the underlined words in the sentences.
यहाँ कहानी से कुछ वाक्य दिए गए हैं। कोष्ठकों में से वे शब्द चुनो जो रेखांकित शब्दों के स्थान पर प्रयोग किए जा सकते हैं।
Answer:
- faltered = became weak
- at odds = in disagreement
- proclaimed = declared
- agitating = campaigning
- for good = permanently
- in an uproar = in a state of commotion
- appealed to = interested
II. Study the following sentences.
Complete the sentences below by filling in the blanks with suitable participle clauses. The information that has to be used in the phrases is provided as a sentence in brackets.
Answer:
- Working around the clock, the firefighters finally put out the fire.
- She watched the sunset above the mountain, noticing the colours blending softly into one another.
- The excited horse pawed the ground rapidly, neighing continually.
- Taking the wrong train, I found myself in Bangalore instead of Benaras. Or Having taken the wrong train, I found myself in Bangalore instead of Benaras.
- Not having bathed for two days, I was desperate to get to the bathroom.
- The stone steps, being worn down, needed to be replaced.
- The actor received hundreds of letters from his fans, asking him to send them his photograph.
IV. Very Important Examination Questions:
I. Extract-based Objective Type Questions
Read the extracts given below carefully and answer the questions with the help of the given options :
Question 1.
When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Einstein emigrated to the United States. Five years later, the discovery of nuclear fission in Berlin had American physicists in an uproar. Einstein wrote a letter to the American president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, on August 2, 1939, in which he warned : “A single bomb of this type exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory.” His words did not fail to have an effect.
(i) Why did Einstein move to U.S.A.?
(ii) What was the effect of discovery of nuclear fission on America physicist?
(iii) What did Einstein write in the letter to the President?
(iv) What was the reaction of President Roosevelt on the letter?
Answer:
(i) Einstein moved to U.S.A. in 1933 as Nazis came to power in Germany.
(ii) The effect of discovery of nuclear fission on America physicist Was that they were in a state of commution.
(iii) Einstein wrote a letter to the President Roosevelt in which he told him the massive obstructive power of an Atom Bomb.
(iv) President Roosevelt took Einstein’s letter seriously. He expedited the making of an Atom Bomb.
Question 2.
Albert Einstein was born on 14 March 1879 in the German city of Ulm without any indication that he was destined for greatness. On the contrary, his mother thought Albert was a freak. To her, his head seemed much too large.
Einstein did not know what to do with other children, and his playmates called him “Brother Boring”. So the youngster played by himself much of the time.
(i) Albert Einstein was born on :
(a) March 4, 1879
(b) March 14, 1897
(c) March 14, 1879
(d) March 4, 1897
Answer:
(c) March 14, 1879
(ii) His mother thought Albert was a freak because :
(а) he had an unusually large head.
(b) he did not like to play with other children.
(c) he started speaking very late.
(d) he liked only mechanical toys.
Answer:
(а) he had an unusually large head.
(iii) What does the expression ‘without any indication that he was destined for greatness’ implies that there was no sign :
(a) which showed that one day he would become a great man.
(b) that he would achieve great success in life.
(c) that luck would favour him in becoming a great man.
(d) that he would earn great name in future.
Answer:
(a) which showed that one day he would become a great man.
(iv) The word ‘freak’ means :
(a) weak in health.
(b) an unusual person.
(c) a person having a large head.
(d) a small figure.
Answer:
(b) an unusual person.
(v) He was called, ‘brother boring’ as he :
(a) was the brother of a boring child.
(b) did not know how to play with other children.
(c) talked on boring topics.
(d) liked being called ‘brother boring’.
Answer:
(b) did not know how to play with other children.
(vi) Young Einstein played by himself because he did not know how to :
(а) behave in a team.
(b) play with other boys.
(c) communicate in a team.
(d) co-operate with other players.
Answer:
(b) play with other boys.
(vii) The trait of Einstein’s character reflected in the passage is that he was :
(а) an introvert.
(b) a lonesome boy who loved being alone.
(c) not social.
(d) non-co-operative.
Answer:
(b) a lonesome boy who loved being alone.
(viii) The noun form of ‘know’ is :
(a) knew
(b) known
(c) knowing
(d) knowledge
Answer:
(d) knowledge
(ix) When was Einstein born?
Answer:
Einstein was born on March 14, 1879.
(x) Why did hi’s mother think him as a freak?
Answer:
His mother thought Albert was a freak because he had an unusually large head.
(xi) Why was he called ‘Brother Boring?
Answer:
He was called ‘Brother Boring’ because he did not know how to play with other children.
(xii) What was Einstein unaware of ?
Answer:
He was unaware that he was destined for greatness in the future.
Question 3.
A headmaster once told his father that what Einstein chose as a profession wouldn’t matter, because “he will never make a success at anything”. Einstein began learning to play the violin at the age of six because his mother wanted him to; he later became a gifted amateur violinist, maintaining this skill throughout his life.
But Albert Einstein was not a bad pupil. He went to high school in Munich, where Einstein’s family had moved when he was fifteen months old, and scored good marks in almost every subject. Einstein hated the school’s regimentation, and often clashed with his teachers. At the age of 15, Einstein felt so stifled there that he left the school for good.
(i) Albert Einstein attended high school at _________.
(a) Amsterdem
(b) France
(c) Munich
(d) Germany
Answer:
(c) Munich
(ii) Einstein was not a bad pupil since _________.
(a) he was very obedient
(b) he was very hard working
(c) he got good marks in all subjects
(d) he was good in gymnastics
Answer:
(c) he got good marks in all subjects
(iii) Albert had _________ relations with his teachers.
(a) cordial
(b) affectionate
(c) loving
(d) clashing
Answer:
(d) clashing
(iv) The word ‘stifled’ means _________.
(a) lively
(b) suffocated
(c) vibrant
(d) pleasant
Answer:
(b) suffocated
(v) A headmaster thought that whatever profession Einstein chose, it would not matter as he :
(a) would not achieve success in any.
(b) he would be very successful in any of the professions.
(c) he would have to work very hard to be successful.
(d) his guide/teacher should be good.
Answer:
(a) would not achieve success in any.
(vi) The headmaster’s statement shows that:
(a) he did not have a high opinion of young Einstein.
(b) he thought Einstein was not interested in studies.
(c) Einstein was a poor student.
(d) Einstein could never become a bright student.
Answer:
(a) he did not have a high opinion of young Einstein.
(vii) The trait of the headmaster’s character reflected in the passage is that he was :
(a) a pessimist.
(b) discouraging.
(c) not understanding
(d) not caring.
Answer:
(b) discouraging.
(viii) The noun form of ‘chose’ is :
(a) choose
(b) chosen
(c) choice
(d) choosy
Answer:
(c) choice
(ix) Einstein was not a bad pupil as he :
(a) learnt things quickly.
(b) scored good marks in almost every subject.
(c) was obedient and a sincere student.
(d) respected his teachers.
Answer:
(b) scored good marks in almost every subject.
(x) Einstein’s family shifted to Munich when he was :
(a) 10 months old
(b) 15 months old
(c) 18 months old
(d) 1 year old
Answer:
(b) 15 months old
(xi) The High School in which Einstein studied was in :
(a) Berlin
(b) Hamsberg
(c) Frankfurt
(d) Munich
Answer:
(d) Munich
(xii) The noun form of ‘moved’ is :
(a) move
(b) moves
(c) moving
(d) movement
Answer:
(d) movement
(xiii) Einstein left school at Munich forever as :
(a) he was not good in studies.
(b) his teachers were not good.
(c) he did not like the strict rules and regulations of that school.
(d) he got admission in another school.
Answer:
(c) he did not like the strict rules and regulations of that school.
(xiv) ‘school’s regimentation’ here implies :
(a) rules and regulations of the school.
(b) strict discipline of the school.
(c) administration of the school.
(d) restrained atmosphere of the school.
Answer:
(a) rules and regulations of the school.
(xv) Einstein left the school at the age of :
(a) 15 years
(b) 13 years
(c) 14 years
(d) 16 years
Answer:
(a) 15 years
(xvi) The word ‘stifled’ means :
(a) heart broken
(b) belittled
(c) suffocated
(d) stiff
Answer:
(c) suffocated
(xvii) Who said Albert would never make a success at anything?
Answer:
Albert’s headmaster said that Albert would never make a success at anything.
(xviii) Which school did he go to?
Answer:
He went to a high school in Munich.
(xix) Why did Albert leave his school?
Answer:
Einstein hated the school’s regimentation, and often clashed with his teachers. He felt stifled at school so he left it for good.
(xx) Which word in the passage means “extremely strict/disciplined”?
Answer:
Regimentation.
Question 4.
At the age of two-and-a half, Einstein still was not talking. When he finally did learn to speak, he uttered everything twice. Einstein did not know what to do with other children, and his playmates called him “Brother Boring”. So the youngster played by himself much of the time. He especially loved mechanical toys. Looking at his new bom sister, Maja, he is said to have said : “Fine, but where are her wheels ?”
(i) When Albert Einstein started to speak at the age of two-and-a-half, he :
(a) uttered everything sweetly
(b) uttered everything twice
(c) uttered everything once only
(d) uttered everything many times
Answer:
(b) uttered everything twice
(ii) His playmates called him ‘Brother Boring as :
(а) he did not know how to play
(b) he did not know what to do with other children
(c) he did not know how to study
(d) he could not walk properly
Answer:
(b) he did not know what to do with other children
(iii) ‘Fine, but where are her wheels ?’ here means :
(a) on seeing his new born sister, he thought that she was a mechanical toy
(b) there was no wheel in the car of his parents
(c) there is no use of vehicle without wheels
(d) we should not buy a vehicle without wheels
Answer:
(a) on seeing his new born sister, he thought that she was a mechanical toy
(iv) Find a word from the above passage which is opposite of ‘hated’:
(a) talking
(b) loved
(c) new bom
(d) wheels
Answer:
(b) loved
(v) What happened when Einstein started speaking?
Answer:
When Einstein started to speak at the age of two-and-a half, he uttered everything twice.
(vi) What did he love to play with?
Answer:
He loved to play with mechanical toys.
(vii) How was Einstein a peculiar child?
Answer:
His head was too large. He started speaking late when he was two-and-a half year old. He uttered everything twice. And, he enjoyed playing all alone.
(viii) What did he say on seeing his newborn sister?
Answer:
He said, “Fine, but where are her wheels”?
Question 5.
Einstein was highly gifted in mathematics and interested in physics, and after finishing school, he decided to study at a university in Zurich. But science wasn’t the only thing that appealed to the dashing young man with the Walrus moustache.
He also felt a special interest in a fellow student, Mileva Marie, whom he found to be a ‘clever creature’. This young Serb had come to Switzerland because the university in Zurich was one of the few in Europe where women could get degrees. Einstein saw in her an ally against the ‘Philistines’ – those people in his family and at the university with whom he was constantly at odds.
(i) Einstein decided to study after finishing his high school :
(a) at a university in Europe
(b) at a university in Zurich
(c) at a university in Munich
(d) at a university in Germany
Answer:
(b) at a university in Zurich
(ii) Einstein was highly talented in :
(a) physics
(b) foreign study
(c) mathematics
(d) general knowledge
Answer:
(c) mathematics
(iii) Einstein had a special interest in his fellow student whom he called :
(a) a foolish creature
(b) a dull creature
(c) a clever creature
(d) a rogue creature
Answer:
(c) a clever creature
(iv) Find a word in the passage which means ‘a friend’ or ‘an associate’:
(a) colleague
(b) company
(c) fellow-worker
(d) ally
Answer:
(d) ally
(v) The subjects that Einstein liked most were :
(a) Physics and Chemistry.
(b) Chemistry and Biology.
(c) Maths and Physics.
(d) Maths and Music.
Answer:
(c) Maths and Physics.
(vi) The place where he wanted to study after finishing school was :
(a) Munich
(b) Zurich
(c) Interlaken
(d) Berne
Answer:
(b) Zurich
(vii) Einstein decided to study in Zurich because :
(a) it was more liberal than Munich.
(b) it was a beautiful city.
(c) its climate was good.
(d) the science department in its university was very good.
Answer:
(a) it was more liberal than Munich.
(viii) The noun form of ‘decided’ is :
(a) decide
(b) deciding
(c) decides
(d) decision
Answer:
(d) decision
(ix) Where did Einstein decide to study after finishing high school?
Answer:
Einstein decided to study at a university of Zurich after finishing high school.
(x) In which field Einstein was talented?
Answer:
Einstein was highly talented in mathematics.
(xi) Why was Einstein drawn to Mileva Marie?
Answer:
Mileva was clever and intelligent. Her similarity of ideas, support and intelligence attracted him towards her.
(xii) Why did Einstein feel a special interest for Mileva Marie?
Answer:
He felt a special interest for a fellow student, “Mileva Marie”, whom he found to be a ‘clever creature’.
Question 6.
In 1900, at the age of 21, Albert Einstein was a university graduate and unemployed. He worked as a teaching assistant, gave private lessons and finally secured jobs in 1902 as a technical expert in the patent office in Bern. While he was supposed to be assessing other people’s inventions, Einstein was actually developing his own ideas in secret.
(i) Albert Einstein started his career as :
(a) a teaching assistant
(b) a technical expert
(c) a scientist
(d) a guitarist
Answer:
(a) a teaching assistant
(ii) He got a job in 1902 as a :
(a) technical expert in the patent office in Bern
(b) teaching assistant
(c) scientist
(d) assistant engineer
Answer:
(a) technical expert in the patent office in Bern
(iii) As a technical expert his job was to :
(а) carry out experiments
(b) develop new ideas
(c) compose music
(d) assess other people’s inventions
Answer:
(d) assess other people’s inventions
(iv) Pick out the word from the passage which means the same as ‘evaluating’:
(a) assistant
(b) assessing
(c) inventions
(d) secret
Answer:
(b) assessing
(v) When did Albert Einstein start his career?
Answer:
Albert Einstein started his career in 1900 as a teaching assistant.
(vi) Which job did he get in 1902?
Answer:
In 1902, Albert got a job of technical expert in the patent office in Bern.
(vii) Before joining as a technical assistant, what did Einstein work as?
Answer:
Einstein worked as teaching assistant and gave private lessons before joining as a technical assistant.
(viii) What was Einstein’s actual job ? And what was he doing actually?
Answer:
His actual job was to assess other people’s inventions but he was actually developing his own ideas in secret.
Short Answer type Questions
II. Answer the following questions in about 30-40 words :
Question 1.
Why did Einstein’s mother call him a freak when he was a child?
आइंस्टीन की माँ उसे सनकी क्यों कहती है जब वह बच्चा था?
Answer:
Einstein was an unusual child. His head was too large. He started speaking very late. He did not mix up and play with other children and enjoyed playing by himself. His uncommon nature made his mother call him a freak.
Question 2.
What sort of student was Einstein ? What opinion did his headmaster have about him?
आइंस्टीन किस प्रकार का छात्र था? उसके मुख्याध्यापक की उसके बारे में क्या राय थी?
Answer:
Einstein was not very bright in any field. His headmaster did not seem to have a very good opinion about him. He once told his father what Einstein chose as a profession wouldn’t matter because “he will never make a success at anything.”
Question 3.
Einstein scored good marks in almost all the subjects, then why did he not want to study in the school in Munich?
लगभग सभी विषयों में आइंस्टीन ने अच्छे अंक प्राप्त किए फिर भी वह म्यूनिख के उस स्कूल में क्यों नहीं पढ़ना चाहता था?
Answer:
Einstein was good in studies and scored good marks in all the subjects, but he hated his school in Munich because of its strict regimentation. He often clashed with his teachers.
Question 4.
What sort of toys did Einstein like as a child? What did he say when he saw his newborn sister?
किस प्रकार के खिलौने बचपन में आइंस्टीन को पसंद थे? जब उसने अपनी नवजात बहन को देखा तो क्या कहा?
Answer:
When Einstein was a child, he liked mechanical toys. When he saw his newborn sister, he said, ‘Fine. But where are the wheels?’ Perhaps he thought her to be a mechanical toy and not a live baby.
Question 5.
Which work of Einstein was proclaimed by the newspaper as a ‘scientific revolution’?
आइंस्टीन के किस कार्य को समाचारपत्रों ने वैज्ञानिक क्रांति का नाम दिया?
Answer:
In 1915, Einstein published his ‘General Theory of Relativity’. This provided a new inter-pretation of gravity. An eclipse of the sun in 1919 proved it right. Einstein had correctly calculated in advance the extent of deflection of light from fixed stars through the sun’s gravitational field. This was called ‘a scientific revolution’.
Question 6.
When and why did Einstein learn to play the violin?
आइन्स्टीन ने वायलिन कब और क्यों बजाना सीखा?
Answer:
Einstein started learning how to play the violin when he was just six years old. He did so because his mother wanted him to learn how to play the violin. Later on, Einstein maintained this skill of playing violin throughout his life.
Question 7.
How was Einstein a peculiar child?
आइन्स्टीन एक विशिष्ट बालक कैसे था?
Answer:
Einstein was an unusual child. His head was too large. He started speaking late – when he was two and a half year old. Then he uttered everything twice. He did not mix up or played with other children. He enjoyed playing all alone, by himself.
Question 8.
Why did Einstein leave school for good?
आइंस्टीन ने अपनी बेहतरी के लिए स्कूल क्यों छोड़ दिया?
Answer:
Although Einstein was very good at studies but he felt very suffocated at his school because of the strict discipline. He often had confrontation with his teachers. His headmaster also believed that he was good for nothing. At the age of 15, he left school for good.
Question 9.
Why did Einstein write a letter to Franklin Roosevelt?
आइंस्टीन ने फ्रैंकलिन रूजवेल्ट को पत्र क्यों लिखा?
Or
What warning did Einstein issue in his letter to the American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 2, 1939 ?
आइंस्टीन ने अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति, फ्रैंकलिन डी. रूजवेल्ट को 2 अगस्त, 1939 को लिखे गए अपने पत्र में किस प्रकार की चेतावनी दी थी?
Answer:
Realizing the danger posed by nuclear warfare, and urged to do so by a colleague, Einstein wrote a letter to the American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt. In it, he warned against the use of a nuclear bomb on a port, and informed him about the extent of damage that could be caused by it.
Long Answer type Questions
III. Answer the following questions in about 100-150 words:
Question 1.
Narrate incidents that show Einstein loved to have freedom of thought and expression.
उन घटनाओं का वर्णन करो जिनसे यह पता चलता है कि आइन्स्टीन विचार और उनकी अभिव्यक्ति करने की मुक्ति (आजादी) पसंद करते थे।)
Answer:
Einstein loved freedom of thought and expression. He revealed this right from his young age. When he was 15 years old, he did not like the strict regimentation of his Munich High School. He felt suffocated and often had confrontations with his teachers. Fed up with regimentation, he left the school for good.
He developed and published his ‘Special Theory of Relativity that provided a new interpretation of gravity and created revolution in the field of science,
Question 2.
What was Einstein’s contribution to the knowledge of science?
विज्ञान के ज्ञान में आइंस्टीन का क्या योगदान था?
Answer:
Einstein was deeply interested in Mathematics and Physics. After his university education, he worked in a patent office. But he secretly developed his ideas about relativity. In 1905, he published his papers of Special Theory of Relativity. According to it time and distance are not absolute. Later he gave the world his famous formula E = mc². This describes relationship between mass and energy. In 1915, he published his General Theory of Relativity. His calculations were checked and found accurate during the solar eclipse of 1919. Einstein brought revolution in the field of science. He became famous. In 1921, he was awarded Nobel Prize for Physics.
Question 3.
How did Einstein spend his days as a high school student in Munich? Where else did he go to continue his education?
हाई स्कूल के छात्र के रूप में आइंस्टीन ने म्यूनिख में अपने दिन किस तरह बिताए? इसके अतिरिक्त वे अध्ययन को जारी रखने के लिए कहाँ गए?
Answer:
At Munich High School, he was a good student and scored good marks in all the subjects, still he was not happy there. He hated the strict regimentation of the school. He often clashed with the teachers. Fed up with the suffocating atmosphere, he left the school for good.
He then continued his education in Germanspeaking Switzerland, in a city which was more liberal than Munich Einstein was highly gifted in Maths, and was also interested in Physics. After finishing school, he continued his studies at a university in Zurich.
Question 4.
Albert Einstein’s mother thought of him as a freak. Explain in about 100-150 words how his mother should have imbibed the values to make him/her more thoughtful.
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन की माँ उसे समकी समझती थी। 100-150 शब्दों में बताएँ कि उसे उसमें कौन-कौन मूल्यों को प्रतिरोपित करना चाहिए जिससे वह और अधिक विचारवान बने।
or
Einstein in his childhood showed no signs of genius. Explain.
आइंस्टीन ने अपनी बाल्यावस्था में प्रतिभाशाली होने के संकेत नहीं दिए। व्याख्या कीजिए।
Answer:
Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the German city of Ulm. During his entire childhood, there was no indication that he was destined for greatness. On the contrary, his mother thought Albert was a freak. To her, his head seemed much too large. He started speaking very late. At the age of two-and-a- half, Einstein still was not talking. When he finally learnt to speak, he uttered everything twice.
He could not mix up with other children. His playmates called him ‘Brother Boring. He played alone, by himself. He especially loved mechanical toys. He showed no sign of genius. He was not bright in any field. Even his headmaster told his father what profession Einstein chose won’t matter because he would never make a success at anything. All these oddities of appearance and behaviour contributed to his mother’s belief.
However, in my opinion, his mother should have imbibed the values of responsibility, kindness, dutifulness, farrightedness, empathy, respect to humanity and nature. These qualities would make him/her more thoughtful.
Question 5.
Einstein’s headmaster had a biased opinion and was a stereotype. He didn’t want to see or accept any kind of change. Was he fit to be a mentor ? Give reasons to support your answer in about 100-150 words.
आइंस्टीन के मुख्याध्यापक के विचार पक्षपातपूर्ण एवं अरुचिकर थे। वह किसी भी प्रकार का परिवर्तन देखने और मानने को तैयार न थे। क्या वे एक निर्देशक होने के योग्य थे? अपने उत्तर को सही ठहराने के लिए तर्क उपस्थित करें।
Answer:
Once Einstein’s headmaster told his father that what Einstein chose as a profession wouldn’t matter, because “he’ll never make a success at anything”. While he proved himself a scientific genius in his later life. He became one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind.
Albert Einstein was not a bad pupil. At Munich High School, he was good in studies. He scored good marks in almost every subject. Einstein was highly gifted in Mathematics and interested in Physics. After finishing school, he decided to study at a university in Zurich. Moreover, Einstein began learning to play the violin at the age of six. Later, he became a gifted amateur violinist. He maintained this skill throughout his life. Albert Einstein was not only a scientific genius, but also a visionary and world citizen.
In reality, Einstein hated the school’s regimentation. So, he often clashed with his teachers. His history teacher wanted to make him learn dates and facts. However, in Einstein’s opinion, education is not facts but ideas. At the age of 1.5, Einstein felt so upset there that he left the school for good. Further, he preferred studying in German-speaking Switzerland, in a city which was more liberal than Munich.
The above facts show that Einstein’s headmaster had a biased opinion and was a stereotype. He didn’t want to see or accept any kind of change. Undoubtedly, he was unfit to be a mentor because he cannot be an ideal example for his students. But, he ought to motivate them to express new ideas.
Question 6.
America did not hesitate to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki even after being warned by Einstein about their destructive effect. What did the Americans not think about before taking that disastrous step? Elucidate in about 100-150 words.
एटम बम के विनाशकारी प्रभाव की चेतावनी आइंस्टीन द्वारा दिए जाने के बावजूद अमेरिका हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी पर अणु बम गिराने से हिचका नहीं? अमेरिकियों ने यह विनाशकारी कदम उठाने से पहले क्या नहीं सोचा? 100-150 शब्दों में इसकी व्याख्या करें।
Answer:
When the Nazis came to power in Germany, they discovered nuclear fission. Scientists were apprehensive. It was feared that the Nazis would use the discovery to make the atom bomb. Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosevelt and cautioned him of the tremendous destructive power of the bomb.
The President took the letter seriously. The American made the atom bomb secretly. They dropped atom bombs on the two cities of Japan – Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and destroyed them. Albert Einstein never expected this of the Americans. He was deeply grieved by the mindless use of science for the destruction of mankind.
Americans did not think about the values of world brotherhood, responsibility, empathy, respect to criticisms, kindness and respect to humanity before taking that disastrous step. Einstein started agitation for the end of arms build up. He campaigned for world peace and democracy. He worked not for any nation, but for humanity. He belonged to the whole world.
Question 7.
Albert Einstein was not only a scientific genius but also a visionary and world citizen. He was known to have a truly beautiful mind. Explain in not more than about 100-150 words.
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन मात्र एक प्रखर बुद्धिवाला एक वैज्ञानिक ही नहीं था बल्कि एक दूरद्रष्टा एवं विश्व नागरिक भी था। सही मायनों में एक सुंदर बुद्धि रखनेवाले व्यक्ति के रूप में उसकी पहचान थी। अधिक से अधिक 100-150 शब्दों में इसकी व्याख्या करें।
Or
Write a character-sketch of Albert Einstein.
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन का चरित्र चित्रण कीजिए।
Answer:
Albert Einstein was a scientific genius. But, he was a humanist at heart. He loved freedom of thought and expression. He hated narrowmindedness.
Einstein was deeply interested in Mathematics and Physics. He developed his ideas on relativity, and published it as ‘Special Theory on Relativity’ in 1915. He brought revolution in the field of science. He told the world that time and distance is not absolute. Then, he gave his famous formula E = me². He became famous and got Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
Einstein gave the world revolutionary theories, but he loved humanity above science. He opposed the use of scientific discoveries for destruction. He opposed building up of arms. He campaigned for world, peace and democracy. He worked not for any nation but for humanity. He belonged to the whold world. That is why, the world remembers him as a ‘world citizen’.
Question 8.
Do you think an unusual child can be a great personality ? Comment on the basis of Albert Einstein in ‘A Truly Beautiful Mind’.
क्या आप समझते हैं असाधारण बच्चा एक महान व्यक्तित्व बन सकता है? आइंस्टीन द्वारा रचित ‘ए टूली ब्यूटीफुल माइंड’ के आधार पर इसकी विवेचना कीजिए।
Answer:
Albert Einstein was quite unusual and queer in his attitude and behaviour. He had indeed a strange personality. All these signs of uniqueness were quite visible in him from a very early age. Even his mother thought that he had a large head and was a freak. He started speaking very late. He bore an unusual and unparallel thinking. He always hated the school’s regimentation and often clashed with his teachers. Despite not having a very bright childhood and adolescence he later on emerged as a very successful and world renowned scientist. He concluded many important inventions and gave many theories that assumed greater importance and recognition in the scientific world. His theory of relativity offered useful insights to his contemporaries to develop and advance their work and scientific research in their respective areas of study. It provided a new interpretation of gravity. Einstein also received the Noble Prize for Physics in 1921.
The life of Albert Einstein clearly depicts that he was not an ordinary child. His interests and likings were quite different and distinct. His writing a letter to the American President about the atomic bomb, and to the United Nations proposing the formation of a world government are few examples from the lesson which hint his daring and fearless attitude. The unusual in him marked his personality. For all the reasons discussed above. I can say that an unusual child can be a great personality.
Question 9.
What was Einstein’s contribution to the knowledge of science ? What values in his characters made him a global citizen ?
विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में आइंस्टीन की क्या देन है? अपने चरित्र के किन गुणों के कारण वह एक वैश्विक नागरिक बना?
Or
Albert Einstein was not only a scientific genius but also a visionary and a world citizen. He was known to have a truly beautiful mind. Explain in not more than about 100-150 words.
अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन केवल एक वैज्ञानिक प्रतिभावान व्यक्ति ही नहीं थे बल्कि, एक कल्पनाशील एवं विश्व नागरिक भी थे। वे वास्तव में, विलक्षण मस्तिष्क के लिए जाने जाते थे। इसकी व्याख्या लगभग 100150 से अधिक शब्दों में न करें।
Answer:
Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the German city of Ulm. He went to high school in Munich, but later on he left the school forever and went to Switzerland to continue his education. Einstein was highly gifted in mathematics and interested in physics. After finishing the school, he graduated from a university in Zurich.
He was a genius. One of the famous papers of 1905 was Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity. He became famous throughout the world when this paper was published in 1915. This theory provided a new interpretation of gravity. He received the prestigious Nobel Prize for physics in 1921.
Einstein was deeply shaken by the destruction in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He campaigned against the arms build-up and for peace and democracy. That is why, he is remembered as a visionary and a world citizen.
I. Summary In English:
Childhood: Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the German city of Ulm. He had a large head and his mother thought he was a freak. He started speaking very late. He was interested in mechanical toys. His playmates called him a bore. He loved playing violin.
At School: Einstein went to a school in Munich. Though he was good at studies, he felt stifled there. It was because the discipline was too strict. He often had confrontation with his teachers. His headmaster believed he was good for nothing. At the age of 15, he left school for ever.
At the University: Albert wanted to study at a University in Zurich where the people were more liberal than at Munich. His parents opposed his idea but finally agreed to send him there. Einstein was highly talented in Physics and Mathematics. There he met a fellow, student Mileva Marie. She was equally intelligent. But he fell in love with her because he found she had views similar to his. He hoped they together would stand against the uncultured and barbarous people. He hoped that they together would bring out work on relativity too.
Marriage fails:
Einstein wanted to marry her just after finishing her studies at the University. But her mother opposed their marriage. She thought Mileva would not prove a good wife because of her too much interest in science. She was older to Einstein too. But Einstein married her in 1903. They had two sons. But the marriage failed. Mileva was unhappy. At last they divorced in 1919. Albert married his cousin Elsa the same year.
Einstein’s contribution to Science :
Einstein was employed as a technical expert in a patent office. He jokingly called his writing desk as ‘bureau of theoretical physics’. He called it so because he was secretly working on his ideas on relativity. In 1905, he published his paper on Special Theory of Relativity. According to his theory, time and distance are not absolute. This surprised the world. Thus followed his famous formula E = mc².
In 1915, he published his General Theory of Relativity. His calculations were tested at the time of solar eclipse in 1919, and were found to be accurate. The world of science proclaimed his inventions revolutionary – Einstein became famous the world over.
Letter to President Roosevelt :
In 1933, Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein emigrated to the United States. Five years later, German scientists in Berlin discovered nuclear fission. The scientists in America were greatly disturbed. It was feared that the Nazis would build the atom bomb.
Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosevelt to apprise him of the extent of destruction the atom bomb could cause. President Roosevelt took his letter very seriously.
Einstein is shocked : The Americans built the atom bomb secretly. They dropped two atom bombs on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in August 1945. Einstein was shocked by the destruction and mindless use of science. He wrote an open letter to the United Nations. He suggested the formation of a world government. But his letter had no effect.
Campaign for peace and democracy : For the next ten years, he campaigned for peace and democracy. He agitated against the build up of arms.
Death : Einstein died in 1955 at the age of 76. We remember him as a visionary and world citizen.
II. Complete Text With Hindi Translation:
Fifty years after his death, Albert Einstein’s genius still reigns.
Vocabulary : genius (जिनिअस) great natural ability प्रतिभा; reigns (रेन्स) sways, dominates प्रभुत्व होनां।
अनुवाद : मृत्यु के पचास वर्ष पश्चात् भी एल्बर्ट आइन्स्टीन की प्रतिभा का प्रभुत्व जारी है।
Text (Page 46) : Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the German city of Ulm, without any indication that he was destined for greatness. On the contrary, his mother thought Albert was a freak. To her, his head seemed much too large.
Vocabulary : indication (इन्डिकेशन) sign चिह्न destined for greatness (डेस्टिन्ड फॉर ग्रेटनस) fixed beforehand that he will be great कि उसके भाग्य में महान बनना तय है; on the contrary (आन द कॉन्ट्रेरी) opposed to this इसके विपरीत; freak (फ्रीक) unusual, not like others विलक्षण, अन्य लोगों से भिन्न।
अनुवाद : एल्बर्ट आइन्स्टीन का जन्म 14 मार्च 1879 को जर्मनी के नगर उल्म में हुआ था, और ऐसा कोई चिह्न न था जिससे पता चले कि उसके भाग्य में महान् बनना तय है। इसके विपरीत उसकी माँ सोचती थी कि अल्बर्ट अन्य बच्चों से भिन्न है, उसका सिर कुछ अधिक बड़ा प्रतीत होता था।
Text (Pages 46-47) : At the age of two-and-ahalf, Einstein still wasn’t talking. When he finally did learn to speak, he uttered everything twice. Einstein did not know what to do with other children, and his playmates called him “Brother Boring”. So the youngster played by himself much of the time. He especially loved mechanical toys. Looking at his newborn sister, Maja, he is said to have said: “Fine, but where are her wheels ?”
Vocabulary : finally (फाइनली) at last अन्ततः uttered (अटर्ड) spoke बोलता था; mechanical youngster (मकैनिकल यंगस्टर) young boy relating to machines यांत्रिक छोकरा, बालक; by himself (बाइ हिमसेल्फ) alone अकेला।
अनुवाद : डाई वर्ष का होने पर आइन्स्टीन अभी बोलता न था, और अन्ततः जब उसने बोलना सीख लिया तो वह हर बात दो बार बोलता था। आइन्स्टीन की समझ में न आता था कि वह अन्य बच्चों के साथ क्या करें, और उसके साथ खेलने वाले उसे ‘नीरस भाई’ कहते थे। इसलिए बालक (आइन्स्टीन) अधिकतर समय अकेला ही खेलता था। उसे मशीनी खिलौने विशेषकर पसन्द थे। कहते हैं कि अपनी नवजात बहन माजा को देखकर वह बोला, “अच्छी है, परन्तु इसके पहिए कहाँ है ?”
OTTO Neugebauer, the historian of ancient mathematics, told a story about the boy Einstein that he characterises as a “legend,” but that seems fairly authentic. As he was a late talker, his parents were worried. At last, at the supper table one night, he broke his silence to say, “The soup is too hot.” Greatly relieved, his parents asked why he had never said a word before. Albert replied, “Because up to now everything was in order.”
अनुवाद : प्राचीन गणित के इतिहासकार ओटो ने आइन्स्टीन के लड़कपन की एक कहानी सुनाई जिसे वे ‘दंतकथा’ की संज्ञा देते हैं, परन्तु वह काफी सच प्रतीत होती है। क्योंकि आइन्स्टीन ने देर से बोलना आरम्भ किया था तो उसके माता-पिता चिन्तित रहते थे। अन्ततः भोजन की मेज| पर एक रात उसने अपनी चुप्पी तोड़ी और कहा, “सूप अधिक गरम है।” चैन की साँस भर कर उसके माता-पिता ने पूछा कि इससे पहले वह कभी क्यों न बोला था। अल्बर्ट ने उत्तर दिया, “क्योंकि इससे पहले सब कुछ ठौक था।”
Text (Page 47) : A headmaster once told his father that what Einstein chose as a profession wouldn’t matter, because he’ll never make a success at anything.” Einstein began learning to play the violin at the age of six, because his mother wanted him to; he later became a gifted amateur violinist, maintaining this skill throughout his life.
Vocabulary : profession (प्रोफेशन) occupation व्यवसाय; wouldn’t matter (वुडंट मैटर) it would make no difference इससे कोई अंतर नहीं पड़ता; gifted (गिफ्टेड) talented प्रतिभाशाली; amateur (अमेच्योर) one who cultivateus art for pleasure’s sake वह जो पेशेवर न हो; maintaining skill (मेनटेनिंग स्किल) keeping up practical ability कौशल कायम रखना।
अनुवाद : एक बार एक मुख्याध्यापक ने आइन्स्टीन के पिताजी से कहा कि आइन्स्टीन चाहे कोई भी व्यवसाय चुन ले, इससे कोई अंतर पड़ने वाला नहीं है क्योंकि “वह किसी भी काम में सफल न होगा।” आइन्स्टीन ने वाइलन बजाना छ: वर्ष की आयु में सीखना आरम्भ किया क्योंकि उसकी माँ चाहती थी कि वह सौखे। बाद में वह प्रतिभाशाली गैर पेशेवर वाइलन बजाने वाला बन गया, और इस कौशल को जीवन भर कायम रखा।
Text (Page 47) : But Albert Einstein was not a bad pupil. He went to high school in Munich, where Einstein’s family had moved when he was 15 months old, and scored good marks in almost every subject. Einstein hated the school’s regimentation, and often clashed with his teachers. At the age of 15, Einstein felt so stifled there that he left the school for good.
Vocabulary:pupil (प्यूपिल) student शिष्य; scored (स्केयर्ड) obtained प्राप्त किए; regimentation (रैजिमेन्टेशन) strict discipline कठोर अनुशासन; clashed (क्लैश्ड) quarrelled झगड़ जाना, लड़ पड़ता था; stiffed (स्टाइफल्ड) unable to breathe साँस घुटना; for good (फॉर गुड) for ever सदा के लिए।
अनुवाद : परन्तु अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टीन बुरा शिष्य न था। वह म्यूनिक में हाई स्कूल में पढ़ने गया। वहाँ उसके माता-पिता तब आ गए थे जब वह 15 मास का था। वह लगभग हर विषय में अच्छे अंक प्राप्त करता था। आइन्स्टीन को स्कूल के कठोर अनुशासन से घृणा थी और वह प्रायः अध्यापकों के साथ झगड़ पड़ता था। पन्द्रह वर्ष की आयु में उसे लगा कि उसकी साँस घुट रही है और उसने स्कूल सदा के लिए छोड़ दिया।
Text (Page 47): The previous year, Albert’s parents had moved to Milan, and left their son with relatives. After prolonged discussion, Einstein got his wish to continue his education in German-speaking Switzerland, in a city which was more liberal than Munich.
Vocabulary : previous year (प्रोविअस इयर) last year उससे पिछले वर्ष prolonged (प्रोलौंग्ड) lengthy लम्बी, देर तक चलने वाली; liberal (लिबल) willing to understand and respect others’ point of view उदार।
अनुवाद : उससे पिछले वर्ष एल्बर्ट के माता-पिता मिलान चले गए थे और अपने बेटे को रिश्तेदारों के पास छोड़ गए थे। लम्ये वाद-विवाद के पश्चात् आइन्स्टीन की अपनी शिक्षा जर्मन बोलने वाले स्विट्जरलैंड में प्राप्त करने की अभिलाषा पूरी हो गई, ऐसे नगर में जो म्यूनिक की अपेक्षा अधिक उदार था।
Text (Page 47): Einstein was highly gifted in mathematics and interested in physics, and after finishing school, he decided to study at a university in Zurich. But science wasn’t the only thing that appealed to the dashing young man with the walrus moustache.
Vocabulary : gifted (गिफ्टेड) talented प्रतिभाशाली; appealed (अपील्ड) looked attractive आकर्षक लगी; dashing (डैशिंग) spirited जोशीला; walrus (वालस) a sea animal with long tusks समुद्री पशु जिसके लम्बे-लम्बे बाहरी दाँत होते हैं; moustache (मुंस्टाश) hair on upper lip of man मूंछे।
अनुवाद : आइन्स्टीन गणित में बहुत चतुर था और भौतिकी में उसकी रुचि थी। और स्कूल की पढ़ाई समाप्त करने के पश्चात् उसने ज्युरिक विश्वविद्यालय में पड़ने का निश्चय किया। परन्तु उस वाल्स जैसी मूंछों वाले जोशीले युवक को केवल विज्ञान ही आकर्षक प्रतीत न होता था।
Text (Page 48): He also felt a special interest in a fellow student; Mileva Maric, whom he found to be a ‘clever creature’. This young Serb had come to Switzerland because the University in Zurich was one of the few in Europe where women could get degrees. Einstein saw in her an ally against the “Philistines” – those people in his family and at the university with whom he was constantly at odds. The couple fell in love. Letters survive in which they put their affection into words, mixing science with tenderness. Wrote Einstein: “How happy and proud I shall be when we both have brought our work on relativity to a victorious conclusion.”
Vocabulary : Serb (सर्व) a native of Serbia (Yugoslavia) सर्बिया (यूगोस्लाविया) की निवासी; ally (एलाई) friend मित्र, सहयोगी; Philistines (फिलिस्टाइन्व) people who do not like art, literature and music संस्कृतिहीन लोग; constantly (कॉन्स्टेन्टली) all the time हर समय, लगातार; at odds (एट ऑडिजा) at variance टकराव की स्थिति; survive (सर्वाइव) exist मौजूद है; tenderness (टेन्डरनैस) love, affection मृदुभाष, प्रेम; relativity (रेलेटिविटी) a theory put forward by Einstein आइन्स्टीन का सापेक्षता का सिद्धान्त; victorious (विक्टोरिअस) successful सफल; conclusion (कनक्लूजन) inference निष्कर्ष
अनवाव : उसकी विशेष रुचि अपनी साथी विद्यार्थी मिलेवा मेरिक में हो गई, जो उसे ‘चतुर व्यक्ति नजर आई। यह सर्विया निवासी स्विट्जरलैंड में इसलिए आई थी क्योंकि ज्युरिक का विश्वविद्यालय यूरोप के उन थोड़े-से विश्वविद्यालयों में से था जहाँ महिलाएँ डिग्री प्राप्त कर सकती थीं। आइन्स्टीन को लगा कि उसके परिवार व विश्वविद्यालय में जो संस्कृतिहीन लोग हैं, उनके विरुद्ध वह उसका साथ देगी-आइन्स्टीन का उन लोगों के साथ सदा टकराव रहता था। उस जोड़े का आपस में प्यार हो गया। ऐसे पत्र मौजूद हैं जिनमें उन्होंने अपने प्यार को शब्दों में व्यक्त किया है, विज्ञान व मृदु भावनाओं का संगम किया है। आइन्स्टीन ने लिखा था, “मुझे कितनी प्रसन्नता व गर्व होगा जब हम दोनों का सापेक्षता के सिद्धांत पर कार्य सफल निष्कर्ष पर पहुंच जाएगा।”
Text (Page 48): In 1900, at the age of 21, Albert Einstein was a university graduate and unemployed. He worked as a teaching assistant, gave private lessons and finally secured a job in 1902 as a technical expert in the patent office in Bern. While he was supposed to be assessing other people’s inventions, Einstein was actually developing his own ideas in secret. He is said to have jokingly called his desk drawer at work the “bureau of theoretical physics.
Vocabulary : technical expert (टेकनिकल एस्पर्ट) यांत्रिक विशेषज्ञ; assessing (असैसिंग) evaluating मूल्यांकन putent (पेटेंट) document which gives the rights of an invention to an inventor किसी आविष्कारकर्ता को उसके आविष्कार के हक के दस्तावेज देना; at work (एट वर्क) in office कार्यालय में; bureau (ब्यूरो) desk, drawer मेज को दराज theoretical (थियोरेटिकल) pertaining to theory, not practical सैद्धांतिक।
अनुवाद : वर्ष 1990 में, 21 वर्ष की आयु में आइन्स्टीन विश्वविद्यालय का स्नातक बन गया था और बेरोजगार था। वह सहायक अध्यापक था और घर पर पदाता था। और अंत में उसे 1902 में वन में पेटेंट कार्यालय में यात्रिक विशेषज्ञ की नौकरी मिल गई। जबकि उसका कार्य अन्य लोगों के आविष्कारों का मूल्यांकन करना था, आइन्स्टोन गुप्त रूप से अपने विचारों को विकसित कर रहा था। सुनते हैं कि वह अपने लेखन मेन की दराज को हंसी में “सैद्धांतिक भौतिकी की दराज” कहा करता था।
Text (Page 48) : One of the famous papers of 1905 was Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity, according to which time and distance are not absolute. Indeed, two perfectly accurate clocks will not continue to show the same time if they come together again after a journey if one of them has been moving very fast relative to the other. From this followed the world’s most famous formula which describes the relationship between mass and energy E=mc².
In this mathematical equation, E stands for energy, m for mass and c for the speed of the light in a vacuum (about 300,000 km/s).
Vocabulary : absolute (एब्सोल्यूट) measured in itself निरपेक्ष, जिसे मापने के लिए अन्य पैमाना न हो; perfectly (परफैक्टली) completely, without a fault पूर्णत:; accurate (एक्यूरेट) correct, exact सही; formula (फॉर्मूला) सूत्र।
अनुवाद : 1905 का आइन्स्टीन का प्रसिद्ध लेख सापेक्षता (relativity) के विशेष सिद्धांत पर था। इसके अनुसार समय व दूरी निरपेक्ष नहीं हैं। वास्तव में दो पूर्णत: सही समय दिखाने वाली घड़ियाँ समान समय न दिखाती रहेंगी, यदि वे एक यात्रा पूरी कर इकट्ठी लौटें और यदि उनमें से एक ने दूसरी की अपेक्षा तेज गति से यात्रा की हो। इससे विश्वविख्यात सूत्र निकला जो द्रव्यमान व ऊजों में सापेक्षता दर्शाता है: E = mc²
गणित के इस समीकरण में E ऊर्जा, m द्रव्यमान, और ः शून्य में प्रकाश की गति लगभग 300,000 किलोमीटर प्रति सेकंड को दर्शाते हैं।
“When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, it seems like two minutes. When you sit on a hot stove for two minutes, it seems like two hours – that’s relativity.”
– Albert Einstein
अनुवाद : “जब आप किसी अच्छी लड़की के साथ दो घण्टे व्यतीत करते हो तो लगता है कि दो मिनट हैए हैं। जब आप गर्म चूल्हे के पास दो मिनट के लिए बैठते हो तो लगता है कि दो घण्टे व्यतीत हो गए हैं। | यह है सापेक्षता।”
-एल्बर्ट आइन्स्टीन
Text (Page 49) : While Einstein was solving the most difficult problems in physics, his private life was unravelling, Albert had wanted to marry Mileva right after finishing his studies, but his mother was against it. She thought Mileva, who was three years older than her son, was too old for him. She was also bothered by Mileva’s intelligence. “She is a book like you,” his mother said. Einstein put the wedding off.
Vocabulary : unravelling (अनरेवलइंग) starting to fail असफल होने लगी; bothered (बॉदर्ड) troubled परेशान; private (प्राइवेट) personal निजी; put off (पुट ऑफ) postponed टाल दिया।
अनुवाद : जिस समय आइनस्टीन भौतिकी को कठिन समस्याएँ सुलझा रहा था, उसका अपना निजी जीवन असफल होने लगा था। अल्बर्ट मिलेवा से विवाह अपनी पढ़ाई समाप्त करने के तुरन्त पश्चात् करना चाहता था, परन्तु उसकी माँ इसके विरुद्ध थी। मिलेवा, जो उससे आयु में तीन वर्ष बड़ी थी, उसकी माँ के विचार में अल्वर्ट से बहुत ज्यादा बड़ी थी। वह (माँ) मिलेवा की बुद्धि से भी परेशान थी। “वह तुम्हारी भौति पुस्तक है,” उसकी माँ कहा करती थी। आइन्स्टीन ने विवाह टाल दिया।
Text (Page 49) : The pair finally married in January 1903, and had two sons. But a few years later, the marriage faltered. Mileva, meanwhile, was losing her intellectual ambition and becoming an unhappy housewife. After years of constant fighting, the couple finally divorced in 1919. Einstein married his cousin Elsa the same year.
Vocabulary: pair (पेअर) couple जोड़ा: faltered (फॉल्टई) became weak डगमगा गई; ambition (एम्बिशन) great desire महत्वाकांक्षा; divorced (डिवोर्ड) separated legally तलाक ले लिया।
अनुवाद : अंततः इस जोड़े ने जनवरी 1903 में विवाह कर लिया और उनके दो बेटे हुए। परन्तु कुछ वर्ष पश्चात् विवाह डगमगाने लगा। इस काल में मिलेवा की बौद्धिक आकांक्षा का पतन हो रहा था और वह दुःखी गृहिणी बन रही थी। कई वर्षों के निरन्तर लड़ाई-झगड़े के पश्चात् जोड़े ने अंततः 1919 में तलाक ले लिया। आइन्स्टीन ने उसी वर्ष अपनी चचेरी बहन एल्सा से विवाह कर लिया।
Text (Page 49): Einstein’s new personal chapter coincided with his rise to world fame. In 1915, he had published his General Theory of Relativity, which provided a new interpretation of gravity. An eclipse of the sun in 1919 brought proof that it was accurate. Einstein had correctly calculated in advance the extent to which the light from fixed stars would be deflected through the sun’s gravitational field. The newspapers proclaimed his work as “a scientific revolution”.
Vocabulary : personal (पर्सनल) private निजी%B coincided (कोइन्साइडेड) happen at the same time एक ही साथ पड़ना; interpretation (इन्टरप्रेटेशन) explanation व्याख्या gravity (प्रेविटी) force that pulls गुरुत्वाकर्षण; eclipse of the sun (एक्लिप्स ऑफ द सन) obscuring the light of the sun by the moon सूर्य ग्रहण; accurate (एक्यूरेट) correct सही; extent (एक्स्टेन्ट) degree परिमाण, सीमा; deflected (डिफ्लेक्टेड) changed direction, bend मुड़ना, पथ से हटना; proclaimed (प्रोक्लेम्ड) announced घोषित किया; revolution (रेवोल्यूशन) complete change, क्रांति।
अनुवाद : आइन्स्टीन का नया निजी अध्याय व उसकी संसार में ख्याति साथ-साथ हुए। 1915 में उसने अपना सापेक्षता पर सामान्य सिद्धांत का लेख प्रकाशित किया, जिसमें गुरुत्व की नई व्याख्या प्रस्तुत की गई। 1919 में सूर्य ग्रहण ने सिद्ध कर दिया कि यह बिल्कुल सही थी। आइन्स्टीन में पहले ही सही गणना कर ली थी कि स्थिर तारों से आने वाला प्रकाश सूर्य के गुरुत्व क्षेत्र में कितना मुडेगा। समाचार पत्रों ने उसकी खोज को “वैज्ञानिक क्रांति” के नाम से घोषित किया।
Text (Page 49) : Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. He was showered with honours and invitations from all over the world, and lauded by the press.
Vocabulary : showered (शावर्ड) rain, bestow abundantly झड़ी लगा दी, बौछार कर दी; lauded (लॉडेड) praised प्रशंसा की।
अनुवाद : आइन्स्टीन ने 1921 में भौतिकी में नोबल प्राइज प्राप्त किया। उस पर संसार भर में से सम्मान व निमंत्रणों की झड़ी लग गई और समाचार पत्रों ने उसकी खूब प्रशंसा की।
Text (Page 49) : When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Einstein emigrated to the United States. Five years later, the discovery of nuclear fission in Berlin had American physicists in an uproar. Many of them had fled from Fascism, just as Einstein had, and now they were afraid the Nazis could build and use an atomic bomb.
Vocabulary: Nazi (नाजी) Hitlerite हिटलर की पार्टी; emigrated (एमिनेटेड) left his country to settle in another country अपना देश छोड़कर दूसरे देश में बसने के लिए चला गया; discovery (डिस्क्वरी) find out खोज; fission (फिजन) breaking up विखण्डन; Physicists (फिसिसिस्ट्स) ancientist versed in physics भौतिक विज्ञानी; in an uproar (इन एन अपरोर) upset परेशान हो गए, बावेला मचाया; Fascism (फासिज़म) authoritative form of government निरंकुश शासन।
अनुवाद : जब नाजी 1933 में जर्मनी में सत्ता में आए तो आइन्स्टीन अमरीका में जा बसा। पाँच वर्ष पश्चात् बर्लिन में नाभिक विखण्डन की खोज से अमरीकी भौतिक विज्ञानी घबरा गए। उनमें से कई निरंकुश शासन से बचकर अमरीका आए थे, जैसे आइन्स्टीन आया था, और उन्हें भय था कि नाजी आणविक बम बना लेंगे और उसका प्रयोग कर लेंगे।
Text (Page 50) : At the urging of a colleague, Einstein wrote a letter to the American president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, on August 2, 1939, in which he warned : “A single bomb of this type ….. exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory. His words did not fail to have an effect. The Americans developed the atomic bomb in a secret project of their own, and dropped it on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
Vocabulary: urging (अजिंग) entreating आग्रह किया जाना; colleague (कोलीग) coworker सहयोगी; warned (वान्ड) cautioned खबरदार किया; exploded (एक्सप्लोडेड) burst विस्फोट किया गया; port (पोर्ट) harbour बन्दरगाह surrounding (सरान्डिग) around चारों ओर का, आस-पास का; territory (टैरिटरी) area क्षेत्र; project (प्रॉजेक्ट) plan योजना।
अनुवाद : एक सहयोगी के आग्रह किए जाने पर आइन्स्टीन ने अमरीका के राष्ट्रपति, फ्रेंक्लिन रूजवेल्ट को 2 अगस्त 1939 को एक पत्र लिखा, जिसमें चेतावनी दी गई, “इस प्रकार के बम के किसी बन्दरगाह में विस्फोट से समस्त बन्दरगाह व आस-पास के कुछ क्षेत्र का विनाश हो सकता है।” उसके शब्दों का प्रभाव हुए बिना न रहा। अमरीकियों ने गुप्त योजना के अनुसार अपना परमाणु बम विकसित कर लिया, और जापान के नगरों हिरोशिमा व नागासाकी पर अगस्त 1945 में डाल दिया।
Text (Page 50) : Einstein was deeply shaken by the extent of the destruction. This time he wrote a public missive to the United Nations. In it he proposed the formation of a world government. Unlike the letter to Roosevelt, this one made no impact. But over the next decade, Einstein got ever more involved in politics — agitating for an end to the arms buildup and using his popularity to campaign for peace and democracy.
Vocabulary : shaken (शेकन) shocked; extent (एक्स्टेन्ट) degree, magnitude परिमाण; missive (मिसिव) long letter: public (पब्लिक) open to all सार्वजनिक; proposed (प्रापोज्ड) suggested प्रस्तावित; formation (फ़ॉर्मेशन) making निर्माण करना; impact (इम्पैक्ट) effect प्रभाव; decade (डैकेड) a period of ten years दशक; involved (इन्वॉल्व्ड) entangled उलझ गया, भाग लेने लगा; agitating (एजिटेटिंग) stirring public feeling आन्दोलन करना; build up (बिल्ड अप) piling up ढेर लगाना; campaign (कैम्पेन) organised course of action अभियान।
अनुवाद : जिस कदर विनाश हुआ उससे आइन्स्टीन को गहरा दुःख हुआ। इस बार उसने एक लम्बा सार्वजनिक पत्र संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ को लिखा। इसमें उन्होंने एक विश्व सरकार बनाने का सुझाव दिया था। परन्तु रूजवेल्ट को लिखे गए पत्र की भाँति इस पत्र का कोई प्रभाव न पड़ा। अगले दशक में आइन्स्टीन राजनीति में अधिक उलझते गए। अपनी लोकप्रियता का लाभ उठा कर उन्होंने शस्त्रों के ढेर बनाने को समाप्त करने व शान्ति और प्रजातंत्र के पक्ष में आन्दोलन किए।
Text (Page 50) : When Einstein died in 1955 at the age of 76, he was celebrated as a visionary and world citizen as much as a scientific genius.
Vocabulary: celebrated (सेलिब्रेटेड) admired प्रशंसा किया जाना; visionary(विज़नरी) a person who thinks about future in an original way दार्शनिक; genius (जिनीअस) having extraordinary intellectual ability प्रतिभाशाली व्यक्ति।
अनुवाद : जब आइन्स्टीन का 76 वर्ष की आयु में 1955 में देहांत हुआ तो, उनकी प्रशंसा दार्शनिक और विश्व नागरिक के रूप में उतनी ही हुई जितनी वैज्ञानिक प्रतिभाशाली व्यक्ति के रूप में।