US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 8 A New National Identity
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A New California Standards Science Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation . Students analyze foreign policy in the early Republic . Students analyze the divergent paths ofthe American people from to the and the challenges they faced , with emphasis on the Northeast . Analysis Skills Students explain the central issues and problems from the past . Arts Writing Create compositions that establish a controlling impression . Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . FOCUS ON WRITING A Character Sketch Nations . like people , have ters . For example , a nation might be described as ful or aggressive , prosperous or struggling . In this chapter you read about the United States as a new nation with a new identity , or character . Then you write a paragraph describing that character . 256 CHAPTER James Monroe is elected president . Napoleon returns to power in France but is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo .
HOLT . History Impact . video series Watch the video to understand ' the impact of the United States on its neighbors . What You Will learn A modern mule team pulls a full of passengers along the Erie Canal . Once the canal was completed , passengers and cargo could travel more easily between the Great Lakes region and the east coast . In this chapter you will learn how Americans built canals and roads to try to unite the rapidly growing young nation . The Missouri Compromise allows Maine and Missouri to become states . The Monroe Doctrine is issued . 1824 John Quincy Adams is elected Mexico and Peru gain from Spain . 1824 is founded American slaves . The Ottoman Empire independence . 251 The Granger , New
Reading Social Studies Economics Geography Religion Politics and Culture Focus on Themes This chapter is titled A with important state issues . You will learn about the New National Identity because it explains how the Monroe Doctrine , the Missouri Compromise , the United States government established relations with Cumberland Road project , and the rise of music , European powers and how Americans developed a literature , and public that changed strong sense of national pride even as they struggled the country culture and politics . Bias and Historical Events Focus on Reading As you read this chapter , you will find that some people supported the idea of using federal dollars to create new Graphic ' and better roads . Others , however , did not think federal dollars should are be used that way . People who can only see one side of an issue or ' situation may become biased , or prejudiced against the opposite view . Recognizing Bias To understand the events and people in history , you have to be able to recognize a speaker or writer bias . Here are some steps you can take to do that . The word wickedest is Steps to Recognize Bias fun of emotion . Look at the words and images . Are they emotionally charged ?
Do they present only Statement is one side or one point of view ?
Opinion Where . Look at the writer . What the The wickedest road , I do think , the th . road , that ever a Writers ' and What wheel rumbled condition of does that tell you about the writer point of view ?
Look at the writer sources . Where does the writer get his or her information ?
Does the writer rely on sources who only Frances Anne ( Butler , Journal the mad ?
She a British support one point of View ?
perhaps she did like , the United States ?
I I ' Loo att in ormation . How . This information is much is fact and how much is based on her personal opinion ?
Remember , facts can experience and she be proven . Opinions are is recording it in her sonal can easily own personal journal . be biased . 258 CHAPTER ELA Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . You Try It ! The following passage is from the chapter you are getting ready to read . As you read the passage , think about living during the early to when there were no public schools . Architecture and Education Americans also embraced educational From progress . Several early American political leaders expressed a belief that democracy would only succeed in a country of educated and enlightened people . But there was no general agreement on who should provide that education . Eventually , the idea of a public school gathered support . In 1837 Massachusetts lawmakers created a state board of education . Other states followed this example and the number of public schools slowly grew . After you read the passage , answer the following questions . You are the editor of your town newspaper in the year 1835 . You think schools should be financed by the state government rather than the federal government . You decide to write an rial to express your opinion . Which of the phrases below would reveal your personal bias to your readers ?
Why ?
What words in each statement create bias ?
Overbearing federal government . Protecting state interests Powerful federal government Concerned state citizens . If you were going to write the editorial described in question , how could you avoid biased statements ?
How do you think this might affect people reactions to your writing ?
and Chapter Section Agreement ( 260 ) Convention of 1818 ( 260 ) James Monroe ( 261 ) Treaty ( 261 ) Simon Bolivar ( 262 ) Monroe Doctrine ( Section nationalism ( 264 ) Henry Clay ( American System ( 264 ) Cumberland Road ( 265 Erie Canal ( 265 ) Era of Good Feelings ( 265 ) sectionalism ( 266 ) Missouri Compromise ( 267 ) John Quincy Adams ( 267 ) Section Washington Irving ( James Cooper ( Hudson River school ( Thomas Cole ( George Caleb Bingham ( Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic the words that are frequently used in school assignments and . In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words circumstances ( 262 ) incentive ( 265 ) As you read , study the primary source documents carefully . Do you see any examples of bias ! A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY 259
SECTION What You Learn . The United States and Great Britain settled their disputes over boundaries and control of . The United States gained Florida in an agreement with Spain . With the Monroe Doctrine , the United States its relationship with Latin America . The Big Idea The United States peacefully settled disputes with foreign powers . Key Terms and People Agreement , 260 Convention of 1818 , 260 James Monroe , 261 Treaty , 261 Simon Bolivar , 262 Doctrine , 262 IE Describe the physical landscapes , political , and territorial expansion during the terms of the first four presidents . Knowthe changing boundaries ofthe United States and describe the relationships the country had with its neighbors ( current Mexico and Canada ) and Europe , including the influence of the Monroe Doctrine , and how those relationships influenced westward expansion and the War . 260 CHAPTER American Foreign Policy If YOU were there You are a Spanish settler living in West Florida in 1820 . Your family has lived in Florida for many years . Only a few years ago , people in Spanish Florida were furious when American soldiers occupied the town of . Now you hear that Spain has signed a treaty with the United is no longer Spanish territory but rather part of the United States . How would you feel about living under a new government ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The War of 1812 left the United States stronger and more . The new nation had remained strong against a great European power . The United States then turned to diplomacy as a wayto settle international issues . Settling Disputes with Great Britain The Treaty of ended the War of 1812 , yet there were issues left unresolved . The United States and British Canada both ed to keep their navies and rights on the Great Lakes . In the spring of 1817 , the two sides compromised with the Agreement , which limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the United States and British Canada . Another treaty with Britain gave the United States rights off parts of the Newfoundland and Labrador coasts . This treaty , known as the Convention of 1818 , also set the border between the United States and Canada at 49 latitude as far west as the Rocky Mountains . Interest in the Valuable fur trade in the Oregon try was another issue resolved by this treaty . Both countries agreed to occupy the Northwest together , an agreement that would be tested in the years to come . Summarizing What were the main disputes between the United States and Britain ?
I , Boundary Changes , border , Convention of 1818 territory of 1819 From Great Britain to United States , 1818 From Spain to i United States , 1819 Disputed by United States and Great Britain , 1818 200 100 Miles ' 200 400 Kilometers Spain in 1819 ?
United States Gains Florida The United States also had a dispute over its southern border with Spanish Florida . In 1818 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams , son of John and Abigail Adams , held talks with Spanish diplomat Luis de about letting Americans settle in Florida . while , President James Monroe , elected in 1816 , had sent troops to secure the Florida border . General Andrew Jackson led these soldiers . At the same time , arose between the United States and the Seminole ans of Florida . The Seminole often helped runaway slaves and sometimes raided settlements . In April 1818 Jackson troops invaded Florida to capture Seminole raiders . This act began the First Seminole War . ing the took over most of Spain . Place did the United States acquire from . Region What western region was claimed by both the United States and Great Britain ?
Interactive Map . important military posts . Then he overthrew the governor of Florida . He carried out these acts against Spain without receiving direct orders from President Monroe . Jackson actions upset Spanish leaders . Most cans , however , supported Jackson . Jackson presence in Florida convinced Spanish leaders to negotiate . In 1819 the two countries signed the Treaty , which settled all border disputes between Spain and the United States . Under this treaty Spain gave East Florida to the United States . In return , the United States gave up its claims to what is now Texas . leaders also agreed to pay up to million of citizens claims against Spain . Summarizing the disagreements between the United States and Spanish Florida settled ?
THE IMPACT TODAY Florida was admitted as a state in 1845 and is now home to about 16 million people . A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY 261 Primary Source HISTORIC DOCUMENT The Monroe Doctrine President James Monroe established the foundation for foreign policy in Latin America in the Monroe Doctrine of warns European nations against trying to influence events in the Western Hemisphere . I In this phrase , Monroe , Monroe notes here the difference ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES . What warning did President Monroe give to European powers in the Monroe Doctrine ?
How does Monroe say the United States will treat existing European colonies ?
Monroe Doctrine Meanwhile , Spain had other problems . By the early most of the Spanish colonies in the Americas had declared independence . Revolutionary Simon Bolivar , called the Liberator , led many of these struggles for independence . The political circumstances ' surrounding the revolutions reminded most , am , American leaders of the American Revolution . As a result , they supported these struggles . After Mexico broke free from Spain in 1821 , President Monroe grew worried . He feared that rival European powers might try to take control of newly independent Latin American countries . He was also concerned about Russia interest in the northwest coast of North America . Secretary of State Adams shared President Monroe concerns . In a Fourth of July speech before Congress , Adams said that the United States had always been 262 CHAPTER The occasion has been judged proper for asserting . that the American continents . are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers . The political system of the allied powers is essentially different . from that of America . We . declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety . With the existing colonies . we have not interfered and shall not interfere . But with the governments who have declared their independence and maintained it , and whose we have . acknowledged , we could not view any and eW ' interposition for the purpose of oppressing them . by any independent countries . I European power in any other light than as the of an unfriendly toward the United States . interposition interference manifestation evidence disposition attitude friendly with European powers , and that the country did not want to be involved in wars with European countries . He implied that he supported the newly independent countries , but said the United States would not their battles . Great Britain was also interested in restraining the of other European nations in the Americas . This was because Britain had formed close trading ties with most of the independent Latin American countries . Britain wanted to issue a joint ment with the United States to warn the rest of Europe not to interfere in Latin America . Instead , Secretary of State Adams and President Monroe decided to put together a document protecting American interests . The Monroe Doctrine was an exclusive statement of American policy warning European powers not to interfere with the Americas .
The doctrine was issued by the president on December , 1823 , during his annual sage to Congress . The Monroe Doctrine had four basic points . States has continued to consider Latin ica within its sphere of area a nation claims some control over . At times , it has intervened in Latin American affairs when its own interests , such as national . The United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations . The United States would recognize , and not interfere with , colonies that already existed in North and South America . The Western Hemisphere was to be to future colonization by any foreign power . The would consider any pean power attempt to colonize or interfere with any nation in the ern Hemisphere to be a hostile act . were at risk . Analyzing What effect did the revolutions in Latin America have on foreign policy ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you learned that foreign policy was characterized by both compromise and strong leadership in the years following the War of 1812 . In the next section you will learn about the rising sense of national pride that developed as the United States grew and expanded . Some Europeans strongly criticized the Monroe Doctrine , but few European tries challenged it . The doctrine has remained important to foreign policy . The United alum cam online Section Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People IE , Critical Thinking a . Identify What issues were settled ' Identifying Cause and Effect Copy the chart between the United States and Great below . Use it to identify the foreign policy issues Britain in 1817 and 1818 ?
the United States had to deal with between . Make Why would the United States and the result of each . and Britain agree to occupy the Pacific Northwest together ?
a . Recall What problems existed between Spain and the United States ?
Analyze Why was the Treaty important ?
Evaluate Do you think that Andrew Jackson was right to act without orders ?
Explain your answer . a . Describe What did the Monroe Doctrine state ?
Contrast How did the Monroe Doctrine differ from Adams Fourth of July Address ?
Elaborate What do you think the newly pendent Latin American countries thought of the Monroe Doctrine ?
Dispute Year Result . Determining Relationships One of the main ways you can tell about someone character is by how he or she treats others you read this section , start a list of words and phrases that describe how the United States acted in relationships with other nations . For example , lists might include words and phrases like willing to compromise and firm . A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY 263
What You Will Learn . Growing nationalism led to improvements in the transportation systems . The Missouri Compromise settled an important regional conflict . The outcome of the election of 1824 led to controversy . The Big Idea A rising sense of national unity allowed some regional differences to be set aside and national interests to be served . Key Terms and People nationalism , 264 Henry Clay , 264 American System , 264 Cumberland Road , 265 Erie Canal , 265 Era of Good Feelings , 265 sectionalism , 266 Missouri Compromise , 267 John Adams , 267 El ! Describe the physical landscapes , political , and territorial expansion during the terms of the first four presidents . physical obstacles to and the economic and political factors involved in building a network of roads , canals , and railroads , Henry Clay American System ) 264 CHAPTER Nationalism and Sectionalism If YOU were there You live near the western end of the newly completed Erie Canal in New York State in 1831 . In fact , your older brothers helped build the canal . Every day you watch as mules pull the canal boats along the still water of the canal . Sometimes the boats carry passengers traveling from city to city . You have never been far from your home , and you are curious about their journey . What would you like to ask the travelers on the canal boat ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Peace , prosperity , and a growing country gave Americans a sense of national unity . In practical terms , building roads and canals also helped unify the nation . They made travel easier , linking people from different regions of the country . Nevertheless , some regional conflicts continued . Growing Nationalism Pleased by successful negotiations with foreign powers , Americans enjoyed a rising sense of nationalism . Nationalism is feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation . This new national unity found a strong porter in Representative from Kentucky . Clay believed that a strong national economy would promote national feeling and reduce regional . He developed a plan that came to be known as the American System series of measures intended to make the United States economically . To build the economy , he pushed for a national bank that would vide a single currency , making interstate trade easier . Clay wanted the money from a protective tariff to be used to improve roads and canals . These internal improvements would unite the country . Some members of Congress believed that the Constitution did not permit the federal government to spend money on internal improvements . Clay argued that the possible gains for the country justified federal action .
Roads and Canals In the early most roads in the United States were made of dirt , making travel cult . British actress Frances described one New York road she had struggled along during a visit in the . The road , I do think , the cruellest , road , that ever a wheel rumbled upon . Anne ( To improve the nation roads , Congress agreed with Clay and invested in road ing . The Cumberland Road was the first road built by the federal government . It ran from Cumberland , Maryland , to Wheeling , a town on the Ohio River in West Virginia . Construction began in 1815 . ers had to cut a band , times through forest , to make way for the road . Then they had to use shovels and axes to dig a to roadbed , which they filled with crushed stone . All of the work had to be done without the of bulldozers and . By 1818 the road reached Wheeling . By 1833 the National Road , as the expansion was called , stretched to Columbus , Ohio . By 1850 it reached all the way to Illinois . Meanwhile , Americans tried to make water transportation easier by building canals . One of the largest projects was the Erie Canal , which ran from Albany to Buffalo , New York . Construction of the canal began in 1817 and was completed in 1825 . Using shovels , British , German , and Irish grants dug the entire canal by hand . The canal cost millions of dollars , but it proved to be worth the expense . The Erie Canal allowed goods and people to move between towns on Lake Erie and New York City and the east coast . Its success served as an incentive for a boom across the country . Era of Good Feelings From 1815 to 1825 the United States enjoyed the Era of Good Feelings , an era of peace , pride , and progress . The phrase was coined 200 Miles 100 200 Kilometers ACADEMIC VOCABULARY incentive something that leads people to follow a certain course of action . Americans used I , like this . one , to travel the i ' i I , countrys canals . us ' I , dolphin , IL , ro ' I . i I gang Ag 09 ' iii ' Ev I . Travelers on the National Road stopped at , ya . inns to eat and rest from a long day journey . I i ' SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS . Region In what region of the United States were most canals located ?
Movement About how long was the National Road ?
265 The Missouri Compromise , The Missouri Compromise Free state ' banned slavery in the Free territory region north of 36 30 . grave Missouri Slave territory . BIOGRAPHY Henry Clay Known as the , Henry Clay was a gifted speaker . He became involved in local politics early in his life , and by age 29 he was appointed to the Senate . Throughout his career in the Senate , he was dedicated to preserving the Union . The Missouri Compromise and a later agreement , the Compromise of 1850 , helped to ease sectional tensions , at least temporarily . Analyzing Why did Henry Clay work for compromises between regions ?
by a Boston editor in 1817 during James Monroe visit to New England early in his presidency . The emphasis on national unity was strengthened by two Supreme Court case decisions that reinforced the power of the federal government . In the 1819 case Maryland , the Court asserted the implied powers of Congress in allowing for the creation of a national bank . In the 1824 case Gibbons Ogden , the Court said that the states could not interfere with the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce . Drawing How did new roads and canals economy ?
266 CHAPTER Compromise line ( 30 MISSOURI ARKANSAS TERRITORY LA UNORGANIZED ' TERRITORY GEOGRAPHY SKILLS Region In which part of the country was slavery permitted ?
INTERPRETING MAPS Missouri Compromise Even during the Era of Good Feelings , agreements between the different known as the Union . One such disagreement between the industrial North and the agrarian South arose in 1819 when Congress considered application to enter the Union as a slave state . At the time , the Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states . Adding a new slave state would have tipped the balance in the Senate in favor of the South . To protect the power of the free states , the House passed a special amendment . It declared that the United States would accept Missouri as a slave state , but importing enslaved Africans into Missouri would be illegal . The ment also set free the children of Missouri slaves . Southern politicians angrily opposed this plan . North Carolina senator Nathaniel Macon wanted to continue adding slave states . Why depart from the good old way , which has kept us in quiet , peace , and harmony ?
he asked . Eventually , the Senate rejected the ment . Missouri was still not a state .
Henry Clay convinced Congress to agree to the Missouri Compromise , which settled the that had arisen from application for statehood . This compromise had three main conditions . Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state . Maine would join the Union as a free state , keeping the number of slave The Election of 1824 Soon , a presidential election also brought controversy . Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes in 1824 . However , he did not have enough electoral votes to win . Under the Constitution , the House of had to choose the winner . When the House chose John Quincy Adams as and free States equal president , Jackson supporters claimed that on . Adams had made a corrupt bargain with . would be prohibited in any . Henry Clay . These accusations grew after . new territories or states formed north corrupt bargain of southern A me ay to Secretary State ' The controversy weakened Adams support . semantic border slanting ?
Congress passed the Missouri Drawing Why did mise in 1820 Despite the Success of the Adams have during his presidency ?
compromise , there were still strong ments between the North and South over the expansion of slavery . Drawing Conclusions Why did Henry Clay propose the Missouri Compromise to resolve the issue of Missouri statehood ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Strong feeling contributed to the ment of America politics and economy . In the next section you will read about the development of a new national culture . a . Describe What was the Era of Section Assessment Good Feelings ?
Analyze Explain the impact the Maryland and Gibbons Ogden decisions had on the federal government . Predict How would transportation improvements eventually aid the economy of the United States ?
a . Recall What role did Henry Clay play in the debate over Missouri statehood ?
Explain What problem did Missouri request for statehood cause ?
Elaborate Was the Missouri Compromise a good solution to the debate between free states and slave states ?
Explain your answer . a . Identify Who were the candidates in the election of 1824 ?
How was the winner determined ?
Draw Conclusions Why did John Quincy Adams lose popular support following the election of 1824 ?
online KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People , Critical Thinking . Identifying Cause and Effect Copy the web diagram below . Use it to describe how the feeling of nationalism in the Era of Good Feelings affected the growth and development of the United States . Nationalism . Judging Another way you can tell about people characters is by how they view themselves . Are they ?
Do they make healthy choices ?
As you read this section , think of the United States as a person and jot down notes about the view the United States had of itself . Is the new nation pleased with itself ?
Does it feel confident or confused ?
A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY 261 History and Geography In 1825 New York opened the Erie Canal , which connected Buffalo on Lake Erie to Albany on the Hudson River . With the new canal , boats and barges could travel from New York Harbor in the east to the Great Lakes region in the west . Trade boomed , new cities formed , and settlers moved farther west as the Erie Canal helped open up the Midwest region to farming and settlement . Lake Ontario tica . Roche . River Profile of the Erie Canal . From this elevation profile you can tell that the canal rises almost 600 feet as it winds its way westward from Albany to Buffalo . Barges move along a steep route through a series of locks along the canal . The diagram below shows you how locks work . The barge enters the lock through the main gate . Water flows into the lock through the sluice gate to raise the boat to the next level . The barge leaves the lock as mules help pull it across the water . 268 CHAPTER
Lake Superior The Erie Canal Later canals extended west into Ohio and Indiana . Trade through New York Harbor boomed as goods flowed along the Erie Canal to overseas markets and back to settlers and cities in the West . Thanks to the canal , the cost of shipping dropped . Lower costs led to increases in shipping and in city populations . ATLANTIC OCEAN Po ' GEOGRAPHY INTERPRETING MAPS . Region How did the Erie Canal affect western lands ?
location What effect do you think the Erie Canal had on New York City ?
A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY 269 What You Will Learn . American writers created a new style of literature . A new style of art showcased the beauty of America and its people . American ideals influenced other aspects of culture , including religion and music . Architecture and education were affected by cultural ideals . The Big Idea As the United States grew , developments in many cultural areas contributed to the creation of a new American identity . Key Terms and People Washington Irving , James Cooper , 271 Hudson River school , 272 Thomas Cole , 272 George Caleb Bingham , American Culture If YOU were there You live in Philadelphia in 1830 . Though you lived in the city all your life , you dream about the West and the frontier Now you ve discovered a wonderful writer whose stories tell about frontier life and events in American history . You ca wait to read his next exciting adventure . You think that perhaps someday you could be a frontier hero , too . Why would the frontier seem so exciting ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Until the early , Americans took most oftheir cultural ideas from Great Britain and Europe . But as American politics and the economy developed , so too did a new national culture . Writers and artists were inspired by American history and the American landscape . American Writers Like many people the world over , Americans expressed their thoughts and feelings in literature and art and sought spiritual comfort in religion and music . Developments in education and architecture also the growing national identity . One of the first American writers to gain international fame was Washington Irving . Born in 1783 , he was named after George Washington . Irving works often told about American American Arts Early to Ame can architects are i spired by ancient Gree and Rome . IE Discuss daily life , including traditions in art , music , and literature , of early national America ( through writings by Washington Irving , James Cooper ) 210 CHAPTER
history . Through a humorous form of writing called satire , Irving warned that Americans should learn from the past and be cautious about the future . Irving shared this idea in one of his known short stories , Rip Van This story describes a man who falls asleep ing the time of the American Revolution . He wakes up 20 years later to a society he does not recognize . Irving published this and another tale , The Legend of Sleepy Hollow , in an collection . In some of his most popular works , Irving combined European with American settings and characters . His work served as a bridge between European ary traditions and a new type of writer who focused on authentically American ters and society . Perhaps the best known of these new writers was James Cooper . Cooper was born to a wealthy New Jersey family in 1789 . Stories about the West and the Native Americans who lived on the frontier him . These subjects became the focus of his works . Cooper book was not very ful , but his next novel , The Spy , was a huge success . Published in 1821 , it was an adventure story set during the American Revolution . It appealed to American readers patriotism and desire for an exciting , story I 821 John Aud bon begins Birds of America , In 1823 Cooper published The Pioneers , the first of novels featuring the heroic character Natty . Cooper novels told of settling the western frontier and included historical events . For example , his novel The Last of the takes place during the French and Indian War . By placing fictional characters in a real historical setting , Cooper popularized a type of writing called historical fiction . Some critics said that Cooper characters were not interesting . They particularly the women in his stories one writer labeled them as a Other authors of historical , such as Maria , wrote about interesting heroines . characters were inspired by the people of the Berkshire Hills region of , where she lived . Her works include A Tale and Hope Leslie . Analyzing How did can writers such as Irving and Cooper help create a new cultural identity in the United States ?
A New Style of Art The writings of Irving and Cooper inspired painters . These artists began to paint scapes that showed the history of America and the beauty of the land . Earlier American painters had mainly painted portraits . By the I 828 Noah Webster 18305 the Hudson River school had emerged . The artists of the Hudson River school ated paintings that national pride and an appreciation of the American scape . They took their name from the of many of their Hudson River valley . Landscape painter Thomas Cole was a founder of the Hudson River school . He had moved to the United States from Britain in 1819 . He soon recognized the unique ties of the American landscape . As his work gained fame , he encouraged other American artists to show the beauty of nature . To walk with nature as a poet is the necessary tion of a perfect artist , Cole once said . By the the style of American ing was changing . More artists were trying to combine images of the American landscape with scenes from people daily lives . An important example of this style is Fur ers Descending the Missouri by George Caleb Bingham . This painting shows the rugged , lonely lives of traders in the West . Finding Main Ideas How did the style of American art change to reflect the American way of life in the early ?
Religion and Music Through the early and , several waves of religious revivalism swept the United States . During periods of revivalism , meetings American Arts ( continued ) 1330 Il were held for the purpose of reawakening faith . These meetings sometimes lasted for days and included large . At many revival meetings people sang songs called spirituals . Spirituals are a type of folk hymn found in both white and African American traditions . This type of song developed from the practice of ing out text from the Bible . A leader would call out the text one line at a time , and the congregation would sing the words using a familiar tune . Each singer added his or her own style to the tune . The congregation of singers sang freely as inspiration led them . While spirituals the religious nature of some Americans , popular folk music of the period the unique views of the growing nation in a different way . One of the most popular songs of the era was ers of Kentucky , which celebrated the Battle of New Orleans . It became an anthem for the spirit of nationalism in the United States and was used successfully in Andrew campaign for the presidency in 1828 . Summarizing How did music reflect American interests in the early and ?
Architecture and Education American creativity extended to the way in which people designed buildings . Before the American Revolution , most architects lowed the style used in Great Britain . After the 1836 Painters of the Hudson publishes his first dictionary of not English . travels widely to paint images of Native American ways of life before they are lost . River school prove American landscapes are worthy of art . Thomas The Oxbow , 1836 ) 212 CHAPTER
Revolution , leaders such as Thomas Jefferson called for Americans to model their ture after the styles used in ancient Greece and Rome . Many Americans admired the ancient civilization of Greece and the Roman SUMMARY AND PREVIEW As the United States grew , so did a unique national identity . In Chapter you will read about the changing face of American democracy . because they contained some of the same democratic and republican ideals as the new American nation did . As time went by , more architects followed Jefferson ideas . Growing American cities soon had distinctive new buildings designed in the Greek and Roman styles . These buildings were usually made of marble or other stone and large , stately columns . Americans also embraced educational progress . Several early American political leaders expressed a belief that democracy would only succeed in a country of educated and enlightened people . But there was no general agreement on who should provide that education . Eventually , the idea of a school gathered support . In 183 lawmakers created a state board of tion . Other states followed this example , and the number of public schools slowly grew . Identifying Points of View Why did some Americans call for new architectural styles and more education American Revolution ?
ANALYZING INFORMATION How do these artistic developments show Americans increasing sense of identity ?
Section Assessment go Online Quiz KEYWORD . Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People a . Describe What topics interested American writers in the early 18005 ?
Draw Conclusions Why is Washington Irving considered an important American writer ?
a . Identify What influence did Thomas Cole have on American painters ?
Describe How did American painting styles change from the early period to the ?
a . Describe What effect did religious revivalism have on American music ?
Elaborate Why do you think folk songs like ers of Kentucky were popular ?
a . Identify On what historical examples did many American architects model their buildings ?
Predict What might be some possible results of the growing interest in education in the United States ?
Critical Thinking . Categorizing Copy the graphic organizer below and use it to identify the shared characteristics of the new American cultural identity that emerged in the early and . Writers Painters Music Architecture Religion . Identifying Values You can tell much about someone values by what that person makes . For instance , you could guess that a person who creates a collage of personal mementos for a friend day is creative and values personal relationships . As you read this section , make note of what the United States created and what it valued . A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY 213
Literature History WORD HELP accoutrements dress and gear rude crude , rough attenuated hardened unremitted ongoing gartered fastened ingenious clever What do you learn about Natty in the first paragraph ?
A girdle of wampum is a belt strung with beads . Wampum were used by Native Americans for both money and decoration . Make a list of the items wears and carries . What does each item suggest about him ?
IE Discuss daily life , including traditions in art , music , and literature , of early national America ( through writings by Washington Irving , James Cooper ) En Beading Analyze a work of literature , showing how it reflects heritage . 214 CHAPTER Literature of the American Frontier from The Last of the Mohicans by Cooper ( About the Reading The Last of the Mohicans is one of novels known as the Tales . These novels follow the life and adventures of American pioneer Natty ( also known as , Hawkeye , and the ) is the perfect woodsman resourceful , honest , kind to both his friends and his enemies , but always a loner at heart . Try to imagine what Natty looks like . On that day , two men were lingering on the banks of a small but rapid stream . While one of these loiterers showed the red skin and wild accoutrements of a native of the woods , the other ited , through the mask of his rude and nearly savage equipments , the brighter though sunburnt and complexion of one who might claim descent from a European parentage . The frame of the white man , judging by such parts as were not by his clothes , was like that of one who had known hardships and exertion from his earliest youth . His person , though muscular , was rather attenuated than full but every nerve and muscle appeared strung and by unremitted exposure and toil . He wore a hunting shirt of forest green , fringed with faded yellow , and a summer cap of skins which had been shorn of their fur . He also bore a knife in a girdle of Wampum , like that which confined the scanty garments of the Indian , but no tomahawk . His moccasins were ornamented after the . fashion of the natives , while the only part of his underdress which appeared below the hunting frock was a pair of buckskin that laced at the sides , and which were gartered above the knees with the sinews of a deer . A pouch and horn completed his personal accoutrements , though a of great length , which the theory of the more ingenious whites had taught them was the most dangerous of all firearms , leaned against a neighboring sapling .
from The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving ( About the Reading The Legend of Sleepy Hollow has been called one of the American short stories . Even though it is based on an old German folktale , its setting , a small village in the Hudson River valley , is American through and through . Irving knack for capturing the look and the feel of the region made the story instantly did the tales eerie central character , a horseman without a head . Try to picture both the ghost and the setting . The dominant spirit , however , that haunts this enchanted region , and seems to be commander in chief of all the powers of the air , is the apparition of a figure on horseback without a head . It is said by some to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper , whose head had been carried away by a cannon ball , in some nameless battle during the ary war , and who is ever and anon seen by the country folk , hurrying along in the gloom of night , as if on the wings of the wind . His haunts are not confined to the valley , but extend at times to the adjacent roads , and especially to the vicinity of a church at no great distance . Indeed , certain of the most authentic historians of those parts , who have been careful in collecting and collating the facts ing this spectre , allege , that the body of the trooper having been buried in the church yard , the ghost rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head , and that the rushing speed with which he sometimes passes along the hollow , like a midnight blast , is owing to his being belated , and in a hurry to get back to the church yard before day break . Such is the general purport of this legendary superstition , which has furnished materials for many a wild story in that region of ows and the spectre is known , at all the country firesides , by the name of The Headless Horseman of Sleepy Hollow . CONNECTING LITERATURE HISTORY . Drawing The writing of the period reflects a new national culture and identity . What do these passages suggest about the thoughts , feelings , or lives of early Americans ?
Making Predictions The Last of the Mohicans takes place during the French and Indian War . Whose side do you think WORD HELP dominant prevailing ruling apparition a ghostlike form that appears suddenly collating comparing spectre ghost allege to firmly state purport sense gist A Hessian trooper is a German mercenary soldier from the American Revolution . How and when is the man said to have died ?
Why does the horseman ride forth each night ?
What is happening at all the country ?
What does this suggest about how early Americans entertained themselves ?
Natty would most likely of the French and Indians , that of the English , or neither ?
Explain . Drawing Conclusions Both of these stories were very popular in their time . Why do you think these stories were so popular ?
What is it about the stories that makes them entertaining ?
215 Social Studies Skills . Critical Thinking Analysis Participation Identifying Central Issues Define the Skill The reasons for historical events are often complex and to determine . An accurate ing of them requires the ability to identify the issues involved . A central issue is the main topic of concern in a discussion or dispute . In history , these issues are usually matters of public debate or concern . They generally involve political , social , moral , economic , or territorial matters . Being able to identify central issues lets you go beyond what the participants in an event said and gain a more accurate understanding of it . The skill is also useful for understanding issues today , and for evaluating the statements of those involved . Learn the Skill In this chapter you learned about the dispute that arose over Missouri admission to the Union . Yet that was not what this controversy was really about . Recognizing the central issue in this dispute helps you understand why each side fought so hard over just one state . Use the following steps to identify central issues when you read about historical events . Identify the main subject of the information . Determine the nature and purpose of what you are reading . Is it a primary source or a secondary one ?
Why has the information been provided ?
Find the strongest or most forceful phrases or statements in the material . These are often clues to the issues or ideas the speaker or writer thinks most central or important . 216 CHAPTER Determine how the information might be to the major events or controversies that were concerning the nation at the time . Practice the Skill Soon after the Missouri Compromise passed , Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wrote The impression produced upon my mind by the progress of this discussion the dispute over Missouri is that the bargain between freedom and slavery contained in the Constitution is morally and politically vicious , cruel and oppressive . have favored this Missouri Compromise , believing it to be all that can be effected accomplished underthe present Constitution , and from an extreme unwillingness to put the Union at hazard risk perhaps it would have been a bolder course to have persisted in the restriction upon Missouri till it should have terminated ended in a convention of the states to amend the would have produced a new Union of thirteen or fourteen states unpolluted with slavery the Union must be dissolved , slavery is precisely the question upon which it ought to break . For the present , however , this contest issue is laid to Apply the steps to identifying central issues to analyze Adams statement and answer the ing questions . I . About what subject was Adams writing ?
What was his reason for making these remarks ?
What did Adams believe was the most tant issue in the dispute ?
What strong language does he use to indicate this ?
What evidence suggests Adams did not think the breakup of the Union the central issue ?
III Students explainthe central issues ofthe past .
Visual Summary Nationalism gained Monroe Doctrine American System Standards Review Use the visual summary below to help you review the main ideas of the chapter . Era Feelings American culture Sectionalism Opposition to American System Spread of slavery Missouri Compromise Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Match the word in the left column with the correct in the right column . American System . George Caleb Bingham . Simon Bolivar . Henry Clay . Erie Canal . Hudson River school . James Monroe . Monroe Doctrine nationalism 10 . Agreement an agreement that limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the United States and British Canada American artist known for his focus on the American scape and people sense of pride and devotion to a nation a group of American artists in the who focused on the American landscape a leader of independence movements in Latin America , known as the Liberator the plan to raise tariffs in order to finance internal ments such as roads and canals president who promoted the acquisition of Florida , closer ties to Latin America , and presided during the Era of Good Feelings project that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie and improved trade and transportation representative from Kentucky who promoted improvements in transportation and the Missouri Compromise declaration that any attempt by a foreign nation to lish colonies in the Americas would be viewed as a hostile act A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY 211
Comprehension and Critical Thinking I ( Pages ) Em , II . a . Identify What were the four main points of the Monroe Doctrine ?
Draw Conclusions How did the United States compromise in its disputes with British Canada ?
Evaluate Which of the issues that the United States faced with foreign nations do you think was most important ?
Why ?
Pages ) a . Recall What developments helped strengthen national unity in this period ?
Analyze How was the disagreement over Missouri statehood an example of sectionalism ?
How was the disagreement resolved ?
Predict What effect might the election of 1824 have on national unity ?
Why ?
Pages ) a . Describe How did popular music show the interests of Americans in the early 18005 ?
Make Why do you think new American styles of art and literature emerged ?
Elaborate Which element of American culture of the early do you most appealing ?
Why ?
Reviewing Themes . Politics How did the relations of the United States with foreign nations lead to a rise in nationalism ?
Society and Culture What led to the creation of a uniquely American culture ?
Using the Internet . Activity Researching In this chapter , you learned about the development of a new , creative spirit in American arts . Artists created works that featured American scenes and . Enter the activity keyword and research the development of American culture in art and literature . Then create a visual display . 218 CHAPTER Reading Skills Understanding Semantic Slanting Use the Reading Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question about the reading selection below . When the House chose John Quincy Adams as president , Jackson supporters claimed that Adams had made a corrupt bargain with Henry Clay . These accusations grew after Adams chose Clay to be secretary of state . 11 . 267 ) Which of the following used a slanted tion , according to the above selection ?
Andrew Jackson Henry Clay supporters of Jackson John Quincy Adams Social Studies Skills Identifying Central Issues Use the Social Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question about the reading selection below . Henry Clay developed a plan that came to be known as the American series of sures intended to make the United States . To build the economy , he pushed for a national bank that would provide a single currency , making interstate trade easier . Clay wanted the money from a protective tariff to be used to improve roads and canals . 264 ) Which of the following is the central issue addressed by the American System ?
economic unity protective tariff national bank improving roads and canals . Writing a Character Sketch Write a paragraph describing your overall impression of the nations character . Write one sentence describing each of these aspects of the United States its relationships with others , its feelings about itself , and its values .
Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the Greek . and architecture letter of the best response . Use the map below to became common in the United States in the answer ?
early because of A the popularity of President George Washington , who liked the building style . Americans admiration for the ideals of Greek democracy and republicanism . the nations desire to build as strong a military as the Greeks and Romans had . Americans great feeling of nationalism after the War of 1812 . Which painting would have been typical of an artist of the Hudson River school in the and ?
A a portrait of a famous American a Native American hunting game a portrait of an ancient Greek or Roman lawmaker The state that became pan of . the United States in the Treaty ' at ra ' beauty of 1819 is shown on the map by the letter A Connecting with Past Learning . Which person that you learned about in . Grade made a contribution to hIs or her society similar to James Cooper contribution to American society ?
A Constantine Lady Musa a The principle that European nations could establish no more colonies in North and South America was set in the A Missouri Compromise . Confucius Monroe Doctrine . Convention . The Missouri Compromise had a significant effect on the United States because it A established the present border with Canada . prohibited slavery north of Missouri southern border . led to the expansion of roads and canals . settled conflicts between Native Americans in the West and the federal government . A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY 219