US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 9 The Age of Jackson
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CHAPTER We Age California Standards Science Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation . Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the 1800 to the ) and the challenges . Students analyze the multiple causes , key events , and complex consequences of the Civil War . Arts Writing Present information purposefully and succinctly and meet the needs ofthe intended audience . Reading Students read and , appropriate material . FOCUS ON WRITING An Interview You are a reporter for a large city newspaper in the year 1837 . has just left office . and you have been given the assignment of interviewing him about his presidency and his role in American politics . As you read this chapter . you will write interview questions for your view with Jackson . is ! elected president . finishes a written language for the Cherokee . 1829 Louis Braille publishes a reading system forthe blind . 280 CHAPTER
History Impact series Watch the video to stand the impact of Native American reservations . What You Will Learn , In this chapter you will learn about how President Andrew Jackson helped shape the United States . He was so influential that historians refer to his presidency as the Age of Jackson . This statue of Jackson has stood in Washington , for more than 150 years and captures the drive and spirit of the seventh president of the United States . I 832 , Andrew Jackson ' vetoes the charter ' Tac renewal of the The Trail of Tears begins . national Bank of Martin Van is when US . troops remove the the United States . elected president . Cherokee from Georgia . 1832 A British reform bill doubles Slavery is Dutch colonists known as The Opium War breaks the abolished in the Boers clash with the Zulu out between Great men who can vote . British Empire . in southern Africa . Britain and China . I . 28
Reading Social Studies Society and Geography Religion and culture Economics Politics Focus on Themes in this chapter you will read and northern states over tariff regulations . You will about the events that shaped the United States also read about the forced relocation of many from . You will see how political and Native Americans to the West . Understanding how economic decisions were intertwined . For instance , economic issues led to political decisions will help you will read about the tensions between southern you understand this time . Drawing Conclusions about the Past Focus on Reading Writers do always tell you everything you I in need to know about a subject . Sometimes you need to think critically ' I . SU can ' about what they have said and see what it all adds up to . in the ' Drawing Conclusions Earlier in this book you learned how to make inferences . Sometimes when you read , you will need to make eral inferences and put them together . The result is a conclusion , an informed judgment that you make by combining information . Inference Jackson shared many qualities with American voters . Election of 1828 The 1828 campaign focused a great deal on the candidates personalities . Jackson described him as a war hero . They said he had been born poor and rose to success through his own hard Work Adams er yed many privileges Adams was a Harvard graduate whose father at most ' not had been the second president . supporters described Adams as being out of touch with everyday people . When the ballots were counted , had defeated Adams winning a record number of popular Votes . 28 286 ) Inference Jackson easily won the election by a huge majority . Conclusion In 1828 , Americans chose a president to whom they could relate . 282 CHAPTER
ELA Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . You Try It ! The following passage is from the chapter you are getting ready to read . As you read the passage , look for the facts of the situation . The Election of 1834 In 1834 a new political party formed to From oppose Jackson . Its members called selves , after an English political party that opposed the monarchy , to make the point that Jackson was using his power like a king . The Whig Party favored the idea of a weak president and a strong Congress . Unable to agree on a presidential candidate , the nominated four men to run against Vice President Martin Van . With strong backing from Jackson , Van won the election . After you read the passage , answer the following questions . From this passage , what can you infer about President popularity with the Whig Party ?
The could not choose a single presidential candidate , so they nominated four men . Based on what you know about elections from your studies and your past experiences , how do you think this affected the votes each man received ?
Jackson backing helped Van win the presidency . From this , what can you infer about Jackson popularity with the American people as a whole ?
Using the inferences you made answering questions through , draw a conclusion about why Van won the election of 1834 . As you read , use your personal background knowledge and experience to draw conclusions about what you are reading . a . Chapter Section nominating conventions ( 285 ) Democracy ( 285 Democratic Party ( 285 ) John Calhoun ( 285 ) spoils system ( 286 Martin Van ( 286 ) Kitchen Cabinet ( 286 ) Section Tariff of Abominations ( 289 ) states rights doctrine ( 290 ) nullification crisis ( Daniel Webster ( 291 ) 292 ) Whig Party ( 292 Panic of 1837 ( 293 ) William Henry Harrison ( Section Indian Removal Act ( 294 ) Indian Territory ( 294 ) Bureau of Indian Affairs ( Worcester Georgia ( 296 ) Trail of Tears ( 296 ) Black Hawk ( 297 ) 297 ) Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic the words that are frequently used in school assignments and . In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words criteria ( 290 ) contemporary ( 295 THE AGE or JACKSON 283
SECTION What You Will Learn . Democracy expanded in the as more Americans held the right to vote . Jackson victory in the tion 011828 marked a change in American politics . The Big Idea The expansion of voting rights and the election of Andrew Jackson signaled the growing power of the American people . Key Terms and People nominating conventions , 285 Democracy , 285 Democratic Party , 285 John Calhoun , 285 spoils system , 286 Martin Van , 286 Kitchen Cabinet , 286 Discuss the election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828 , the importance racy , and his actions as president ( the spoils system , veto lo the National Bank , policy of Indian removal , tion to the Supreme Court ) 284 Democracy If YOU were there Its 1829 , and you live in Washington , You ve come with a friend to the party for Andrew Jackson inauguration as president . Your friend admires Jackson as a man of the people . You are less sure about his ability Jackson inauguration soon turns into a rowdy party , as mobs crowd into the White House . They break glasses and overturn the furniture . How would you feel about having Jackson as your president ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND In the early years of the United States , the rightto vote belonged mainly to a white men who owned property . As the country grew , more men were given the right to vote . This expansion of democracy led to the election of Andrew Jackson , a war hero . But not everyone approved of Jackson . Expansion of Democracy America in the early was changing fast . In the North , shops run by the craftspeople who owned them were being replaced by factories owned by businesspeople and staffed by hired workers . In the South , small family farms began to give way to large cotton plantations , owned by wealthy white people and worked by enslaved African Americans . Wealth seemed to be concentrating into fewer hands . Many ordinary Americans felt left behind . These same people also began to believe they were losing power in their government . In the late some Americans thought that government was best managed by wealthy , men . Government policies seemed targeted to help build the power of these people . The result was a growing belief that the wealthy were tightening their grip on power in the United States . Hoping for change , small farmers , frontier settlers , and holders rallied behind Andrew Jackson , the popular hero of the War of 1812 and presidential candidate in the 1824 tion . They believed Jackson would defend the rights of the common
Democracy in Action Democracy spread in the early 18005 as more people became active in politics . Many of these people lived in the new western states . In these mostly rural areas , a political rally could be as simple as neighboring farmers meeting to talk about the issues of the day , as the farmers in the painting on the right are doing . During the early 18005 democracy and demonstrations blossomed in the United States . The demonstrators of today owe much to the Americans of time . Today , political rallies are a familiar sight in ties all over the country . people and the slave states . And they had been bitterly disappointed in the way son had lost the 1824 election because of the decision in the House of Representatives . During the time of Jackson popularity , a number of democratic reforms were made . Many states changed their for voters . They lowered or even eliminated the requirement that men own a certain amount of property in order to vote or hold . Political parties began holding public nominating conventions , where party bers choose the party candidates . Previously , candidates were selected by party leaders . This increase of voting rights by lowering requirements later became known as Democracy . Finding Main Ideas How did voting rights change in the early ?
SKILL ' How are the people in both pictures practicing democracy ?
Election of 1828 Jackson supporters were determined that their candidate would win the 1828 election . The Democratic Party arose from these porters of Jackson . Many people who backed President Adams began calling themselves National Republicans . The 1828 presidential contest was a rematch of the 1824 election . Once again , John Quincy Adams faced Andrew Jackson . Jackson chose Senator John as his vice presidential running mate . The 1828 campaign focused a great deal on the candidates personalities . Jackson described him as a war hero who had been born poor and rose to success through his own hard work . TODAY did in the 18205 , presidential campaigns today frequently focus on personal versus newcomer , for example . THE AGE or JACKSON 285
Primary Source Jackson Inauguration Jackson supporters saw his victory as a win for the common people . A crowd cheered outside the Capitol as he took his oath of . The massive crowd to a huge party on the White House lawn . The few police officers on hand had trolling the partygoers . As president , Jackson rewarded some of his supporters with government jobs . This spoils system practice of giving jobs to political from the saying to the victor belong the spoils valued goods of the Secretary of State Martin Van was one of Jackson strongest allies in his cabinet . President Jackson also relied a great deal on his Kitchen Cabinet , an group of trusted advisers who sometimes met in the White House kitchen . Analyzing How spoils system cause disputes ?
LETTER People President Washington resident Margaret Bayard Smith was surprised by the chaos surrounding Jacksons inauguration . What a scene did we witness ! a rabble , a mob , of boys , women , children , scrambling , fighting , romping . Cut glass and china to the amount of several thousand dollars had been broken . But it was the people day , and the people dent , and the people would rule . Bayard Smith , quoted in Eyewitness to America , edited by David Colbert ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES How does the author view the people that support Jackson ?
Adams was a Harvard graduate whose father had been the second president . Jackson supporters described Adams as being out of touch with everyday people . Even a fan of Adams agreed that he was as cold as a lump of In turn , Adams porters said Jackson was hot tempered , crude , and to be president of the United States . When the ballots were counted , son had defeated Adams , winning a record number of popular votes . SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The expansion of democracy swept Andrew Jackson into . In the next section you will read about the increasing regional tensions that occurred during Jackson presidency . go Online Quiz Section Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em , Critical Thinking a . Recall What changes did the new ' Sequencing Copy the graphic organizer below . ern states make that allowed more people to vote ?
Use it to identify the events leading up to . Draw Conclusions How did nominating victory in the election of conventions allow the people more say in politics ?
Predict How might changes to the voting Jackson Wins cess brought about by Democracy affect politics in the future ?
a . Recall What two new political parties faced off in the election of 1828 ?
Which candidate did each party support ?
Make inferences Why did Andrew Jackson have more popular support than did Adams ?
Evaluate Do you think the spoils system was an acceptable practice ?
Explain your answer . 286 CHAPTER . Noting Significance As you read this section , note things that made Jackson political campaign and election significant in the history of American politics .
I ( Hi RAP HY Andrew Jackson If you were president , how would you use your powers ?
when did he live ?
Where did he live ?
Jackson was born in , a region along the border of the North and South Carolina colonies . In 1788 he moved to Nashville , Tennessee , which was still a part of North Carolina . There he built a mansion called the Hermitage . He lived in Washington as president , then retired to the Hermitage , where he died . What did he do ?
Jackson had no formal education , but he taught himself law and became a successful lawyer . He became Tennessee first representative to the Congress and also served in the Senate . Jackson became la a national hero when his forces defeated the Creek and Seminole ' Indians . He went on to battle the British in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812 . Jackson was elected as the nation seventh president in 1828 and served until 183 . I Why is he so important ?
Jackson belief in a strong presidency made him both loved and hated . He vetoed as many bills as the six previous presidents together . Jackson also believed in a strong Union . When South Carolina tried to nullify , or reject , a federal tariff , he threatened to send troops into the state to force it to obey . Identifying Cause and Effect Why did Jackson gain loyal friends and fierce enemies ?
Jackson received a scar from a British officer as a ' I ?
GE 281 KEY EVENTS Served in the House of Representatives Served in the Senate Served on the Tennessee Supreme Court 1821 Governor of Florida Territory in the Senate as president of the United States 1832 Vetoed the Second Bank of the United States . Threatened to send troops to South Carolina when it tried to nullify a federal tariff
SECTION What You Will Learn . Regional differences grew during Jackson presidency . The rights of the states were debated amid arguments about a national tariff . Jackson attack on the Bank sparked controversy . Jackson policies led to the Panic of 1837 . The Big Idea Andrew Jackson presidency was marked by political conflicts . Key Terms and People Tariff of Abominations , 289 states rights doctrine , 290 nullification crisis , 290 Daniel Webster , 290 Maryland , 292 Whig Party , 292 Panic of 1837 , 293 William Henry Harrison , 293 Analyze the rise of ism and the economic problems and that accompanied it ( opposition to the National Bank early decisions ofthe Supreme Court that reinforced the sanctity of contracts and a capitalist economic system of law . Compare the conflicting of state and federal ity as emphasized in the speeches and writings of statesmen such as Daniel Webster and John Calhoun . constitutional issues posed by the doctrine of cation and secession and the earliest origins of that doctrine . 288 CHAPTER Administration If YOU were there You live on a small farm in South Carolina in 1829 . Your family grows corn and cotton to sell , as well as vegetables for your own table . Although you grow your own food , you also depend on imported wool , flax , iron , and hemp to make ropes . But the government has just put new taxes on these products from Europe . Now they re too expensive for you to buy ! How would you feel about the new taxes on imports ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Even though Americans had a new feeling of national unity , different sections of the country still had very different interests . The industrial North competed with the agricultural South and the western frontier . As Congress favored one section over another , political differences also grew . Sectional Differences Increase Regional differences had a major effect on Andrew Jackson . Americans views of Jackson policies were based on where they lived and the economy of those regions . Three Regions Emerge There were three main regions in the early . The North , first of all , had an economy based on trade and on manufacturing . supported tariffs because tariffs helped them compete with British factories . also opposed the federal sale of public land at cheap prices . Cheap land aged potential laborers to move from northern factory towns to the West . The second region was the South . Its economy was based on farming . Southern farmers raised all types of crops , but the most popular were the cash crops of cotton and tobacco . Southerners sold a large portion of their crops to foreign nations .
NORTH Industrial economy based on manufacturing Support for goods could be sold at lower prices than could British goods Southerners imported their manufactured goods . Tariffs made imported goods more expensive for southern farmers . In addition , high tariffs angered some of the South pean trading partners . These trading partners would likely raise their own tariffs in ation . To avoid this situation , southerners called for low tariffs . Southerners also relied on enslaved can Americans to work the plantations . The issue of slavery would become increasingly controversial between the North and South . In the third region , the West , the frontier economy was just emerging . Settlers ed policies that boosted their farming my and encouraged further settlement . ern farmers grew a wide variety of crops . Their biggest priority was cheap land and internal improvements such as better roads and water transportation . Tariff of Abominations Tariffs became one of the first issues that President Jackson faced . In 1827 , the year before Jackson election , northern began to demand a tariff on imported woolen goods . Northerners wanted the tariff Agrarian ec agriculture Opposition to tariffs , which increased the cost of imported goods WEST based on Emerging economy to protect their industries from foreign petition , especially from Great Britain . British companies were driving American ones out of business because they could goods more cheaply than American businesses could . The tariff northerners ed , however , was so high that wool would be impossible . Southerners opposed the tariff , claiming it would hurt their economy . Before Andrew Jackson took , placed a high tariff on imports , ing angry to call it the Tariff of Abominations . An abomination is a hateful thing . Southern voters were outraged . President John Quincy Adams signed the tariff legislation , even though he did not ly support it . In early history , presidents tended to reserve veto power for legislation that they believed violated the Constitution . Signing the tariff bill meant Adams would surely be defeated in his bid . The new tariff added fuel to the growing sectional differences plaguing the young nation . Summarizing Describe the sectional economic differences in the United States during the early 18005 . THE AGE or JACKSON 289 Support for internal improvements and the sale of public lands
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY criteria basic ments FOCUS ON READING What conclusions can you draw importance of the states rights debate after reading this ?
States Rights Debate When Andrew Jackson took in 1829 , he was forced to respond to the growing over tariffs . At the core of the dispute was the question of an individual state right to disregard a law that had been passed by the Congress . Crisis Early in his political career , Vice President John Calhoun had supported the criteria needed for a strong central government . But in 1828 when Congress passed the Tariff of Abominations , Calhoun joined his fellow in protest . Economic sion and previous tariffs had severely aged the economy of his home state , South Carolina . It was only beginning to recover in 1828 . Some leaders in the state even spoke of leaving the Union over the issue of tariffs . In response to the tariff , Calhoun drafted the South Carolina Exposition and Protest . It ed that Congress should not favor one state or region over another . Calhoun also used the Protest to advance the states rights doctrine . He argued that , because the states had formed the national government , state power should be greater than federal power . He believed states had the right to nullify , or reject , any eral law they judged to be unconstitutional . Calhoun theory was controversial , and it drew some challengers . Many of them were from the northern states that had from increased tariffs . These opponents believed that the American people , not the individual states , made up the Union . between the supporters and the of deepened . The dispute became known as the crisis . Although he chose not to put his name on his Exposition and Protest , Calhoun did resign from office , the vice president ever to do so . Martin Van replaced him as vice president when Jackson was to a second term . 290 CHAPTER The Debate The debate about states rights began early in our nation history . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison supported the states power to disagree with the federal government in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of . Some of the delegates at the ford Convention supported states rights . But Calhoun theory went further . He believed that states could judge whether a law was or was not constitutional . This position put the power of the Supreme Court in question . The issue of was intensely debated on the of the Senate in 1830 . Robert , senator from South lina , defended states rights . He argued that gave states a way to lawfully protest against federal legislation . Daniel Webster of Massachusetts argued that the United States was one nation , not a pact among independent states . He believed that the welfare of the nation should override that of individual states . Jackson Responds Although deeply opposed to , Jackson was also concerned about ic problems in the southern states . In 1832 Jackson urged Congress to pass another tariff that lowered the previous rate . South lina thought the slight change was equate . The state legislature took a mental step it decided to test the doctrine of states rights . South Carolina action was to pass the Act . It declared that the 1828 and 1832 tariffs were null , void and not binding upon this State , its or South Carolina threatened to withdraw from the Union if federal troops were used to collect duties . The legislature also voted to form its own army . Jackson was enraged . The president sternly condemned . Jackson declared that he would enforce the law in South Carolina . At his request , Congress passed the Force Bill
approving use of the army if necessary . In light of Jackson determined position , no other state chose to support South Carolina . Early in 1833 , Henry Clay of Kentucky had proposed a compromise that would er the tariff little by little over several years . As Jackson intentions became clear , both the Congress and South Carolina moved quickly to approve the compromise . The Congress would decrease the tariff , and South Carolina leaders would enforce the law . Despite the compromise , neither side changed its beliefs about states rights . The argument would continue for years , ending in the huge known as the Civil War . Summarizing What led to the nullification crisis , and why was it important ?
Jackson Attacks the Bank President Jackson upheld federal authority in the crisis . He did not , however , always support greater federal power . For Primary Source POINTS OF VIEW States Rights the Union The framers of the Constitution created a document that was remarkable in its scope . But a few issues were unresolved . One of the most controversial was the matter of states rights versus the authority of the federal government Daniel Webster insisted thatthe interests of the Union should prevail John Calhoun believed thatthe powers of the states were greater While the Union lasts we have high , exciting , gratifying prospects spread out before us , for us and our children . God grant that in my day . my eyes shall be turned to behold the gorgeous ensign example , he opposed the Second Bank of the United States , founded by Congress in 1816 . The Second Bank of the United States was given a charter . This charter gave it the power to act exclusively as the federal governments agent . The Bank held federal deposits , made transfers of federal funds between states , and dealt with any payments or receipts involving the eral government . It also issued bank notes , or paper currency . Some 80 percent of the Bank was privately owned , but its operations were supervised by Congress and the president . Many states , particularly in the South , had opposed the Bank . Small farmers believed that the Bank only helped wealthy people . Jackson also questioned the legality of the Bank . He believed it was an extension of the power of Congress . The states , he thought , should have the power to control the banking system . Some states decided to take action . land med to pass a tax that would limit the of the republic . bearing for its motto . Liberty and Union , now and forever one and inseparable . Webster from the debate , 1830 If there be no tive power in the reserved rights of the states , they must in the end be forced to rebel . Calhoun from a letter to Virgil , September 11 , 1830 SKILL PRIMARY SOURCES Finding Main Ideas How did the views of Calhoun and Webster differ ?
THE AGE or JACKSON 29 Primary Source POLITICAL CARTOON Jackson against the Bank Andrew Jacksons with the Bank was the subject of many political cartoons , like this one . is at the center of the hydra . Why ?
In this scene , Jackson is shown fighting a hydra that represents Andrew Jackson the national bank . The hydra is the hydra a mythological monster whose a , labeled veto . heads grow back when cutoff . The heads of the hydra are portraits of politicians who opposed Jackson policies . Why do you think the cartoonist chose this monster to represent the Bank ?
Bank operations . James , cashier of the Bank branch in Maryland , refused to pay this tax . The state took him to court , and the resulting case went all the way to me Supreme Court . In Maryland , the Court ruled that the national bank was constitutional . Nicholas , the Bank director , decided to push for a bill to renew the Banks charter in 1832 . Jackson campaigned ly for the bill defeat . I will kill it , he ised . True to his word , Jackson vetoed the legislation when Congress sent it to him . Congress could not get the majority needed to override Jackson veto . Jackson also weakened the Bank power by moving most of its funds to state banks . In many cases , these banks used the funds to offer easy credit terms to people buying land . While this practice helped expansion in the West , it also led to . In the summer of 1836 Jackson tried to slow this . He ordered Americans to use only gold or of paper bank buy land . This 292 CHAPTER SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES How does this image show the difficulty Jackson had politically ?
policy did not help the national economy as Jackson had hoped . Jackson did improve the economy by lowering the national debt . However , his policies opened the door for approaching economic troubles . Analyzing Why did critics of the Second Bank of the United States oppose it ?
Panic of 1837 Jackson was still very popular with voters in 1836 . Jackson chose not to run in 1836 , and the Democrats nominated Vice dent Martin Van . In 1834 a new political party formed to oppose Jackson . Its members called selves , after an English political party that opposed the monarchy , to make the point that Jackson was using his power like a king . The Whig Party favored the idea of a weak president and a strong Congress . Unable to agree on a presidential candidate , the nominated four men to run against Vice ident Martin Van . With strong backing from Jackson , Van won the election .
Supreme Court and Capitalism CONNECT ECONOMICS During the early , the Supreme Court made several rulings that helped define FI ' Peck eral power over contracts and commerce . State ' my an These rulings capitalism pass laws State legislatures States do not have Only the federal . violating existing could not pass laws the powerto tax In the states contracts to change the federal institutions power to regulate What ! did the 59 ters of institutions or interstate and on economic development ?
businesses . foreign commerce . Shortly after Van took , the identifying cause and Effect COUNTY experienced the Pam 1837 to the Panic , and how did severe economic depression . Jackson it 1840 ing policies and his unsuccessful plan to curb contributed to the panic . But people blamed Van . In 1840 the united against the SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The states weakened Van to stand behind one rights debate dominated much of candidate , William Henry Harrison , an army son presidency . In the next section you general . Harrison won in an electoral will learn about the removal of American slide . The had achieved their goal of Indians from the southeastern United winning the presidency . States . UM online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People mi , Critical Thinking a . Recall On what were the economies ' Summarizing Copy the graphic organizer below of the northern , southern , and western on your own sheet of paper . Use it to identify the states based ?
problems that the nation faced during . Predict How might the sectional issues involved presidency . in the dispute over the Tariff of Abominations lead to future problems between North and South ?
Era a . Describe What roles did Daniel Webster and John Calhoun play in the nullification crisis ?
Summarize What idea did supporters of the states rights doctrine promote ?
a . Describe What problems resulted from a . Draw Conclusions Why did Jackson veto the bill Focus ON WRITING I to renew the Second Bank of the United States ?
Identifying Important Conflicts Stories about a . Recall What caused the Panic of 1831 ?
conflict sell newspapers . As you read this section , Summarize How did the Whig Party win the list important conflicts that occurred during election of 1840 ?
son presidency and note the role Jackson played Elaborate Why do you think Jackson chose not in creating or resolving the conflicts . to run for the presidency in 1836 ?
Do you think he made the right decision ?
Why ?
THE AGE or JACKSON 293 SECTION What You Learn . The Indian Removal Act authorized the relocation of Native Americans to the West . Cherokee resistance to removal led to disagreement between Jackson and the Supreme Court . Other Native Americans resisted removal with force . The Big Idea supported a policy of Indian removal . Key Terms and People Indian Removal Act , 294 Indian Territory , 294 Bureau of Indian Affairs , 294 , 295 Worcester Georgia , 296 Trail of Tears , 296 Black Hawk , 297 , IE Discuss the election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828 , the importance of democracy , and his actions as dent ( the spoils system , veto of the National Bank , policy of Indian removal , opposition to the Supreme Court ) 294 Indian Removal If YOU were there You belong to the Cherokee nation . Your family has farmed rich lands in Georgia for as long as anyone can remember . You ve learned some new ways from white settlers , too . At school you ve learned to read both English and Cherokee . But now that seem important . The US . government is sending you and your people far away to unknown places in the West . How would you feel about being taken away from your home ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Jackson had come famous as an Indian fighter . He had no sympathy with Native Americans claim to the lands where they had always lived . With public support , he reversed the government pledge to respect Indian land claims . The result was the brutal removal ofthe eastern peoples to empty lands in the West . Indian Removal Act Native Americans had long lived in settlements stretching from Georgia to Mississippi . However , President Jackson and other cal leaders wanted to open this land to settlement by American farmers . Under pressure from Jackson , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 , authorizing the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West . Congress then established Indian Territory . land in what is now Oklahoma where Native Americans were moved to . Some supporters of this plan , like John Calhoun , argued that removal to Indian Territory would protect Indians from further with American settlers . One of the greatest evils to which they are subject is that incessant constant pressure of our population , he noted . To guard against this evil . there ought to be the strongest . assurance that the country given to them should be To manage Indian removal to western lands , Congress approved the creation of a new government agency , the Bureau of Indian Affairs .
Indian Removal During the Trail of Tears , thousands of Cherokee died from disease , starvation , and harsh weather . They were forced to walk hundreds of miles to their new land in the West . Other Native cans were also moved , with similar results . What can you see in this painting that indicates this was a difficult journey ?
The Choctaw were the first Indians sent to Territory . The Mississippi legislature abolished the Choctaw government and then forced the Choctaw leaders to sign the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek . This treaty gave more than million acres of their land to the state . The Choctaw moved to Territory ing a disastrous winter trip . Federal in charge of the move did not provide enough food or supplies to the Choctaw , most of whom were on foot . About of the Choctaw died of cold , disease , or starvation . News of the Choctaw hardships caused other Indians to resist removal . When the Creek resisted in 1836 , federal troops moved in and captured some of them . They led the Creek , many in chains , to Indian . One Creek woman remembered the trip being filled with the awful silence that showed the heartaches and sorrow at being taken from the homes and even separation from loved The Chickasaw , who lived in upper Mississippi , negotiated a treaty for better supplies on their trip to Indian ry . Nevertheless , many Chickasaw lives were also lost during removal . Finding Main Ideas What major changes did President Jackson make to policy regarding Native Americans ! Cherokee Resistance Many Cherokee had believed that they could prevent and avoid removal by adopting the contemporary culture of white people . In the early they invited to set up schools where Cherokee children learned how to read and write in English . The Cherokee developed their own government modeled after the with an election system , a bicameral council , and a court system . All of these were headed by a principal chief . A Cherokee named used 86 characters to represent Cherokee syllables to create a writing system for their own plex language . In 1828 the Cherokee began publishing a newspaper printed in both lish and Cherokee . The adoption of white culture did not the Cherokee . After gold was discovered on their land in Georgia , their treaty rights ACADEMIC VOCABULARY contemporary existing at the same time THE AGE or JACKSON 295
THE IMPACT TODAY Today more than Cherokee or Cherokee descendants live in Oklahoma . Primary Source PERSONAL ACCOUNTS Trail of Tears The Cherokee knew that they would be forced to march West , but they did not know that so many of their people would die on the way . Here are two accounts of the Trail of Tears , one written before it started and one written after , both by Cherokee who made the trip . SKILL ANALYZING POINTS OF VIEW . What is different concerns of the Cherokee before and Trail of Tears ?
How do you think the survivors of the Trail of Tears felt when they reached their new homeland ! were ignored . Georgia leaders began ing for the Cherokees removal . When they refused to move , the Georgia militia began attacking Cherokee towns . In response , the Cherokee sued the state . They said that they were an independent nation and claimed that the government of Georgia had no legal power over their lands . In 1832 the Supreme Court , under the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall , agreed . In Worcester Georgia the Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community in which the laws of Georgia had no force . The Court also stated that only the federal government , not the states , had authority over Native Americans . Georgia , however , ignored the Courts ruling , and President Jackson took no action to make Georgia follow the ruling . John Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it , Jackson supposedly said . By not March 10 , 1838 . 296 CHAPTER ( 10 law . toward , enforcing the Courts decision , Jackson lated his presidential oath to uphold the laws of the land . However , most members of and American citizens did not protest the ways Jackson removed Native Americans . In the spring of 1838 , US . troops began to remove all Cherokee to Indian Territory . A few were able to escape and hide in the mountains of North Carolina . After the Cherokee were removed , Georgia took their businesses , farms , and property . The Cherokees forced march became known as the Trail of Tears . During the march , the Cherokee suffered from ease , hunger , and harsh weather . Almost fourth of the Cherokee died on the march . Finding Main Ideas What was the . Georgia ruling , and Whatwas Jackson response ?
I have to long . Ifwe Cherokee Me to be to the wart by the arm of wort It ad ow right Me Jenny , a Cherokee girl , just before her removal . of a survivor of the Trail of Tears Other Native Americans Resist Other Native Americans decided to troops to avoid removal . Chief Black Hawk , a leader of Fox and Indians , decided to rather than leave Illinois . By 1832 , however , the forces were ning out of food and supplies , and by 1850 they had been forced to leave . In Florida , Seminole leaders were forced to sign a removal treaty that their followers decided to ignore . A leader named called upon his followers to resist with force , and the Second Seminole War began . la was captured and soon died in prison . His followers , however , continued to . Some Seminole were removed and hundreds of others killed . Eventually , decided to give up the . Small groups of Seminole had resisted removal , and their descendants live in Florida today . Evaluating How effective was Native American removal ?
Section Assessment FLORIDA TERRITORY 1337 ATLANTIC 35 33 OCEAN Dade Massacre I 1835 Gulf of Mexico 1837 Indian lands given up by Lake Battles Lauderdale 50 100 Miles 50 GEOGRAPHY ' INTERPRETING MAPS Location In what parts of Florida was the Second Seminole War fought ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW President son supported the removal of thousands of Native Americans from their traditional lands to the federal territory in the West . In the next chapter you will learn about the westward growth of the nation as farmers , ranchers , and other settlers moved West . ram online Quiz KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em Critical Thinking a . Identify What Native American groups were affected by the Indian Removal Act ?
Where were they relocated ?
Explain Why did government officials want to relocate Native Americans to the West ?
Predict What are some possible effects that the Indian Removal Act might have on Native cans already living in the West ?
a . Identify What was the Trail of Tears ?
Analyze Why did the state of Georgia want to relocate the Cherokee , and what did the Cherokee do in response ?
Elaborate What do you think of President son refusal to enforce the Worcester Georgia ruling ?
a . Describe What led to the Second Seminole War ?
Compare and Contrast How were the Seminole and the resistance efforts similar and different ?
Comparing and Contrasting Copy the chart below . Use it to identify Native American groups removed during this period and their responses to removal . Native American Group Response to Removal . Understanding Causes and Effects As you read , identify the causes and effects of the Jackson administration policy of Indian relocation . THE AGE or JACKSON 291
History and Li I Trail Tears , Cherokee ' OK In President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into . As its name implies , the purpose of the act was to remove Native Americans from land that white settlers wanted for themselves . Five tribes were forced to leave their traditional lands and walk to a territory west of the Mississippi River . The land in the new Indian Territory was land white settlers did not want . It was poor and not good for farming . The poor land made life very difficult for newly arrived Indians . Many died from malnutrition and disease . to years , about Indians had been relocated . Chickasaw Treaty of 12 Groups Ended battles Payment of Indian land claims Greenville in Northwest acknowledgment of disregarded by American Territory lands settlers Results for Results for United States Indian Groups Treaty at Cherokee Received land Payment of Cherokee lands reduced promised to and annual payments River Cherokee Treaty at and Received land from Annual payment of Indians claimed their Louis Fox and Fox leaders acted without permission conflicts arose as settlers moved to and Fox land Treaty at Ended battles with Received small Conflicts between settlers Jackson Red Eagle received amount of land in and Creeks led to removal 23 million acres of Alabama of Creeks to Indian Territory land in Georgia Received all Choctaw Received land in Choctaw become first tribe lands east of Indian Territory moved from southeast to Mississippi River land in Indian Territory 298 CHAPTER
CHEROKEE For generations . the Cherokee had called the southern Appalachian Mountain region home . But when they were forced off their land in the Trail of Tears , thousands died . The Creek had to leave a land rich in variety . It stretched from the ridges and valleys of the Appalachian Mountains to the north . through a region of low hills and valleys , to a flat area of pine forest to the south . Many Seminole Indians refused to leave Florida . They hid in the swamps , battling American soldiers . Many of their descendants , still live in Florida today The Chickasaw lived in a land of rich . black prairie soil . They would find the soil west of the Mississippi much less suited for farming . GEOGRAPHY A INTERPRETING MAPS . Place How did land in the Indian compare to the land in the lndians ' homelands ?
Movement How do you think being forced to leave their homelands affected the lndians ' way of life ?
THE AGE or 299 Social Studies Skills Critical Thinking Solving Problems Define the Skill Problem solving is a process for workable solutions to situations . The process involves asking questions , identifying and evaluating mation , comparing and contrasting , and making judgments . Problem solving is useful in studying history because it helps you better understand a person or group faced at a point in time and how they dealt with those difficulties . The ability to understand and evaluate how people solved problems in the past also can help in solving similar problems today . The skill can be applied to many other kinds of difficulties besides historical ones as well . It is a method for thinking through almost any situation . Learn the Skill Using the following steps will enable you to better understand and solve problems . Identify the problem . Ask questions of self and others to make sure you know exactly what the situation is and understand why it is a problem . Gather information . Ask questions and do other research to learn more about the problem , such as its history , what caused it , what utes to it , and other factors . List options . Based on the information you have gathered , identify possible options for solving the problem that you might consider . Be aware that your solution will probably be better and easier to reach if you have as many options as possible to consider . 300 CHAPTER Participation Participation Skill Develop personal skills . Evaluate the options . Weigh each option you are considering . Think of and list the advantages it has as a solution , as well as its potential disadvantages . Choose and implement a solution . After comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each possible solution , choose the one that seems best and apply it . Evaluate the solution . Once the solution has been tried , evaluate its effectiveness in solving the problem . This step will tell you if the tion was a good one , or if another of the solutions should be tried instead . Practice the Skill One of the most challenging situations that President Jackson faced was the sis . You can use the skills to ter understand this problem and to evaluate his solution for it . Review the information about the crisis in this chapter . Then answer the questions below . I . What was the specific problem that Jackson faced ?
Why was it a problem ?
What event led to the problem ?
What earlier circumstances and conditions contributed to it ?
List possible solutions to the problem that you would have considered if you had been dent , along with advantages and disadvantages . Jackson threatened to send troops to South Carolina to enforce federal law . Do you think his solution was the best one ?
Explain why , or if not , what solution would have been better .
Standards Review Visual the main ideas of the chapter . Use the visual summary below to help you review Jackson Policies Shut the Door on Key Issues Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Complete each sentence by in the blank with the correct term or person . In the Supreme Court case of the Court ruled that the federal government , not the states , had authority over the Cherokee . President Jackson group of advisers was known as the because of where its bers met in the White House . served as Andrew Jackson vice president until he resigned due to the dispute over . The supported the power of the states over the federal government . The practice of rewarding supporters with tions in government is known as the Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION I ( Pages ) Em a . Identify What changes took place in the early that broadened democracy in the United States ?
Analyze How was Jackson victory in the election of 1828 a of a change in American politics ?
Evaluate Do you think the changes brought about by Democracy went far enough in expanding democracy ?
Why or why not ?
SECTION ( Pages ) a . Describe What troubled the son administration ?
THE AGE 301 . Draw Conclusions What were the results of the over the Second Bank of the United States ?
Predict How might sectional differences and the debate over states rights lead to future problems for the United States ?
Pages ) Em a . Identify Who was ?
What important contribution did he make ?
Contrast In what different ways did the Cherokee and the Seminole attempt to resist removal to Indian Territory ?
Elaborate Do you agree with Jackson refusal to enforce the Worcester Georgia ruling ?
Why or why not ?
Reviewing Themes . Politics What new political party rose in to President Andrew Jackson ?
What was the party attitude toward the power of the president ?
Economics What economic factors the policy of Indian removal ?
Social Studies Skills Solving Problems Use the Social Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question about the reading selection below . Northerners wanted the tariff to protect their industries from foreign competition , especially from Great Britain . British companies were driving American companies out of business because they could manufacture goods more cheaply than American businesses could . Southerners opposed the tariff , it would hurt their economy . 289 ) II . Which of the following might be a reasonable solution to the problem discussed above ?
passing a low tariff passing a high tariff only in the South Britain passing a tariff selling northern and British goods for a higher price 302 CHAPTER Reading Skills Drawing Conclusions Use the Reading Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question about the reading selection below . Native Americans had long lived in ments stretching from Georgia to Mississippi . However , President Jackson and other political leaders wanted to open this land to settlement by American farmers . 294 ) Which statement below can you conclude from the passage above ?
a . Farmers moved onto the Native Americans land after they were removed . Native Americans wanted to move from their lands . Native Americans resisted removal . Government officials had to use force to remove Native Americans from their land . I om Using the Internet . Activity Writing a newspaper Enter the ity keyword and research Jackson presidency . Then create a party newspaper , using the plate provided , that supports or criticizes his policies . Use evidence to support your articles either in favor or against his policies . Write from the point of view of a supporter or from the point of view of a political enemy . Writing Interview Questions Review the notes you have taken about Jackson political , the he was involved in , and the causes and effects of his policies toward Indians . Then , based on your notes , begin writing tions for your interview with Jackson . What will the readers of your newspaper want to learn more about ?
Write at least 10 interview tions that your readers will want to know the answer to .
Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the letter of the best response . The people have preserved . Constitution , for forty years , and have seen their happiness , prosperity , and renown grow with its growth , and strengthen with its strength . I have not coolly weighed the chances of preserving liberty when the bonds that unite us together shall be broken . Let us not have Liberty first and Union afterwards , but . other sentiment , dear to every true American heart , and Union , now and ever , one and inseparable ! Webster From the content of this passage , one could conclude that the writer would have been opposed to A tariff . nationalism . nullification . internal improvements . The position the speaker took in this 1830 speech is most like that of which other American leader of the time ?
A Andrew Jackson John Calhoun William Henry Harrison John Tyler The era surrounding the presidency of Andrew Jackson is best known for an expansion In A freedom of speech . religious toleration . states rights . voting rights . Which of the following was the South economy in the 18305 ?
A small farming manufacturing plantation agriculture trade What action did the Cherokee take to resist their removal from Georgia and North Carolina to the West ?
A sued the state of Georgia in the courts destroyed neighbors farms and businesses went to war against the government staged a protest called the Trail of Tears Connecting with Past Learning a The debate between John Calhoun and Daniel Webster over states rights was most like the debate between A the Patriots and the Loyalists . the and the Federalists . England and France during the French and Indian War . the large states and the small states during the Constitutional Convention . Which person would have been most likely to have supported the ideals of Democracy if he had been alive at the time ?
A Charlemagne Prince of Japan John Locke Marisa Musa THE AGE or JACKSON 303