US History Textbook 8th Grade References Part 3
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I A . I Biographical Dictionary Adams , John ( American statesman , he was a delegate to the Continental Congress , a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence , vice president to George Washington , and the second president of the United States . 228 ) Adams , John Quincy ( Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe , he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine . He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress . 267 ) Adams , Samuel ( American ary who led the agitation that led to the Boston Tea Party he signed the Declaration of . 65 ) Addams , Jane ( American social worker and activist , she was the of Hull House , an organization that focused on the needs of immigrants . She helped found the American Civil Liberties Union and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 . 597 ) Aguinaldo ( Emilio ( Filipino leader and commander of forces in rebellion against Spain , he led an insurrection against the authority of the United States . 648 ) Louisa May ( American novelist , her revised letters written as a Civil War nurse were published as Hospital Sketches . She is famed for the novel Little Women and its sequels . 409 ) Anthony , Susan . American social reformer , she was active in the temperance , and women suffrage movements and was and president of the National Woman Suffrage Association . 427 ) Richard ( English inventor , he patented the spinning frame , improving the production of cotton thread . 347 ) Arthur , Chester A . of the United States in 1880 , he became the president of the United States upon the death of James . 607 ) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Astor , John Jacob ( American fur trader and financier , he founded the post of Astoria and the American Fur Company . 308 ) Austin , Stephen ( American colonizer in Texas , he was imprisoned for urging Texas statehood after Santa Anna suspended constitution . After helping Texas win from Mexico , he became secretary of state for the Texas Republic . 313 ) Jim Bagley , Sarah ( 1847 ?
American mill worker and union activist , she advocated the workday for private industry . She was elected vice president of the New England Working Men Association , becoming the woman to hold such high rank in the American labor movement . 357 ) Benjamin ( African American mathematician and astronomer , he was hired by Thomas Jefferson to help survey land for the new capital in Washington , 202 ) Barton , Clara ( Founder of the American Red Cross , she obtained and administered plies and care to the Union soldiers during the American Civil War . 496 ) Beecher , American educator and the daughter of Lyman Beecher , she moted education for women in such writings as An Essay on the Education of Female Teachers . She founded the first academy . 413 ) Beecher , Lyman ( American clergyman , he disapproved of the style of preaching of the Great Awakening ministers . He served as dent of the Lane Theological Seminary and ported female higher education . 410 ) Bell , Alexander Graham ( American inventor and educator , his interest in electrical and mechanical devices to aid the led to the development and patent of the telephone . 577 ) Annie ( American pioneer ist , she worked for social and moral causes and for women suffrage . 562 ) Black Hawk ( Native American leader of Fox and Indians , he resisted the removal of Indian nations from Illinois and raided settlements and fought the Army . 297 )
Bolivar Cooper Bolivar , Simon ( South American leader who was nicknamed the Liberator , he fought many battles for independence , ning the support of many leaders . 262 ) Louis ( Progressive lawyer and jurist , he was the first Jewish nominee to the Supreme Court and was appointed Associate Justice . 630 ) Brooks , Preston ( American man , he assaulted and beat Senator Charles Sumner for his antislavery speeches and for insulting a relative . He was named Bully Brooks by northerners . 449 ) Brown , John ( American abolitionist , he started the Massacre in Kansas to revenge killings of abolitionists he later seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry , Virginia , to encourage a slave revolt . He was later tried and executed . 455 ) Bryan , William Jennings ( American lawyer and Populist politician , he favored free silver coinage , an economic policy expected to help farmers . He was a Democratic nominee for president in 1896 and was defeated by William McKinley . 564 ) Buchanan , James ( American politician and fifteenth president of the United States , he was chosen as the Democratic nominee for dent in 1854 for being politically experienced and not offensive to slave states . 450 ) Philippe ( French neer , he served as minister from Panama to the United States and negotiated a treaty for control of the Panama Canal Zone . 653 ) Burns , Anthony ( American enslaved African , he ran away and was arrested in ton . His arrest became the center of violent protests by northern opponents of the Fugitive Slave Act . 442 ) Calhoun , John ( American politician and supporter of slavery and states rights , he served as vice president to Andrew Jackson and was instrumental in the South Carolina cation crisis . 285 ) Carnegie , Andrew ( American alist and humanitarian , he focused his attention on steelmaking and made a through his vertical integration method . 580 , 583 ) Mexican , he led revolts against and became president of Mexico . He adopted programs of social and economic reform , but he faced revolts from other revolutionists . 661 ) Carrie Chapman ( American tor and reformer , she led a successful fight to obtain suffrage for women and to secure the sage of the Nineteenth Amendment . 623 ) Chief Joseph ( Chief of Nez tribe , he led a resistance against white settlement in the Northwest . He tually surrendered , but his eloquent surrender speech earned him a place in American history . 559 ) In an ' Clark , George Rogers ( American soldier and frontier leader , he captured the British trading village of during the Revolution and encouraged Indian leaders to remain neutral . 97 ) Clark , William ( American soldier and friend of Meriwether Lewis , he was invited to explore the Louisiana Purchase and joined what became known as the Lewis and Clark tion . 237 ) Clay , Henry ( American politician from Kentucky , he was known as the Great because of his support of the Missouri mise . He developed the Compromise of 1850 to try to avoid civil war . 264 , 266 ) Cleveland , Grover ( and president of the United States , he promoted civil service reform and a merit system of advancement for government jobs . 608 ) Cole , Thomas ( American painter , he was the founder of the Hudson River school , a group of artists who emphasized the beauty of the American landscape , especially the Hudson River valley . 272 ) Columbus , Christopher ( Italian er , he was convinced that he could reach Asia by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean . He gained the support of Spain monarchs and commanded a small that reached the called New World , setting off a tide of European exploration of the area . 15 , 17 ) Cooper , James ( Early American novelist , he wrote the Last of BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
I an Cooper the and many stories about the West . 271 ) Cooper , Peter ( American ironworks manufacturer who designed and built Tom Thumb , the first American locomotive . 360 ) Spanish conquistador , he conquered Mexico and brought about the fall of the Aztec Empire . 20 ) Crazy Horse ( 1842 ?
Native American chief of Sioux , he took part in the Battle of the Little Bighorn , in which General Custer was rounded and killed . He was killed after and resisting imprisonment . 555 ) John . Kentucky senator , he attempted to save the Union by ing differences between northern and southern states in the Senate proposal known as den Compromise . 459 ) Custer , George Armstrong ( can army officer in the Civil War , he became a Native American fighter in the West and was killed with his troops in the Battle of the Little Bighorn . 556 ) Jim Davis , Jefferson ( First and only dent of the Confederate States of America after the election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the secession of many southern states . 458 ) John ( American industrialist he developed a steel plow to ease of ing thick soil on the Great Plains . 366 ) Dewey , John ( American educator , and philosopher , he developed ing methods that emphasized skills over memorization and that became the model for progressive public education . 612 ) Diaz , Mexican general and politician , he was president and dictator of Mexico for a total of 30 years . He ruled the ple of Mexico harshly but encouraged foreign investment . 659 ) Dickinson , Emily ( American poet , she lived a reclusive life , and her poems were not widely acclaimed until after her death . 407 ) Dix , American pist and social reformer , she helped change the prison system nationwide by advocating the development of state hospitals for treatment for the mentally ill instead of imprisonment . 412 ) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Douglas , Stephen ( American politician and nominee for president , he debated ham Lincoln about slavery the Illinois rial race . He proposed the unpopular Act , and he established the Freeport Doctrine , ing the idea of popular sovereignty . 446 ) Frederick ( American abolitionist and writer , he escaped slavery and became a leading African ican spokesman and writer . He published his biography , The Narrative of the Life , and founded the abolitionist newspaper , the North Star . 418 , 422 ) Du Bois , can American educator , editor , and writer , he led the Niagara Movement , calling for nomic and educational ity for African Americans . He helped found the National Association for the ment of Colored People ( 13 624 ) Frederick Jim Edison , Thomas Alva ( American tor of over patents , he invented the bulb and established a power plant that supplied electricity to parts of New York City . 576 ) Edwards , Jonathan ( 758 ) Important and revivalist leader in the Great ing religious movement , he delivered dramatic sermons on the choice between salvation and . 58 ) Emerson , Ralph Waldo ( American essayist and poet , he was a supporter of the philosophy of . 405 ) African American abolitionist , he was an enslaved African who was eventually freed and became a leader of the abolitionist movement and writer of The esting Narrative of the Life of . 41 , 57 )
Farragut Hay Farragut , David ( American soldier , he was the first commissioned American admiral , and in the Civil War he captured New Orleans and maintained a blockade along the Gulf Coast against Confederate forces . 485 , 486 ) Finney , Charles ( American clergyman and educator , he became in the Second Great Awakening after a dramatic religious experience and conversion . He led long revivals that annoyed conventional ministers . 410 ) Franklin , Benjamin ( American man , he was a philosopher , scientist , inventor , writer , publisher , first postmaster , and ber of the committee to draft the Constitution . He invented bifocals and the lightning rod and wrote Poor Richard . 131 ) John ( American explorer , army officer , and politician , he was chosen as the first Republican candidate for president . He was against the spread of slavery , and he was rejected by all but the free states as a single issue candidate in the election of 1856 . 451 ) Fulton , Robert ( American engineer and inventor , he built the first commercially ful steamboat , the , which led to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people . 359 ) Thomas ( American educator , he studied techniques for instructing impaired people and established the can school for the hearing impaired . 413 ) Galvez , Bernardo de ( Governor of Spanish Louisiana , he captured key cities from the British , greatly aiding the American Patriot movement and enabling the Spanish acquisition of Florida . 95 ) James A . Twentieth president of the United States , he was elected in 1880 but was assassinated only months after tion . 607 ) Garrison , William Lloyd ( American journalist and reformer , he published the famous antislavery newspaper , the Liberator , and helped found the American Society , promoting immediate emancipation and racial equality . 417 ) Geronimo ( Apache leader , he evaded capture for years and led an opposition struggle against white ments in the American Southwest until his eventual surrender . 557 ) Samuel ( American labor leader , he helped found the American Federation of Labor to campaign for workers rights , such as the right to organize boycotts . 585 ) Grant , Ulysses ( Eighteenth president of the United States , he received a field promotion to lieutenant eral in charge of all Union forces after leading a successful battle . He accepted General Lee surrender of Confederate forces at Courthouse , ending the Civil War . 484 , 489 ) Angelina ( and Sarah ( 1873 ) American sisters and reformers , they were the daughters of a slaveholding family from South Carolina who became antislavery ers and lecturers for the American Society . They also took up the women rights campaign . 417 ) Em Hamilton , Alexander ( American man and member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention , he was an author of the , which supported ratification of the Constitution . He was the first secretary of treasury under George Washington and developed the Bank of the United States . 200 ) Harrison , Benjamin ( president of the United States , he was a general in the Civil War and helped pass the Sherman Antitrust Act , regulating monopolies . 608 ) Harrison , William Henry ( American politician , he served as the governor of Indian Territory and fought Tecumseh in the Battle of . He was the ninth president of the United States . 293 ) Hawthorne , Nathaniel ( American er , he is famous for his many stories and books , including The Scarlet Letter , and he is recognized as one of the authors to write in a unique American style . 406 ) Hay , John ( American diplomat , he was secretary of state in the Roosevelt in an ' BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
I A . ca Hay Lafayette tion , and he negotiated treaties providing for the United States construction of the Panama Canal and put forth the Open Door policy with regard to China . 653 ) Hayes , Rutherford . Nineteenth dent of the United States , he was a Civil War general and hero and , in the disputed election of 1876 , he was chosen president by a special electoral committee . 607 ) Hearst , William Randolph ( American journalist , he was famed for sensational news stories , known as yellow journalism , that stirred feelings of nationalism and formed public ion for the War . 646 ) Hidalgo , Father Miguel ( can priest and revolutionist , he led a rebellion of about impoverished Indians and against Spain in the hope of improving living conditions though defeated , the lion eventually grew and helped lead to Mexican independence . 312 ) Mexican general and politician , he overthrew as Mexican president and faced revolts with many leaders . His government was not by the United States . 660 ) Hutchinson , Anne ( Puritan leader who angered other Puritans by claiming that people relationship to God did not need guidance from she was tried and convicted of undermining church authorities and was banished from colony she later established the colony of Portsmouth in day Rhode Island . 46 ) Jim Irving , Washington ( Early American satirical writer , he was the first American writer to gain international acclaim . His works include Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow . He often used American history and authentic American settings and characters . 270 ) Jim Jackson , Andrew ( Nicknamed Old Hickory , he was an American hero in the Battle of New Orleans . As commander of the Tennessee militia , he defeated the Creek Indians , securing BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 23 million acres of land . His election as the president of the United States marked an era of democracy called Democracy . 248 , 287 ) Jackson , Thomas ( can Confederate general , he led the Shenandoah Valley campaign and fought with Lee in the Seven Days Battles and the First and Second Battles of Bull Run . 479 ) Jay , John ( American statesman and member of the Continental Congress , he authored some of the Federalist Papers and Jay Treaty with Great Britain to settle outstanding disputes . 207 ) Jefferson , Thomas ( American man , and member of two Continental , chairman of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence , the Declaration main author and one of its signers , and the third president of the United States . 84 , 233 ) Johnson , Andrew ( American politician and the seventeenth president of the United States upon the assassination of Lincoln , he was impeached for his unpopular ideas about . He held onto the office by a margin . 517 ) Jones , John Paul ( American naval officer famed for bravery , his most famous tory was the defeat of the British warship , during which he declared , I have not yet begun to ( 97 ) Jones , Mary Harris ( Irish immigrant and American labor leader , she was known as Mother Jones and was a key speaker and . She helped found the Industrial Workers of the World . 586 ) Jim Kelley , Florence ( American reformer , she was active in the settlement house ment and led progressive reforms in labor tions for women and children . 616 ) Jim Lafayette , Marquis de ( French man and officer who viewed the American Revolution as important to the world , he helped the Revolution and served as major general . 95 )
La Marshall La , Robert ( Progressive American politician , he was active in local Wisconsin issues and challenged party bosses . As governor , he began the reform program called the Wisconsin Idea to make state government more professional . 614 ) Las Casas , de ( Spanish missionary and historian , he became the ordained Catholic priest in the New World and advocated for the welfare and protection of Native Americans as well as preached against the slavery system . 23 ) Lee , Robert ( American soldier , he refused Lincoln offer to head the Union army and agreed to lead Confederate forces . He fully led several major battles until his defeat at Gettysburg , and he surrendered to the Union General Grant at mattox Courthouse . 479 , 481 ) Lewis , Meriwether ( Former army tain selected by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase , he led the expedition that became known as the Lewis and Clark . 237 ) 1917 ) Queen of the Hawaiian Islands , she opposed annexation by the United States but lost power in a revolt by planters that led to a new government . 642 ) Lincoln , Abraham ( Sixteenth president of the United States , he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Douglas debates . He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War , but he was determined to preserve the Union . He was assassinated in 1865 . 452 , 477 ) Miami chief who led a Native American alliance that raided settlements in the Northwest Territory , he was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville , and he later became an advocate for peace . 208 ) Longfellow , can poet in the century , he is best known for his , such as Paul Revere Ride in Tales of a Wayside Inn and The Song of . 407 ) Lowell , Francis Cabot ( American trialist who developed the Lowell system , a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth . He hired young women to live and work in his mill . 354 ) Em McClellan , George . American army general put in charge of Union troops and later removed by Lincoln for failure to press Confederate troops in Richmond . 479 ) McCormick , Cyrus ( American inventor and industrialist , he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat . 366 ) McKinley , William ( dent of the United States , he enacted protective tariffs in the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 and acquired Cuba , Puerto Rico , Guam , and the during his administration . He was later assassinated . 608 ) Francisco ( Mexican ary leader , he called for the restoration of the Mexican constitution and planned an overthrow of Diaz . He became president of Mexico but was overthrown by . 660 ) Madison , James ( American statesman , he was a delegate to the Constitutional tion , the fourth president of the United States , the author of some of the , and is called the father of the Constitution for his proposals at the Constitutional Convention . He led the United States through the War of 1812 . 126 , 149 ) Magellan ( Ferdinand ( Portuguese captain of a Spanish that sought a western route to Asia via the ern Ocean , he found a passage through South America , now known as the Strait of Magellan , but died during the expedition . His crew of 18 people with one remaining ship successfully circumnavigated the world . 17 ) Mann , Horace ( American educator , he is considered the father of American public education . He was a leader of the school movement , advocating education for all children . 412 , 413 ) an an ' Marion , Francis ( 1732 ?
Revolutionary War commander of Marion Brigade , a group of guerrilla soldiers in South Carolina that used surprise raids against British communications and supply lines . 99 ) Marshall , John ( Federalist leader who served in the House of Representatives and as Secretary of State , he later became the Chief BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
I A . ca Marshall Pocahontas Justice of the Supreme Court , establishing in Madison the Supreme Court power of judicial review . 232 ) Marshall , Thurgood ( First African American Supreme Court Justice , he as a lawyer the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and fought racial segregation . 148 ) Meade , George ( American army cer , he served as a Union general at major Civil War battles . He forced back General Lee federate army at Gettysburg but failed to obtain a decisive victory . 498 ) Herman ( American writer , he based his books on his sailing experiences and is famous for . 407 ) Moctezuma II ( Emperor of Aztec Empire , he welcomed explorer as a god but was taken prisoner by him . He was later killed , and the Aztec capital was destroyed ing the following Aztec uprising . 20 ) Monroe , James ( Leading Revolutionary and negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase , he was the president of the United States . He put forth the Monroe Doctrine ing the sphere of in the Western Hemisphere that became the foundation of foreign policy . 261 ) Morse , Samuel . American artist and inventor , he applied scientists of electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph , which soon sent messages all across the country . 364 , 365 ) Mott , Lucretia ( American reformer , she planned the Seneca Falls Convention with beth Cady Stanton , the first organized meeting for women rights in the United States . 426 ) Jim , Sandra Day ( Associate justice of the Supreme Court , she was the first woman appointed to the Court . 148 ) Florida Seminole leader , he resisted removal by the government despite an earlier treaty that Seminole leaders had been forced to sign . He was eventually captured and died in prison . 29 ) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY JIM Paine , Thomas ( American political philosopher and author , he urged an immediate declaration of independence from England in his anonymously and simply written pamphlet , Common Sense . 83 ) Paul , Alice ( American social reformer , suffragist , and activist , she was the founder of the organization that became the National Woman Party ( that worked to obtain women suffrage . 624 ) Penn , William ( Quaker leader who founded a colony for Quakers in Pennsylvania the colony provided an important example of representative and became a model of freedom and tolerance . 50 ) Perry , Oliver Hazard ( American naval captain who put together the that defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812 . 247 ) Pershing , John . American army , he commanded the expeditionary force sent into Mexico to find Pancho Villa . He was the major general and commander in chief of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I . 661 ) Pickett , George ( American general in the Confederate army , he was famed for Pickett Charge , a failed but heroic effort at Cemetery Ridge in the Battle of Gettysburg , often ered a turning point of the Civil War . 499 ) Pierce , Franklin ( Democratic candidate for president in 1852 and the fourteenth dent of the United States , he made the Purchase , which opened the Northwest for settlement , and passed the unpopular Nebraska Act . 445 ) Pike , Army officer sent on a mission to explore the West , he was ordered to find the headwaters of the Red River . He attempted to climb what is now known as Pikes Peak in Colorado . 238 ) Pizarro ( Francisco ( Spanish conquistador who sailed with Balboa on the discovery of the Pacific Ocean , he later pursued rumors of golden cities in the Andes Mountains of South America and conquered the Inca Empire . 21 ) Pocahontas ( American Indian cess , she saved the life of John Smith when he was captured and sentenced to death by the . She was later taken prisoner by the English , converted to Christianity , and married colonist John Rolfe . 37 )
Poe Singer Poe , Edgar Allan ( American writer , he is famed for his haunting poem The Raven , as well as many other chilling or romantic stories and poems . He is credited with creating the first detective story , The Gold Bug . 407 ) Polk , James ( Eleventh president of the United States , he settled the Oregon ary with Great Britain and successfully conducted the War . 317 ) Pontiac ( Ottawa chief who united the Great Lakes Indians to try to halt the advance of European settlements , he attacked British forts in a rebellion known as Pontiac Rebellion he eventually surrendered in 1766 . 61 ) Terence ( American labor leader for the Knights of Labor , he removed the secrecy originally surrounding the organization , leading to its becoming the truly national American labor union . 585 ) Pulitzer , Joseph ( American journalist and newspaper publisher , he established the Pulitzer Prize for public service and ment of education . 646 ) Jim Revels , Hiram ( American clergyman , educator , and politician , he became the first African American in the Senate . 525 ) Rockefeller , John ( American industrialist and , he made a fortune in the oil business and used vertical and integration to establish a monopoly on the steel business . 580 , 583 ) Roosevelt , Theodore ( president of the United States after William McKinley was assassinated , he organized the volunteer cavalry regiment known as the Rough Riders which fought in Cuba during the American War . As president , he acquired the ama Canal Zone , and announced the Roosevelt Corollary , making the United States the defender of the Western Hemisphere . 627 , 655 ) Jim ( 1786 ?
Shoshone woman who , along with her French husband , accompanied and aided Lewis and Clark on their expedition . 238 ) Santa Anna , Antonio Lopez de ( can general and politician , he was president of Mexico and became a dictator . He fought in the Texas Revolution and seized the Alamo but was defeated and captured by Sam Houston at San . 313 ) Scott , 1795 ?
Enslaved African who filed suit for his freedom stating that his time living in a free state made him a free man the Supreme Court ruling as the Scott decision upheld slavery and found the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional . 451 ) Scott , American general , he served as commander in the Mexican War and used a strategy against the South in the Civil War he wanted to destroy the economy with a naval blockade and gain trol of the Mississippi River . 475 ) between 1760 and ) can Indian scholar and craftsman , he created a writing system for the Cherokee language and taught literacy to many Cherokee . 295 ) Serra ( 1784 ) Spanish Franciscan missionary to nia , he planned or founded numerous missions all along the coast and founded San cisco in an effort to spread Christianity . 22 ) Seward , William ( American cian , who as Secretary of State was laughed at for Seward Folly , the purchase of Alaska from Russia for less than two cents an acre , which added approximately square miles of land to the United States . 641 ) Shays , Daniel ( Revolutionary War officer who led Shays Rebellion , an uprising of farmers in western Massachusetts that shut down the courts so that farmers would not lose their farms for tax debts . He was defeated and condemned to death , but pardoned . 123 ) Sherman , American Union army officer , his famous March to the Sea captured Atlanta , Georgia , marking an tant turning point in the war . 501 ) Singer , Isaac ( American inventor he patented an improved sewing machine and by 1860 was the largest manufacturer of sewing machines in the country . 367 ) in an ' BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
I A . ca Sitting Bull Vallejo Sitting Bull ( American Indian leader who became the head chief of the entire Sioux nation , he encouraged other Sioux leaders to resist government demands to buy lands on the Black Hills reservations . 556 ) Slater , Samuel ( English industrialist who brought a design for a textile mill to ca , he is considered the founder of the American cotton industry . 348 ) Smith , John ( English colonist to the Americas who helped found Colony and encouraged settlers to work harder and build better housing . 37 ) Squanto ( Indian who was captured and enslaved in Spain but later escaped to land and then America he taught the Pilgrims native farming methods and helped them lish relations with the , the Indians at the feast later as Thanksgiving . 43 ) Stanford , Leland ( American railroad builder and politician , he established the nia Central Railroad and founded ford University . 581 , 583 ) Stanton , Elizabeth Cady ( American woman suffrage leader , she organized the Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott . The convention was the first organized meeting for women rights in the United States , which launched the suffrage movement . 426 , 429 ) Stevens , Thaddeus ( American lawyer and politician , he was the leader of the Radical Republicans in the Reconstruction effort and was an opponent and critic of Andrew policies . He sought economic justice for men and poor southerners . 519 ) Stone , Lucy ( American woman , she was a and accomplished antislavery speaker who supported the rights movement . 427 ) Harriet Beecher ( American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher , she was an abolitionist and author of the famous slavery novel , Uncle Cabin ( 443 ) Stuyvesant ( Peter ( Director general of the Dutch New colony , he was forced to surrender New land to the English . 37 ) Sutter , John ( American pioneer who built Sutter Fort , a trading post on the nia frontier gold was discovered , leading to the California gold rush . 327 ) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Taft , Howard ( 185 ) president of the United States , he angered by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Tariff , which did not lower tariffs very much . He lost Roosevelt support and was defeated for a ond term . 629 ) Roger . Supreme Court Chief Justice , he wrote the ity opinion in the Scott decision , stating that African Americans were not citizens and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional . 452 ) Taylor , American engineer , he introduced the ing system known as management that viewed workers as mechanical parts of the duction process , not as human beings . 584 ) Tecumseh ( Shawnee chief who ed to form an Indian confederation to resist white settlement in the Northwest Territory . 242 ) Thoreau , Henry David ( American writer and transcendentalist philosopher , he studied nature and published a magazine article , Civil Disobedience , as well as his famous book , Walden Pond . 405 ) Truth , Sojourner ( American evangelist and reformer , she was born an enslaved African but was later freed and became a speaker for abolition and women suffrage . 418 ) Tubman , Harriet ( American who escaped slavery and assisted other enslaved Africans to escape she is the most famous Underground Railroad conductor and is known as the Moses of her people . 420 ) Turner , Nat ( American slave leader , he claimed that divine inspiration had led him to end the slavery system . Called Nat Rebellion , the slave revolt was the most violent one in history he was tried , convicted , and executed . 390 ) Tweed , William Marcy ( American cian , he gained control of New York City many Hall political machine and became known as Boss Tweed . He was convicted of stealing from the New York City treasury . 607 ) Jim Vallejo , Mariano Guadalupe ( American soldier and politician , he increased settlement in
Vallejo Zapata northern California and became a rich man . He helped in the effort to get statehood for California . 319 ) Van , Martin ( American politician and secretary of state under Andrew Jackson , he later became the eighth president of the United States . 286 ) Denmark ( American , he was brought to America as a slave but purchased his own freedom . He planned a large slave uprising in South Carolina and was tried and hanged along with 36 others accused of plotting the rebellion . 390 ) Villa , Francisco Pancho ( Mexican bandit and revolutionary leader , he led revolts against and . He was pursued by the but evaded General Pershing . 661 ) Elm Washington , African can educator and civil rights leader , he was born into slavery and later became head of the Tuskegee Institute for career training for African Americans . He was an advocate for conservative social change . 624 ) Washington , George ( Revolutionary War hero and Patriot leader , he served as a representative to the Continental Congresses , commanded the Continental Army , and was unanimously , elected to two terms as dent of the United States . 80 , 82 ) Webster , Daniel ( American lawyer and statesman , he spoke out against nullification and states rights , believing that the country should stay . 290 ) Wells , Ida . African American ist and activist , she was and editor of the Memphis Free Speech . 624 ) Whitman , Walt ( American poet , he gained recognition abroad and later at home for unrhymed works of poetry praising the United States , Americans , democracy , and ( 407 ) Whitney , Eli ( American inventor whose cotton gin changed cotton harvesting and enabled large increases in cotton production he introduced the technology of mass production through the development of interchangeable parts in . 349 ) Wilder , Laura ( American writer and who wrote a series of children books based on her own experiences , including the classic Little House on the Prairie . 562 ) Wilson , Woodrow ( president of the United States , his reform tion was given the name New Freedom , and it included three constitutional amendments direct election of senators , prohibition , and women suffrage . He created the Federal Reserve System , the Federal Trade Commission , and he enacted child labor laws . 629 ) Sarah ( Paiute Indian reformer , she was an activist for Indian rights and lectured about the problems of the reservation system . 558 ) Winthrop , John ( Leader of the Bay Colony who led Puritan colonists to Massachusetts to establish an ideal Christian community he later became the colony first governor . 44 ) Wright , Orville ( and Wilbur ( American pioneers of aviation , they went from experiments with kites and gliders to piloting the first successful airplane and later founded the American Wright pany to manufacture airplanes . 578 ) Young , Brigham ( American religious leader who headed the Mormon Church after the murder of Joseph Smith , he moved the munity to Utah , leading thousands along what came to be as the Mormon Trail to the main settlement at Salt Lake City . 311 ) Zapata , Emiliano ( Mexican ary , he was a guerrilla leader helping overthrow Diaz . He was a champion of and revolted against . 661 ) In an ' BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
II ! Ill to English and Spanish Glossary AS IN alphabet EXAMPLE Phonetic and , Pronunciation Guide Asia Many of the key terms in this . textbook have been let , ten to help you pronounce them . LE The letter combinations used even , in the throughout it , tip , British , up , the narrative are explained in site , buy , Ohio my By the following phonetic . in and . card over , oh The guide is adapted from Collegiate , Dictionary , Edition , Boom Biographical all , orchid aw ' AWL , I ' an , oy Geographical . KOW Dictionary OW cup , butter uh , rule , oo ROOL , FOOD few yoo vision A syllable printed in small capital letters receives heavier emphasis than the other syllable ( in a word . ABC Powers Argentina , Brazil and Chile nations that offered to negotiate a dispute between the United States and Mexico when unrest following the Mexican Revolution brought the two countries into ( 661 ) ABC Argentina , Chile que se a resolver el entre dos Mexico cuando el a la un entre ambos ( 661 ) abolition an end to slavery ( 416 ) de la ( 416 ) Treaty ( 1819 ) an agreement in which Spain gave East Florida to the United States ( 261 ) de Adams ( 1819 ) acuerdo en el que el del este de Florida a ( agrarian relating to farming and agriculture ( 41 ) con los la ( peg . 41 ) Alamo Spanish mission in San Antonio , Texas , that was the site of a famous battle of the Texas Revolution in 183 ( 14 ) El Alamo en San Antonio , Texas de una durante la de 1836 ( 314 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) laws passed by a Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas , actions , and people ( 215 ) de No ( 1798 ) por un con el fin de proteger al de la de ideas , personas ( amendment change , correction , or addition to a law or constitution ( 135 ) cambio , de manera a una ley ( 135 ) American Society an organization started by William Lloyd Garrison whose members wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality for can Americans ( 417 ) Americana contra la por William Lloyd Garrison bros la la racial de los ( 417 ) American Federation of Labor an organization that united skilled workers into national unions for industries ( 585 ) que en por ( 585 )
American Battle of the Little Big de Little Big horn American System Henry Clay plan for raising tariffs to pay for improvements such as better roads and canals ( 264 ) plan de de por Henry Clay para como la de ( 264 ) people who opposed of the Constitution ( 132 ) personas que se a la de la ( 132 ) League a group of citizens opposed to imperialism , and , to the peace treaty that gave the United States control of Cuba , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines ( 650 ) grupo de que se al , mas , al de paz que a el control de Cuba , Guam , Puerto Rico ( 650 ) Courthouse Virginia town where General Robert Lee was forced to surrender , thus ending the Civil War ( 502 ) Courthouse de Virginia donde el general Robert Lee fue a , a la Guerra Civil ( 502 ) Articles of Confederation ( 1777 ) the document that created the central government for the United States was replaced by the Constitution in 1789 ( 116 ) de la ( 1777 ) que creo el primer central en dos fue por la en 1789 ( 16 ) Jim . Bacon Rebellion ( 1676 ) an led by Nathaniel Bacon against American Indians and the colonial government in Virginia ( 38 ) Rebelion de Bacon ( 1676 ) por Nathaniel Bacon contra los nos el colonial en Virginia ( 38 ) Bank of the United States a national bank chartered by Congress in 1791 to provide security for the economy ( 204 ) Banco de banco por el en 1791 para dar a la de ( 204 ) Battle of ( 1862 ) a Union victory in the Civil War that marked the bloodiest battle in military history ( 481 ) de ( 1862 ) victoria del de la Union durante la Guerra Civil en la de un solo dia mas en la historia militar de ( 481 ) Battle of Bunker Hill ( 1775 ) a Revolutionary War battle in Boston that demonstrated that the colonists could well against the British army ( 81 ) de Bunker Hill ( 1775 ) de la Guerra de que lugar en Boston en esta se que los bien contra el ( 81 ) Battle of Fallen Timbers ( 1794 ) a battle between and an American Indian confederation that ended Indian efforts to halt white settlement in the Northwest Territory ( 209 ) de Fallen Timbers ( 1794 ) entre las una de que a los de os para la de personas de raza blanca al del ( 209 ) Battle of Gettysburg ( 1863 ) a Union Civil War Victory hat turned the tide against the Confederates at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania ( 498 ) de Gettysburg ( 1863 ) Victoria del de la Union durante la Guerra Civil que cambio el de a guerra en contra de los en burg , 498 ) Battle of Lake Erie ( 1813 ) victory in the War of 1812 , led by Oliver Hazard Perry broke Britain rol of Lake Erie ( 247 ) del Iago Erie ( 1813 ) en la Guerra de 1812 en la que el , Oliver Hazard Perry , al control del ago Erie ( 247 ) Battle of New Orleans ( 1815 ) the greatest victory in he War of 1812 actually took place two weeks after a treaty had been signed ending the war ( 248 ) de Nueva Orleans ( 1815 ) la mayor Victoria del en la Guerra de 1812 lugar dos despues de la de un de paz en el que se el de la guerra ( 248 ) Battle of San ( 1836 ) the battle of the Texas Revolution resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas ( 314 ) de San ( 1836 ) de la en la que fue el Texas su ( 314 ) Battle of Saratoga ( 1777 ) a Revolutionary War battle in New York that resulted in a major defeat of British troops marked the Patriots greatest victory up to that point in the war ( 94 ) de Saratoga ( 1777 ) de la Guerra de que lugar en Nueva York en la que las una de sus los su mayor Victoria hasta ese momento ( 94 ) Battle of Shiloh ( 1862 ) a Civil War battle in Tennessee in which the Union army gained greater control over the Mississippi River valley ( 485 ) de Shiloh ( 1862 ) de la Guerra Civil en Tennessee en la que el de la Union mayor control sobre el del rio Mississippi ( 485 ) Battle of the Little Big Horn ( 1876 ) Custer Last Stand battle between soldiers , led by George Armstrong Custer , and Sioux warriors , led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull , that resulted in the worst defeat for the Army in the West ( 556 ) de Little Big Horn ( 1876 ) ultima del general Custer esta entre las de George Armstrong Custer los al mando de Caballo Loco Toro la mayor del en el Oeste ( 556 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY an '
III a III Battle of de Battle ( 1811 ) victory over an Indian confederation that wanted to stop white ment in the Northwest Territory increased tensions between Great Britain and the United States ( 244 ) 1811 ) victoria del sobre la indigena que el de de en el del esta las entre Gran dos ( Battle ( 1776 ) a Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey in which Patriot forces captured more than 900 Hessian troops ( 93 ) de Trenton ( 1776 ) de la Guerra de que lugar en Nueva Jersey en esta las de los a mas de 900 soldados ( 93 ) Battle ( 1781 ) the last major battle of the Revolutionary War site of British general Charles Cornwallis surrender to the Patriots in Virginia ( 100 ) de Yorktown ( 1781 ) la ultima tante de la Guerra de lugar donde se el general Charles Cornwallis ante las de los en Virginia ( 100 ) Bear Flag Revolt ( 1846 ) a revolt against Mexico by American settlers in California who declared the tory an independent republic ( 320 ) de Bear Flag ( 1846 ) rebelion por en contra de para al de una ( 320 ) benevolent society an aid organization formed by immigrant communities ( 591 ) de de ayuda mada por de ( 591 ) Bessemer process a process developed in the that led to faster , cheaper steel production ( 575 ) de Bessemer de de mas rapido , en la de 1850 ( 575 ) Bill of Rights the first 10 amendments to the tion in 1791 ( 135 ) de primeras 10 das a la en 1791 ( 135 ) Black Codes laws passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom and rights of African Americans ( 518 ) para negros en los en la de la que en gran la libertad los de los ( 518 ) bond a that represents money the ment has borrowed from private citizens ( 200 ) bono que dinero que el toma de los ( boomtown a Western community that grew quickly because of the mining boom and often disappeared when the boom ended ( 548 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY pueblo de rapido del Oeste que se con gran a la del oro , pero que cuando los se ( 548 ) border states Delaware , Kentucky , Maryland , and slave states that lay between the North and the South and did not join the Confederacy during the Civil War ( 474 ) Delaware , Kentucky , Maryland Missouri entre el Norte el Sur , que la que no se a la durante la Guerra Civil ( 474 ) Boston Massacre ( 1770 ) an incident in which British soldiers into a crowd of colonists , killing people ( 67 ) matanza de Boston ( 1770 ) en el que los soldados entre una de , la muerte a cinco personas ( 67 ) Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) a protest against the Tea Act in which a group of colonists boarded British tea ships and dumped more than 340 chests of tea into Boston Harbor ( 68 ) del de Boston ( 1773 ) en contra de la Ley del en la que un grupo de que al mar de 340 con este en el puerto de Boston ( 68 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1900 ) a siege of a foreign settlement in Beijing by Chinese nationalists who were angry at foreign involvement in China ( 645 ) rebelion de los boxers ( 1900 ) a un to en Beijing por parte de un grupo de chinos que estaban en con la en China ( 645 ) Bureau of Indian Affairs a government agency created in the to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans ( 294 ) de por el en el para de las cas federales sobre los ( 294 ) Jim Spanish colonists in California in the ( 19 ) que Vivian en nia en el ( 319 ) capital money or property that is used to earn more money ( 13 ) capital dinero para mas dinero ( 13 ) capitalism an economic system in which private run most industries ( 619 ) en el que las sas la de las ( 619 )
cattle de Confederate States of de cattle drive a long journey on which cowboys herded cattle to northern markets or better grazing lands ( 549 ) de viaje largo en el que los vaqueros para a los del Norte a mejores ( 549 ) Cattle Kingdom an area of the Great Plains on which many ranchers raised cattle in the late ( 549 ) del area de las Grandes en la que muchos se a de ( 549 ) charter an document that gives a person the right to establish a colony ( 27 ) carta de constitution legal que da a una persona el derecho de una colonia ( 27 ) checks and balances a system established by the that prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful ( 129 ) por la para que cualquier poder del en con los ( 129 ) Chinese Exclusion Act ( 1882 ) a law passed by Congress that banned Chinese from immigrating to the United States for 10 years ( 593 ) Ley de Exclusion de Chinos ( 1882 ) ley por el que la de chinos a por un de 10 anos ( 593 ) Trail a trail that ran from San Antonio , Texas , to Abilene , Kansas , established by Jesse in the late for cattle drives ( 549 ) Camino de camino por Jesse a de la de 1860 que iba desde San Antonio , Texas hasta Abilene , Kansas , para de ( 549 ) Civil Rights Act of 1866 a law that gave African cans legal rights equal to those of white Americans ( 520 ) Ley de de 1866 ley que daba a los a los que los de raza blanca ( 520 ) the first commercial boat developed by Robert Fulton and tested in 1807 ( 359 ) primer barco comercial de vapor de grandes , por Robert Fulton en 1807 ( 359 ) collective bargaining a technique used by labor unions in which workers act collectively to change working conditions or wages ( 586 ) por los en el que los para cambiar las los ( 586 ) Columbian Exchange the transfer of plants , animals , and diseases between the Americas and Europe , Asia , and Africa ( 18 ) de plantas , males entre America Europa , Asia Africa ( 18 ) Committees of Correspondence committees created by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in the to help towns and colonies share information about resisting British laws ( 65 ) de por la Camara de de Massachusetts en la de 1760 para que que los a a las ( 65 ) movement a social reform effort that began in the and promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background ( 412 ) de social a del para la idea de que todos los ninos debian en un lugar sin su clase social ( 412 ) Common Sense ( 1776 ) a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain ( 83 ) 1776 ) escrito por Thomas Paine en el que a las con el fin de a los de la de de Gran ( 83 ) Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay proposed agreement that allowed California to enter the Union as a free state and divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty ( 441 ) Acuerdo de 1850 acuerdo por Henry Clay en que se a California en la Union como estado libre se la division del resto del por Mexico en dos partes donde la seria por lar ( 441 ) Compromise an agreement to settle the disputed presidential election of 1876 Democrats agreed to accept Republican Rutherford Hayes as president in return for the removal of federal troops from the South ( 527 ) Acuerdo de 1877 acuerdo en el que se la de las de 1876 los al Rutherford Hayes como presidente a cambio del de las federales del Sur ( 527 ) Lode Nevada gold and silver mine discovered by Henry in 1859 ( 547 ) veta de de oro plata en Nevada por Henry en 1859 ( 547 ) Confederate States of America the nation formed by the southern states when they seceded from the Union also known as the Confederacy ( 458 ) de por los del Sur cuando se de la Union como ( 458 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY an VI in VI '
ill a in III Declaration of de conquistador a Spanish soldier and explorer who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain ( 20 ) conquistador soldado espanol que en America en nombre de ( 20 ) consul general chief diplomat ( 644 ) consul general jefe ( 644 ) constitution a set of basic principles that determines the powers and duties of a government ( 115 ) de que los las de un ( 115 ) Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) a meeting held in Philadelphia at which delegates from the states wrote the Constitution ( 126 ) 1787 ) en en el que de los la ( 126 ) Constitutional Union Party a political party formed in 1860 by a group of and southerners who supported the Union , its laws , and the Constitution ( 457 ) por la Union politico en 1860 por del Norte del Sur en de la Union , sus la ( Continental Army the army created by the Second Congress in 1775 to defend the American colonies from Britain ( 80 ) Continental por el Segundo Continental en 1775 para defender las del . 80 ) contraband an escaped slave who joined the Union army during the Civil War ( 493 ) en un pais de ma ilegal que que se unio al de la Union durante la Guerra Civil ( 493 ) Convention of 1818 an agreement between the United States and Great Britain that settled fishing rights and established new North American borders ( 260 ) de 1818 acuerdo entre Gran para los de las ( 260 ) Copperheads a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War ( 494 ) copperheads grupo de del Norte que se a la de la ban con las durante la Guerra Civil ( 494 ) corporation a business that sells portions of ownership called stock shares ( 579 ) que vende partes de la misma ( 579 ) cotton belt a region stretching from South Carolina to east Texas where most cotton was produced ing the ( 379 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY region zona que se desde Carolina del Sur hasta el este de Texas , en la que se la mayor parte del en a del ( 379 ) cotton diplomacy Confederate efforts to use the of southern cotton to Britain textile industry to persuade the British to support the Confederacy in the Civil War ( 475 ) del de la por la del del Sur en la para a Gran de su causa durante la Guerra Civil ( 475 ) cotton gin a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from cotton ized the cotton industry ( 377 ) de por Eli Whitney en 1793 para las de de las semillas la del ( culture the common values and traditions of a society , such as language , government , and family ships ( de una dad , como el , la forma de las ( Cumberland Road the first federal road project , of which began in 1815 ran from , Maryland , to Wheeling , West Virginia ( 265 ) camino de Cumberland primer federal de de , en 1815 para un camino entre Cumberland , Maryland el que lleva el nombre de ing , en Virginia Occidental ( 265 ) Jim Dawes General Allotment Act ( 1887 ) legislation passed by Congress that split up Indian reservation lands among individual Indians and promised them ( 558 ) Ley de Adjudication General de Dawes ( 1887 ) ley por el que el de las entre sus les la ( 558 ) Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) the document written to declare the colonies free from British rule ( 84 ) de ( 1776 ) para la de las del ( 84 ) Declaration of Sentiments ( 1848 ) a statement ten and signed by women rights supporters at the Seneca Falls Convention detailed their beliefs about social injustice against women ( 426 )
Declaration of de Emancipation de de ( 1848 ) por una serie de personas en de los de la mujer durante la de Seneca Falls , en la que se con su punto de vista sobre las que a las mujeres ( 426 ) a decrease in money supply and overall lower prices ( 564 ) de la del dinero baja general en los ( 564 ) Democratic Party a political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824 ( 285 ) politico por de Andrew Jackson de las de 1824 ( 285 ) Party a political party founded in the by Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and other leaders who wanted to preserve the power of the state governments and promote agriculture ( 212 ) politico en la de 1790 por Thomas Jefferson , James Madison otros politicos con el de el poder de los mover la ( 212 ) department store giant retail shop ( 596 ) por grandes de al publico ( 596 ) deport to send an immigrant back to his or her country of origin ( 184 ) a un de a su pais de ( 184 ) depression a steep drop in economic activity combined with rising unemployment ( 123 ) considerable en la , con un en el ( 123 ) direct primary a procedure for direct selection of dates by voters instead of by party leaders ( 613 ) de en el que los ( no los de los ) a los ( 613 ) dollar diplomacy President Taft policy of Latin America through economic rather than intervention ( 65 ) del por el presidente Taft para en los de la en lugar de la militar ( 65 ) Donner party a group of western travelers who were stranded in the Sierra Nevada during the winter of only 45 of the party 87 members survived ( 327 ) grupo Donner grupo de del Oeste dos en la Sierra Nevada durante el de solo 45 de los 87 ( 327 ) the act of trying a person twice for the same crime ( 180 ) doble de a una persona dos veces por el mismo ( 180 ) draft a system of required service in the armed forces ( 185 ) conscription de en las armadas ( 185 ) Scott ( 1857 ) a slave whose court case led to a Supreme Court ruling that declared African Americans were not citizens , that the Missouri Compromise restriction on slavery was , and that Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory ( 451 ) Scott ( 1857 ) que fue con una decision de la en la que se que los no ser de , que las de la en el Acuerdo de Missouri eran que el no tenia derecho de la en ninguna parte del federal ( 451 ) dry farming a method of farming used by Plains farmers in the that shifted focus from crops to more hardy crops ( 561 ) sin de que los de las en la de 1890 que un cambio de los que del agua a otros mas ( 561 ) due process the fair application of the law ( 180 ) justa de la ley ( 180 ) Jim Eighteenth Amendment ( 1919 ) a constitutional ment that outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States repealed in 1933 ( 623 ) 1919 ) que la de en en 1933 ( 623 ) electoral college a group of people selected from each of the states to cast votes in presidential elections ( 196 ) electoral grupo de personas en cada estado para en las ( 196 ) emancipation freeing of the slaves ( 491 ) de los ( 491 ) Emancipation Proclamation ( 1862 ) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union took effect January , 1863 ( 49 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY an on on on '
Vi Vi . Ill in III Emancipation de de Emancipation ( 1862 ) por el presidente Abraham Lincoln para a los en las areas que contra la Union en vigor el primero de de 1863 ( 491 ) embargo the banning of trade with a country ( 241 ) embargo del con un pais ( 241 ) Embargo Act ( 1807 ) a law that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries ( 241 ) Ley de Embargo ( 1807 ) ley que a los con otros ( 241 ) eminent domain the governments power to take sonal property to the public ( 180 ) derecho de poder al para tomar por el bien ( 180 ) agents who were contracted by the can republic to bring settlers to Texas in the early ( 12 ) personas por la para personas que en Texas a del ( 312 ) encomienda system a system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and converting them to Christianity ( 22 ) de encomienda en la America que a los a los trabajo a cambio de su de al . 22 ) English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) a shift of political power from the British monarchy to Parliament ( 55 , 114 ) de ( 1689 ) cambio del poder politico de la al Parlamento ( 55 , 114 ) Enlightenment the Age of Reason movement that began in Europe in the as people began the natural world , society , and government ( 59 ) Era de la Razon en Europa en el XVIII cuando las personas a mas sobre la , la el ( 59 ) entrepreneur a person who organizes , operates , and assumes the risk for a business venture ( 380 ) persona que , opera asume el de un nuevo ( 380 ) environment the climate and landscape that surrounds living things ( medio el donde habitan ( Era of Good Feelings a period of peace , pride , and ress for the United States from 1815 to 1825 ( 265 ) Era de los buenos de paz , de los de 1815 a 1825 ( 265 ) Erie Canal the canal that runs from Albany to Buffalo , New York completed in 1825 ( 265 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY canal de Erie canal que Va de Albany a , en el estado de Nueva York en 1825 ( 265 ) executive branch the division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments enforces the nations laws ( 129 ) poder division del federal que al presidente a los el de las de la ( 129 ) executive orders directives issued by the president in certain circumstances executive orders have the force of congressional law ( 147 ) no por el presidente de en tienen la misma que las del ( 147 ) African Americans who settled western lands in the late ( 561 ) del que se ron en el Oeste a del ( 561 ) Em factor a crop broker who managed the trade between planters and their customers ( 379 ) que el comercial entre las del Sur sus ( 379 ) federal system a system that divided powers between the states and the federal government ( 144 ) federal en el que se el er entre los el federal ( 144 ) federalism system of government in which power is distributed between a central government and individual states ( 129 ) de de en el que el poder esta entre una dad ( 129 ) a series of essays that defended and explained the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the proposed national government ( 133 ) Federalist Papers serie de que la con el de que los de que el no sobre el de los ( 133 ) Federalist Party a political party created in the and by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade ( 212 ) politico en la da de 1790 las ideas de Alexander ton para al federal la el comercial ( 212 ) Federalists people who supported ratification of the Constitution ( 132 ) personas que la de la ( 132 )
Fifteenth Gettysburg Add de Gettysburg Fifteenth Amendment ( 1870 ) a constitutional ment that gave African American men the right to vote ( 523 ) 1870 ) que a los hombres el derecho al ( 523 ) Massachusetts Infantry African American Civil War regiment that captured Fort Wagner in South Carolina ( 493 ) de de Massachusetts de la Guerra Civil por soldados que tomo el fuerte Wagner en Carolina del Sur ( 493 ) First Battle of Bull Run ( 1861 ) the first major battle of the Civil War , resulting in a Confederate victory showed that the Civil War would not be won easily ( 479 ) primera de Bull Run ( 1861 ) primera importante de la Guerra Civil , en la cual el la Victoria en esta se que de los la guerra con ( 479 ) First Continental Congress ( 1774 ) a meeting of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to decide how to respond to the closing of Boston Harbor , increased taxes , and abuses of authority by the British government gates petitioned King George 111 , listing the freedoms they believed colonists should enjoy ( 78 ) Primer Continental ( 1774 ) de de las en para como al del puerto de Boston , al de a los de la los una serie de al rey Jorge III , los que para los ( 78 ) folktale a story that often provides a moral lesson ( 389 ) popular que con una ( 389 ) Fort a federal outpost in Charleston , South Carolina , that was attacked by the Confederates in April 1861 , sparking the Civil War ( 473 ) fuerte de federal en ton , Carolina del Sur , por parte de los en de 1861 dio a la Guerra Civil ( 473 ) a who moved to California ing the gold rush ( 327 ) de oro que a California durante la del oro ( 327 ) Fourteenth Amendment ( 1866 ) a constitutional ment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States , except for American Indians ( 521 ) 1866 ) que de a todas las personas en , con de los ( 521 ) Freedmen Bureau an agency established by Congress in 1865 to help poor people throughout the South ( 16 ) de por el en 1865 para ayudar a los del Sur del pais ( 516 ) Freeport Doctrine ( 1858 ) a statement made by Stephen Douglas during the debates that pointed out how people could use popular to determine if their state or territory should permit slavery ( 454 ) de Freeport ( 1858 ) por Stephen Douglas durante los debates Douglas que que el pueblo podia usar la popular para si su estado la ( 454 ) Party a political party formed in 1848 by slavery northerners who left the Whig and parties because neither addressed the slavery issue ( 439 ) Tierra Libre politico en 1848 por de los del Norte que al Whig al porque de los dos esta causa ( 439 ) French Revolution French rebellion that began in 1789 in which the French people overthrew the monarchy and made their country a republic ( 205 ) rebelion en 1789 en la que la poblacion la el pais en una ( 205 ) frontier an undeveloped area ( 546 ) frontera area sin ( 546 ) Fugitive Slave Act ( 1850 ) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders ( 441 ) Ley de ( 1850 ) ley que como el ayudar a un a de su amo , de la de en donde la era ilegal para a sus ( 441 ) Em Purchase ( 1853 ) purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of day Arizona and New Mexico ( 323 ) de ( 1853 ) por parte del de de que la region por el sur de Arizona Nuevo Mexico ( 323 ) Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War ( 500 ) de Gettysburg ( 1863 ) por Abraham Lincoln en el que la de las de la Union su de en la Guerra Civil ( 500 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY in '
III a III Ghost de las Espiritus a politico Ghost Dance a religious movement among Native Americans that spread across the Plains in the 18805 ( 558 ) de los Espiritus de los que se por la region de las en la de 1880 ( 558 ) Gibbons Ogden ( 1824 ) a Supreme Court ruling that reinforced the federal government authority over the states ( 359 ) Gibbons contra Ogden ( 1824 ) de la que la del federal sobre los ( 359 ) Great Awakening a religious movement that became widespread in the American colonies in the and 17405 ( 58 ) Gran que gran en las en las de 1730 1740 ( 58 ) Great Compromise ( 1787 ) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention establishing that a state population would determine representation in the lower house of the legislature , while each state would have equal representation in the upper house of the legislature ( 127 ) Gran Acuerdo ( 1787 ) acuerdo durante la en el que se que la de un estado debe su en la camara baja de la que cada estado debe tener igual en la camara alta de ( 127 ) Jim habeas corpus the constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment ( 494 ) habeas corpus contra el ilegal ( 494 ) Hartford Convention ( 1815 ) a meeting of Federalists at Hartford , Connecticut , to protest the War of 1812 ( 249 ) de Hartford ( 1815 ) de en Hartford , Connecticut , para por la Guerra de 1812 ( 249 ) Treaty ( 1903 ) an identical treaty to the earlier Treaty except that it widened the Panama Canal zone to 10 miles ( 653 ) de ( 1903 ) al anterior , con la de que la zona del canal de Panama a 10 ( 653 ) Treaty ( 1903 ) an agreement that the United States would pay Colombia 10 million plus a year for a lease on a strip of land across the Isthmus of Panama ( 653 ) de ( 1903 ) acuerdo que que 10 de dolares mas al ano a Colombia por una de 99 para en el del canal que el de Panama ( 653 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Haymarket Riot a riot that broke out at Haymarket Square in Chicago over the deaths of two strikers ( 586 ) de Haymarket que se en la Plaza Haymarket de Chicago por la muerte de dos ( 586 ) Homestead Act ( 1862 ) a law passed by Congress to encourage settlement in the West by giving land to small farmers ( 560 ) Ley de de ( 1862 ) ley por el para la del Oeste la de a ( 560 ) Homestead strike ( 1892 ) a strike at Andrew Homestead steel factory in Pennsylvania that erupted in violence between strikers and private detectives ( 587 ) de Homestead ( 1892 ) en la de de Andrew Carnegie en Homestead , que de entre detectives ( 587 ) horizontal integration owning all the businesses in a certain ( 581 ) integration horizontal de todas las que en un campo ( 581 ) Hudson River school a group of American artists in the whose paintings focused on the American landscape ( 272 ) del Rio Hudson grupo de a del cuya obra tra del ( 272 ) Hull House a settlement house founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 ( 597 ) Hull Casa casa de a la dada por Jane Addams Ellen Gates Starr en 1889 ( a person who hunts animals and ers wild plants to provide for his or her needs ( cazador persona que caza plantas para sus ( Jim immigrant a person who moves to another country after leaving his or her homeland ( 42 , 184 ) persona que su pais para en un pais ( 42 , 184 ) Immigration Restriction League a group founded in 1894 by who made demands intended to reduce immigration ( 593 ) de de grupo en 1894 por que a la de la ( 593 ) impeach to bring charges against ( 146 ) a politico cargos en contra de un ( 146 )
politico impeachment the process used by a legislative body to bring charges of wrongdoing against a public ( 522 ) politico por el cual se cargos en contra de un publico ( 522 ) imperialism the practice of extending a nation power by gaining territories for a colonial empire ( 640 ) en la que una su poder la de para un colonial ( 640 ) impressment the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy led to increased tensions between Great Britain and the United States in the early 18005 ( 241 ) que alas personas a servir en el la marina las entre Gran a del ( 241 ) indentured servant a colonist who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years ( 38 ) que un a a cambio de trabajar sin por ( 38 ) Indian Removal Act ( 1830 ) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River ( 294 ) Ley de de ( 1830 ) ley por el que la expulsion de los que al este del rio Mississippi ( 294 ) Indian Territory an area covering most of Oklahoma to which most Native Americans in the Southeast were forced to move in the 18305 ( 294 ) Indigena area que la mayor parte del actual estado de Oklahoma a la que la de las del fueron a durante la de 1830 ( 294 ) indict to formally accuse ( 180 ) 180 ) industrialist a person owning or engaged in the of an industry ( 580 ) industrial persona que es de una que en su ( 580 ) Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the ( 347 ) industrial de rapido al uso de en la a del XVIII ( 347 ) Industrial Workers of the World ( a union founded in 1905 by socialists and union leaders that included workers not welcomed in the ( 619 ) del Mundo ( por sus en ) en 1905 por que a los que no la del Trabajo ( 619 ) increased prices for goods and services with the reduced value of money ( 25 ) en los de los al mismo tiempo que se produce una del dinero ( 25 ) initiative a method of allowing voters to propose a new law if enough signatures are collected on a petition ( 613 ) que permite a los ner una nueva ley la de para una ( 613 ) interchangeable parts a process developed by Eli ney in the 17905 that called for making each part of a machine exactly the same ( 349 ) por Eli Whitney en la de 1790 para que las de todas las exactamente ( 349 ) interest group a group of people who share common interests for political action ( 186 ) grupo de de personas que en lo que a ( 186 ) interstate commerce trade between two or more states ( 122 ) comercial entre dos mas ( 122 ) Intolerable Acts ( 1774 ) laws passed by Parliament to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party and to tighten government control of the colonies ( 68 ) Ley de ( 1774 ) serie de por el Parlamento para a los nos que en el del Te de Boston para su control sobre las ( 68 ) ironclad a warship that is heavily armored with iron ( 482 ) de guerra con ( 482 ) Iroquois League a political confederation of five northeastern Native American nations of the Seneca , Mohawk , and Onondaga that made decisions concerning war and peace ( 11 ) de por cinco del de ( los , los , los mohawks , los los ) para tomar con de guerra de paz ( 11 ) isolationism a national policy of avoiding involvement in other countries affairs ( 641 ) la cual una en los de otras ( 64 ) Jim Democracy support for an increase in voting rights by lowering property requirements , abolishing the National Bank , and encouraging westward expansion ( 285 ) de una del derecho al la de de , la del Banco la expansion hacia el oeste ( 285 ) an III III III ' ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY
Ill III legislative Jamestown the first colony in America set up in 1607 along the James River Virginia ( 36 ) Jamestown primera colonia en 1607 a lo largo del rio James en Virginia ( 36 ) Jay Treaty ( 1794 ) an agreement negotiated by John Jay to work out problems between Britain and the United States over northwestern lands , British seizure of ships , and debts owed to the British ( 207 ) de Jay ( 1794 ) acuerdo por John Jay para resolver los problemas entre Gran por los del , por la de , por las con los ( 207 ) Jim Crow law a law that enforced segregation in the southern states ( 528 ) ley de Jim Crow ley que la en los del Sur ( 528 ) John Brown raid ( 1859 ) an incident in which ist John Brown and 21 other men captured a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry , Virginia , in hope of starting a slave rebellion ( 455 ) de John Brown ( 1859 ) en el que el John Brown otros 21 hombres se de un arsenal federal en Harpers Ferry , Virginia , con la esperanza de una rebelion de ( 455 ) company a business formed by a group of people who jointly make an investment and share in the and losses ( 13 ) por por un grupo de personas que una inversion las las ( 13 ) judicial branch the division of the federal ment that is made up of the national courts laws , punishes criminals , and settles disputes between states ( 129 ) division del federal mada por las cortes de las , a los las entre ( 129 ) judicial review the Supreme Court power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional ( 232 ) de poder de la para las del ( 232 ) Judiciary Act of 1789 legislation passed by Congress that created the federal court system ( 198 ) Ley de de 1789 por el para el federal de ( 198 ) Jim Act ( 1854 ) a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery ( 447 ) Ley de Kansas Nebraska ( 1854 ) ley que a los de Kansas Nebraska la cion de la ( 447 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions ( Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional ( 215 ) de Kentucky ( mentos que el caracter de las de No ( 215 ) Kitchen Cabinet President Andrew Jackson group of informal advisers so called because they often met in the White House kitchen ( 286 ) de la grupo informal de del presidente Andrew Jackson asi porque en la de la Casa Blanca ( 286 ) Knights of Labor secret society that became the first truly national labor union in the United States ( 585 ) Knights secreta que se en el primer en ( 585 ) Party a political organization founded 1849 by who supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens and to hold ( 402 ) de los en 1849 por un grupo de que a los de otros la de la su en cargos ( 402 ) Ku Klux Klan a secret society created by white ers in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights ( 526 ) Ku Klux Klan secreta en 1866 por personas de raza blanca del Sur que el terror la para que los ( 526 ) Jim the theory that the economy works best with as few regulations as possible ( 606 ) de que la mejor si tiene los ( 606 ) Land Ordinance of 1785 legislation passed by Congress authorizing surveys and the division of public lands in the western region of the country ( 117 ) de de 1785 por el en el que se las nes de la division de en el oeste del pais ( 117 ) legislative branch the division of the government that proposes bills and passes them into laws ( 129 ) poder division del federal que propone de ley los somete a para en ( 129 )
Lewis and Clark de Lewis Clark Lewis and Clark expedition an expedition led by wether Lewis and William Clark that began in 1804 to explore the Louisiana Purchase ( 23 ) de Lewis Clark por Meriwether Lewis William Clark que en 1804 para el en la pra de Louisiana ( 23 ) debates a series of debates between Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen Douglas during the 1858 Senate campaign in Illinois ( 453 ) debates serie de debates entre el Abraham Lincoln el Douglas durante la campana de 1858 para el en Illinois ( 453 ) New York ( 1905 ) Supreme Court case that ruled that states could not restrict the rights of employers and workers to enter into any labor ment they wished ( 619 ) contra Nueva York ( 1905 ) caso de la que que los no el derecho de los los de el acuerdo que ( 619 ) Long Walk ( 1864 ) a march made by Navajo captives to a reservation in Redondo , New Mexico , that led to the deaths of hundreds of Navajo ( 557 ) La ( 1864 ) de 300 que hizo un grupo de hasta una indigena en Redondo , Nuevo Mexico , en la que de ellos ( 55 ) loose construction a way of interpreting the that allows the federal government to take actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking ( 204 ) de la que permite al federal tomar nes que el mismo no de manera ( 204 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) the purchase of French land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains that doubled the size of the United States ( 236 ) de ( 1803 ) del entre el rio Mississippi las , que el del de ( 236 ) Lowell system the use of textile mills that employed young , unmarried women in the 18005 ( 354 ) de Lowell el uso de de agua en la , que dio a muchas mujeres en el ( 354 ) Loyalists colonists who sided with Britain in the can Revolution ( 84 ) que la causa durante la Guerra de . 84 ) Em Magna Carta ( 1215 ) a charter of liberties agreed to by King John of England , it made the king obey the same laws as citizens ( 114 ) Carta Magna ( 1215 ) carta de , por el rey Juan de , que que el rey las que el resto de los nos ( 114 ) majority rule the idea that policies are decided by the greatest number of people ( 178 ) principio de la idea de que las se en de lo que el mayor numero de personas ( 178 ) manifest destiny a belief shared by many Americans in the that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean ( 316 ) destino de muchos a del de que por todo el hasta el ( 316 ) Madison ( 1803 ) Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review ( 232 ) contra Madison ( 1803 ) caso de la que dio al de ( 232 ) Massacre at Wounded Knee ( 1890 ) the Army ing of approximately 150 Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota ended wars on the Plains ( 557 ) matanza Knee ( 1890 ) matanza de 150 indios en Wounded Knee Creek , Dakota del Sur dio por las entre en las ( 55 ) mass culture leisure and cultural activities shared by many people ( 595 ) de de res entre mucha gente ( 595 ) mass production the efficient production of large bers of identical goods ( 349 ) en masa de grandes de ( 349 ) mass transit public transportation ( 595 ) publico ( 595 ) Compact ( 1620 ) a document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for ( 43 ) del ( 1620 ) por los en el que se en una los para a si ( 43 ) Maryland ( 1819 ) Supreme Court case that declared the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional and that Maryland could not interfere with it ( 292 ) contra Maryland ( 1819 ) caso de la que que el Segundo Banco de la era que Maryland no podia en sus ( 292 ) mercenaries hired foreign soldiers ( 92 ) soldados a ( 92 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY an VI in VI '
Ill in III Mexican National Woman de la Mujer Mexican Revolution a revolution led by Francisco 1910 that eventually forced the Mexican dictator Diaz to resign ( 660 ) en 1910 por Francisco , que al Diaz a ( 660 ) middle class the social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor ( 402 ) clase media social entre la clase rica la clase pobre ( 402 ) Middle Passage a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies ( 58 ) Paso Central viaje a del para a a las ( 58 ) migration the movement of people from one region to another ( de personas de una region a otra ( minutemen American colonial militia members ready to at a minute notice ( 79 ) de la en la colonial que estaban para en cualquier momento si la lo ( 79 ) Missouri Compromise ( 1820 ) an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of latitude ( 267 ) Acuerdo de Missouri ( 1820 ) acuerdo por Henry Clay en el que se a Missouri en la Union Como estado a Maine como estado libre , de la en los rios al norte del ( 267 ) Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) President James Monroe ment forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility ( 262 ) Monroe ( 1823 ) por el presidente James Monroe en la que se la del americano a partir de entonces , cualquier de por parte de un pais como de ( 262 ) Mormon a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Saints ( 311 ) de la Iglesia de de los Santos de los Dias ( 311 ) Act ( 1862 ) a federal law passed by Congress that gave land to western states to encourage them to build colleges ( 560 ) Ley de ( 1862 ) ley federal por el para a los del Oeste con el fin de la de ( 560 ) Morse code a system developed by Alfred Lewis Vail for the telegraph that used a certain combination of dots and dashes to represent each letter of the alphabet ( 365 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY clave Morse por Alfred Lewis Vail para el en el que una de cada del ( 365 ) mountain men men hired by eastern companies to trap animals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and other western regions of the United States ( 308 ) hombres por del este para sus en las en otras del oeste de ( 308 ) muckrakers a term coined for journalists who raked up and exposed corruption and problems of society ( 610 ) muckrakers para a los que se a la los problemas de la ( 610 ) JIM National American Woman Suffrage Association ( an organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan Anthony in 1890 to obtain women right to vote ( 623 ) para el ( por sus en ) en 1890 por Elizabeth Cady ton Susan Anthony para el derecho al de las mujeres ( 623 ) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) an organization founded in 1909 by . Du Bois and other reformers to bring tion to racial inequality ( 625 ) para el de la Gente de Color ( NAACP , por sus en ) en 1909 por . Du Bois otros para llamar la sobre la racial ( 625 ) national debt the total amount of money owed by a country to its lenders ( 200 ) de dinero que un pais debe a sus ( 200 ) National Grange a social and educational organization for farmers ( 563 ) National Grange social para los ( 563 ) nationalism a sense of pride and devotion to a nation ( 264 ) de a una ( 264 ) National Woman Party ( a women suffrage organization that used more aggressive means than the National American Woman Suffrage Association to attain its goals ( 624 ) de la Mujer ( por sus en ) a favor del que mas que la para el para sus ( 624 )
Oregon de Oregon citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them ( 402 ) que se a la de porque de ellos que se de sus ( 402 ) Nat Turner Rebellion ( 1831 ) a rebellion in which Nat led a group of slaves in Virginia in an attempt to overthrow and kill planter families ( 390 ) Rebelion de ( 1831 ) rebelion de un grupo de por Nat Turner en Virginia en un de a los de a sus ( 390 ) naturalized citizen a person born in another country who has been granted citizenship in the United States ( 184 ) persona en otro pais que ha la ( 184 ) Neutrality Proclamation ( 1793 ) a statement made by President George Washington that the United States would not side with any of the nations at war in Europe following the French Revolution ( 206 ) de ( 1793 ) en la que el presidente George Washington que no seria de ninguna de las en guerra de la ( 206 ) new immigrant a term often used for an immigrant who arrived in the United States beginning in the ( 588 ) nuevo a menudo para a los que a dos a partir de la de 1880 ( 588 ) New Jersey Plan a proposal to create a unicameral with equal representation of states rather than representation by population rejected at the Convention ( 127 ) Plan de Nueva Jersey para la de un con una sola camara que con la misma por parte de cada estado , sin en el de su la esta fue en la ( 127 ) Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) a constitutional ment that gave women the vote ( 624 ) 1920 ) que a la mujer el derecho al ( 624 ) nominating conventions a meeting at which a cal party selects its presidential and vice presidential candidate held in the 18205 ( 285 ) de en el que un politico a sus a la presidencia la se por primera vez en la de 1820 ( 285 ) Act ( 1809 ) a law that replaced the Embargo Act and restored trade with all nations except Britain , France , and their colonies ( 242 ) Ley de No ( 1809 ) ley que a la Ley de Embargo , el con todas las , Gran , sus ( 242 ) Northwest Ordinance of 1787 legislation passed by to establish a political structure for the west Territory and create a system for the admission of new states ( 117 ) del de 1787 ley por el para una en el del un de sion de ( 117 ) Northwest Passage a nonexistent path through North America that early explorers searched for that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Ocean ( del por muchos a lo largo de para en barco del al ( 17 ) Northwest Territory lands including Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin organized by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 ( 117 ) del del que los de Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio Wisconsin por la za del de 1787 ( 117 ) crisis a dispute led byJohn Calhoun that said that states could ignore federal laws if they believed those laws violated the Constitution ( 290 ) crisis de por John Calhoun que que los hacer caso a las federales si que dichas la ( 290 ) Jim old immigrant a term often used for an immigrant who arrived in the United States before the ( 588 ) a menudo para a los que a antes de la de 1880 ( 588 ) Open Door Policy a policy established by the United States in 1899 to promote equal access for all nations to trade in China ( 644 ) de por en 1899 para el por igual a todas las al comercial con China ( 644 ) Oregon Trail a trail stretching through the Great Plains from western Missouri to the Oregon Territory ( 310 ) Camino de Oregon de que las Grandes desde el oeste de Missouri hasta el de Oregon ( 310 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY an on on on '
III a III poll electoral Jim the Americans who crossed from Asia into North America sometime between and ac ( de que de Asia a entre el el ( Panama Canal an waterway across the Isthmus of Panama completed by the United States in 1914 ( 655 ) canal de Panama canal que el de Panama su en 1914 ( 655 ) Panic of 1837 a crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression ( 293 ) de 1837 crisis en que una ( 293 ) pardon freedom from punishment ( 147 ) indulto de un ( 147 ) patent an exclusive right to make or sell an invention ( 76 ) derecho de para la de un ( 576 ) Patriots American colonists who fought for from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War ( 84 ) que para de Gran durante la Guerra de ( 84 ) Civil Service Act ( 1883 ) a law applying a merit system controlled by the Civil Service Commission to federal government jobs ( 608 ) Ley de ( 1883 ) ley que un de por la de para en el federal ( 608 ) petition to make a formal request of the government ( 179 ) hacer una formal al ( 79 ) Pickett Charge ( 1863 ) a failed Confederate attack ing the Civil War led by General George Pickett at the Battle of Gettysburg ( 499 ) de Pickett ( 1863 ) del , al mando del general George Pickett , en la de Gettysburg durante la Guerra Civil ( 499 ) Pilgrim a member of a Puritan Separatist sect that left England the early to settle the Americas ( 42 ) de una secta que de a del XVII para en America ( 42 ) Treaty ( 1795 ) an agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans ( 207 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY de ( 1795 ) acuerdo entre que los de Florida a los el uso del puerto de Nueva Orleans ( 207 ) placer miner a person who mines for gold by using pans or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel ( 328 ) de oro con batea persona que busca oro con otros para lavar las de oro de las piedras la del de un rio ( 328 ) plantation a large farm that usually specialized in ing one kind of crop for ( 23 ) gran que por lo general se liza en un para ( 23 ) planter a farmer who held more than 20 slaves ( 378 ) agricultor a gran que tenia mas de 20 ( 378 ) Platt Amendment a part of the Cuban constitution drafted under the supervision of the United States that limited Cuba right to make treaties , gave the the right to intervene in Cuban affairs , and required Cuba to sell or lease land to the ( 650 ) Platt parte de la fue bajo la supervision de que el derecho de Cuba a , a el derecho de en los cubanos a Cuba vender a ( 650 ) Ferguson ( 1896 ) Supreme Court case that established the doctrine for public facilities ( 529 ) contra Ferguson ( 1896 ) caso en el que la la de pero en los ( 529 ) political action committee ( PAC ) an organization that collects money to distribute to candidates who port the same issues as the contributors ( 186 ) de ( PAC , por sus en ) que dinero para entre los que los que los ( 186 ) political machine a powerful organization that city and county politics the late 18005 ( 606 ) que en la municipal del a les del ( 606 ) political party a group of people who organize to help elect government and govemment policies ( 212 ) politico grupo de personas que se para la de los del en las ( 212 ) poll tax a special tax that a person had to pay in order to vote ( 528 ) electoral especial que pagar una persona para poder ( 528 )
Pony Pony Express Pony Express a system of messengers that carried mail between relay stations on a route miles long 1860 and 1861 ( 550 ) Pony Express de que el entre de a lo largo de una de entre 1860 1861 ( 550 ) the idea that political authority belongs to the people ( 129 , 438 ) popular idea de que la al pueblo ( 129 , 438 ) Populist Party a political party formed in 1892 that ported free coinage of silver , work reforms , tion restrictions , and government ownership of roads and telegraph and telephone systems ( 564 ) politico en 1892 que la libre de de plata , de al la de los , 564 ) Massacre ( 1856 ) an incident which abolitionist John Brown and seven other men ( 449 ) matanza de ( 1856 ) en el que el John Brown siete hombres mas a de Kansas que la ( 449 ) precedent an action or decision that later serves as an example ( 197 ) decision que mas tarde de ( 197 ) printing press a machine that produces printed copies ( 25 ) que produce . 25 ) privateer a private ship authorized by a nation to attack its enemies ( 206 ) barco por una para a sus ( 206 ) progressives a group of reformers who worked to improve social and political problems the late 18005 ( 610 ) grupo de que para resolver problemas politicos a del ( 610 ) prospect to search for gold ( 328 ) buscar oro ( 328 ) Protestant Reformation a religious movement begun by Martin Luther and others in 1517 to reform the Catholic Church ( 25 ) por Martin otros en 1517 para la Iglesia ( 25 ) Protestants reformers who protested certain practices of the Catholic Church ( 25 ) que por de la Iglesia ( 25 ) Pullman Strike ( 1894 ) a railroad strike that ended when President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops ( de Pullman ( 1894 ) de los del que cuando el presidente ver Cleveland a federales ( 587 ) Puritans Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England ( 42 ) que la sia ( 42 ) ET Quakers Society of Friends Protestant sect founded in in England whose members believed that salvation was available to all people ( 50 ) de Amigos secta en la de 1640 en que la estaba al de todos ( 50 ) ET Radical Republicans members of Congress who felt that southern states needed to make great social changes before they could be readmitted to the Union ( 19 ) del de que los del Sur grandes antes de volver a ser en la Union ( 519 ) an official approval ( 116 ) formal ( 116 ) recall a vote to remove an official from ( 613 ) para a un de su cargo ( 613 ) Reconstruction ( the period following the Civil War during which the government worked to reunite the nation and to rebuild the southern states ( 512 ) posterior a la Guerra Civil en el que el de trabajo por la de la la de los del Sur ( 512 ) Reconstruction Acts ( the laws that put the southern states under military control and required them to draft new constitutions upholding the Fourteenth Amendment ( 521 ) de ( que a los del Sur a control militar los a sus , de manera que la ( 521 ) Redcoats British soldiers who fought against the the American Revolution so called because of their bright red uniforms ( 80 ) rojas soldados que contra los en la Guerra de , asi por el color rojo de sus ( 80 ) referendum a procedure that allows voters to approve or reject a law already proposed or passed by ment ( 613 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY an on on on '
. III a III Seventeenth que permite a los para una ley por el ( 613 ) Republican Party a political party formed in the to stop the spread of slavery in the West ( 450 ) politico en la de 1850 para la expansion de la en el Oeste ( 450 ) reservations federal lands set aside for American Indians ( 555 ) federales para los ( 555 ) Rhode Island system a system developed by Samuel Slater in the in which whole families were hired as textile workers and factory work was divided into simple tasks ( 353 ) de Rhode Island por Samuel Slater a del el cual se a para trabajar en la en el que el trabajo de las cas estaba en ( 353 ) Roosevelt Corollary ( 1904 ) Theodore Roosevelt tion to the Monroe Doctrine warning nations in the Americas that if they did pay their debts , the United States would get involved ( 656 ) de Roosevelt ( 1904 ) del dente Theodore Roosevelt a la Monroe a las de America que si no sus , el de ( 656 ) Agreement ( 1817 ) an agreement that limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the United States and British Canada ( 260 ) Acuerdo de ( 1817 ) acuerdo que el poder naval en los Grandes Lagos a de de la Canada ( 260 ) Jim Santa Fe Trail an important trade trail west from , Missouri , to Santa Fe , New Mexico ( 311 ) Camino de Santa Fe importante comercial que va desde Independence , Missouri , hasta Santa Fe , Nuevo Mexico ( 311 ) search warrant a judge order authorizing the search of a person home or property to look for evidence of a crime ( 180 ) orden de orden de un que permite el las de una persona en busca de de un ( 180 ) secession the act of formally withdrawing from the Union ( 458 ) de de la Union ( 458 ) Second Battle of Bull Run ( 1862 ) a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia ( 480 ) de Bull Run ( 1862 ) de la Guerra Civil en la que el ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY a gran parte de las de la Union a el de Virginia ( 480 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 ) a meeting of delegates in Philadelphia to decide how to react to at Lexington and Concord ( 80 ) Segundo Continental ( 1775 ) reunion de en para tomar acerca de la lucha en Lexington Concord ( 80 ) Second Great Awakening a period of religious that began in the and became widespread in the United States by the ( 410 ) Segundo Gran de en la de 1790 que se por para la de 1830 ( 410 ) Second Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growth in manufacturing and industry in the late ( 575 ) industrial de gran en la en la , a del ( 575 ) sectionalism a devotion to the interests of one graphic region over the interests of the country as a whole ( 266 , 439 ) a los de una region no a los de un pais ( 266 , 439 ) segregation the forced separation of people of different races in public places ( 528 ) de personas de en ( 528 ) Seneca Falls Convention ( 1848 ) the first national women rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written ( 426 ) de Seneca Falls ( 1848 ) primera cion a favor de los de la mujer , en la cual se la de ( 426 ) settlement houses neighborhood centers staffed by and volunteers for education , recreation , and social activities in poor areas ( 597 ) casas de la por para , en ( 59 ) Seven Days Battles ( 1862 ) a series of Civil War battles in which Confederate army successes forced the Union army to retreat from Richmond , Virginia , the federate capital ( 480 ) de los Siete Dias ( 1862 ) serie de de la Guerra Civil en las que las del a las de la Union a de Richmond , Virginia , la capital ( 480 ) Seventeenth Amendment ( 1913 ) a constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect senators ( 613 ) 1913 ) que permite a los a los de ( 613 )
de sharecropping a system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops ( 529 ) de en las de la Guerra Civil en el que los las de otra persona a cambio de una de la ( 529 ) Shays Rebellion ( an uprising of farmers , led by Daniel Shays , to protest high taxes , heavy debt , and farm foreclosures ( 123 ) Rebelion de Shays ( rebelion de los de Massachusetts , por Daniel Shays , para por los altos , el de sus la de las jas ( 123 ) Sherman Antitrust Act ( 1890 ) a law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free trade ( 582 ) Ley de Sherman ( 1890 ) ley que la de que el libre ( 582 ) Siege of ( 1863 ) the Union army blockade of that led the city to surrender during the Civil War ( 486 ) Sitio ( 1863 ) de seis por el de la Union en para la de esa ciudad durante la Guerra Civil ( 486 ) slave codes laws passed in the colonies to control slaves ( 41 ) de por las para el control de los ( 41 ) social Darwinism a view of society based on Charles Darwin theory of natural selection ( 581 ) social vision de la en la de la natural de Charles Darwin ( 581 ) socialism economic system in which government owns and operates a country means of production ( 619 ) en el que el los de de un pais ( 619 ) society a group of people who live together and share a culture ( grupo de personas que la misma ( sodbusters the name given to Plains farmers who worked hard to break up the region tough sod ( 561 ) sodbusters nombre dado a los de las que se mucho para trabajar el duro de la region ( 561 ) Spanish Armada a large Spanish defeated by land in 1588 ( 25 ) Armada gran que fue por las de en 1588 ( speculator an investor who buys items at low prices in hope that their values will rise ( 201 ) que a con la esperanza de que su valor ( 201 ) sphere of an area where foreign countries control trade or natural resources of another nation or area ( 644 ) de area de un pais son por otra area ( 644 ) spirituals emotional Christian songs sung by enslaved people in the South that mixed African and pean elements and usually expressed slaves religious beliefs ( 389 ) con gran por los del Sur que de africano sus ( 389 ) spoils system a politician practice of giving ment jobs to his or her supporters ( 286 ) de de los politicos de a las personas que los ( 286 ) Stamp Act of 1765 a law passed by Parliament that raised tax money by requiring colonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items such as newspapers , licenses , and legal documents ( 66 ) Ley de 1765 ley por el Parlamento para en la que se a los a pagar un timbre cada vez que de papel , como , 66 ) staple crop a crop that is continuously in demand ( 51 ) de ( states rights doctrine the belief that the power of the states should be greater than the power of the federal government ( 290 ) de los de que el poder de los debe ser mayor que el del federal ( steerage the area on a ship in the lower levels where the steering mechanisms were located and where cramped quarters were provided for people who could only afford cheap passage ( 589 ) clase area inferior del casco de un barco en la que se los del timon se muy para las personas que solo comprar un ( 589 ) strict construction a way of interpreting the tion that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take ( 204 ) interpretation de la que solo permite al federal las de manera en ella ( 204 ) strike the refusal of workers to perform their jobs until employers meet their demands ( 356 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY an va '
III a III trade de los a trabajar hasta que sus sus ( 356 ) subsidy a bonus payment ( 642 ) 642 ) suburb a neighborhood outside of a downtown area ( 595 ) en las de una ciudad ( 595 ) suffrage voting rights ( 115 ) derecho al ( 115 ) Em tariff a tax on imports or exports ( 121 ) por los ( 121 ) Tariff of Abominations ( 1828 ) the nickname given to a tariff by who opposed it ( 289 ) de ( 1828 ) dado a un nuevo por los del Sur que se a ( 289 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) a law passed by Parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its tea directly to the colonies , undermining colonial tea merchants led to the Boston Tea Party ( 68 ) Tea del Te ( 1773 ) ley por el mento que le a la British East India Company vender a bajo alas sin , a los locales de esta decision dio al del de Boston ( 68 ) technology the tools used to produce goods or to do work ( 349 ) para un trabajo ( 349 ) telegraph a machine perfected by Samuel Morse 1832 that uses pulses of electric current to send sages across long distances through wires ( 364 ) por Samuel Morse en 1832 que por cables para a grandes ( 364 ) Teller Amendment ( 1898 ) a congressional resolution stating that the had no interest in taking control of Cuba ( 647 ) Teller ( 1898 ) del en la que que no tenia cion de tomar el control de Cuba ( 647 ) temperance movement a social reform effort begun in the to encourage people to drink less alcohol ( 411 ) de de social a del para tar la en el de ( 411 ) Ten Percent Plan President Abraham plan for once 10 percent of voters in a former Confederate state took a loyalty oath , they could form a new state govemment and be readmitted to the Union ( 513 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Plan del Diez por plan de del presidente Abraham Lincoln si el 10 por de los de un estado que habia sido parte de la a la , cho a format un nuevo ser en la Union ( 513 ) tenements poorly built , overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived ( 404 ) casas mal donde Vivian una gran de ( 404 ) textile cloth ( 347 ) 347 ) Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) a constitutional ment that outlawed slavery ( 514 ) 1865 ) que la ( 514 ) Compromise ( 1787 ) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention stating that only of the slaves a state would count when determining its population for representation in the lower house of Congress ( 128 ) Acuerdo de las Tres Partes ( 1787 ) acuerdo durante la en el que se que solamente tres de los en un estado para nar la de ese estado en el ( 128 ) Toleration Act of 1649 a Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed America ( 39 ) Ley de de 1649 ley de Maryland que caba como la de los de los fue la primera ley que la libertad en America ( 39 ) total war a type of war in which an army destroys its opponents ability to by targeting civilian and economic as well as military resources ( 502 ) guerra total tipo de guerra en la que un la de lucha de su a la poblacion civil , la los ( 502 ) totems images of ancestors or animal spirits often carved onto tall , wooden poles by Native American peoples of the Northwest ( 10 ) totems de a menudo en de por los de la costa del ( 10 ) town meeting a political meeting at which people make decisions on local issues used primarily New England ( 55 ) reunion del pueblo reunion en la que los de una poblacion toman sobre locales se en Nueva ( 55 ) trade unions workers organizations that try to improve working conditions ( 356 ) por para sus ( 356 )
Trail of de las Uncle Tom del tio Tom Trail ( an forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory resulted in the deaths of almost fourth of the Cherokee people ( 296 ) de las ( de 800 que la cherokee desde su natal en Georgia hasta el Indigena , en la que la vida casi una cuarta parte del pueblo cherokee ( 296 ) transcendentalism the idea that people could rise above the material things in life a popular movement among New England writers and thinkers in the 18005 ( 405 ) de que las personas de los en la vida popular entre los de Nueva a del ( 405 ) transcontinental railroad a railroad system that crossed the continental United States construction began in 1863 ( 550 ) transcontinental linea que de un a otro su se en 1863 ( 550 ) Transportation Revolution the rapid growth the speed and convenience of transportation ( 358 ) del rapido de la por los de ( 358 ) Treaty of Fort Jackson a treaty signed after the victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend the Creek were forced to give up 23 million acres of their land ( 248 ) del fuerte Jackson que se la victoria de en la de Horseshoe Bend los creek se a ceder 23 de acres de su ( 248 ) Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1851 ) a treaty signed in ming by the United States and northern Plains nations ( 554 ) del fuerte Laramie ( 1851 ) en Wyoming por las nas de las del norte ( 554 ) Treaty of ( 1814 ) a treaty signed by the United States and Britain ending the War of 1812 ( 249 ) de ( 1814 ) por Gran para dar a la Guerra de 1812 ( 249 ) Treaty of Greenville ( 1795 ) an agreement between Native American confederation leaders and the government that gave the United States Indian lands in the Northwest Territory and guaranteed that citizens could safely travel through the region ( 209 ) de Greenville ( 1795 ) acuerdo entre los de la de el que a parte del del la seguridad a los que por esas ( 209 ) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848 ) a treaty that ended the Mexican War and gave the United States much of Mexico northern territory ( 323 ) de Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848 ) que daba por la Guerra contra daba a de gran parte del norte del ( 323 ) Treaty of Medicine Lodge ( 1867 ) an agreement between the government and southern Plains Indians in which the Indians agreed to move onto reservations ( 555 ) de Medicine Lodge ( 1867 ) acuerdo entre el de los de las del sur en el que en el por el para ellos ( 555 ) Treaty of Paris of 1783 a peace agreement that officially ended the Revolutionary War and established British recognition of the independence of the United States ( 101 ) de Paris de 1783 acuerdo de paz que mente daba por la Guerra de cia en el que Gran la de ( 101 ) Iron Works a large iron factory that operated in Richmond , Virginia , in the early to ( 381 ) Iron Works gran de que raba a del en Richmond , Virginia ( 381 ) Triangle Shirtwaist Fire a factory that killed 146 workers trapped the building led to new safety standard laws ( 618 ) de Triangle Shirtwaist de una en la que 146 dos en el este a de seguridad ( 618 ) triangular trade trading networks in which goods and slaves moved among England , the American , and Africa ( 57 ) triangular de de entre , las Africa ( 57 ) trust a number of companies legally grouped under a single board of directors ( 581 ) bajo el mando de un solo ( 581 ) Jim Uncle Tom Cabin ( 1852 ) an antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher that showed northerners the violent reality of slavery and drew many people to the abolitionists cause ( 443 ) La cabana del tic Tom ( 1852 ) por Harriet Beecher que a los del norte del pais la de la hizo que muchos de ellos se a la causa ( 443 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY an on on on '
Ill III Underground Worcester Worcester contra Georgia Underground Railroad a network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places ( 418 ) Tren red de personas que a miles de a al Norte porte para ( 418 ) USS Constitution a large warship ( 240 ) USS Constitution gran de guerra ( 240 ) utopian communities places where people worked to establish a perfect society such communities were popular in the United States during the late and early to ( 406 ) en los que un grupo de personas para una , como las que se en a finales del XVIII dos del ( 406 ) Jim . vaqueros Mexican cowboys in the West who tended cattle and horses ( 319 ) vaqueros que Vivian en el Oeste se la vida ( 19 ) vertical integration the business practice of owning all of the businesses involved in each step of a turing process ( 580 ) vertical de todas las en cada paso de un de ( veto to cancel ( 146 ) 146 ) Virginia Plan ( 1787 ) the plan for government proposed at the Constitutional Convention in which the national government would have supreme power and a legislative branch would have two houses with representation determined by state population ( 126 ) Plan de Virginia ( 1787 ) plan del en la por el que el poder supremo un Poder con dos en las que la de cada estado seria por su poblacion ( 126 ) Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ( 1786 ) a ment that gave people in Virginia freedom of ship and prohibited tax money from being used to fund churches ( 115 ) de Virginia por la Libertad ( 1786 ) que a los de Virginia la libertad de el dinero de para ( 115 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY Em War Hawks members of Congress who wanted to declare war against Britain after the Battle of noe ( 244 ) halcones de guerra del que la de la guerra a Gran la de ( 244 ) Whig Party a political party formed in 1834 by of Andrew Jackson and who supported a strong legislature ( 292 ) Whig politico en 1834 por de Andrew Jackson que una con mucha ( 292 ) Whiskey Rebellion ( 1794 ) a protest of small farmers in Pennsylvania against new taxes on whiskey ( 209 ) del Whisky ( 1794 ) de de contra los tos sobre la de whisky ( 209 ) Campaign ( 1864 ) a series of battles between Union and Confederate forces in northern and central Virginia that delayed the Union capture of Richmond ( 500 ) Campana Wilderness ( 1864 ) serie de entre la Union los en el norte el centro de Virginia que la de Richmond por parte de la Union ( 500 ) Proviso ( 1846 ) a proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the can Cession passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate ( 438 ) de ( 1846 ) de la en el a por la por la Camara de , pero por el ( 438 ) Idea a program of progressive reforms set forth by Robert La to reduce the power of political machines and make state govemment more professional ( 614 ) idea de Wisconsin de por Robert La para el poder de la el de los ( 614 ) Woman Christian Temperance Union ( a reform movement founded in 1874 to prohibit the tion and sale of alcohol ( 623 ) Union de Mujeres por la ( por sus en ) de en 1874 para la cion de ( 623 ) Worcester Georgia ( 1832 ) the Supreme Court ruling that stated that the Cherokee nation was a distinct territory over which only the federal government had authority ignored by both President Andrew Jackson and the state of Georgia ( 296 )
Worcester contra Georgia Worcester contra Georgia ( 1832 ) de la que que la cherokee era un sobre el que solo el federal tenia fue por el presidente Andrew Jackson por el estado de Georgia ( 296 ) workers compensation laws laws which would tee a portion of lost wages to workers injured on the job ( 618 ) de seguro de del trabajo que que se les a los una de su si se durante el de sus ( 618 ) Em XYZ affair ( 1797 ) an incident in which French agents attempted to get a bribe and loans from in exchange for an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships it led to an undeclared naval war between the two countries ( 214 ) XYZ ( 1797 ) en el que rios mos de a cambio de un acuerdo por el cual sus no mas a los una guerra no entre las de ( 214 ) IT yellow journalism the reporting of exaggerated stories in newspapers to increase sales ( 646 ) de en los para las ( 646 ) yeomen owners of small farms ( 384 ) de ( 384 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY an on on on '
KEY TO INDEX chart map 11 photo Reference feature ?
ABC Powers , 661 abolition , 4171 ) 41 , 4201 ) creation of Republican Party and , 450 of , 416 Emancipation Proclamation and , 492 Fugitive Slave Act and , 442 tion to , women rights and , accused rights of the , 181 , Adams , John , 126 , 349 , Boston Massacre and , 67 Declaration of Independence and , 84 , 89 election of 1796 , election of 1800 , 2291 ) as vice president , 197 XYZ Affair , Adams , John Quincy , 261 , election of 1824 , 267 election of 1828 , Fourth ofjuly ( 1821 ) Address , Adams , Samuel , 63 , 132 Boston sacre and , 67 Committees of respondence and , 68 Declaration of Independence and , 89 Sons of Liberty and , 65 , 66 tax revolt and , 67 Acts and , 66 Treaty , 261 , 309 Addams , ane , 597 , 611 adobe , 318 , 325 advisory council , 54 , Africa colonization of , 417 Columbian Exchange and , grants from , slavery and , 57 trade with , triangular trade , Africa Political , African Americans , ist movement and , 4171 ) Black Codes and , in Boston Massacre , 67 civil rights of , in the Civil War , 4921 ) colonization in Africa and , 417 in Congress , 525 , Declaration of Independence and , 85 discrimination and , 385 , Scott decision and , 453 education and , 516 , Emancipation tion and , farming and , 5291 ) Freedmen Bureau and , 516 , 515 , 516 free southern , 385 Fugitive Slave Act and , in Gold Rush , 329 Great Awakening and , 59 Homestead Act and , 560 Jim Crow laws and , 528 Ku Klux Klan and , 526 , Middle Passage and , 58 migration of , 594 Ferguson , 528 ) 529 poll INDEX Index taxes and , 176 , tion of , 405 , Radical Republicans and , 5191 ) Redeemers and , 528 religion and , 411 , 515 , 597 in Revolutionary War , 91 in Rough ers , 648 on the Supreme Court , 148 Thirteenth Amendment and , voting rights of , 115 , 171 , 284 , 385 , 493 , 521 , 523 in War of 1812 , 248 Washington , and , 202 , Age of Exploration , agrarian , 41 , 266 , 289 , 381 agriculture in Middle Colonies , 51 in New England colonies , 47 , 380 slavery and , 376 in the South , in southern colonies , 41 , staple crops , 51 supply and demand , technology in , 366 , See also farming Aguinaldo , Emilio , 648 airplane invention of , Alabama , cotton in , Native Americans in , 295 during , 523 secedes from the Union , 458 slavery in , 388 voting rights in , 284 in War of 1812 , 248 Alamo , 314 , Alaska , in , Purchase of , 641 Albright , Madeleine , 185 alcohol abuse , 411 , ames , 525 , Louisa May , 409 people , Algonquian , 11 , 59 Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) 215 , 230 , William , 348 amendments , 135 American Society , 417 , 418 , 515 American Colonization Society , 417 American Crisis , The ( Paine ) American Federation of Labor , 586 , 619 American Fur Company , 308 American Indians . See Native Americans Native American groups and individuals American Medical Association , 612 American Missionary Association , 516 American Revolution . See Revolutionary War American It Is ( 417 Americans with Disabilities Act ( 1990 ) 141 American System , 264 American Telephone and Telegraph , 577 Americas exploration of , triangular trade , America the Beautiful ( Bates ) amnesty for southerners , 510 , 513 , 517 , 527 amusement parks , 596 Anaconda Plan , 482 Analysis Skills analyzing costs and , 598 analyzing diagrams , 241 analyzing , 147 , 155 , 163 , 167 , 171 , 173 , 350 , 451 , 495 , 528 , 553 , 587 analyzing sources , analyzing visuals , 1761 ) 3611 ) 3901 , 4031 ) 5751 ) 585 ) 595 , 6111 ) California Standards , continuity and change , 636 , determine content of statements , 140 determining context , 188 different points of view , 110 , 136 , 140 , 203 , 244 , 456 , 520 distinguish fact from opinion , 602 distinguish relevant information , 140 , 434 , 508 drawing conclusions , 381 explain central issues from the past , 256 , 342 , 508 framing questions , 28 ?
interaction , identifying central issues , interpret and analyze economic indicators , 570 interpreting charts , 406 , interpreting political cartoons , 214 location , ment , primary sources , 38 , 43 , 67 , 96 , 128 , 134 , 210 , 230 , 238 , 262 , 286 , 292 , 296 , 311 , 324 , 353 , 356 , 391 , 413 , 420 , 426 , 440 , 441 , 442 , 453 , 458 , 460 , 485 , 493 , 519 , 561 , 581 , 612 , 618 , 630 , 656 reading time lines , 32 , 69 , 70 ) 95 , 169 , 207 , 243 , 367 , 425 , 563 , 577 recognize of history can change over time , 74 recognize role of chance , oversight and error , 508 short and long term causal patterns , 632 stand cause and effect , 110 , 342 , 602 understanding historical tion , 102 using maps and ments , 304 , 542 Anasazi , 325 Anderson , 381 Anderson , Robert , 473 , Georgia , 495 , Sir Edmund , Anglican Church , 25 , 327 Annapolis Convention , 124 annexation , 306 of Hawaii , 643 , 665 of Mexican Cession , 323 of Oregon , 317 of Philippines , 650 of Texas , Antebellum , 376 Anthony , Susan , 4241 ) 427 , 428 , 623 , Battle of , 481 , 492 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 League , 650 antitrust movement , 581 , 582 , Apache , 10 , 324 , 553 , 554 , 557 , Appalachian Mountains , 234 appeal courts , 148 , Appeal to the Christian Women of the South ( 417 Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World ( Walker ) 417 Courthouse , apportionment , 145 apprentices , 47 , 352 , 11 , 553 , 554 , architecture , 273 skyscrapers , 595 . See also housing Arctic , culture area , Argentina , 661
Arizona California Arizona , Civil War in , 487 Purchase and , 323 Mexican cans in , 325 , 592 Mexican Cession and , 323 Native Americans in , 557 Arkansas , Civil War in , 474 , 484 , 487 cotton in , exploration of , 26 during , 523 , Richard , 347 Army of the Potomac , 480 Anny , Mexican War and , 320 Native Americans and , 555 , 556 , 557 Arnold , Benedict , 81 , 92 , 94 , 100 art , 2711 ) 272 , 406 , 406 ) of the Civil War , Declaration of Independence , Florida , Arthur , Chester , 607 , 609 , Arthur , 425 Articles of Confederation , 116 , 120 , 124 , 1307 Asia immigrants from , 589 , trade with , Asia Political , Asian Americans , 593 , assemblies , 54 assembly , freedom of , 167 , 179 assembly line , assimilation , 410 , Astor , John Jacob , astrolabe , 14 Atlanta , Georgia , 501 , 5311 ) Atlantic Ocean , Panama Canal and , 655 , Crispus , 67 Audubon , John , Austin , Stephen , 315 Australia and New Zealand , automobile industry , James , 486 Avery College , 414 Aztec , Jij Bacon , Nathaniel , 39 Bacon Rebellion , Bagley , Sarah , 357 Bahamas , 17 bail , 182 balance of power in Constitution , 183 between sections , 439 Balboa , Vasco Nunez de , 17 Baldwin , Abraham , 165 , Richard , 629 Bank of America , 590 Bank of Italy , 590 Bank of the United States 204 , 231 Second , banks and banking Federal Reserve system , 631 Hamilton and , reforms , Benjamin , 202 , 2021 ) Bannock , Barbary States of North Africa , 240 Barton , Clara , 496 , Josiah , 89 , Richard , 165 Bastille ( Paris ) 205 , 2051 ) Bear Flag Revolt , 320 , Bedford , Gunning , 165 Beecher , Catherine , 413 Beecher , Lyman , 411 Bell , Alexander Graham , 577 , John , 45 , benevolent societies , 590 , Bering Land Bridge , John Lord , 50 Bessemer , Henry , 575 Bessemer process , 75 Bible , 25 bicameral , 45 , 127 , 295 , Nicholas , 292 , Annie , 562 bill of exchange , 13 Bill of Rights ( English ) See English Bill of Rights Bill of Rights ( 135 , Billy Budd ( 407 Bingham , George Caleb , 272 Biography Addams , Jane , 597 , Benjamin , 202 , Bryan , William Jennings , 564 , Carnegie , Andrew , 583 , Chief Joseph , 559 , 5591 ) Clay , Henry , 266 , 2661 ) Columbus , Christopher , 17 , Frederick , 422 , 57 , Farragut , David , 487 , 4871 ) Franklin , Benjamin , 131 , Samuel , 585 , 5851 ) Grant , Ulysses , 489 , 4891 ) Hutchinson , Anne , 46 , 461 ) Jackson , Andrew , 287 , Jefferson , as , 233 , Lee , Robert , 481 , 4811 ) Lincoln , Abraham , 477 , Madison , James , 149 , 1491 ) Mann , Horace , 413 , Morse , Samuel , 365 , 365 ) Penn , William , 50 , 50 ) Pontiac , 61 , 611 ) Rockefeller , John , 583 , Roosevelt , Theodore , 593 , Stanford , Leland , 583 , Stanton , Elizabeth Cady , 429 , Vallejo , Mariano Guadalupe , 319 , 3191 ) Washington , George , 82 , 821 ) writing a , Black Codes , Black Death , 12 Blackfoot , 11 , Black Hawk , Chief , 297 Black , 297 , James , 608 , John , 165 Bleeding Kansas , blockades , 482 ) 649 , William , 165 Bolivar , Simon , 262 Bonaparte , See Napoleon bonds , 200 Richard ( warship ) 97 Book , 310 boomtowns , 548 Booth , John Wilkes , 517 borders , 101 , 260 , 317 border states , 474 , Boston , 44 Intolerable Acts and , 69 siege at , 81 Boston Gazette ( newspaper ) Boston Manufacturing Company , 354 Boston Massacre , 67 , 69 Boston Tea Party , 68 Bowie , Jim , 314 Boxer Rebellion , 645 boycott , 65 , 66 Trail , 555 Bradford , William , 43 Bragg , Braxton , 513 , Louis , 630 , Brant , Joseph . See Braxton , Carter , 89 Brazil , 661 breadbasket , 561 , David , 165 , John , 45 , Breed Hill , 81 count of the Devastation of the Indies ( Las Casas ) Britain . See England Great Britain British East India Company , 68 British West Indies , 122 Brook , Massachusetts , 406 Brooklyn Bridge , Brooks , Preston , Broom , Jacob , 165 Brown , John , 4561 ) Brown , Moses , 348 Brown , Smith , 348 Brown , William Wells , 418 Brown Board of Education ( 1954 ) 141 , Bruce , Blanche , 525 , 5251 ) Bryan , William Jennings , 564 , 629 Buchanan , James , 450 , 458 , Buena , Battle of , 322 , buffalo , 10 , 551 , 554 , 555 Bull Moose Party , 630 Bull Run , Battle of , 479 , 480 , Philippe , 653 Bunker Hill , Battle of , 81 Burgoyne , John , 94 , burial mounds , Burnet , David , 313 Burns , Anthony , 442 , 443 Burnside , Ambrose , 498 Burr , 212 , Bush , George , September 11 , 2001 , address , business corporations , 579 tion in , 610 horizontal integration , 581 leaders in , 583 , monopoly , 582 , 631 regulation of , 628 Sherman Antitrust Act , 582 social Darwinism , 581 , 581 , 582 vertical integration , 580 . See also factories industry Butler , Pierce , 165 . Cabeza , cabinet posts , 147 cable cars , 595 Cabot , John , Juan Rodriguez , 21 , calendar systems , John , 244 , 285 , 290 , 2901 ) 440 , 441 California , Treaty and , 309 Bear Flag Revolt , 320 , 321 California Trail , 326 cattle industry in , Civil War in , 487 as colony , culture areas , 10 economy of , 329 , 331 gains hood , 331 , 546 Gold Rush , 3291 ) immigrants to , 330 INDEX
California Congress , Mexican Americans in , 325 , 592 Mexican Cession and , 323 Mexican War and , 320 , mining in , 547 , Native Americans in , 331 Oregon Trail , 326 railroad in , ery issue and , 439 , 440 , 441 Spain and , 22 , 3191 ) California Trail , 326 , 319 , 320 , 331 Calvert , 39 Canada , in American Revolution , 92 borders , 317 in French and Indian War , 60 Northwest Passage , US . foreign policy and , 260 War of 1812 , canals , cotton trade and , 379 Cape of Good Hope , 15 capital , 13 capitalism , 619 capital punishment , 182 Capitol Building , 230 Caribbean War in , See also Cuba can Republic Haiti Puerto Rico Carnegie , Andrew , 580 , 581 , 582 , 583 , 583 Carolinas , 40 , 61 . See also North Carolina South Carolina carpetbaggers , 524 , 661 Carrier , Carroll , Charles , 89 Carroll , Daniel , 165 , Sir George , 50 Cartier , 17 , 18 cash crop , 95 , 101 , 288 , 380 , 530 Cass , Lewis , 439 Castro , 656 Catlin , George , Carrie Chapman , cattle industry , Cattle Kingdom , 549 , 11 Cayuse , Fugitive Slave Convention , Cemetery Ridge , 498 , 499 , Centennial Exposition , 596 Central America Native Americans in , Panama Canal and , 655 Spain and , 22 , 262 . See also central government , 127 Central Railroad , 581 Central Park , 596 , Samuel de , Charles I , King of England , 39 , 44 Charles II , King of England , 40 Charleston , South Carolina , 99 , 379 charter , 27 , 54 Chase , Samuel , 89 checks and balances , 146 ?
Cherokee , 11 , 625 Chesapeake Bay , 100 Chesapeake ( ship ) 241 , Mary , 513 Chevalier , Michel , 360 Cheyenne , 553 , 554 , Chicago , Illinois , 363 , 594 Hull House in , 597 , 611 railroad in , 575 union strikes in , 586 , INDEX Chicago Exposition , 596 Chickasaw , 295 , 557 , 559 , 559 children labor and , 355 ) 531 , 581 , 610 , 615 ) social and , 612 Chile , 661 , China Boxer Rebellion , 645 foreign policy with , immigrants from , 330 , 550 , 593 , Japan and , 644 trade with , 317 Chinese Americans , 593 , Chinese Exclusion Act ( 1882 ) 593 , 626 Chinook , 10 , Chippewa , 549 , Choctaw , 248 , Christianity , 642 spread of , 14 , 22 Chumash , church and state , 46 Church of England , 25 , 42 Church of Jesus Christ of Saints , circuit courts , 147 circuit riding , cities growth of , 363 , 402 , 404 immigrants and , 402 , 404 mass culture in , planning of , 611 problems in , settlement houses in , 597 of the South , 384 tenements in , 404 , 590 , 596 , 611 transportation in , 595 , 611 urban growth of , 610 citizenship duties of , 185 , 1871 ) gaining , Puerto Rico and , 651 city council , 614 city government , 614 civil court , 181 civil engineering , 611 civil liberties , 117 civil rights of African Americans , Black Codes and , Ku Klux Klan and , 526 , 527 Civil Rights Act ( 1866 ) Civil Rights Act ( 1875 ) 527 , 528 civil service , Civil Service Commission , 609 African Americans in , 493 ) art of , battles of , 480 ) 486 , 500 , 497 ) 499 ) 501 , casualties of , 500 , 5023 daily life in , 491 , 491 ) 4941 ) 4961 ) disease in , 495 in the East , 500 effects of , 5025 , 503 medicine in , 495 , 496 , navies in , opposition to , prisoners of war , 495 soldiers of , 495 , 4951 ) in the South , 501 in the West , women in , 496 , 496 Clark , Abraham , 89 Clark , George Rogers , 97 Clark , William , Clay , Henry , 243 ) 244 , 264 , 317 , Clayton Antitrust Act ( 1914 ) 631 ( 1850 ) 652 ( steamship ) 359 Cleveland , Grover , 584 , 608 , 643 , Hawaii and , 581 Pullman Strike and , 587 climate , Clinton , Bill , 146 , Clinton , Henry , 98 closed markets , 122 ( Brown ) 418 , George , 89 , 165 coal , miners strike , Coast Salish , Cody , William , 551 Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) 69 , Charles , 479 Cold Harbor , Battle of , 500 Cole , Thomas , 272 , 406 collective bargaining , 585 Colombia , 653 colonial courts , 56 colony . See company colony proprietary colony royal colony Colorado , cattle industry in , 549 Mexican Cession and , 323 mining in , 555 Native Americans in , expedition to , 239 Columbian Exchange , Columbia River , 238 , 309 , Columbus , Christopher , 15 , 17 Native Americans and , 17 , Comanche , 11 , 553 , 554 , 555 commerce clause Native Americans and , 155 Commercial Revolution , 12 , 13 commission form of government , 614 Committee of Thirteen , 116 Committees of Correspondence , 65 , 67 , 68 movement , 412 Common Sense ( Paine ) 83 , 316 communications , 495 inventions in , 577 community service , company colony , 36 , 45 , 54 company stores , 353 compass , 14 compensation , 515 Compromise of 1850 , 446 Compromise of 1877 , 527 , Henry , 547 Lode , 547 Concord , Massachusetts , 79 concurrent powers , 144 , 596 Confederate States of America , 473 , 4731 ) 474 , battles in the West , casualties of , 500 , at Gettysburg , 497 ) naval strategies of , soldiers of the , 475 ) 495 , 495 Confederation Congress , 122 , 125 Congress , African Americans in , 509 ) 525 , Alien and Sedition Acts , 215 Articles of federation and , 116 , 120 Bank of the United States , 204 Constitution and the , declaration of war , 147 delegated powers of , 144 elastic
Congress , economy clause , 144 , 156 Land Ordinances and , 117 Missouri Compromise , organization of , 145 vetoes and , Bill , See also House of , US Senate , US . Connecticut , colonial , 46 , 47 of , 115 government in , 54 , labor laws in , 357 ratification of the Constitution , 165 conquistadores , 20 , 21 , 21 ) conscription , 490 conservation , 628 , constitution , state , 115 Constitution , amendments to , 135 , 164 , Bill of Rights and , 135 , checks and balances , creation of , education and , loose construction of , 204 of , 165 strengths of , 130 ) strict construction of , 204 text of , See also individual amendments Constitution , USS ( warship ) 240 , 2411 ) 246 , 124 , 125 ) 1261 ) Great Compromise , Plan , 127 Fifths Compromise , 128 Virginia Plan , Constitutional Union Party , 457 , Continental Army , 80 , 81 , 91 ) 95 , 120 Continental Congress , First , 78 Second , 80 , 84 , 16 Continental Navy , 97 Convention of 1818 , 260 , Cook , James , 642 Cooke , Jay , 552 Cooper , ames , 271 , 274 ) Cooper , Peter , 360 cooperative , 560 , John , 456 Copperheads , 494 Cornwallis , Charles , 93 , 100 Coronado , Francisco Vasquez de , 21 corporations , 79 Corps of Discovery , 322 , cotton , 376 , 3793 , 530 , 531 cotton belt , 3793 cotton diplomacy , 475 cotton gin , 372 ) 377 , 377 ) 614 Council of State , 55 Council of the Indies , 22 county meetings , 55 court systems , 129 , 147 , 161 ) colonial , 56 labor laws and , cowboys , 318 ) 549 , 549 ) Crazy Horse , 555 Creek , 11 , 244 , 295 , 565 , 248 crime , 610 , 181 Skills analyzing , 578 categorizing , 589 , 596 determining context , 188 ) different points of view , 136 ) distinguishing fact from opinion , 460 ) evaluating framing historical questions , 28 , 28 ) 583 solving problems , 300 ) understanding historical tion , ohn , 459 Crockett , Davy , 314 crop rotation , 380 Crow , Cuba Spain and , American War in , 650 Cuban Americans population of , 225 Hill , 498 , culture , 10 ) 406 ) 407 ) in cities , definition of , Mexican American , 325 themes of , 278 Cumberland Road , 265 , currency , 80 , 1091 ) 111 ) 564 in War , 123 . See also money , Custer , George Armstrong , 556 , Leon , 627 Jim Da Gama , Vasco , 15 Dana , Richard Henry , 319 Daniel of Thomas Jenifer , 165 Dare , Virginia , 27 , Charles , 581 Daughters of Liberty , 66 Davis , Henry , 513 Davis , 439 , 458 , 475 , 488 , 496 , 501 , 525 Dawes , William , 79 Dawes General Allotment Act ( 887 ) 558 , 625 Dayton , 165 death penalty , 182 Debs , Eugene , 587 , 630 Declaration of Independence , 115 , 135 creation of , 841 ) 85 ) signing of , 841 ) text of , Declaration of Rights , 78 Declaration of Rights for Women , Declaration of Sentiments , 426 , Declaratory Act , 66 , ohn , 366 , 564 deforestation , 363 Delano , Alonzo , 329 Delaware , Civil War in , 474 , colonial , 50 of the Constitution , 134 , 165 Delaware , 61 Delaware River , 27 , 93 ) delegated powers , 144 democracy , 118 ) demonstrations and , 285 ) in Latin America , 657 ) 658 , 144 and , 186 Democratic Party , 349 election of 1852 , election of 1860 , 457 , election of 1868 , election of 1876 , 527 , 607 election of 1884 , 608 election of 1888 , 608 election of 1896 , 608 election of 1912 , Emancipation Proclamation and , 491 formation of Republican Party and , 450 in Reconstruction , 525 Party , 212 election of 1800 , Document , department stores , 596 deportation , 184 depression , economic , 123 , 292 De Soto , 21 Detroit , 26 , 247 , Dewey , George , Dewey , ohn , 612 Dias , 15 Diaz , Dickinson , Emily , 407 Dickinson , ohn , 165 direct primary , 613 disabled Americans , 413 discrimination , 323 , 385 , 525 , 560 , 594 , 622 , diseases , 610 in cities , 404 in Civil War , 495 Native Americans and , 19 , 23 , 319 progressive reforms and , 612 , in tenements , 596 yellow fever , 650 , 655 dissenters , 44 district courts , 147 , District of Columbia , 202 , Compromise of 1850 and , 441 . See also Washington , division of labor , 349 ) Dix , 412 , Dole , Sanford , 643 , 657 , 657 ) 658 Dominican Republic , 656 , 658 Dominion of New England , Donner party , 327 , 180 Douglas , Stephen , 450 debates and , election of 1860 , 457 , Act ( 1854 ) Frederick , 418 , 422 , 4221 ) 426 , 492 , 493 , 515 draft , military , 185 , Drake , Edwin , 576 Drake , Sir Francis , 25 decision , 451 ) 453 dual sovereignty . See federalism Du Bois , 624 ) Dunny , Patrick , 400 , Charles and Frank , Dutch . See Netherlands Dutch East India Company , 643 Dutch West India Company , 27 Jij . East Civil War in , 500 culture areas of the , 11 economics , 293 capital , 13 capitalism , 619 of cotton , 381 ) 564 depression , 123 , 292 of farming , 562 , 25 , 292 , 329 est , 13 mass production , national debt , 292 Panic of 1837 , 292 , 356 , 527 , 552 Panic of 1893 , 564 reading skills for , ism , 619 supply and demand , themes of , 302 , 336 , 394 economy American System , 264 of California , 331 of Europe , INDEX
economy French West Indies interstate commerce and the , 122 of Jamestown , of Middle Colonies , 51 national debt , of New England , 47 railroad and , 575 of the South , 513 of southern colonies , 41 states debts , Edison , Thomas Alva , 576 , 577 education African Americans and , 516 , 516 ) civil liberties and , 117 colonial , 48 common school movement , 412 tion and , culture and , 273 of Native Americans , in New England , 412 reforms in , 610 , 612 slavery and , 388 women and , 48 , 413 , 424 , 622 . See also higher education Edwards , 58 egalitarian , 114 Eighteenth Amendment , 172 , 623 , 631 Eighth Amendment , 167 , 180 , 182 Einstein , Albert , 185 Eisenhower , Dwight , 176 , 144 , 156 , 204 El Camino Real , 22 election of 1796 , of 1800 , 2291 ) of 1804 , 241 of 1808 , 245 of 1812 , 245 of 1824 , 267 of 1828 , 272 , of 1832 , 290 , 292 of 1836 , 292 of 1840 , 293 of 1844 , 317 , 317 ) 365 of 1848 , 322 of 1852 , of 1854 , of 1860 , 457 , of 1864 , 501 of 1866 , 521 of 1868 , of 1876 , 527 , 607 of 1880 , 607 of 1884 , 608 of 1888 , 608 of 1890 , 564 of 1896 , 564 , 608 of 1904 , 628 of 1908 , 629 of 1912 , of 1916 , 631 tion of an , 186 , presidential , 158 reforms , 613 , electoral college , 158 , 197 , 284 , 608 electricity , 576 , 577 elevator , 595 Eleventh Amendment , 168 Elizabeth I , Queen of England , 25 Ellery , William , 89 Ellis Island , 589 Ellison , William , 385 , 387 Ellsworth , Oliver , 128 emancipation , 416 Emancipation Proclamation , 503 , 514 embargo , 241 Embargo Act ( 1807 ) Emerson , John , 451 Emerson , Ralph Waldo , 405 eminent domain , 180 , 312 encomienda system , England colonies of , 27 , 391 ) 45 ) 50 , 571 ) economy of , English Bill of Rights , 55 , 114 , 119 exploration by , Great Migration , 44 Navigation Acts , political change in , religion in , 39 Spain and , 25 , trade laws of , See also Great Britain English Bill of Rights , 55 , 114 , 119 , Enlightenment , 59 , 83 , entrepreneur , 380 , 579 , 580 INDEX environment in the Ice Age , plants and animals in the , See also environment interaction equal rights , 41 , 57 , Era of Good Feelings , 266 , ohn , 483 Erie Canal , 268 , Europe Columbian Exchange and , economy of , immigrants from , 588 trade with , Europe , executive branch , 129 checks and , 146 ?
Constitution and the , organization of , separation of powers , 145 . See also President , Vice President , US . executive orders , 147 , 560 , Jim factories , 350 , 366 , child labor and , families and , 3531 ) 531 immigrants and , 356 , 592 labor unions and , 587 , 5876 , in the New South , 5301 ) safety in , 618 in the South , specialization in , 584 steam power and , 366 trade unions and , See also business industry Fair Employment Act ( 942 ) 141 Fallen Timbers , Battle of , 209 families factories and , 531 Mexican Americans , 3011 ) Pilgrim , 44 slavery and , social classes and , 402 Farmers , 564 farming dry , 561 equipment , 366 , 561 , free silver debate , 564 on the Great Plains , 5633 ods of , 561 , National Grange , organizations , 564 in the South , See also agriculture Farragut , David , 485 487 , 493 federal courts , 147 , 198 federal government , 133 , 144 branches of , 145 concurrent powers and , 144 delegated powers of , 144 functions of , 231 organizing the , Tenth Amendment and , 183 federalism , 129 , 144 , 1637 , 133 , 1347 Federalist Party , 212 election of 1800 , Embargo Act and , 242 Federal Judiciary Act ( I 789 ) 147 federal regulatory powers , 628 Federal Reserve Act ( 1913 ) 631 Federal Reserve system , 631 Ferdinand , King of Spain , 15 Massacre , Few , William , 165 Fifteenth Amendment , 171 , 522 ?
523 Fifth Amendment , 119 , 166 , 180 , 181 , 452 Fillmore , Millard , 446 , 450 , 581 , Finney , Charles , 416 First Amendment , 119 , 166 , 1791 ) 421 First Seminole War , 261 industry , 47 , Thomas , 165 Flathead , Florence , Italy , 12 , 13 Florida , cotton in , ration of , 21 and French and Indian War , 60 Native Americans in , 261 , 297 , during tion , 523 secedes from the Union , 458 Second Seminole War , 297 , Spain and , 40 , 101 , 207 , 261 , Floyd , William , 89 folk music , 272 folktales , 389 Act ( 1900 ) 651 Ford , Henry , 577 Ford Theater , 517 foreign policy , with Britain , 260 , 262 with Canada , 260 with China , imperialism , isolationism , 579 with Japan , 82 , 5821 ) of Jefferson , with Mexico , Monroe Doctrine , with Spain , 261 , of Taft , 65 of Theodore , of Wilson , 661 forest service , 628 Fort Detroit , 61 , 97 , 247 , Fort , 484 Fort Greenville , 208 Fort Henry , 484 Fort , 248 Fort Mims , 248 Fort , Fort Necessity , 60 Fort , 459 , 473 , Fort , 81 , 94 , Fort Wagner , 493 , 327 ) 439 Fountain , 21 Four Corners , Fourteenth Amendment , 522 ) 523 , 529 , 618 Fourth Amendment , 166 , 180 France American Revolution and , 95 , 100 , empire of , 26 , England and , 205 , 2051 ) 206 , 240 exploration by , French and an War , 60 Louisiana and , in North America , revolution in , 205 , 2051 ) 206 XYZ Affair , 214 Franklin , Benjamin , 84 , 85 , 89 , 95 , 101 , Frazier , William , 356 Freedmen Bureau , 516 , 515 , 516 free enterprise , 329 Freeport Doctrine , free silver debate , 564 Free Soil Party , 439 , 450 ( newspaper ) 624 free states , free trade , 351 , John , 320 , 451 French and Indian War , 60 , 64 French Revolution , 205 , 206 French West Indies , 207
frontier Hill frontier , 546 , 565 literature of the , See also Northwest Territory Fugitive Slave Act , 443 , 446 Fugitive Slave Law , 440 Fuller , Margaret , 405 Fulton , Robert , 3421 ) 359 fundamental liberties , Fundamental Orders of Connecticut , 46 , 115 , fur trade , 49 , 50 , 308 , Mary , 183 . James , 323 Purchase , 323 Gage , Thomas , 69 , 79 gag rule , Albert , 2131 ) 230 , 231 , 350 , Thomas , 413 Galvez , Bernardo de , 95 , gam , 330 system , 386 , ames , 607 , 609 , Garrison , William Lloyd , 397 , 417 , 4171 ) 492 , 515 , 523 gasoline , Gates , Horatio , 94 , 99 General Amnesty Act ( 1872 ) 527 General Court of Massachusetts , 48 Genet , Edmond , 206 Geography Skills interaction , interpreting maps , 321 , 521 , location , movement , place , reading skills for , region , 121 , geography themes , 254 , 336 George II , King of England , 40 George III , King of England , 61 , 78 , 84 Georgia , Civil War in , 495 , 501 , 502 colony of , 40 , ton in , Native Americans in , 296 of the Constitution , 165 during Reconstruction , 523 in Revolutionary War , 98 , 99 secedes from the Union , 458 slavery in , 388 German , Obadiah , 245 Germany American Revolution and , 92 , 95 immigrants from , 330 , 401 , 560 , 588 Samoa and , 641 Geronimo , 557 Gerry , 89 Gettysburg , Battle of , 4971 ) 4991 ) Gettysburg Address , 500 , Ghost Dance , 558 , Peter , 590 Gibbons , Thomas , 359 . Ogden ( 1824 ) 266 , 359 , Gilded Age , 6081 ) Nicholas , 165 , George , 655 gold , 296 , golden spike , 551 Gold Rush , 327 ) Texas , 314 , Samuel , 585 , 586 , 5851 ) 619 , William , 655 , Nathaniel , 165 government branches of , 129 colonial , 55 ) 66 federalism , 129 formation of , General Court of Massachusetts , 186 models of , 115 in Pennsylvania , 50 religion and , 46 ) See also city federal government state government Grady , Henry , 528 , 530 , Grangerism , 560 Grant , Ulysses , at mattox , battles in the West , biography of , 489 , 4891 ) election of 1868 , of , 607 at , 486 , 500 graphs , 392 Great Awakening , 83 Great Awakening , Second , 412 , 416 Great Basin , culture area , 10 Great Britain American Revolution and , 84 , colonial policy of , 57 , 61 , colonial taxation by , Declaration of and , 84 Embargo Act and , France and , 205 , 206 , 240 French and Indian War and , 62 immigrants from , 588 Industrial Revolution in , 350 and Jays Treaty , 207 North American empire of , Oregon Country and , 309 , 317 and Proclamation of 1763 , 61 railroad in , 360 and Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) 60 , and Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) 101 , 120 US . Civil War and , 468 , 475 and lar trade , 57 and border , 260 , 310 US . foreign policy and , 260 , 262 , 310 US . trade with , 122 and War of 1812 , See also England Great Compromise , Great Lakes , 18 , 101 , 260 Great Migration , 44 Great Plains , 237 , 238 , 551 culture area , farming the , immigrants on the , 560 Native Americans on the , settling the , 560 Greece , 273 , 588 Greeley , Horace , 417 Greene , Catherine , 377 Greene , 99 , 100 , George , 64 , 66 , Angelina and Sarah , 417 , 421 , 424 Grundy , Felix , 244 , guerrilla warfare , 99 , United States ( 91 ) 625 , Charles , 607 Gulf of Mexico , 26 gun control , 180 , Button , 89 habeas corpus , 494 , Haiti , 235 , 658 Hall , Lyman , 89 Hamilton , Alexander , 124 , 132 , 133 , 1331 ) 134 , 165 Federalist Party and , 212 Jefferson and , 201 , 2031 ) national bank and , national debt and , as secretary of the treasury , 197 , 1971 ) ton and , 211 Whiskey Rebellion and , 209 and , 56 , ames , 441 , 443 Hancock , ohn , 66 , 89 Han , 208 , Harpers Ferry , Virginia , Harris , Townsend , 643 Harrison , Benjamin , 89 , 608 , Harrison , William Henry , 446 , Battle of and , death of , 317 election of 1840 , 293 War of 1812 , Hart , ohn , 89 Hartford Convention , 249 , 290 Harvard , ohn , 48 Harvard College , 48 , 414 harvesting machine , 366 Hawaii , 6361 ) territory of , 6421 ) Hawthorne , Nathaniel , 406 Hay , John , 644 , 645 , 653 Hayes , ohn , 582 Hayes , Rutherford , 527 , 607 , 609 , Treaty ( 1903 ) 653 Haymarket Riot , 586 , 1901 ) 653 Hays , Mary Ludwig , 91 , William , 619 headright system , 38 health programs , 610 , 612 , 413 Hearst , William Randolph , 646 , 647 Heavenly Road , The ( spiritual ) 389 , Helper , Rowan , 381 Henrietta Maria , Queen of England , 39 Henry , Patrick , 66 , 78 , 79 , 126 , 132 , 201 Henry the Navigator , 15 , King of England , 25 Henson , 388 , Thomas , 653 Hessians , 92 , 93 Hewes , George , 68 , 89 , Thomas , 89 ( Longfellow ) 407 Hidalgo , Father Miguel , 312 higher education , 48 , 414 Hill , 480 INDEX
Hispanic Americans Jones Hispanic Americans poll tax and , 176 population of , 226 . See also Cuban Americans Mexican Americans Puerto Rican Americans , 17 , 19 , 235 History and Geography America Growth 1760 , The Atlantic Slave Trade , Origins of the tion , America Growth 1820 , The Erie Canal , The Indian Removal Treaties , America Growth 1850 , The Strategy , America Growth 1900 , Holmes , Oliver Wendell , 179 Homestead Act ( 1862 ) 560 homesteaders , 565 , Homestead Strike , 587 Honduras , 657 Hood , John , 501 Hooker , Thomas , 46 Hooper , William , 89 Hope , ames , 271 , Hopi , Hopkins , Stephen , 89 , Francis , 89 horizontal integration , 581 Horseshoe Bend , Battle of , 248 Horton , ames , 352 House of Burgesses , 55 , 66 , 68 , 79 , 115 House of Representatives , US , 129 , 145 Constitution and the , 151 gag rule , impeachment and , 146 term of office , Ways and Means , 145 . See also Congress , US . housing factory , 353 , 354 Native can , 101 ) slum , 610 tenements , 404 , 590 , 596 , 611 Houston , Sam , 313 , 315 , 459 Howard , Oliver , 516 Howe , Elias , 367 Howe , Samuel , 413 Howe , William , 81 , 92 , 94 How the Lives ( 6207 Hudson , Henry , 18 Hudson Bay , 18 Hudson River , 359 Hudson River school , 272 , 661 , 25 , 50 Hull House , 5961 ) 597 , 611 interaction , Humphrey , 353 , Huntington , Samuel , 89 , 10 , Huron , 59 , 61 Hutchinson , Anne , 46 , 47 . Ice Age , Idaho , Oregon Trail and , 326 , Illinois , coal mining in , 362 labor in , 587 Mormons in , 311 Native cans in , 297 in Northwest Territory , 117 voting rights in , 284 INDEX Illinois , immigrants , adjustments for , 591 Asian , 5921 ) Chinese , 330 , 550 , 593 cities and , 402 , 403 ) 404 , 611 factories and , 356 German , 330 , 401 on the Great Plains , 560 Irish , 266 , 400 , 588 , 591 labor unions and , 593 from Mexico , 660 and , 402 neighborhoods of , 590 new , 588 newspapers and , 596 old , 588 opposition to , 593 patterns of , 5915 Pilgrim , population of , 400 , 401 , 5913 religious persecution and , rights of , work and , Immigration Restriction League , 593 impeachment , 146 , 160 , 5091 ) 522 imperialism , impressment , 240 inaugural address of Jefferson , 230 , 255 , of Lincoln ( first ) 459 , 472 , of Lincoln ( second ) 477 , of McKinley , 638 of Pierce , 446 of Wilson , 630 Inca , 21 Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ( Jacobs ) 418 income tax , 630 indentured servants , 51 Independence Hall , 1251 ) 126 Indiana , in Northwest Territory , 117 voting rights in , 284 Indian Affairs , Bureau of , 294 Indiana Territory , Indian Removal Act ( 1830 ) 2951 ) 297 , Indians . See Native Americans Indian Territory , 294 , indict , 180 Indies , 15 indigo , 41 individualism , 407 , 424 Industrial Revolution beginning of , in Great Britain , 350 inventions during , 349 , in the , 348 ) Second , 5741 ) 577 , 584 textile industry , 347 Industrial Workers ofthe World , 619 industry child labor and , 6151 ) growth of , See also business factories , 25 , 292 , 329 Power Upon History , The ( 641 , Jared , 165 initiative procedure , 613 Institute for Colored Youth , 414 interchangeable parts , 349 interest , 13 interest groups , 186 interstate commerce , 122 , 266 Interstate Commerce Act ( I 887 ) 563 Interstate Commerce Commission , 563 Intolerable Acts ( 1774 ) 69 , 78 Inuit , inventions , 5771 ) 595 electricity , 577 telegraph , 550 , 577 telephone , 577 , at World Fair , 596 . See also science and technology Iowa , farming and , 561 Oregon Trail and , 310 Iowa , Ireland immigrants from , 266 , 400 , 588 , potato famine in , 400 ironclads , iron ore , 363 , 381 Iroquois , 11 Iroquois League , 101 ) 11 , 59 , Irving , Washington , 270 , Isabella , Queen of Spain , 15 Islam , isolationism , 641 Italy , immigrants from , 588 , 590 , Jackson , Andrew , 248 , 261 , 267 , biography , 287 election of 1828 , 272 , election of 1832 , 290 inauguration of , 286 Indian Removal Act and , 294 , 296 crisis and , regional differences and , Second Bank of the United States and , states rights doctrine and , Tariff of Abominations and , 289 Texas and , 315 in War of 1812 , 248 Jackson , Helen Hunt , 558 Jackson , Thomas Stonewall , 478 , 498 Jackson , William , 165 Democracy , 285 Jacobs , Harriet , 418 , James II , King of England , Jamestown , 38 Japan , 644 trade with , Jay , ohn , 132 , 133 , 134 , 207 Jay Cooke and Company , 527 Jay Treaty ( 1794 ) 207 Jefferson , Thomas , 126 , architecture and , 273 Articles of Confederation and , 116 biography , 233 Declaration of Independence and , 84 , 89 Party , 212 election of 1800 , 229 ) Embargo Act ( 1807 ) foreign policy of , France and , 206 freedom of religion and , 179 Hamilton and , 201 , inauguration of , 230 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , 215 manufacturing and , 351 policies of , as secretary of state , 197 , spoils system and , 608 state constitutions and , 115 states rights doctrine and , 290 Supreme Court and , as vice president , 212 Jews , immigrants , Jim Crow laws , 528 Johnson , Andrew , Black Codes and , election of 1866 , 521 impeachment of , 146 , 509 ) 522 Reconstruction and , 517 Johnson , William Samuel , 165 Johnston , AS , 485 Johnston , Joseph , 501 companies , 13 , 43 , 579 , Louis , 26 Jones , ohn Paul , 97 Jones Act ( 1917 ) 651 Jones , Mary Harris , 586
judicial branch judicial branch , 129 checks and balances , 146 ?
Constitution and the , organization of , separation of powers , 145 . See also court system Supreme Court , US . judicial review , 232 Judiciary Act ( 1789 ) 197 Judiciary Act ( 1801 ) 231 , Jungle , The ( Sinclair ) 621 ?
628 jury duty , 185 , 186 ) jury trial , 181 , 185 , King of Hawaii , 580 , 636 ) 642 , Kansas , African Americans in , 560 Bleeding Kansas , 4481 ) cattle industry in , 549 Civil War in , 487 slavery issue in , Act ( 1854 ) Kansas Railroad , 97 , Stephen , 320 Child Labor Act ( 1916 ) 631 Kelley , Florence , 616 Kelley , Oliver Hudson , 563 , Frances , 265 Kennedy , ohn , 176 , Kentucky , admitted to the Union , 234 Civil War in , 474 , Second Great Awakening in , 410 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , 215 Key , Francis Scott , 248 , Key to Uncle Tom Cabin , A ( 443 , King , Rufus , 165 , 266 King Philip , 59 King Philip War , 59 , Kitchen Cabinet , 286 , Knights of Labor , 585 , 586 Party , 402 , 450 Knox , Henry , Knox , Philander Chase , 65 Ku Klux Klan , 526 , 526 ) 10 . labor laws , 357 children and , 6161 ) court system and , reforms and , 618 women and , 618 , 619 labor organizations , 619 labor strikes , 356 labor unions , 5851 ) 587 , immigrants and , 593 membership in , 5863 women in , 586 . See also trade unions Labrador , 260 , The ( magazine ) 425 Lafayette , Marquis de , 94 ) 95 , 100 , ean , 248 La , Robert , 614 , 606 Lake Erie , 266 Lake Erie , Battle of , 247 , Lakota Sioux , 556 land grants , 315 , 550 , 560 Land Ordinances ( 1785 and 1787 ) land , 565 , 5651 ) Langdon , ohn , 165 language of Mexican Americans , 592 sign , 553 Spanish , 325 , Lucy , 354 , 356 La Salle , de , 26 Las Casas , de , 23 the , The ( Cooper ) 271 , Latin America , dollar diplomacy in , 657 Monroe Doctrine and , 655 Latrobe , ohn , 360 laws , bills become , 154 Leaves of Grass ( Whitman ) 407 Lee , Ann , 406 Lee , Charles , 91 Lee , Francis Lightfoot , 89 Lee , Richard Henry , 89 , 132 Lee , Robert , 498 battles in the East , 480 biography of , 481 , 4811 ) surrender of , legal systems British , 64 . See also court systems Legend of Sleepy , The ( Irving ) 271 , 2757 legislative branch , 129 checks and , Constitution and the , organization of , 145 tion of powers , 145 . See also Congress , US House of Representatives , US Senate , US . legislatures , 127 Leopard ( ship ) 241 , Ferdinand de , 653 Lewis , Francis , 89 Lewis , Meriwether , Lewis and Clark expedition , Lexington , Battle of , libel , 79 Liberator , The ( newspaper ) 397 , 417 , 417 Liberty ( ship ) 66 , Queen of Hawaii , 6421 ) lim ited government , 115 limited powers , 116 Lincoln , Abraham , 490 ) tion of , 5081 ) 517 biography of , 477 , 477 ) Civil War and , 474 , 478 , 480 , 485 ) 494 , 501 debates and , 454 ) Scott decision and , 452 , 453 election of 1860 , 45 , Emancipation Proclamation and , Gettysburg Address , 500 , inaugural address ( first ) 459 , 472 , inaugural address ( second ) on John Brown , 456 secession and , slavery and , 473 and , 443 Ten Percent Plan and , 513 Bill and , 514 Lincoln , Mary Todd , 474 Lincoln First Inaugural Address , 459 , 472 , Lincoln Second Inaugural Address , 477 , Linking to Today commerce clause and Native Americans , 495 ) democracy , 285 ?
Hispanics , Louisiana Purchase , 239 manufacturing , 350 ) Mexican Americans , Native American tribal councils , Linotype , 595 literacy tests , 593 literature , African can , 418 American , frontier , 274 ?
ing , 620 ) 621 ?
of the Progressives , 620 ?
621 ?
of slaves , 389 dentalism , Uncle Tom Cabin ( utopian , 406 Literature in History frontier , How the Other Half Lives ( 620 ?
The ( Sinclair ) 621 ?
Last of the Mohicans , The ( Cooper ) 274 ?
Legend of Sleepy Hollow , The ( Irving ) 275 muckraking , 620 ) 621 ?
of the Progressives , 6207 Little Bighorn , Battle of , 556 Little Round Top , 498 , 499 , 208 , 209 Little Women ( 409 Livingston , Philip , 89 Livingston , Robert , 84 , Livingston , William , 165 , Joseph , New Yark ( 1905 ) 619 , Locke , John , 59 , 115 Lodge , Henry Cabot , 641 London Company , 55 Lone Star Republic , Longfellow , Henry Wadsworth , 407 , 408 longhouses , James , 502 Long Walk , 557 Los Angeles , California , 320 Louisiana , Civil War in , 484 ton in , France and , 26 , and French and Indian War , 60 during Reconstruction , 523 secedes from the Union , 458 Spain and , Ten Percent Plan and , 513 Louisiana Purchase , Act ( 1854 ) Louis XIV , King of France , 26 Louis XVI , King of France , 206 Lovejoy , Elijah , 420 Lowell , Francis Cabot , 354 Lowell , Massachusetts , 354 Lowell Female Labor Reform Association , 357 Lowell girls , 355 ) Lowell Offering ( magazine ) 354 Lowell system , 354 Loyalists , 84 , 85 , 98 Luther , Martin , Lynch , Thomas , 89 lynching , 624 Macon , Nathaniel , Francisco , 660 , 661 INDEX
Madison Mormon Trail Madison , 149 , Madison , ames , 124 , 126 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 165 , 197 , 206 , Bill of Rights and , 178 biography of , 149 , 1491 ) closed markets and , 122 Party , 212 election of 1808 , 245 election of 1812 , 245 Federalist Papers , 134 ?
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , 215 national bank and , 204 as secretary of state , 230 states debts and , states rights doctrine and , 290 War of 1812 , 245 Washington and , 211 Magellan , Ferdinand , 17 Magna Carta , 114 , 119 , Alfred , 641 , Maine , Missouri Compromise and , 267 labor laws in , 357 Maine , USS ( battleship ) 647 , 6471 ) maize , 10 , 19 majority party , 145 majority , 178 , 20 mammoths , 11 , 238 , Manhattan Island , 27 , 49 manifest destiny , 320 Mann , Horace , 412 , 413 , 413 ?
Manuel , King of Portugal , 15 manufacturing in Industrial Revolution , 3481 ) 350 ) maps expansion , 334 ?
interpreting , migration , William , 231 Madison ( 1803 ) March to the Sea , 502 Marco Polo , 14 , Queen of France , 206 Marion , Francis , 99 , 26 , ohn , 232 , 296 Marshall , Thurgood , 148 martial law , 658 Maryland , Articles of Confederation and , 116 Civil War in , 474 , colony of , 39 labor reforms in , 618 of the tion , 165 roads in , 265 , ery in , 379 voting rights in , 284 Mason , Biddy , Mason , George , 132 , 1331 ) Massachusetts , Boston Massacre , 67 , colonial , 47 education in , 273 , 412 , 413 General Court , 48 government in , grants in , 400 minimum wage law , 616 Pilgrims in , 43 ratification of the Constitution , 165 reform groups in , 412 in Revolutionary War , tax revolt in , 65 , 67 Massachusetts Bay Colony , 48 INDEX Massachusetts Infantry ( 493 Massacre at Wounded Knee , 558 , 43 mass culture , mass production , 3481 ) 349 , 367 mass transit , 595 matrilineal societies , 11 Mayan culture , 71 ) ship ) 43 , 118 , 1881 ) Compact , 43 , 43 , 115 , 18 , McClellan , George , 480 , 484 , 495 McCord , Louisa , 443 , 612 , Cyrus , 366 , 561 McCoy , Joseph , 548 , Maryland ( 1819 ) 266 , Irvin , 478 , William Holmes , 412 , James , 165 , Thomas , 89 McKinley , William , 564 , 584 , 585 , 608 , 647 , 651 , assassination of , 627 ( 1890 ) 637 , 642 McMillan , Harry , 386 , 388 Meade , George , 498 , 500 Medici family , 13 medicine , 476 , 495 , 496 , 4961 ) Restoration , 644 , Herman , 407 Memphis , Tennessee , 521 , mercantilism , mercenaries , 92 merchants , 47 ( warship ) 482 farming societies in , migration to , Native Americans in , See also Central America , 312 , 59 Methodists , 411 Mexican Americans , 301 , 323 , 592 , 598 , 626 in California , effects of Mexican War on , 324 mining and , 547 population of , 226 , 324 property rights of , 324 Mexican Cession , 323 , 438 , 440 , 441 Mexican Revolution , War , 438 , 446 effects of , Mexico foreign policy with , Purchase and , 323 independence of , 312 Mexican Cession , 323 Mexican Revolution , Spain and , 22 , 262 Texas and , 3131 ) war in , 322 ) Miami , Michigan , immigrants in , 401 in Northwest Territory , 117 Micmac , Middle Ages , middle class , 402 , 412 Middle Colonies , tics of , 50 ?
economy of , 51 ment in , 55 in Revolutionary War , women in , 51 Middle Passage , 58 Middleton , Arthur , 89 midnight judges , 231 Midnight Ride of Paul Revere , The ( low ) 408 Midway Islands , 641 Mifflin , Thomas , 165 migration , 594 to the Americas , maps , military service , 185 , militia , 59 , 79 , 166 , 180 , 475 , minimum wage law , 616 , 618 mining , coal , gold , Native Americans and , Minnesota , Native Americans in , minority party , 145 Mint , US , 203 Minuit , Peter , 27 minutemen , 79 , 80 , 81 missionaries , 642 missions , 22 , Mississippi , Civil War in , 485 , 500 cotton in , Native Americans in , 295 secedes from the Union , 458 culture , Mississippi River , 26 , 101 , 294 , 359 ) in Civil War , trade along the , 121 , Missouri , becomes a state , Civil War in , 474 , 487 mons in , 311 Oregon Trail , 309 , as a slave state , 438 Missouri Compromise ( 1820 ) 438 Scott decision and , 452 Missouri , Missouri River , 237 , 10 Mobile , 407 Moctezuma II , Modoc , 10 Mohave , Mohawk , 11 , 91 , Molasses Act ( 1733 ) 57 molasses , 58 Molly Pitcher , 91 monarchy , 5513 , money , 564 , 579 . See also currency Monitor ( warship ) 483 Mono , monopoly , 14 , 203 , 359 , 579 , 582 , 583 , 584 , 608 , 629 , 630 , Monroe , James , 655 , Florida and , 261 Louisiana Purchase and , Monroe , ohn , 485 Monroe Doctrine , 655 , 656 , Montana , Native Americans in , Baron de , 115 Montgomery , Richard , 92 Monticello , Montreal , Canada , 92 Morgan , ohn , 528 , 311 , 325 Trail , 311
Act ( 1862 ) Ogden Act ( 1862 ) 560 Morris , 128 , 165 Morris , Lewis , 89 Morris , Robert , 89 , 165 Morrow , Edwin , Morse , Samuel , Morse code , 365 Morton , ohn , 89 Mott , Lucretia , 426 mountain men , 308 Mount College , 413 muckrakers , 610 , 616 , 606 Muir , John , 628 , Muller Oregon ( 1908 ) 619 , Murray , Sargent , 197 music , 272 , 389 Muslims trade with , 15 . Nation , Carry , 623 National American Woman Suffrage Association , National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , 625 national bank , 266 National Child Labor Committee , 616 National Consumers League , 616 national debt , 201 , 292 national government , 116 , 129 , supremacy of , 164 National Grange , 180 nationalism , 267 , 272 , 277 , 664 National Road , 265 , National Urban League , 625 Party , 624 Native Americans , buffalo and , 554 , 555 in California , 331 in Civil War , 487 colonists and , 59 Columbian Exchange and , 19 Columbus and , 17 commerce clause and , 155 ?
Creek War , 248 disease and , 19 , 23 , 319 tion of , Great Awakening and , 59 Great Plains , 5531 ) horses and , 554 housing of , Indian Removal Act and , 2951 ) 297 , Jackson and , 261 labor of , 319 land loss of , languages of , 553 Lewis and Clark expedition , 238 in literature , 271 tan Island and , 27 Mexican War and , 324 mining and , in Northwest Territory , Pilgrims and , 43 Confederacy , 37 reforms and , rights of , 324 religion and , 10 , 22 reservations and , 555 , 558 in Revolutionary War , 91 slavery and , 23 in South America , in the Southwest , 557 Spain and , Treaty of Greenville and , 242 tribal councils of , US . Army and , 557 women , 558 , See also Native can groups and individuals , 402 , 593 Rebellion , 3901 ) 421 naturalized citizens , 184 , 185 natural law , 114 natural resources , 628 , coal , wood , 362 , 363 natural rights , 437 , 491 natural selection , 581 Navajo , 10 , 324 , 557 Navigation Acts , Navy , 97 Mexico and , 661 in War , 641 War of 1812 , 2418 Nebraska , Native Americans in , 554 , railroad in , slavery issue in , Nebraska Territory , necessary and proper clause , 144 , 156 Nelson , Thomas , 89 Netherlands colonies of , 27 , empire of , 27 exploration by , Pilgrims in , neutrality , 240 Neutrality Proclamation , Nevada , Mexican Cession and , 323 mining in , 547 , New Amsterdam , 27 , New England colonies in , economy of , 47 education in , 48 , 412 factories in , 366 government in , 55 slavery and , 85 textile mills in , 348 New England Primer , 48 , A ( 271 New England Working Men Association , 357 Newfoundland , 260 New France , 26 , New Freedom , 630 New Hampshire , colonial , 44 , 47 government in , labor laws in , 35 of the Constitution , 134 , 165 New Jersey , in Civil War , 474 , colonial , government in , 56 immigrants in , 400 of the Constitution , 165 in ary War , technology in , 576 voting rights in , 115 New Jersey Plan , 127 New Mexico , in Civil War , 487 promise of 1850 and , 441 Purchase and , 323 Mexican cans in , 325 Mexican Cession and , 323 Mexican War and , 320 Native Americans in , 557 Santa Fe Trail , 310 Spain and , 318 New Mexico Territory , New Nationalism , 629 New Netherlands , 27 , New Orleans , 26 , 60 , 207 , 521 Civil War in , and , New Orleans , Battle of , 248 , 272 New South , New Spain , 22 , 318 , 319 newspapers , 320 , 363 , 401 , 417 yellow journalism , 646 New Sweden , 27 , 18 , 18 , colonial , First Continental Congress and , 78 government in , immigrants in , 400 labor reforms in , of the Constitution , 134 , 165 in Revolutionary War , 92 , 100 Stamp Act Congress in , 66 state debt of , 201 transportation in , 266 women movement in , 428 New York African Free School , 414 New York City , 50 ethnic groups in , as nation capital , 199 , political machine in , 607 population density , public space in , 596 in War , 92 transportation in , 595 workplace safety in , 618 New ( newspaper ) 646 New York State Tenement House Act ( 1901 ) 61 New York Stock Exchange , 199 , 79 New York World ( newspaper ) 646 Nez , 10 , 238 , 557 Nicaragua , 65 , 481 ( ship ) 15 Nineteenth Amendment , 141 , 173 , 1731 ) 624 , 631 Ninth Amendment , 167 , Act ( 1809 ) 242 , North Americans in the , 414 Civil War in , economy of , 288 , election of 1860 , 457 , resources of , response to secession , 459 slavery and the , North America Columbian Exchange and , culture areas in , migration to , 71 ) Native Americans in , Northwest Passage , North America Political , North Carolina , Civil War in , 474 , 475 , 502 colony of , 40 cotton in , as English colony , 27 of the Constitution , 165 during Reconstruction , 523 in Revolutionary War , 98 state debt of , 201 . See also Carolinas North Dakota , Northeast culture area , Northern Paiute , Northern Shoshone , Solomon , Northwest Coast culture area , Northwest Ordinance ( 1787 ) 117 Northwest Passage , Northwest Territory , 117 in , Treaty of ville and , 242 River , 320 crisis , number systems , Jim College , 413 , 414 Objections to This Constitution of Government ( Mason ) Alvaro , 661 , Sandra Day , 148 Ogden , 359 INDEX
Primary Sources , ames , 40 Ohio , admitted to the Union , 234 education in , 413 election of 1890 , 564 immigrants in , 401 labor laws in , 357 Mormons in , Native Americans in , 208 in Northwest , 117 oil in , 576 roads in , 265 , Second Great ing in , 410 oil , 576 , Oklahoma , land rush , 565 , 5651 ) Native Americans in , 557 , 565 Old Three Hundred , Old World , 18 Olive Branch Petition , 80 society , Olmstead , Frederick law , 596 Omaha , 11 , Luis de , 261 Onondaga , 11 Open Door Policy , oral history , 74 , 104 Oregon , 318 , annexation of , 317 election of 1876 in , 527 gains hood , 317 Native Americans in , 557 Oregon Trail , voting in , 613 Oregon Country , 309 , 317 Oregon Territory , 317 Oregon Trail , 326 Osage , 297 , ohn , 316 Otis , Elisha , 595 Otis , ames , 65 Ottawa , 61 overproduction , 562 Oviedo , Fernandez de , 19 Jim Paca , William , 89 Coast culture area , 10 Northwest , 309 , Ocean , 238 Panama Canal and , 655 Railway Acts , 550 PACs . See political action committees Paine , Robert Treat , 89 Paine , Thomas , 83 , 316 Paiute , 10 , 558 , Panama Canal , 655 Panic of 1837 , Panic , 527 , 552 Panic of 1893 , 564 , paper industry , 363 pardons , 147 parks , 596 , 611 , 628 , 6281 ) Participation Skills accepting social responsibility , 430 ?
group decisions , 2167 ?
personal conviction and bias , 3687 ?
working in groups to solve issues , 252 patents , 76 , William , 165 Patriots , 81 , 84 , 85 , 98 Paul , Alice , 624 INDEX Pawnee , 11 , 553 , 554 , Rhode Island , 348 , 352 , 43 , Tariff ( 1909 ) 629 Peace Democrats , 494 Pea Ridge , Battle of , 487 , ohn , 486 Civil Service Act ( 1883 ) 609 Penn , John , 89 Penn , William , 50 , Pennsylvania , Civil War in , 474 , coal mining in , 362 colonial , economy of , 51 First Continental Congress in , 78 immigrants in , 400 labor in , 587 labor laws in , 357 oil in , 576 tion of the Constitution , 165 slavery protest in , 58 , Perry , Benjamin , 518 Perry , Matthew , 3011 ) 643 Perry , Oliver Hazard , 247 Pershing , ohn , 661 Peru Spain and , 22 petition , freedom to , 167 , 179 petroleum , 576 Philadelphia , 50 , 199 , 596 Convention in , 124 , Constitutional Hall , First Continental Congress in , 78 as nation capital , 202 Second Continental Congress , 80 philanthropy , 581 Philippine Government Act ( 902 ) 651 Philippines , 637 , Pickett , George , 499 Pickett Charge , 499 , Pierce , Franklin , 450 , tive Slave Act and , 442 Pike , Pikes Peak , 238 Pilgrims , life of , 44 Native cans and , 43 women , 44 , Gifford , 628 , 629 , Charles , 165 , Charles , 165 , 228 , Thomas , 207 , 212 Treaty ( 795 ) Pinkerton Agency , 587 Pinto ( ship ) 15 pioneers , 61 Pioneers , The ( Cooper ) 271 pirates , 240 Pizarro , Francisco , 21 placer mining , 329 Plains Cree , Plains Indians , 237 , Plains , plantations , 23 , 38 , 41 , 289 , 376 , 381 , 3831 ) 386 , 5091 ) planters , 383 plants , Plateau culture area , 10 Platt Amendment , 650 plea bargain , 181 Pledge of Allegiance , Ferguson ( 1896 ) 528 ?
529 , Plymouth Colony , 33 ) Plymouth Rock , 43 Pocahontas , 37 Poe , Edgar Allan , 407 police , political action committees ( PACS ) 186 political cartoons , 214 , 243 , 482 , 504 , 519 , 581 , 594 , 656 political machines , 613 political participation , 186 political parties , 145 , 212 changes in , nominating conventions , 285 in , See also Bull Moose Party Democrat Party Party Party Federalist Party Free Soil Party Party Populist Party Progressive Party Republican Party Socialist Party Whig Party politics corruption in , explaining the process of , reading skills for , standing assumptions , ames ( 322 , Gold Rush and , 327 War and , 320 new territory and , slavery and , 438 poll taxes , 176 , pollution , 611 polygamy , 310 , Ponce de Leon , 21 Pontiac , 61 , Pony Express , 550 Pope , John , 480 popular sovereignty , 129 , 439 , 441 , 446 , 453 population of African Americans , 406 of California , 331 of cities , 594 farm , 562 Hispanic , House of and , 145 immigrant , 400 , 401 , 591 Mexican American , 3247 , rural , 198 , 1985 urban , population density , populism , Populist Party , 564 by , 15 Pory , ohn , Massacre , 448 , 455 poverty , 610 , Terence , 585 , 37 Preamble to the Constitution , 119 , 150 precedent , 197 Prescott , Samuel , 79 President , US , 129 , 146 , as commander in chief , 147 tion and the , disability of , executive orders , 147 in Gilded Age , 6081 ) 609 ) pardons and the , 147 , 517 during progressive movement , term of office , 152 ?
veto power of , president pro , 145 , 22 , 318 press , freedom of the , 167 , 179 Preston , Thomas , 67 Primary Sources , 292 , 296 , 311 , 426 , 453 , 456 , 612 assessing , 460 book , historical document , 43 , 210 ?
230 , 440 ?
441 442 ?
journal entry , 96 , 238 ?
letters , 38 , Primary Sources Roman Catholic Church 286 ) 391 , 493 ?
magazine article , 356 ?
newspaper advertisement , newspaper article , points of view , 2037 , 244 ) 5207 ?
political cartoons , 214 ) 243 , 482 ) 581 ?
594 ) 6567 ?
speech , 485 Principles of Management , The ( Taylor ) 584 printing press , 25 prisoners of war , 495 prison reform , 412 privateers , 206 , 214 Privy Council , 54 Proclamation of 1763 , 61 Progressive Movement , 6131 ) Progressive Party , 630 Prohibition , 172 Promontory , Utah , 551 propaganda , 67 , 186 , property rights , 324 women rights and , 428 proprietary colony , 39 , 54 prospecting , 328 , Gabriel , 390 Protestant Reformation , Protestant religion , 25 , 39 , 402 Providence , Rhode Island , 46 Prussia American Revolution and , 95 public space , 596 , 611 publishing , yellow journalism , 584 Publius , 133 Pueblo , 10 , 318 , 325 , 22 Puerto Rican Americans , 184 , 651 tion of , Puerto Rico , 5751 ) War in , 649 , as US . territory , 651 , 646 Pullman , George , 575 , 587 Pullman Palace Car Company , 587 Pullman Strike , 587 Pure Food and Drug Act ( 1906 ) 628 Puritans , 46 and , factor , 30 , Em Quakers , 50 , 58 , 414 , 416 Quebec , Canada , 18 in American tion , 92 in French and Indian War , 60 Quick Facts , 595 African Americans , 529 , checks and balances , church and state , 46 ?
Civil War soldiers , 475 ?
colonial government , 55 ?
Constitution , 130 Scott decision , election of 1800 , 229 ?
federalism , Federalists and , foreign policy , 657 ?
free states and slave states , 439 ?
government sources , 114 Great Compromise , Hamilton economic plan , judicial system , 161 ?
Middle Colonies , Patriots , political machines , Progressive ments , 631 ) Progressives , Reconstruction Amendments , 522 ?
separation of powers , 1457 ?
Shays Rebellion , terms of office , 152 Texas , 3137 ?
US . Constitution , 130 ?
War of 1812 , 249 , Quincy , 67 , 242 , 412 Radical Republicans , 521 , 523 railroad , 331 , 343 ) 3611 ) 581 cattle industry and , economy and the , 575 effect of , 363 , 552 , regulation of , 563 steel and , 575 transcontinental , 551 ) 552 Raleigh , Sir Walter , 27 Randolph , Edmund , 1971 ) 116 , 165 Raven , The ( Poe ) 407 Read , George , 89 , 165 Readers ( 412 Reading Skills , 34 , 76 , 112 , 142 , 194 , 226 , 258 , 282 , 302 ?
3747 , 5107 , 544 ?
572 , 576 , 638 compare and contrast , economics , evaluating information , geography , politics , 398 , reading for essential information , religion , science and technology , society and culture , specialized vocabulary , understanding assumptions , understanding cause and effect , ing chronological order , understanding , understanding drawing conclusions , understanding propaganda , understanding proposition and support , understanding semantic slanting , understanding structural patterns , understanding summarizing , understanding through ing , understanding words through context , Reagan , Ronald , 148 , reaper , 366 Reconstruction Black Codes and , cotton and , 530 , 531 different views of , Ku Klux Klan and , 526 , 5261 ) military districts , in the New South , 5301 ) Panic of 1873 and , 527 Redeemers and , 528 in the South , Reconstruction Acts , Reconstruction amendments , 171 Redcoats , 80 , 81 Redeemers , 528 Red River , 238 Reed , Walter , 650 , 655 referendum procedure , 613 reform movements , 597 , abolition of slavery , child labor and , 612 , 6151 ) 616 ) 617 ) civil service , progressives and , voting and , 613 , 6145 women rights , 4261 ) Americans and , 411 , 515 , 597 in England , 39 freedom of , 115 , 166 , 179 government and , 467 ?
Great Awakening , 581 ) immigrants and , in Middle Colonies , Mormons , music and , 272 Native American , 10 , 22 in New England colonies , in Pennsylvania , 50 tant Reformation , 251 ) tan , 46 reading skills for , Second Great Awakening , in slave culture , in the South , 384 Toleration Act and , 39 . See also individual religions Republican Motherhood , 197 Republican Party creation of , 450 tion of 1860 , 457 , election of 1868 , election of 1876 , 527 , 607 election of 1880 , 607 election of 1884 , 608 election of 1888 , 608 tion of 1896 , 608 election of 1912 , Emancipation tion and , 491 Radical Republicans , 521 , 523 in , 525 . See also Republican Party reservations , 555 , 558 reserved powers , 144 Revels , Hiram , 5091 ) 525 , 5251 ) Revere , Paul , 67 , 79 , 134 revivals , 272 , 384 Revolutionary War allies in , 95 Army and , 95 early battles , economics of , England and , French Revolution and , 206 Middle Colonies in , sea battles of , 97 soldiers in , in the South , 991 ) Treaty of Paris , 101 Valley Forge , 96 , war debts , Reynolds , Mary , 386 Rhode Island , colonial , 47 Constitutional Convention , 126 government in , ratification of the Constitution , 134 Rhode Island system , 353 Richmond , Virginia , 381 , 5131 ) 475 , 478 , 480 , 596 , 620 Rio Grande , 320 Rip Van ( 271 roads , 22 , 289 , 379 Roanoke Island , 27 Rochambeau , Comte de , 100 , ohn , 582 , 583 , 583 Rocky Mountains , 260 , Rodney , Caesar , 89 , ohn , 37 Roman Catholic Church , 22 , 39 , 313 , 402 Protestant Reformation and , 25 INDEX
Roosevelt Social Studies Skills Roosevelt , Franklin , term of office , 146 , 174 Roosevelt , Theodore , biography , 655 , foreign policy of , 6561 ) Panama Canal and , 653 , 655 Rough Riders and , 648 , 6481 ) 649 Roosevelt Corollary , 656 , Rosebud , Battle of the , Ross , George , 89 Ross , ohn , 295 Rough Riders , 648 , 6481 ) royal colony , 37 , 40 , 54 royal governor , 54 Rush , Benjamin , 89 Agreement , 260 Russia empire of , immigrants from , 588 in North America , Oregon Country and , 309 , 317 Rutledge , Edward , 89 , ohn , 128 , 1281 ) 165 Jim , 238 Sack of Lawrence , Sacramento River , 327 Clair , Arthur , 208 Lawrence River , 17 , 18 , 26 Louis , 26 , 236 Salem , Massachusetts , 47 Salt Lake City , 311 Sam , Guillaume , 658 Samoa , 641 , 43 Sampson , Deborah , 91 Sand Creek Massacre , 555 San Diego , California , 320 San Francisco , California , 320 , 328 , 3313 , 3311 ) Sanitary Commission , US , 476 sanitation , 611 San , Battle of , 314 , San Juan Hill , 649 Santa Anna , Antonio Lopez de , 322 Santa Fe , New Mexico , 310 , 318 Santa , 310 Santa Maria ( ship ) 15 Santee Sioux , Saratoga , Battle of , 94 , 95 , satire , 271 , 297 Savannah , Georgia , 40 , 379 , 502 scalawags , 588 , The ( Hawthorne ) 406 science and technology , 349 in Age of Exploration , factories , 366 farm equipment , 366 , 561 , 5621 ) icebox , 367 during Industrial , 349 , Panama Canal , 593 reading skills for , sewing machine , 366 ) 367 spinning machine , 347 , 3471 ) steam power , 359 , 360 , 366 telegraph , themes of , 568 USS Constitution , water frame , 347 , at World Fair , 596 . See also inventions agriculture , 380 INDEX management , 584 Revolution , 59 Scott , Scott , 322 , 323 , 446 , 475 , Scott ( 1857 ) See also Scott decision sea dogs , 25 secession , Second Amendment , 166 , 180 Second , 297 , sectionalism , 267 , 439 segregation , 528 , 529 Selective Service , 185 for , 319 ?
for Cubans , 646 in English colonies , 43 , 45 , 50 , 102 , 118 , Seminary Ridge , 498 , Seminole , 11 , 261 , 297 , 565 Senate , US , 129 , 145 Constitution and the , 152 Louisiana Purchase and , 236 president of the , 145 teenth Amendment and , 172 term of office , 1527 . See also Congress , legislative branch Seneca , 11 Seneca Falls Convention , Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments , 426 , separate but equal , 529 separation of powers , 145 Separatists , 42 , 295 ( warship ) 97 Seri , Serra , 22 settlement houses , 597 Seven Days Battles , 480 Seventeenth Amendment , 172 , 613 , Seventh Amendment , 166 , 167 , 180 , 181 Seven Years War , 60 Seward , William , 440 , 447 , 457 , 641 Seward Folly , 641 sewing machine , 367 sharecropping , Shawnee , 61 , Shays , Daniel , 122 ) Shays Rebellion , 123 , Sherman , Roger , 84 , 89 , 165 Sherman , William Tecumseh , 515 Sherman Antitrust Act ( 1890 ) 582 , 608 , 628 Sherman Silver Purchase Act ( 1888 ) 564 Shiloh , Battle of , 485 Shoemaker , David Roll , 476 Shoshone , 10 , 238 , Shot Heard Round the World , Sierra Nevada , 326 , 327 , 551 Signal Corps , Silk Road , silver , 564 , Naomi , 44 Sinclair , Upton , 621 , 628 Singer , Isaac , 367 Sioux , 553 , 554 , 555 , 556 Sirius ( steamship ) Sitting Bull , 556 Sixteenth Amendment , 172 , 630 , 631 Sixth Amendment , 166 , 167 , 180 , 181 , 185 skyscrapers , 595 slander , 179 , ohn , 353 Slater , Samuel , 348 , 352 , 353 , 353 slave auctions , 387 , 388 , 41 , 388 , 391 slave narratives , 418 , 443 slave revolts , 3901 ) slavery , 289 , abolition of , 4181 ) Africa and , 57 agriculture and , 376 buying freedom , 387 compensation for , 515 daily life under , Declaration of Independence and , 85 domestic , 387 Scott decision and , 453 education and , 388 Emancipation tion and , 503 families and , Fugitive Slave Act and , system , 386 Act , Lincoln and , 473 living tions and , 387 manifest destiny and , 317 in Middle Colonies , 51 Middle Passage , 58 Native Americans and , 23 New England colonies and , 85 in Northwest Territory , 117 regional differences about , religion and , skilled jobs and , 387 in southern colonies , 39 , 40 , 41 in Texas , 313 Thirteenth Amendment , 170 teenth Amendment and , Compromise , 128 Underground Railroad and , 3411 ) in Virginia , slave states , slave trade , 128 , 379 , 440 , ohn , 320 slums , 610 smelting process , 363 Smith , ames , 89 Smith , ohn , Smith , Smith , Margaret Bayard , 286 Smith , Margaret Chase , 179 Smith , Sophia , 622 Smith College , 622 smuggling , 57 , 64 , 66 , 68 Snake River , 326 social classes , 402 social Darwinism , 581 socialism , 619 Socialist Party , 630 social problems , 613 ) social reforms , 612 Social Studies Skills , 532 ?
accepting social responsibility , 4307 ?
analysis , 281 102 ) 188 ?
460 ?
632 ) analyzing costs and fits , 5987 ?
comparing migration maps , 566 ?
continuity and change , 664 ?
critical thinking , 28 ) 3613 300 , 460 , 460 ?
determining context , 188 ?
different points of view , 136 framing historical questions , 28 group decisions , 216 ?
identifying central issues , 2767 ?
interpreting graphs , interpreting maps , 334 interpreting political cartoons , 504 ?
Social Studies Skills Tennessee interpreting time lines , 707 ?
with , 121 , US foreign policy subsidy , 642 tion , 216 , 368 ?
personal and , 261 , suburbs , 595 conviction and bias , 3687 ?
primary War , subways , 595 and secondary sources , 460 ?
short 6481 ) suffrage , 115 , 173 , 1731 ) See also voting and long term causal patterns , 6327 ?
Spanish Armada , 25 , rights solving problems , 300 ?
study , 334 Spanish Florida , 40 sugar , 642 392 ) 5047 566 ?
understanding Spanish language , 325 ( 1764 ) 64 , 68 interpretation , 102 ?
working Speaker of the House , 145 sugarcane , 381 in groups to solve issues , Speaking Skills oral history , 74 thinking , Sullivan , Louis , 595 society and culture definition of , 81 Suma , reading skills for , specialization , 584 Sumner , Charles , 520 ) speculators , 201 supply and demand , Society of Friends , 50 . See also Quakers sodbusters , 561 , 5611 ) Sons of Liberty , 66 , 68 , 79 , 209 South African Americans in , Civil War in the , colonies in the , 55 cotton in , economy of , 41 , 513 education in the , 415 election of 1860 , 457 , factories in , farming in , 380 , 529 ) Freedmen Bureau in , 516 , Ku Klux Klan and , 526 , 5271 ) New South , crisis and , Reconstruction in the , 5251 ) religion in , 384 resources of the , 4746 , Revolutionary War in the , slavery in , 39 , 40 , 41 , 128 , state government in the , 517 , urban life in the , 384 South America migration to , Monroe Doctrine and , Native cans in , Spain and , 262 South America Political , South Carolina agriculture in , 41 Black Codes in , 519 Civil War in , 473 , 493 colony of , 40 cotton in , economy of , 290 in , 515 crisis and , plantations , of the Constitution , 165 during Reconstruction , 523 in War , 98 , 99 , secedes from the Union , 4351 ) 456 , 458 Second Great Awakening in , 410 . See also Carolinas South Dakota , Southeast culture area , Southwest , culture area , 10 Mexican Americans in , 325 , 592 , 626 Native Americans in the , 557 , Richard Dobbs , 165 Spain Treaty , 309 American Revolution and , 95 California and , Central America and , 22 , 262 colonies of , Cuba and , empire of , 27 , England and , 25 , 261 ) tion by , 21 Florida and , 101 , 207 , 261 , Louisiana and , Mexico and , 262 Native Americans and , New Mexico and , 318 in North America , Oregon Country and , 317 Treaty , South America and , 262 War , 647 ) 649 ) Texas and , 312 trade speech , freedom of , 166 , 179 spheres of , 644 spinning machine , 347 , 3471 ) spirituals , 272 , 389 spoils system , 286 , Spokane , Spy , The ( Cooper ) 271 , Squanto , 43 Square Deal , Stamp Act ( 1765 ) 66 , 68 Stamp Act Congress , 66 Standard Oil Company , Stanford , Leland , 550 , 581 , 583 , 5831 ) Stanford University , 581 Stanton , Edwin , 491 , 522 Stanton , Elizabeth Cady , 426 , 427 , 428 , 429 , 429 ) 623 staple crops , 51 Starr , Ellen Gates , 597 Banner , The ( Key ) 248 , state constitutions , 115 state courts , 198 state government , 129 , 163 concurrent powers and , 144 Constitution and , delegated powers of , 144 crisis and , ers denied , 157 Redeemers and , 528 reserved powers of , 144 in the South , 517 , 525 ) Tenth ment and , 183 Thirteenth ment and , 517 Wisconsin Idea , 614 states rights doctrine , Statue of Liberty , steamboat , 359 , 359 ) cotton trade and , 379 steam power , 366 steel industry , 363 , 580 steerage , 589 Stephens , Alexander , 383 , 458 Stephens , Ann Sophia , 406 Stevens , ohn , 642 Stevens , Thaddeus , 520 , 522 stockholders , 579 , Stockton , Richard , 89 Stockton , Robert , 320 Stone , Lucy , Stone , Thomas , 89 , Harriet Beecher , 424 , 443 , Strauss , Levi , 330 strict construction , 204 strikes , 356 , 587 , Strong , George Templeton , 361 Stuart , eb , 498 Study Skills comparing migration maps , 5667 ?
interpreting graphs , 392 interpreting maps , 3347 ?
interpreting political cartoons , 504 Stuyvesant , Peter , 27 , 50 Subarctic , culture area , Supreme Court , 130 , 147 , 148 , 231 , 266 , 296 , 359 , 451 , 452 , 453 , 528 , Jefferson and , judicial review , 232 term of office , See also judicial branch individual cases , Sutter , ohn , 327 Sutter Fort , 327 Swamp Fox . See Marion , Francis Swampy Cree , sweatshops , 592 Sweden , 27 empire of , 27 grants from , symbolic speech , 179 Em Taft , William Howard , eign policy of , 657 , 657 ) 658 , 17 , de , 214 , 236 Tammany Hall , 607 , Roger , 452 , Tariff of Abominations , 289 tariffs British , 121 Confederation and , 122 Hamilton and , 209 progressives and , 629 protective , 203 regional differences and , transportation and , 264 . See also taxes , taxation without representation , 67 taxes Boston Tea Party and , 68 House Ways and Means Committee , 145 income , 630 in Massachusetts Bay Colony , See also tariffs Taylor , Frederick , 584 Taylor , George , 89 Taylor , Zachary , 439 , 446 , War and , 320 , 322 , 322 Tea Act ( 1773 ) 68 tea tax , 68 technology . See inventions science and technology Tecumseh , 247 , 248 telegraph , 365 ) 550 , 577 telephone , 577 , 5771 ) Teller Amendment , 647 , 650 temperance movement , 411 , 426 , 623 tenant , 562 tenements , 404 , 590 , 596 , 611 Tennessee , admitted to the Union , 234 Civil War in , 474 , cotton in , during tion , 523 Second Great Awakening in , 410 INDEX
voting rights , Ten Percent Plan , 513 Tenth Amendment , 167 , 182 , 183 terms of , 152 ) 174 Sioux , Texas , 309 , Alamo , 314 , annexation of , 317 , 318 cattle industry in , 549 Civil War in , 484 , 487 as a colony , Compromise of 1850 and , 440 , 441 cotton in , frontier , 318 independence of , 313 Mexican Americans in , 592 can War and , Mexican Cession and , 323 Mexico and , Native Americans in , 553 Reconstruction in , 517 as , 318 secedes from the Union , 458 , 459 slavery in , 313 Spain and , 312 Texas Rangers , 315 , 555 Texas Revolution , textile industry , 347 ) 3551 ) 475 , ames , 80 , 94 Thames River , Battle of , 247 , Thanksgiving , 43 , 91 Third Amendment , 166 , 180 Thirteenth Amendment , 170 , 171 , Thoreau , Henry David , 405 Thornton , Matthew , 89 Compromise , 128 , Samuel . 527 , 607 Time Lines amendments , culture , European history , farming , interpreting , 70 ?
inventions , Lewis and Clark expedition , ity , Patriots , populism , Road to Revolution , Road to War , suffrage , time zones , 360 , Battle of , tobacco , 19 , 37 , 41 , 289 , 380 , Alexis de , 186 , 367 Toleration Act ( 1649 ) 39 , Tompkins , Sally Louisa , 496 Tom Thumb ( locomotive ) 3431 ) 360 , Alexander , 551 Tories , 76 , 84 totems , 10 town meeting , 55 , 55 ) 115 Acts ( 1767 ) 66 , 68 , 69 townships , trade , 50 with Africa , with Asia , barriers to , with Britain , 121 , 122 with China , 317 closed markets , 122 ton , 379 with Japan , 6441 ) in Middle Colonies , 51 overland , with Spain , 121 , See also free trade triangular trade trade laws , trade unions , 356 . See also labor unions Trail , 296 transcendentalism , INDEX Transcontinental Railroad , 331 , 5511 ) transportation , 264 animals used for , 19 canals , 379 in cities , 595 , 611 El Camino Real , 22 tions in , railroad , 331 , 5511 ) revolution in , 358 roads , 289 , 379 ships , steamboat , 359 , 3591 ) tariffs and , 264 Travis , im , 314 treaties , 116 , 120 , 164 , 310 , 593 , 693 , and Congress , and courts , 161 with Native Americans , 298 , and president , 1455 , 147 , 160 . See also treaties Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek , 295 Treaty of Fort Jackson ( 1814 ) 248 Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1851 ) 554 , Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) 555 Treaty of ( 1814 ) 249 , 260 Treaty ( 1795 ) 209 , 242 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848 ) 323 , 324 Treaty of Medicine Lodge ( 1867 ) 555 Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) 60 Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) 101 , 120 Iron Works , 3731 ) 381 Trenton , Battle of , 93 trials , 181 Triangle Shirtwaist Company , 618 triangular trade , tribal councils , tricksters , 389 trolleys , 595 trusts , 581 , 582 , 628 Truth , Sojourner , 418 , 424 Tubman , Harriet , 420 , Tule River culture area , Nat , 421 Tuskegee , Tweed , William Marcy , 607 , Twelfth Amendment , Twentieth Amendment , Amendment , Amendment , 174 Amendment , 176 Amendment , 146 , 174 Amendment , 177 Amendment , 141 , 177 Amendment , 174 Two Years Before the Mast ( Dana ) 319 , ohn , 293 , westward sion and , 317 tyranny , 83 Jim , unalienable , 84 Uncle Tom Cabin ( 443 , 444 Underground Railroad , Underwood Tariff Act ( 191 ) 630 unicameral legislature , 127 Union Army , African Americans in , battles in the West , casualties of , 500 , 5023 at Gettysburg , 4981 ) 4991 ) naval strategies of , soldiers of the , 495 , 495 Union Railroad , unions . See labor unions trade unions Union States , 474 , United States of America Physical , United States of America Political , Utah , Compromise of 1850 and , 441 Mexican Cession and , 323 mons in , 311 Native Americans in , railroad in , 551 Utah Territory , Ute , 10 , Vail , Alfred Lewis , 365 , Clement , 494 Vallejo , Mariano Guadalupe , 319 , 331 Valley Forge , 96 , Van , Martin , 281 , 286 , 290 , 439 , election of 1836 , 292 labor and , 357 Van , Marie , 616 vaqueros , 549 , Vassar College , 622 , Lawrence , 611 Venezuela , Venice , Italy , 131 ) 14 , Mexico , 321 , 322 , vertical integration , 580 , Denmark , 390 . See also Denmark Document , 17 veto , Vice President , US , 146 as president of the Senate , 145 term of office , Siege of , 486 , 488 , 500 Villa , Francisco Pancho , 661 Vincennes , Battle of , 97 Virginia , agriculture in , 41 , Articles of Confederation and , 124 Civil War in , 474 , 475 , 500 daily life in , education in , 48 as English colony , 27 government in , 55 House of , 115 Jamestown , 38 of the Constitution , 134 , 165 in Revolutionary War , 98 , 100 , slave revolts in , slavery in , 379 , 385 , 388 state debt of , 201 tax revolt in , 66 , 68 western frontier and , 61 Virginia ( warship ) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions , 290 Virginia Company . See London Company Virginia Declaration of Rights , 135 Virginia Plan , Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom , 115 , 18 , 79 , visually impaired , 413 , Von , Friedrich , 95 , 96 voting age , 177 elections and , 186 reforms in , 613 , voting rights , 115 of African Americans , 171 , 385 , 493 , 521 , 522 ) 523 poll taxes and , in , in Washington , 174 of women , 173 , 523 , 623
Voting Rights Act ( 1970 ) Voting Rights Act ( 1970 ) 177 . Wabash River , 244 Wade , Benjamin , 513 , 522 Bill , wagon trains , 3101 ) Waldo , 96 Walker , David , 417 Walla Walla , Wall Street , 199 , Massachusetts , 354 Walton , George , 89 , 43 , 59 , war debts , War Hawks , War of 1812 , 245 battles of , causes and effects of , 249 ?
manufacturing and the , 351 Agreement , 260 War of Independence . See Revolutionary War Washington , Washington , Booker , 624 , Washington , Civil War in , 474 , 478 , 479 corruption in , 607 design of , 202 , as nation capital , 202 , 230 voting rights in , 174 in War of 1812 , 248 , See also District of Columbia Washington , George , of , 82 , cabinet of , at Constitutional Convention , 126 , Continental Army and , 80 , 81 , 93 ) 96 , 961 ) 100 , 101 court system and , farewell address of , 210 , 211 , as Federalist , 132 foreign policy of , 641 in French and Indian War , 60 inauguration of , 197 ay Treaty , 207 national bank and , 204 Neutrality Proclamation , Northwest Territory and , Treaty , as president , 1971 ) Whiskey Rebellion and , 209 Washington , Martha , 197 Washington Farewell Address , 21 013 211 , Washington Territory , water frame , 347 , 3471 ) laws , 325 Wayne , Anthony , 208 Webster , Daniel , 291 , 291 ) 361 , 441 Weems , Maria , Weld , Charles Richard , 361 Weld , Theodore , 416 , 424 Wells , Ida , 624 West Civil War in the , in the , culture areas , 10 economy of , 289 , frontier , 61 fur trade in the , 308 Lewis and Clark tion , mining in , movement to the , 3111 ) 546 , 565 , 565 ) Native Americans in , 557 Oregon try and , 309 , Oregon Trail , Pike expedition , Revolutionary War in the , 97 laws , 325 Western Shoshone , Western Trail , West Indies , 17 trade with , George , 575 , 577 West Virginia , Civil War in , 474 , coal mining in , 362 oil in , 576 roads in , 265 , whaling , 47 Whig Party , 292 , 450 election of 1852 , 446 Whipple , William , 89 Whiskey Rebellion , 209 White , ohn , 27 , George , 59 White House , 230 , 286 Whitman , Walt , 407 Whitney , Eli , 349 , 372 ) 377 , 377 , Laura , 562 Campaign , 500 , Frances , 623 and Mary College , 48 , Joseph , Roger , William , 89 , Hugh , 165 , David , 438 Proviso , ames , 89 , 165 , Woodrow , 629 , foreign policy of , 6577 , 658 , 661 , Sarah , 558 , ohn , 44 , 45 , immigrants in , 401 in Northwest Territory , 117 Idea , 614 Idea , 614 witchcraft trials , 47 , ohn , 89 Wolcott , Oliver , 89 Woman Christian Temperance Union , 623 women in Civil War , 496 , ters of Liberty , 62 Declaration of Independence and , 85 education and , 48 , 413 , 4131 ) 424 , 622 first ladies , 197 in Gold Rush , 328 , 329 , 3291 ) Great Awakening and , 59 Homestead Act and , 560 grant , 592 labor reform and , 35 , 619 in labor unions , 586 in Middle Colonies , 51 in the military , 185 mill workers , 531 minimum wage law and , 618 Mormon , 310 Native American , 11 , 20 Pilgrim , 44 on plantations , 383 Progressive movement and , 622 Quaker , 50 reform groups and , 412 , 6031 ) in Revolutionary War , 91 slaves , on the Supreme Court , 148 ance movement and , 623 in textile industry , voting rights of , 115 , 173 , 284 , 523 , 6031 ) 6231 ) on wagon trains , 310 , 31 11 ) women rights , leaders , property rights and , 428 Seneca Falls Convention , 4261 ) voting rights , 115 , 173 , 284 , 523 , 603 ) 6231 ) Wood , Leonard , 650 Woodward , Charlotte , 426 , 428 . Georgia ( 1832 ) 296 , workers compensation , 618 workplace safety , 618 World Political , World Fair , 596 , 558 Wright , Orville and Wilbur , 578 Writing Skills biographical narrative , biographical sketch , 372 cause and effect , character sketch , 256 , 278 comparing people and events , explaining a political process , 32 interviews , 280 job history , 508 letter of recommendation , 224 letters , newspaper advertisement , 342 , 372 newspaper article , 468 newspaper editorial , 110 Nobel nomination , 192 , 216 outline , 300 pamphlets , 140 , 190 persuasive essay , social studies report , writing systems , 295 Wyoming , cattle industry in , 549 Mexican Cession and , 323 Native Americans in , 554 , George , 89 Jim . XYZ Affair , Yaqui , 650 , 655 yellow journalism , 646 yeomen , 384 , 10 Yorktown , Battle of , 100 , Young , Brigham , 311 , 325 Yuki , Yuma , Zapata , Emiliano , 661 , Lorenzo de , 313 , ohn Peter , 56 zoning laws , 611 , INDEX
I Credits and Acknowledgments Ill Ill ' For permission to reproduce copyrighted material , grateful acknowledgment is made to the following sources Historical Association From quote by Gro from Frontier Mother The Letters of Gro , translated and edited by Pauline and Theodore . Copyright 1950 Association . Sources Cited Quote by an Aztec messenger from The Broken Spears The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico , Expanded and Updated Edition , edited by Miguel . Published by Beacon Press , Boston , 1992 . From Yesterday A Memoir of a Russian Family by Shomer , edited by Emily . Published by Publishers , New York , 1978 . Quote by a Hungarian immigrant from This Was America by Oscar . Published by Harvard University Press , Cambridge , 1949 . Illustration and Photo Credits Front Cover Wolfgang Front Matter Card Stock Insert Page a , The Granger Collection , New York i , Library of Congress ' The Granger Collection , New York ( Daily News Pix ( Robert ( Randy ( Glen Images vi ( Mary Evans Picture Library vi ( The Field Museum of Natural History , Neg . Photo by Ron Testa vii ( art reference ) Phoenix Museum of Art , Bridgeman Art Library viii ( Dennis viii ( American Antiquarian Society ix , Richard ( Smithsonian American Art Museum , Washington Resource , NY ( Francis xi ( Collection of Matthew xii ( Jack Naylor Collection xvi , Perry xvii , Joseph , xviii ( art reference ) Royal Albert Memorial Museum , Exeter , Devon , Bridgeman Art Library xviii ( From the Collection of Museum , Tulsa , Oklahoma ( Collection of the Historical Society , neg . 41800 ( Concord Photograph by Chip . Chapter Opener Time lines ( Green Getty Images ( Chapter Opener time lines ( Images ( Unit One . Chapter Pages ( Rebecca Index Stock Imagery , The Art Anthropological Museum ( both ) Resource , NY ( Smithsonian Institution , Washington , Photograph by Chip Clark 14563 ( Getty Images ( The Field Museum of Natural History , Neg . Photo by Ron Testa ( Ohio Historical Society ( From the Collection of Museum , Tulsa ( 2000 The Art Institute of Chicago ( detail ) 10 ( Marilyn Pictures ( The Granger Collection , New York 13 , Resource , NY 17 , Art Reference Images 21 , Robert Camp Associates 23 , Archive 24 ( Saint Bride Printing Library , 25 ( Mary Evans Picture Library . Chapter Pages 3233 ( Ted Curtin for Plantation 32 ( David 33 ( Courtesy of the Pilgrim Society , Plymouth , Massachusetts 33 ( 33 ( Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection , Detroit Public Library ( Culver Pictures , 39 , Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 46 ( Art Ref Archive 49 ( 50 ( Art Reference Historical Society of Pennsylvania 52 , 53 ( NASA ( 57 ( Art Reference Royal Albert Memorial Museum , Exeter , Devon , Bridgeman Art Library 57 ( Private 58 ( National Portrait Library , Art Library 61 ( Art Reference Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection , Detroit Public Library 62 ( British Library , London , Bridgeman Art Library 62 ( 63 ( Michael Photos ( Virginia Historical Society 67 , Peter Newark American Pictures 68 , Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society 69 ( 69 ( American Antiquarian Society . Chapter Pages ( Stock Imagery 75 ( The Granger Collection , New York 75 ( North Wind Picture Archives 75 ( Christie Images 79 , The Granger Collection , New York 79 , Concord by Chip 82 ( art reference ) Phoenix Museum of Art , Bridgeman Art Library 82 ( Robert 84 , 91 ( 1921101 , Collection of The Historical Society 91 ( Collection of The York Historical Society , neg . 31665 93 ( 94 ( Saratoga National Historic Park 94 ( Chateau de Versailles , Bridgeman Art Library 95 ( Art Gallery , Cornwall , Art Library 95 ( Hotel Galvez , Galveston , Texas 96 , 99 , The Granger Collection , New York 100 ( both ) CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Unit Two . Chapter Pages 11 ( Joe World Photos 110 , Library of Archive 111 ( Collection of the American Numismatic Society , New York 111 ( Nik ( Andrea ( Tokyo National Museum 115 , The Granger Collection , New York 119 ( Michael ( The Granger Collection , New York 125 , Dennis 126 ( Hall of Representatives , Washington , Bridgeman Art Library 126 ( Independence National Historical Park 126 ( Stock Montage 126 ( Portrait by Robert Susan , Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States 127 , Alex Images 128 ( South Carolina Legal History Collection 128 ( City of Bristol Museum and Art Bridgeman Art Library 129 , Alex Images 131 ( art ence ) Historical Society of Pennsylvania 131 ( American Antiquarian Society 133 ( Stock Montage , 133 ( Chapter Pages 14 ( 141 ( Sam Photo 141 ( Archive 141 ( Tony 141 ( 149 ( both ) National Archives ( NARA ) Richard 152 ( Dennis World Photos ( Mark Images 154 , 154 ( Dennis World Photos 155 , Brooks 166 ( Yang ( Norm , Las Cruces World Photos 167 ( Alex Photos ( David ( 171 , Library of Archive 173 , Library of Congress 175 ( 175 ( Oscar 176 ( Hector Garcia Papers , Special Collections Archives , Texas A Christi , Bell Library 176 ( 1978 Matt 176 ( Texas State Library Archives Commission 179 , Daily News Pix 181 , Spencer 133 ( Ariel 185 , David 186 ( ames Image Works 186 ( Brownie 187 ( Ariel ( Janet Boston Globe . Republished with sion of The Globe Newspaper Company , eff . Chapter Pages ( Miles 192 , Images 193 ( Resource , NY 193 ( Art Resource , NY ( 197 , Library of Archive ( The New York Public Library , Miriam and Ira Division of Art , Prints and Photographs ,
Astor , Lenox and Foundations Art Resource , NY 199 , inset ) 190732 ) Collection of The Historical Society 202 ( Photo 2004 Roger Foley 202 ( 203 ( Stock Montage , 203 ( Stock Getty Images 205 , des Resource , NY 206 ( Chicago Historical Society , 206 ( Library of Archive 207 , Photo Library 208 , Courtesy Ohio Historical Society 210 , Museum of the City of New 213 ( The New York Historical Society , New York , Bridgeman Art Library 213 ( The Art de 213 ( The Historical Society , New York , Bridgeman Art Library 213 ( Independence National Historical Park Collection 213 ( The Henry Luce III Center for the Study of American 213 ( National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , Resource , NY 214 , Library of Archive . Pages ( Art Ref ) Tom . Chapter Pages ( 224 , The Granger Collection , New York 225 ( New Haven Colony Historical Society , Gift of George Crawford , 1973 . 225 ( Collection of the American Revolution 225 ( Portrait of the Founder , Image courtesy of Shinto 225 ( Library of Congress , 229 ( The Art de 229 ( 229 ( Alan 231 ( Getty Images 232 ( Washington and Lee University 233 ( both ) Independence National Historical Park 236 , Alan Images 239 , Terry 242 ( The Mariners Museum ( North Wind Picture Archives 243 ( North Wind Picture Archives 243 ( The Granger Collection , New York 243 ( 1993 Mickey Star 244 ( The Field Museum , Neg , Chicago . 244 ( National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , gift of Herbert Lee Pratt , 248 ( 248 ( inset ) Historical Bridgeman Art Library 250 , Craig 251 ( Tom Images ( Chapter Pages 25 257 ( Lee 256 , National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , Resource , NY 257 ( Library of Congress 257 ( The Granger Collection , New York 257 ( Courtesy Archive 265 ( 265 ( Maryland Historical Society , Baltimore , Maryland 266 ( Art Reference ) Chicago Historical Society 270 , Andre Photos 271 , Library of Congress 272 ( American Antiquarian Society ( Smithsonian American Art Museum , Washington Resource , NY 273 , Francis . Chapter Pages , Detroit Publishing Company Collection , from Birth Century , KEA Publishing Services 280 ( The Granger Collection , New York 281 ( Janice and . Collection of Political Americana 281 ( National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian Resource , NY 281 ( The Stapleton Collection , Bridgeman Art Library 281 ( The Art Archive 285 ( Norton Art Gallery , Shreveport , LA . Used by permission 285 ( David ( Art Reference ) Board of Trustees , National Gallery of Art , Washington 287 ( The Hermitage , Home of Andrew Jackson 289 ( American Museum of Textile History ( Christie Bridgeman Art Library ( The Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco , Gift of Eleanor Martin , 37566 296 , The Granger Collection , New York 299 , all ) Smithsonian American Art Museum , Washington , Resource , NY . Chapter 10 Pages ( Seaver Center for Western History Research , Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 305 ( Historical Museum , Research Center , Canyon , Texas 305 ( The Oakland Museum , The City of Oakland 305 ( Peter Newark Western Americana 305 ( Library of Archive 309 , 310 , Used by permission , Utah State Historical Society , all rights reserved 313 ( Institute of Texan Cultures , University of Texas at San Antonio ( colorized ) Courtesy Texas General Land Office , Photo by Peter Van Steen 314 , Jack 315 , Texas State Library and Archives Commission 317 ( Janice and David Collection of Political Americana 317 ( Library of Archive ( American Antiquarian Society 318319 ( James Walker , in a Horse Corral , 1877 , 01261480 , From the Collection of Museum , Tulsa , Oklahoma 319 ( Art Reference ) Courtesy The Bancroft Library , University of California , Berkeley 321 ( Society of California Pioneers , Texas State Library and Archives Commission 324 , Griffiths 327 , both ) Collection of Matthew 328 ( Courtesy of the California History Room , California State Library , Sacramento , California 329 ( Seaver Center for Western History Research , Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 331 , Library of Congress 332 , George Images 333 ( Smithsonian American Art Museum ) Washington , Grand and Snake River 336 , Dudgeon . Unit Four . Pages ( Marilyn Stock Imagery , 342 ( New York State Historical Association , 343 ( inset ) George Eastman House 343 ( Archive 343 ( Southeast Museum 343 ( NASA 343 ( CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 348 ( Samuel Finley Morse , Eli Whitney ( Yale University Art Gallery . Gift of George , 1801 348 ( Museum of Connecticut History 349 ( Museum of Connecticut History 349 ( New Haven Colony Historical Society 350 , to Bob 353 , Rhode Island Historical Society 354 , Jack Naylor Collection 359 , Library of Congress , Detroit Publishing Company Collection 364 , Museum of Connecticut History 365 ( Art Ref ) Stock Montage , 365 ( Smithsonian Institution , Washington , Photograph by Charles Phillips ) 365 ( Courtesy John Company Archives 366 ( I , US . Patent Office ( National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , Chapter 12 Pages , Penn School Papers , Southern Historical Collection , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Wilson Library , A ) 372 , National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , Photo by Kim , 373 ( 373 ( Library of Congress 384 ( The Valentine Museum 384 ( Collection of the American Numismatic Society , New York 387 ( The Paul Getty Museum , Los Angeles ( Hauling the Whole Week Pickings by William Henry Brown , The Historic New Orleans Collection 389 ( South Carolina Historical Society 390 , North Wind Picture Archives . Chapter 13 Pages ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art , Gift of IN . Phelps Stokes , Edward Hawes , Alice Mary Hawes , Marion Augusta Hawes , All rights reserved , The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 397 ( Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society 397 ( Archive 397 ( Photo David , American Printing House for the Blind Museum 397 ( Peter Newark American Pictures 401 ( William Becker American Museum of Photography 405 , Brooklyn Museum of Art , Gift of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Bridgeman Art Library 411 ( The Granger Collection , New York ( Images 413 ( Art Reference ) Library of Congress , Courtesy of Archives 415 ( inset ) Museum of Art , Rhode Island School of Design . Gift of Lucy Aldrich 417 ( Trustees of the Boston Public Library 418 , Library of Congress 419 ( Courtesy of the Levi Coffin House Association and 419 ( Courtesy of The Brooklyn Museum of Art 420 , Library of Congress 421 ( Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society 422 ( art ref ) Archive 422 ( Library of Congress , Manuscript Division 424 ( Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society 424 ( The Granger Collection , New York 425 ( Courtesy of the Susan Anthony House , Rochester , NY 425 ( Library of Archive 427 , Stock Montage , 428 , 429 ( Art Reference ) Susan at an VI at I an
II ! a ! Anthony House 429 ( 1973 Historical Documents Harcourt Photo by Maria . Chapter 14 Pages 434453 ( Dave Houser 435 ( India Office Library St Records , The British Library 435 ( Chicago Historical Society 435 ( Archive 440 , Archive 442 , The . Paul Getty Museum , Los Angeles 445 , Library of Congress 448 ( Kansas Museum of History 448 ( Kansas State Historical Society , Kansas 449 ( The Granger Collection , New York 451 , Getty Images , Missouri Historical Society 453 , Library of Archive 454 ( The Museum of American Political Life , University of Hartford , West Hartford , 454 ( Picture History 456 ( Ohio Historical Society 458 ( Boston Athenaeum 489 , Naval Historical Center . Unit Five . Chapter 15 Pages ( Library of Congress , Brady Civil War Photo Collection 468 ( Confederate Museum , United Daughters of the Confederacy 469 ( 469 ( 469 ( Chicago Historical Society , ti 480 , National Park Service 473 , Bob 481 ( Library of Archive 486 , 1989 , The Greenwich Workshop , Reproduced with the permission of the Greenwich Workshop , Shelton , 489 , Naval Historical Center 490 , 491 , South Carolina Historical Society 492 ( Library of Congress ( inset ) Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society 494 , 495 ( National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , ID ) 496 , American Antiquarian Society 503 , 504 ( 506 , The Granger Collection , New York . Chapter 16 Pages ( Paul 508 ( Images 509 ( The Granger Collection , New York 509 ( Herbert Johnson Museum of Art , Cornell University 509 ( Michael Historic ( National Archives ( NARA ) 514 ( Library of Congress 514 ( inset ) Chicago Historical Society 515 , University of Texas at El Paso Library , Special Collections Department , Ada Photograph Collection 516 , William Gladstone Collection 519 , Library of Congress 520 ( Library of Congress 520 ( 522 , North Wind Picture Archives 525 ( both ) Library of Congress 526 , The Granger Collection , New York 527 , Tennessee State Museum Collection . Photography by June 528 , Getty Images 529 ( National Archives ( NARA ) North Wind Picture Archives 530 , Courtesy of The Charleston Renaissance Gallery , Robert , Charleston , South Carolina 531 , Unit Six . Chapter 17 Page 541 , Art Ref ) Buffalo Bill Historical Center , Cody , WY ( Library of Congress , Collection 542 ( Courtesy Wells Fargo Bank 543 ( Southern Pacific Archive 543 ( 543 ( The Art Archive 543 ( The Granger Collection , New York 547 ( Collection of the Historical Society , neg . 41800 548 ( Denver Public Library , Western History Collection ( Nebraska State Historical Society , Photograph Collections 549 , Bob Bell , True West Magazine 550 , James 551 , Union Historical Collection 552 , The Granger Collection , New York 553 , 555 , George World Photos 55 557 , 557 , Western History Division , National Museum of American Smithsonian Institution , Washington , 558 , The Granger Collection , New York 561 , Western History Collections , University of Oklahoma 562 ( Elias Carr Papers , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , Joyner Library , East Carolina University , Greenville , Photo by 562 ( Library of Congress 562 ( Nebraska State Historical Society 563 ( Culver Pictures 555 , 569 , Dudgeon . Chapter 18 Pages 57 ( Archive 571 ( George Meany Memorial Archives 571 ( 571 ( Archives Larousse , Paris , Bridgeman Art Library , Library of Congress 576 ( Whittier Museum 576 ( neg . 40578 Collection of The Historical Society 577 ( Property of AT Archives . Printed with sion of AT ( Getty Images 578 ( Library of Archive 579 , Montgomery County Historical Society 580 , 580 ( inset ) Courtesy of the Rockefeller Archive Center 581 , Collection of The York Historical Society 583 ( Art Ref ) World Photos 583 ( Art Ref ) World Photos 583 ( Art Reference ) Photo courtesy Union Pacific Historical Collection 585 ( Brown Brothers 585 ( Art Ref ) 589 ( Copyright The New York Public Resource , NY ( 590 ( National Archives , Shades of Angeles Public Library 591 ( Ernest Swanson Papers , Swedish Immigration Research Center , College , Rock Island , IL 592 ( Library of Congress , Arnold Collection ( 595 , Chicago Historical Society 596 ( Jane Addams Memorial Collection ( neg 227 ) Special Collections , University Library , University of Illinois at Chicago 596 ( Curt Postcard Archives , Lake County , IL Museum 599 , Chapter 19 Pages ( Elizabeth Cady Stanton Trust 603 ( Janice and David . Collection of Political Americana 603 ( The Granger Collection , New York , Archive 609 ( The Granger Collection , New York 612 , Museum of the City of CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS New York , Jacob Collection 502 613 , Historical Society 615 , National Archives 616 , Library of Congress 618 , Courtesy of Steve Latham 623 , 625 , Seaver Center for Western History Research , Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 626 , Ching Archive , Perry 628 , Leroy Museum 630 , Stock Montage , 635 , Library of Congress . Chapter 20 Pages ( 636 ( Charles 637 ( Press Information Bureau of India 641 , Naval Parade , held in honor of George Dewey ( 1898 ( oil on canvas ) by Fred ( Museum of the City of New York , USA Bridgeman Art Library 642 , 643 , National Portrait Gallery , Smithsonian Art Resource , NY 644 , Trustees of the British Museum 647 ( Archive ( 649 , Library of Congress 650 , Collection ( University of California at California Museum of Photography 653 , Library of Congress , 654 , Danny 656 , The Granger Collection , New York 659 , 660 , 662 , 663 ( all ) Epilogue Page 670 , 671 ( Robert Life Getty Images ( 672 ( The Granger Collection , New York ( News Pix 673 ( Thomas Record ( Bergen County , SABA ( Digital Images . Back Matter Pages ( White House Historical Association ( White House Collection ) last ) The White House , photo by Eric Draper , Tom Images ( all ) World Dana . Staff Credits The people who contributed to Halt California Social Studies United States History , Independence to 1914 are listed below . They represent editorial , design , intellectual property resources , production , and permissions . Lissa Anderson , Melanie , Charles Becker , Jessica , Ed Blake , Gillian Brody , Shirley , Erin , Rose , Chase Edmond , Mescal , Rhonda , Marsh , Ford , Bob , Matthew , Janet Harrington , Rhonda Haynes , Rob , Cathy , Knape , Cathy , Debbie , Bob McClellan , Joe , Richard Metzger , Cynthia , Nathan Neal , Karl , Shelly Ramos , Reid , Curtis Riker , Roberts , Diana Rodriguez , Gene , Annette Saunders , Key , Ken , Michele , Chris Smith , Elaine Tate , Jeannie Taylor , Joni , Ken