US History Textbook 8th Grade Table of Contents

Contents Geography and Map Skills . Hi Reading social Studies Academic Words . Science Content Standards Analysis Skills How to Make This Book Work for You Connecting With the Past Our Colonial Heritage Early Exploration and Settlement Standards Science Content Standards Students compare and geographic , political , economic , religious , and social structures ofthe and Andean civilizations . Students analyze political and economic change in the sixteenth , seventeenth , and eighteenth centuries ( the Age of Exploration , the Enlightenment , and the Age of Reason ) Analysis Skills Frame questions that can be answered by historical study and research . History Impact Video Series The Impact of the Global Economy Section I The Earliest Americans Section The Age of Exploration 12 Section Spanish America 20 Section The Race for Empires 24 Social Studies Skills Framing Historical Questions . 28 Standards Review . 29 Standards Assessment . 31

GEE The English Colonies 32 California Standards Science Students understand the major events preceding the founding of the nation and relate their significance to the development of American constitutional democracy . Students analyze the political principles underlying the Constitution and compare the enumerated and implied powers federal government . Analysis Skills Construct various time lines of key events , people , and periods of the historical era they are studying . History Impact Video Series The Impact of Freedom of Religion Section I The Southern Colonies 36 Section The New England Colonies 42 Section The Middle Colonies 49 Section Life in the English Colonies . 54 Section in the Colonies . 64 Social Studies Skills Interpreting Time Lines . 70 Standards Review . 71 Standards Assessment . 73 The American Revolution . 74 California Standards Science Students understand the major events preceding the founding ofthe nation and relate their significance to the development of American constitutional democracy . Students analyze the political principles underlying the Constitution and compare the enumerated and implied powers ofthe federal government . Analysis Skills HI Recognize that interpretations of history are subject to change . History Impact Video Series The Impact of Being Able to Choose Your Own Government Section I The Revolution Begins . 78 Section Declaring Independence 83 The Declaration of Independence . 86 Section Patriots Gain New Hope . 90 Section Independence ! 98 Social Studies Skills Understanding Historical Interpretation . Standards Review . 103 Standards Assessment . 105 Unit Writing Workshop A Biographical Narrative . 106 CONTENTS vii .

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A New Nation I CONTENTS Forming a Government no Standards Science Students analyze the political principles underlying the . Constitution and compare the enumerated and ofthe federal government Students understand ofthe American political system and the ways in which citizens participate in it . Students analyze the early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals ofthe Declaration of independence . Analysis Skills Detect different historical points of view . History Impact Video Series The Impact of Adding New States Section I The Articles of Confederation . 114 Section The New Nation Faces Challenges 120 Section Creating the Constitution 125 Section Ratifying the Constitution 132 Social Studies Skills Determine Different Points of View . 136 Standards Review . 137 Standards Assessment . 139

Citizenship and the Constitution California Standards Science 32 Students analyze the political principles underlying the Constitution and compare the enumerated and implied powers ofthe federal government . Students understand the foundation ofthe American political system and the ways in which citizens participate in it . Analysis Skills Detect different historical points of view . Impact Video Series The Impact of the Bill of Rights Section Understanding the Constitution . The Constitution of the United States . 150 Section The Bill of Rights 178 Section Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship . 184 Social Studies Skills Determining the Context of Statements . Standards Review . 189 Standards Assessment . Launching the Nation California Standards Science Students understand the major events preceding the founding ofthe nation and relate their significance to the development of American constitutional democracy . Students understand the foundation of the American political system and the ways in which citizens participate in it . Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people ofthe new nation . Students analyze foreign policy in the early republic . History Impact Video Series ' The Impact of Political Parties Section I Washington Leads a New Nation 196 Section Hamilton and National Finances . 200 Section Challenges for the New Nation . Section John Adams Presidency . Social Studies Skills Making Group Decisions . 216 Standards Review . 217 Standards Assessment . 219 Unit Writing Workshop Explaining a Political Process .

( The New Republic 222 The Jefferson Era standards Science Students analyze the aspirations and ideals ofthe people of the new nation . Students analyze foreign policy in the early republic . Students analyze the divergent paths ofthe American people in the 1000 to the and the challenges . History Impact Video Series The Impact of Expanding Frontiers Section I Jefferson Becomes President 228 Section The Louisiana Purchase 234 Section The Coming of War 240 Section The War of 1812 246 Social Studies Skills Working in Groups to Solve Issues . 252 Standards Review . 253 Standards Assessment . 255 A New National Standards Science Students analyze the aspirations and ideals ofthe people of the new nation . Students analyze foreign policy in the early republic . Students analyze the divergent paths ofthe American people from 1800 to the 1800 and the challenges they faced , with an emphasis on the Northeast . Analysis Skills HI Explain the central issues and problems fromthe past . History Impact Video Series The Impact of the United States on Its Neighbors Section I American Foreign Policy 260 Section Nationalism and Sectionalism 264 Section American Culture 270 CONTENTS

The Age of Jackson California Standards Science Students analyze the aspirations and ideals ofthe people ofthe new nation . Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the West from 1800 to the and the challenges they faced . Students analyze the multiple causes , key events , and complex consequences of the Civil War . History Impact Series The Impact of Native American Reservations Section Democracy 284 Section Jackson Administration . Section Indian Removal . Social Studies Skills Solving Problems . Standards Review . 301 Standards Assessment . Expanding West California Standards Science Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the West from 1800 to the and the challenges they faced . Students analyze the early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals ofthe Declaration of Independence . I Analysis Skills 03 Use a variety of maps and documents to identify physical and cultural features of neighborhoods , cities , states , and countries . History Impact Video Series The Impact of the California Gold Rush Section I Trails to the West 308 Section The Texas Revolution 312 Section The War . 316 Section The California Gold Rush . 326 Social Studies Skills Interpreting Maps Expansion . 334 Standards Review . 335 Standards Assessment . 337 Unit Writing Workshop Cause and Effect in History . 338 CONTENTS xi

xii CONTENTS The North California Standards Science Students analyze the divergent paths ofthe American people from 1800 to the and the challenges they faced , with an emphasis on the Northeast . History Impact Video Series The Impact of Mass Transportation Section I The Industrial Revolution in America 346 Section Changes in Working Life 352 Section The Transportation Revolution 358 Section More Technological Advances 364 Social Studies Skills Personal Conviction and Bias 368 Standards Review . 369 Standards Assessment . 371 The South . California Standards Science Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the and the challenges they faced . Students analyze the early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals ofthe Declaration of Independence . If History Impact Video Series The Impact of Regional Economies Section I Growth of the Cotton Industry Section Southern Society 382 Section The Slave System 386 Social Studies Skills Interpreting Graphs . 392 Standards Review . 393 Standards Assessment . 395

' TE 13 New Movements in America California Standards Science Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people from 1800 to the and the challenges they faced , with an emphasis on the Northeast Students analyze the early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals ofthe Declaration of Independence . History Impact Video Series The Impact of Individual Rights and Beliefs Section I Immigrants and Urban Challenges 400 Section American Arts . Section Reforming Society Section The Movement to End Slavery . Section Women Rights 423 Social Studies Skills Accepting Social Responsibility . Standards Review . Standards Assessment . A Divided Nation 434 California Standards Science Students analyze the early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals of the Declaration of Independence . Students analyze the multiple causes , key events , and complex consequences of the Civil War . Analysis Skills Distinguish relevant from irrelevant information . Assess the credibility of primary and secondary sources and draw sound . History Impact Video Series The Impact of States Rights Section I The Debate over Slavery 438 Section Trouble in Kansas 445 Section Political Divisions 450 Section The Nation Divides 455 Social Studies Skills Assessing Primary and Secondary Sources . I . 460 Standards Review . i . 461 Standards Assessment . 463 Unit Writing Workshop Comparing People and Events . 464

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The Nation Breaks Apart 466 xiv CONTENTS The Civil War . A ! California Standards Science Students analyze the multiple causes , key events , and complex consequences of the Civil War . Impact Video Series ' The Impact of the Civil War Section I The War Begins 472 Section The War in the East 478 Section The War in the west 484 Section Daily Life during the War . Section The Tide of War Turns . 497 Social Studies Skills Interpreting Political Cartoons . 504 Standards Review . 505 Standards Assessment . 507

Reconstruction California Standards Science Students analyze the multiple causes , key events , and complex consequences ofthe Civil War . Students analyze the character and lasting consequences of Reconstruction . Analysis Skills Distinguish irrelevant information . HI Recognize the role of chance , oversight , and error in history . History Impact Video Series ' The Impact of the Preservation of the Union Section I Rebuilding the South 512 Section The Fight over Reconstruction 518 Section Reconstruction in the South . 524 Social Studies Skills Chance , Oversight , and Error in History . 532 Standards Review . 533 Standards Assessment . 535 Unit Writing Workshop A Social Studies Report . 536 A Growing America Americans Move West California Standards Science Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the West from 1800 to the and the challenges they faced . Students analyze the transformation of the American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the industrial Revolution . Analysis Skills Use a variety of maps and documents to identify physical and cultural features of neighborhoods , cities , states , and countries . History Impact Video Series ' The Impact of the West on American Culture Section I Miners , Ranchers , and Railroads 4546 section Wars for the west 553 Section Farming and Populism 560 Social Studies Skills Comparing Migration Maps . 566 Standards Review . 567 Standards Assessment . 569 CONTENTS

xvi CONTENTS An Industrial Nation California Standards Science Students analyze the transformation ofthe American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution . Analysis Skills HI Interpret basic indications of economic performance . History Impact Video Series The Impact of the United States as the World Most Powerful Industrial Nation Section I The Second Industrial Revolution . 574 Section Big Business 579 Section Industrial Workers . 584 Section A New Wave of Immigration . Section City Life . Social Studies Skills Analyzing and . 598 Standards Review . 599 Standards Assessment . 60 The Spirit of Reform California Standards Science Students analyze the transformation ofthe American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution Analysis Skills HI Understand and distinguish cause , effect , sequence , and correlation in historical events . Distinguish opinion in historical narratives . History Impact Series The Impact of Immigrants on the United States Section I The Gilded Age 606 Section The Progressive Movement 610 Section Reforming the Workplace . 615 Section The Rights of Women and Minorities 622 Section The Progressive Presidents 627 Social Studies Skills and Causal Patterns . 632 Standards Review . 633 Standards Assessment . 635

America Becomes a World Power . California Standards Science Students analyze the transformation American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution . Analysis Skills Explain the sources of historical continuity and how the combination of ideas and events explains the emergence of new patterns . History Impact Series The Impact of the United States as a World Power Section I The United States Gains Overseas Territories 640 Section The War 646 Section The United States and Latin America 652 Section The United States and Mexico 659 Social Studies Skills Continuity and Change in History . Standards Review . Standards Assessment . 667 Epilogue . References Atlas . California Maps . California State Facts . Gazetteer . Presidents . Facts about the States . American Flag . Supreme Court Decisions . a . Historical Documents . Biographical Dictionary . English and Spanish Glossary . Index Credits and Acknowledgments . CONTENTS .