US History Textbook 8th Grade US History H1 - H18

Mapping the Earth A globe is a scale model of the earth . It is useful for showing the entire earth or studying large areas of the earth surface . A pattern of lines circles the globe in Lines Of Latitude west and directions . It is called a grid . The intersection of these imaginary lines helps us places on the earth . The lines in the grid are lines of latitude . Lines of latitude are called because they are always parallel to each other . These imaginary lines measure north and south of the equator . The equator is an imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the North and South Poles . Parallels measure distance from the equator in degrees . The symbol for degrees is . Degrees are further divided into minutes . The symbol for minutes is . There are 60 minutes in a degree . Parallels north of the equator are labeled with an Those south of the equator are labeled with an The lines are lines of longitude . Lines of longitude are called III I go . HI we meridians . These imaginary lines pass HES Of Longitude through the Poles . They measure distance east and west of the prime meridian . The North ' prime meridian is an imaginary line that runs through Greenwich , England . It longitude . Lines of latitude range from , for tions on the equator , to or , for locations at the Poles . Lines of longitude range from on the prime meridian to 180 on a meridian in the Ocean . Meridians west of the prime meridian to are labeled with a Those east of the prime meridian to are labeled with an .

The equator divides the globe into two halves , called hemispheres . The half north of the equator is the Northern Hemisphere . The southern half is the Southern Hemisphere . The prime meridian and the meridian divide the world into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere . However , the prime meridian runs right through Europe and Africa . To avoid dividing these continents between two hemispheres , some mapmakers divide the Eastern and Western hemispheres at . This places all of Europe and Africa in the Eastern Hemisphere . Our planet land surface is divided into seven large landmasses , called continents . They are in the maps on this page . Landmasses smaller than continents and completely surrounded by water are called islands . Geographers also organize Earth water surface into parts . The largest is the world ocean . Geographers divide the world ocean into the Ocean , the Atlantic Ocean , the Indian Ocean , and the Arctic Ocean . Lakes and seas are smaller bodies of water . Western Hemisphere North Pole 1804 ANTARCTICA South Pole Northern Hemisphere Pole North Pole I ANTARCTICA South Pole GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS HI )

GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS Pa per cylinder GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS Mapmaking A map is a flat diagram of all or part of the earth surface . Mapmakers have created different ways of showing our round planet on flat maps . These different ways are called map projections . Because the earth is round , there is no way to show it accurately in a flat map . All flat maps are distorted in some way . Mapmakers must choose the type of map projection that is best for their purposes . Many map projections are one of three kinds cylindrical , conic , or . projection Cylindrical Projections Cylindrical projections are based on a cylinder wrapped around the globe . The cylinder touches the globe only at the equator . The meridians are pulled apart and are parallel to each other instead of meeting at the Poles . This causes landmasses near the Poles to appear larger than they really are . The map below is a projection , one type of cylindrical projection . The projection is useful for navigators because it shows true direction and shape . However , it distorts the size of land areas near the Poles .

Conic Projections Conic projections are based on a cone placed over the globe . A conic projection is most accurate along the lines of latitude where it touches the globe . It retains almost true shape and size . Conic projections are most useful for showing areas that have long dimensions , such as the United States . Paper cone Projections Flat projections are based on a plane touching the globe at one point , such as at the North Pole or South Pole . A projection is useful for showing true tion for airplane pilots and ship navigators . It also shows true area . However , it distorts the true shapes of landmasses . Flat plane projection GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS !

Map Maps are like messages sent out in code . Mapmakers provide certain elements that help us translate these codes . These elements help us understand the message they are presenting about a particular part of the world . Of these elements , almost all maps have titles , directional indicators , scales , and legends . The map below has all four of these elements , plus a locator map . GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS Title A map title shows what the subject of the map is . The map title is usually the thing you should look at when studying a map , because it tells you what the map is trying to show . West Virginia ( Separated from Virginia in 1861 and joined the Union in 1863 ) Co state Union forces Union victory Confederate victory in 15 30 Miles 15 , ATLANTIC ' OCEAN

Compass Rose A directional indicator shows which way north , south , east , and west lie on the map . Some mapmakers use a north arrow , which points toward the North Pole . Remember , north is not always at the top of a map . The way a map is drawn and the location of directions on that map depend on the perspective of the mapmaker . Most maps in this textbook indicate direction by using a compass rose . A compass rose has arrows that point to all four principal directions , as shown . I an Scale use scales to represent the distances between points on a map . Scales may appear on maps in several different forms . The , maps in this textbook provide a bar scale . Scales give distances in Eum miles and kilometers . To the distance between two points on the map , place a piece of paper so that the edge connects the two points . Mark the location of each point on the paper with a line or dot . Then , pare the distance between the two dots with the maps bar scale . The number on the top of the scale gives the distance in . The number on the bottom gives the distance in kilometers . Because the distances are given in large intervals , you may have to approximate the actual distance on the scale . Legend Union state . The legend , or key , explains what the symbols on the map Ea sent . Point symbols are used to specify the location of things , such as cities , that do not take up much space on the map . Some legends , Confederate state forces Union victory Confederate victory such as the one shown here , show colors that represent certain elevations . Other maps might have legends with symbols or colors that represent things such as roads . Legends can also show economic resources , land use , population density , and climate . Locator Map A locator map shows where in the world the area on the map is located . The area shown on the main map is shown in red on the locator map . The locator map also shows surrounding areas so that the map reader can see how the information on the map relates to neighboring lands . GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS

Working with Maps The Atlas at the back of this textbook includes both physical and political maps . Physical maps , like the one you just saw , show the major physical features in a region . These features include things like mountain ranges , rivers , oceans , islands , deserts , and plains . Political maps show the major political features of a region , such as countries and their borders , capitals , and other important cities . GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS , Historical Map In this textbook , most of the maps you will study are historical maps . Historical maps , such as this one , are maps that show information about the past . This information might be which lands an empire controlled , where a certain group of people lived , what large cities were located in a region , or how a place changed over time . Often colors are used to indicate the different things on the map . Be sure to look at the map title and map legend first to see what the map is showing . What does this map show ?

the United States , 1820 , border , Convention of 1818 territory , From Britain to United States , 1818 From Spain to United States , 1819 . Disputed by United States and Great ATLANTIC OCEAN 200 400 Miles ' 200 400 Kilometers TERRITORY , I ( FLORIDA ) Gulf of Mexico OCEAN .

states and territories in 1804 Louisiana Purchase ' Dis by United States , an Britain Lewis and Expedition , Expedition , a zoo 400 Miles . I I ' I ' A ' 200 40 ) Kilometers ' EA Gulf of Mexico . Route Map One special type of historical map is called a The maps in this textbook will help you route map . A route map , like the one above , study and understand history . By working shows the route , or path , that someone or with these maps , you will see where something followed . Route maps can show tant events happened , where empires rose things like trade routes , invasion routes , and fell , and where people moved . In or the journeys and travels of people . The ing these maps , you will learn how routes on the map are usually shown with an has history . arrow . If more than one route is shown , eral arrows of different colors may be used . What does this route map show ?

GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS on Geographic GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS a narrow body of water connecting two ' SINKHOLE . A a circular depression ' formed when the roof of a cave collapses . I . I Water a natural flow of . water that runs through the land FOREST . an area of densely . wooded land

' and he ocean and that generally rises higher than ) and , hills or mountain in Ear , CANYON ' lava , ash , and gases erupt ' a A . steep walls , elevated ' egg area of land smaller , ar . witha water source ' large , flat , elevated a re a of land , GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS The Five Themes . of Geography Geography is the study of the world people and places . As you can imagine , studying the entire world is a big job . To make the job easier , geographers have created the Five Themes of Geography . They are Location , Place , Environment Interaction , Movement , and Region . You can think of the Five Themes as five windows you can look through to study a place . If you looked at the same place through different windows , you would have five different perspectives , or viewpoints , of the place . Using the Five Themes in this way will help you better understand the world people and places . Location The first thing to study about a place is its location . Where is it ?

Every place has an absolute exact location on Earth . A place also has a relative location in relation to other places . Use the theme of location to ask questions like , Where is this place located , and how has its location affected it ?

Place place in the world is unique and has its own personality and character . Some things that can make a place unique include its weather , plants and mals , history , and the people that live there . Use the theme of place to ask questions like , What are the unique features of this place , and how are they important ?

Interaction People interact with their environment in many ways . They use land to grow food and local materials to build houses . At the same time , a place environment how people live . For example , if the weather is cold , people wear warm clothes . Use the theme of interaction to ask questions like , What is this place environment like , and how does it affect the people who live there ?

GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS Movement The world is constantly changing , and places are affected by the movement of people , goods , ideas , and physical forces . For example , people come and go , new businesses begin , and rivers change their course . Use the theme of ment to ask questions like , this place changing , and why ?

Region A region is an area that has one or more features that make it different from surrounding areas . A desert , a country , and a coastal area are all regions . Geographers use regions to break the world into smaller pieces that are easier to study . Use the theme of region to ask questions like What common features does this area share and How is it different from other areas ?

LOCATION The United States is located in the Western Hemisphere . of the states are located between Mexico and Canada . This location has good farmland , many resources , and many different natural environments . The United States is a political region with one government . At the same time , smaller regions can be found inside the country , such as the Badlands in South Dakota . lE ) PLACE New York City is one of the most powerful cities in the world . The people of New York also make the city one of the most ethnically diverse places in the world . INTERACTION People near Las Vegas , Nevada , transform the desert landscape by building new neighborhoods . Americans modify their environment in many other controlling rivers , building roads , and creating farmland . MOVEMENT People , goods , and ideas are constantly moving to and from places such as Seattle , Washington . As some places grow , others get smaller , but every place is always changing . GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS

READING SOCIAL STUDIES Become an Active Reader by Beers Did you ever think you would begin reading your social studies book by reading about reading ?

Actually , it makes better sense than you might think . You would probably make sure you learned some soccer skills and strategies before playing in a game . Similarly , you need to learn some reading skills and strategies before reading your social studies book . In other words , you need to make sure you know whatever you need to know in order to read this book successfully . Tip Use the Reading Social Studies Pages Take advantage of the two pages on ing at the beginning of every chapter . Those pages introduce the chapter themes explain a reading skill or strategy and identify key terms , people , and academic vocabulary . Themes Why are themes important ?

They help our minds organize facts and information . For example , when we talk about baseball , we may talk about types of pitches . When we talk about movies , we may discuss animation . Historians are no different . When they discuss history or social studies , they tend to think about some common themes , Geography , Religion , Politics , Society and Culture , and Science and Technology . Tells which theme I or themes are important in the chapter Explains a skill or strategy good readers use READING SOCIAL STUDIES Reading Skill or Strategy Good readers use a number of skills and strategies to make sure they understand what they are reading . These lessons will give you the tools you need to read and understand social studies . Key , People . and Academic Vocabulary Before you read the chapter review these words and think about them . Have you heard the word before ?

What do you already know about the people ?

Then watch for these words and their meanings as you read the chapter . Gives you practice in the reading skill or strategy . Identifies the , in i the chapter .

Tip Read like a Skilled Reader You will never get better at reading your social studies any book for that you spend some time ing about how to be a better reader . Skilled readers do the following I They preview what they are supposed to read before they actually begin reading . They look for vocabulary words , titles of sections , information in the margin , or maps or charts they should study . I They divide their notebook paper into two columns . They title one column Notes from the Chapter and the other column Questions or Comments I Have . They take notes in both columns as they read . I They read like active readers . The Active Reading list below shows you what that means . I They use clues in the text to help them out where the text is going . The best clues are called signal words . Chronological Order Signal Words first , second , third , before , after , later , next , following that earlier , Cause and Effect Signal Words because due to , as a result , the reason for , therefore , consequently Contrast Signal Words likewise , also , as well as , similarly , on the other hand Active Reading Successful readers are active readers . These readers know that it is up to them to out what the text means . Here are some steps you can take to become an active . and successful , reader . Predict what will happen next based on what has already happened . When your predictions do match what happens in the text , the confusing parts . Question what is happening as you read . Constantly ask yourself why things have happened , what things mean , and what caused certain events . Summarize what you are reading . Do not try to summarize the entire chapter ! Read a bit and then it . Then read on . Connect what is happening in the part you reading to what you have already read . Clarify your understanding . Stop to ask yourself whether you are confused by anything . You may need to to clarify , or you may need to read further and collect more before you can understand . Visualize what is happening in the text . Try to see the events or places in your mind by drawing maps , making charts , or jotting down notes about what you are reading . READING SOCIAL STUDIES (

Tip Pay Attention to Vocabulary It is no fun to read something when you do know what the words mean , but you ca learn new words if you only use or read the words you already know . In this book , we know we have probably used some words you do know . But , we have followed a pattern as we have used more difficult words . Key Terms and People At the beginning of each section you will a list of key terms or people that you will need to know . Be on the lookout for those words as you read through the section . READING SOCIAL STUDIES ATLANTIC , a um rude I to goods Su , had with Britain Trade with Spain The dosed me lawn nan mun um list signing of shipping war beam pans to they med the ( good la , and Congress med no war am an with Spain , mu Ihe am nut a in . mu . Many um lo Rhoda ) dI . run In my to out substance . Lhe mam , um um would um Spam be on to who to ply liar United Sum ma possum a good military um , ul the wa wane national government to he by day . A 12 I ACADEMIC efficient productive and not wasteful , in mo ( mung mums arc not man may . mu saw . In use . In me Iu Academic Vocabulary ) The run of me tool in nu ( began in nu aln wad up the pun mum nu . mi mourn 341 READING SOCIAL STUDIES When we use a word that is important in all classes , not just social studies , we it in the margin under the heading Academic Vocabulary . You will run into these academic words in other textbooks , so you should learn what they mean while reading this book .

Social Studies Vocabulary We know that some words are special to this particular topic of social studies , United States history . As you read this book , you will be more successful if you know the meaning of the words in the following list . Social studies words to Know Time I AD refers to dates birth refers to dates before the birth of Nazareth refers to Before Common Era ?

dates before the birth ofJesus of Nazareth CE refers to Common Era , dates birth century a period of 100 years decade a period years The Earth and Its Resources climate the weather conditions in a certain area over a long period of time geography the study of the earth physical and cultural features physical features the features on the land surface , such as mountains and rivers region an area with one or more features that make it different from surrounding areas resources materials found on the earth that people need and value People and the Way They Live civilization the culture of a particular time or place culture the knowledge , beliefs , customs , and values of a group of people custom a repeated practice tradition economy the system in which people make and exchange goods and services society a group of people who share common traditions Politics and Government civil having to do with the citizens country democracy governmental rule by the people . usually on a majority rule independence freedom from forceful rule monarchy governmental rule by one person , a king or queen North the region of the United States sometimes by the states that did not secede from the Union during the Civil War rebellion an organized resistance to the established government South the region of the United States sometimes defined by the states that seceded from the Union to form the Confederate States of America READING SOCIAL HIS '

Academic Words If only . If only reading in school was like reading a letter from your best friend . Ifonly reading in History was like reading Harry Potter It can be . you learn the language ! There is a reason that you feel uncomfortable with reading academic textbooks . Common words in these books account for less than of the words in your favorite novels . No wonder reading in school seems so different ! Academic vocabulary refers to words that are used in most of your school subjects . The Holt Social Studies program has Academic Words that will be highlighted throughout this textbook . The Holt program provides structured practice to help support student with this ACADEMIC WORDS specialized vocabulary . Grade Academic Words Grade Academic Words acquire to get affect to change or agreement a decision reached by two or aspects parts more people or groups authority power , right to rule aspects parts classical referring to the cultures of authority power , right to rule ancient Greece or Rome cause the reason something develop the process of growing or happens development improving classical referring to the cultures of efficient productive and not wasteful ancient Greece or Rome efficiency contract a binding legal agreement element part develop creation establish to set up or create development features characteristics distribute to divide among a group of impact effect , result people change , or have an effect on effect the of an action or innovation a new idea or way of doing decision something establish to set up or create reasoned , well thought out ideal ideas or goals that people try policy rule , course of action to live up to principle basic belief , rule , or law impact effect . result procedure a series of steps taken to method a way of doing something accomplish a task neutral unbiased , not favoring either process a series of steps by which a side in a conflict task is accomplished primary main , most important rebel to against authority principle basic belief , rule , or law role assigned behavior process a series of steps by which a strategy a plan for a battle or task is accomplished war purpose the reason something is done structure the way something is set up rebel to against authority or organized role a part or function traditional customary strategy a plan for a battle or values ideas that people hold dear war and try to live by to be different of many types ACADEMIC WORDS

Grade Academic Words abstract acquire advocate agreement aspects authority circumstances complex concrete consequences contemporary criteria development distinct efficient element establish execute explicit facilitate factor function implement implications implicit incentive influence innovation method motive neutral policy primary principle procedure process reaction role strategy expressing a quality or idea without reference to an actual thing to get to plead in favor of a decision reached by two or more people or groups parts power . right to rule surrounding situation , not simple , real the effects of a particular event or events existing at the same time rules for defining the process of growing or improving separate productive and not wasteful part to set up or create to perform . carry out fully revealed without vagueness to bring about causes use or purpose to put in place effects of a decision understood though not clearly put into words something that leads people to follow a certain course of action change , or have an effect on a new idea or way of doing something a way of doing something a reason for doing something unbiased , not favoring either side in a conflict rule , course of action main , most important basic belief . rule , or law a series of steps taken to accomplish a task a series of steps by which a task is accomplished a response assigned behavior a plan for a battle or war of many types ) I ACADEMIC WORDS

in grade eight study the ideas , issues , and events from the framing of the Constitution up to World War I , with an emphasis on America role the war . After reviewing the development of democratic institutions founded on the heritage and English traditions , particularly the ing of the Constitution , students trace the development of American politics , society , culture , and economy and relate them to the emergence of major regional differences . They learn about the challenges facing the new nation , with an emphasis on the causes , course , and consequences of the Civil War . They make connections between the rise of industrialization and contemporary social and economic conditions . SOCIAL SCIENCE CONTENT STANDARDS Students understand the major events preceding the founding of the nation and relate to the development of American constitutional democracy . Describe the relationship between the moral and political ideas of the Great Awakening and the development of revolutionary fervor . Analyze the philosophy of government expressed in the Declaration of , with an emphasis on government as a means of securing individual rights ( key phrases such as all men are ated equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights ) Analyze how the American Revolution affected other nations , especially France . SCIENCE CONTENT STANDARDS . States ism raP . Science Content Standards . Describe the nation blend of civic republicanism , classical liberal principles , and English parliamentary traditions . Students analyze the political principles underlying the Constitution and pare the enumerated and implied powers of the federal government . Discuss the of the Magna Carta , the English Bill of Rights , and the Compact . Analyze the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution and the success of each in implementing the ideals of the tion of Independence . Evaluate the major debates that occurred during the development of the and their ultimate resolutions in . such areas as shared power among tions , divided power , slavery , the rights of individuals and states ( later addressed by the addition of the Bill of Rights ) and the status of American Indian nations under the commerce clause . Describe the political philosophy pinning the Constitution as in the Federalist Papers ( authored Madison , Alexander Hamilton , and John Jay ) and the role of such leaders as son , George Washington , Roger Sherman , Morris , and James in the writing and of the Constitution . Understand the of Statute for Religious Freedom as a runner of the First Amendment and the origins , purpose , and differing views of