US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 7 The Jefferson Era
Explore the US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 7 The Jefferson Era study material pdf and utilize it for learning all the covered concepts as it always helps in improving the conceptual knowledge.
US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 7 The Jefferson Era PDF Download
CHAPTER . Eii California Standards Science Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation . Students analyze foreign policy in the early republic . Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the 1800 to the and the challenges they faced . Arts Writing Provide details , reasons , and examples , arranging . them effectively by anticipating and answering reader concerns . Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . FOCUS ON WRITING A Letter of Recommendation Americans love best books of the year , the 10 best video games , the three best soccer players . As you read this chapter you will gather some information about Thomas Jefferson . Then you will write a letter to your newspaper telling why Jefferson should be on the newspaper Top Ten American Presidents list . Thomas Senate Jefferson approves takes the Louisiana office . Purchase . An army of former slaves led by defeats a French army in Haiti . 224 CHAPTER
HOLT History Impact video series Watch the video to understand the impact of expanding frontiers on the growth of America . HUI vial , I , You Learn In this chapter you will learn about the presidency ' of Thomas Jefferson . A man of many talents , Jefferson looked back to classical architecture to design his Virginia home , Lewis and Clark Congress begin their westward journey . Embargo Act . Congress declares war against The Battle of New Orleans . founds an influential Shinto religious sect that stresses patriotism in Japan . The slave trade is abolished in the British Empire . THE JEFFERSON ERA 225
Reading Social Studies Economics Religion Society Geography Politics ' Focus on Themes In this chapter you will see how he encouraged the exploration of the West , learn about Thomas Jefferson presidency . You will and discover why , during his second term , America read what happened when Jefferson first run to found herself at war with Great Britain . You will see be president ended in a tie . After that , you will learn how America expanding geography and politics about his decision to buy Louisiana from the French , were intertwined . Public Documents in History FOCUS on Reading Historians use many types of documents to learn about the past . These documents can often be divided into two Graphic ' I and public . Private documents are those written for a are person own use , such as letters , journals , or notebooks . Public ' ments , on the other hand , are available for everyone to read and ine . They include such things as laws , tax codes , and treaties . Studying Public Documents Studying public documents from the past can tell us a great deal about politics and society of the time . However , public documents can often be confusing or difficult to understand . When you read such a document , you may want to use a list of questions like the one below to be sure you understand what you re reading . You can often figure out the topic of a public Question Sheet for document from the title and introduction . Public Documents . What is the topic of the document ?
Do I understand what I reading ?
Public documents often use unfamiliar words or . Is there any vocabulary in use familiar words in unfamiliar ways . For example , the document that I do not the document on the next page uses the word understand ?
augmented . Do you know what the word means in What parts of the document this context ?
If not , you should look it up . What are the main ideas and details of the document ?
Many public documents deal with several issues and What haVe I learned em reading will therefore have several main ideas . 226 CHAPTER ELA Reading Use information from a variety of consumer and public documents to explain a situation or solve a problem . You Try It ! The passage below was taken from a Post Office notice from 1815 . Read the passage and then answer the questions that follow . Rates of Postage Postmasters will take notice , that by an act of Congress , passed on the instant , the several rates of postage are per cent and that after the first of February next , the Rates of Postage for single Letters will be , For any distance not exceeding 40 miles , 12 cents Over 40 miles and not exceeding 90 miles , 15 cents Over 90 miles and not exceeding 150 miles , 18 cents Over 150 miles and not exceeding 300 miles , 25 cents Over 300 miles and not exceeding 500 miles , 30 cents Over 500 miles , 37 cents Double letters , or those composed of two pieces of paper , double those rates . Triple letters , or those composed of three pieces of paper , triple those rates . Packets , or letters composed of four or more pieces of paper , and weighing one ounce or more , avoirdupois , are to be rated equal to one single letter for each quarter ounce . After reading the document above , answer the following questions . What is this document about ?
What was the main idea or ideas of this document ?
What supporting details were included ?
Look at the word packets in the last paragraph of the document . The word is not used here in the same way we usually use packets today . What does the word mean in this case ?
How can you tell ?
Are there any other words in this passage with which you are unfamiliar ?
How might not knowing those words hinder your understanding of the passage ?
Lane ! People Chapter Section John Adams ( 228 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 228 ) John Marshall ( 232 ) Madison ( judicial review ( 232 ) Section Louisiana Purchase ( 236 ) Meriwether Lewis ( 237 ) William Clark ( Lewis and Clark expedition ( 238 Pike ( 238 ) Section USS Constitution ( 240 ) impressment ( embargo ( 241 ) Embargo Act ( Act ( 242 ) Tecumseh ( Battle ( 244 ) War Hawks ( James Madison ( 245 ) Section Oliver Hazard Perry ( Battle of Lake Erie ( Andrew Jackson ( 248 ) Treaty of Fort Jackson ( 248 ) Battle of New Orleans ( 248 ) Hartford Convention ( Treaty of ( Academic Vocabulary In this chapter you will learn the following academic words functions ( 231 ) consequences ( 249 ) As you read Chapter , lookfor passages from other public documents . What can these documents teach you past ?
THE JEFFERSON ERA 221 SECTION What You Will Learn . The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in one political party to another . President Jefferson beliefs federal government were reflected in his policies . Madison increased the power ofthe judicial branch of government . The Big Idea Thomas Jefferson election began a new era in American government . Key Terms and People John Adams , 228 Thomas Jefferson , 228 John Marshall , 232 . Madison , judicial review , 232 El ! IE Describe the physical landscapes , political , and territorial expansion during the terms of the first four presidents . Explainthe policy significance speeches ( ton Farewell Address , 1801 Inaugural Address , John ( Adams Fourth 1821 Address ) 228 CHAPTER Jefferson Becomes President If YOU were there You are a Maryland voter from a frontier you are tired ! For days , you and your friends have been wrangling over the presidential election . Who shall it Adams or ?
Your vote depends on your personal judgment . Which candidate would you choose for president ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND John Adams had not been a popular president , but many still admired his ability and high principles . Both he and Thomas Jefferson had played major roles in winning and shaping the new government . Now , political differences sharply divided the two men and their supporters . In the election of 1800 , voters were also divided . The Election of 1800 In the presidential election of 1800 , Federalists John Adams and Charles ran against Thomas Jefferson and Burr . Each party believed that the American republic survival depended upon the success of their candidates . With so much at stake , the election was hotly contested . Unlike today , candidates did not travel around giving speeches . Instead , the candidates supporters made their arguments in letters and newspaper editorials . Adams supporters claimed that Jefferson was a radical . Put Jefferson in office , they warned , and the violence and chaos of the French Revolution would surely low . Plus , Federalists argued , Jefferson interest in science and proved that he wanted to destroy organized religion . newspapers responded that Adams wanted to crown himself king . What else , they asked , could be the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts ?
Republicans also hinted that Adams would use the newly created permanent army to limit Americans rights .
John Adams and the Federalists Rule by wealthy class Strong federal government Emphasis on manufacturing Loose interpretation of the Constitution British alliance When the election results came in , Jefferson and Burr had won 73 electoral Votes each to 65 for Adams and 64 for . The had won the tion , but the tie between Jefferson and Burr caused a problem . Under the Constitution at that time , the two candidates with the most Votes became president and Vice president . The decision went to the House of as called for in the Constitution . The House , like the electoral college , also deadlocked . Days went by as Vote after Vote was called , each ending in ties . Exhausted Adams receives 65 votes , and Jefferson and running mate receives 64 votes . Results Burr receive 73 votes each . Peaceful change of political power from one party to another The tied race led to the Twelfth Amendment ( 1804 ) which created a separate ballot for president and vice president . Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans Rule by the people Strong state governments Emphasis on agriculture Strict interpretation of the Constitution French alliance lawmakers put their heads on their desks and slept between Votes . Some napped on the . Jefferson won on the Vote . The election marked the first time that one party had replaced another in power in the United States . The problems with the Voting system led Congress to propose the Twelfth Amendment . This amendment created a separate ballot for president and Vice president . Analyzing Information What was significant about Jefferson victory ?
THE JEFFERSON ERA 229 SPEECH THE IMPACT TODAY A monument to Thomas Jefferson was completed in 1943 and is one of the visited sites in Washington , Primary Source Inaugural Address On March , 1801 , Thomas Jefferson gave his first these , Jefferson tries inaugural address . In to reassure his the following excerpt , 03 ' Jefferson describes thoughts Here Jefferson states his the nation future . This phrase shows Jefferson to keep government small . By using phrases like opinion of what is essential to good government . Jefferson Policies When Jefferson took , he brought with him a style and political ideas different from those of Adams and Washington . Jefferson wanted to reduce the powers of government , desired to promote the expansion of an agrarian economy , and was less formal than his predecessors . Jefferson Inaugurated Americans looked forward with excitement to Jefferson first speech as president . People from across the nation gathered in the new capital , Washington , to hear him . ous travelers looked with pride at the completed Capitol building and at the executive mansion ( not yet called the White House ) The two buildings dominated the surrounding homes and forests . Small businesses dotted the landscape . At one of these , a modest boardinghouse , the was putting the touches on his speech . On the morning of March , 1801 , he left the boardinghouse and walked to the Capitol . The leader of a republic , Jefferson believed , should not ride in fancy carriages . 230 CHAPTER Let us , then , fellow citizens , unite with one heart and one mind . very difference of opinion is not a of principle . We have called by different names brethren of the same principle . We are all republicans , we are all federalists . Still one thing more , fellow citizens , a wise and Government , which shall restrain men from injuring one another , shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement , and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned . This is the sum of good government brethren brothers frugal thrifty ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES What words and phrases indicate support for a small national government ?
Jefferson read his speech in a quiet voice . He wanted to make it clear that he supported the will of the majority . He also stressed the need for a limited government and the of civil liberties . From these humble surroundings in which Jefferson delivered his speech , Washington eventually grew into a large and impressive city . Over the years , the Capitol and the executive mansion were joined by other state buildings and monuments . Jefferson , who had long dreamed of a new national capital that would be independent of the interests of any one state , was pleased to be a part of this process of building a federal city . Jefferson in President Jefferson faced the task of putting his republican ideas into practice . One of his first actions was to select the members of his cabinet . His choices included James Madison as secretary of state and Albert as of the treasury . Jefferson would also from the Party newly won control of both houses of Congress . At urging , Congress allowed the hated Alien and Sedition Acts to expire . Jefferson
lowered military spending and reduced the size of the army . The navy was cut to seven active ships . Jefferson and hoped that saving this money would allow the ment to repay the national debt . Jefferson also asked to ways to get rid of domestic taxes , like the tax on whiskey . The Congress passed the laws needed to carry out these policies . The entire national government in 1801 consisted only of several hundred people . Jefferson preferred to keep it that way . He believed that the primary functions of the federal government were to protect the nation from foreign threats , deliver the mail , and collect customs duties . Jefferson did recognize that some of the Federalist as the creation of the Bank of the United be kept . Although Jefferson had battled Hamilton over the Bank , as president he agreed to leave it in place . Summarizing changes did introduce , and which Federalist policies did Jefferson keep ?
SUPREME ( Madison ( 303 ) Background of the Case Shortly before Thomas Jefferson took office , John Adams had appointed William to be a justice of the peace . Adams had signed commission , but it was never delivered . sued to force Madison to give him the commission . The Court Ruling The Court ruled that the law based his claim on was unconstitutional . The Court Reasoning The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the authority to hear a wide variety of cases , including those like . But the Supreme Court ruled that Congress did not have the power to make such a law . Why ?
Because the Constitution limits the types of cases the Supreme Court can hear Thus . the law was in conflict with the Constitution and had to be struck down . Madison Although Republicans controlled the and Congress , Federalists dominated the federal judiciary . In an effort to continue their control over the judiciary , Federalist legislators passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 shortly before their terms of office ended . This act created 16 new federal that President Adams filled with Federalists before leaving . The Republican press called these people midnight judges , arguing that Adams had packed the judiciary with Federalists the night before he left . Some of these appointments were made so late that the documents that authorized them had not been delivered by the time Adams left . This led to controversy once Jefferson took . William , named as a justice of the peace by dent Adams , did not receive his documents before Adams left . took , the documents . On Jefferson advice , however , the new secretary of state , James Madison , refused to deliver them . Jefferson argued that the appointment of the midnight judges was not valid . Why It Matters ANALYSIS ANALYZING INFORMATION . What do you think it means to be the final authority on the Constitution ?
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY functions uses or purposes Madison was important for several reasons . It confirmed the Supreme Court power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional . By doing so , it established the Court as the final authority on the Constitution . This helped make the judicial branch of government equal to the other two branches . Marshall and later federal judges would use this power of judicial review as a check on the legislative and executive . How did . Madison affect the Constitution system of checks and balances ?
THE JEFFERSON ERA 231 brought suit , ing the Supreme Court to order Madison to deliver the appointment papers . claimed that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the power to do so . John Marshall , a ist appointed by John Adams , was the chief justice of the United States . Chief Justice shall and President Jefferson agreed about many political issues . When Marshall agreed to hear case , Jefferson protested , saying that the Federalists have retired into the judiciary as a Marshall wrote the Court opinion in Madison , a case that helped establish the Supreme Court power to check the power of the other branches of government . The Constitution , Chief tice Marshall noted , gave the Supreme Court authority to hear only certain types of cases . A request like was not one of them . The law that case depended upon was , therefore , unconstitutional . Section Assessment John Marshall served as chief justice of the United States for 34 years . In denying request in this way , the Court avoided a direct tion with Jefferson . But more , it established the Court power of judicial review , the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional . Marshall and later eral judges would use this power of judicial review to make the judiciary a much ger part of the national government . Analyzing Information Why was . Madison an important ruling ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW A peaceful transfer of power took place in after the election of 1800 . In the next section you will read about the Louisiana Purchase . iz KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People , Critical Thinking a . Identify What were the political parties categorizing Copy the chart below . Use it to show and who were their candidates in the election of 1800 ?
Analyze Why was the election of 1800 significant ?
a . Describe What ideas for government did Thomas Jefferson stress in his inaugural address ?
Compare and Contrast What similarities and differences did Jefferson Republican government have with the previous Federalist one ?
Elaborate Defend Jefferson preference for keeping the national government small . a . Identify Who was John Marshall ?
Draw Conclusions Why is the power of judicial review important ?
Predict How might the Madison ruling affect future actions by Congress ?
232 CHAPTER how President Jefferson continued some Federalist policies while introducing Republican policies . Jefferson as President Federalist Policies Republican Policies . Gathering Ideas about a Person ments Look back through what you have just read to see what you have learned about decisions in office . Make a list of the traits you think each decision shows in Jefferson .
I A HY Thomas Jefferson How would you inspire people to seek freedom ?
when did he live ?
He was born on April 13 , 1743 . He died on July , 1826 , within hours of the death of President John Adams , his rival and friend . The date was also the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence . Where did he live ?
He was born in County , Virginia , where he inherited a large estate from his father . At age 26 he began building his elegant lifetime home , Monticello , which he designed himself . He spent much of his life away from home , in Philadelphia Washington , and Europe . Yet he always longed to return to his peaceful home . What did he do ?
Jefferson wanted only three of his accomplishments listed on his tomb author of the Declaration of American Independence , author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom , and Father of the University of Virginia . What did he not mention ?
Governor of , lawyer , revolutionary leader , writer , philosopher , inventor , architect , plant scientist , book collector , musician , astronomer , ambassador , secretary of , of course , president of the United States . Why is he important ?
powerful words in the Declaration of have inspired people throughout the world to seek freedom , equality , and . His most celebrated achievement as president ( was the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France . The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 nearly doubled the size of the United States . Jefferson then sored the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore this new territory . Jefferson been a hero to generations of Americans ! Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of and later served as president of the United States . Evaluating Why has Thomas KEY EVENTS Begins practicing law in Virginia Serves in Virginia House of Burgesses Drafts the first version of the Declaration of Independence Appointed secretary of state by George Washington Inaugurated as president Authorizes the purchase of Louisiana from France Retires to Monticello THE JEFFERSON ERA 233
SECTION What You Will Learn . As American settlers moved West , control of the River became more portant to the United States . The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States . Expeditions led by Lewis , Clark , and Pike increased Americans understanding of the West . The Big Idea Under leadership , the United States added the Louisiana Territory . Key Terms and People Purchase , Lewis , William Clark , 237 and Clark expedition , 237 , 238 Pike , 238 IE Describe the physical landscapes , political , and territorial expansion during the terms of the first four presidents . Describe the purpose , and economic incentives associated with westward expansion , including the concept of Manifest Destiny ( the Lewis and Clark expedition , accounts ofthe removal of Indians , the Cherokees Trail , settlement ofthe Great Plains ) and the territorial acquisitions that spanned numerous decades . 234 CHAPTER The Louisiana Purchase If YOU were there You and your family live on a small farm in Kentucky in about 1800 . Raised on the frontier , you are a skillful hunter and trapper One day at the trading post , you see a poster calling for volunteers to join the Corps of Discovery . This expedition will explore the vast region west of the Mississippi River You think it would be but dangerous . You might never come home . Would you volunteer to join the Corps of Discovery ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND As the began , the United States was expanding steadily westward . More lands were opened , and settlers moved in to . Americans were also curious about the vast lands that lay farther West . Adventurous explorers organized expeditions to find out more lands . American Settlers Move West By the early , thousands of Americans settled in the area between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River . As the population grew , Kentucky , Tennessee , and Ohio were admitted to the Union . Settlers in these states depended upon the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to move their products to eastern markets . New Orleans , located at the mouth of the Mississippi , was a very important port . Its busy docks were with settlers farm products and valuable furs bought from American Indians . Many of these cargoes were then sent to Europe . At the same time , goods passed through the port on their way upriver . As can dependence on the river grew , Jefferson began to worry that a foreign power might shut down access to New Orleans . There is on the globe one single spot , the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy . It is New Orleans , through which the produce of three eighths of our territory must pass to , quoted in Annals , Volume ,
Map states and territories in Louisiana Purchase Disputed by United States and Britain Lewis and Expedition , Pike Expedition , 200 400 Miles 200 400 Kilometers it became home to many languages and cultures . Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana . This region stretched west from the mighty Mississippi River to the great Rocky Mountains . Although Spain owned Louisiana , Spanish officials found it to keep Americans out of the territory . You ca put doors on open country , the foreign minister said in despair . Years of effort failed to improve position . Under a secret treaty , Spain agreed to trade Louisiana to France , passing the lem on to someone else . One Spanish officer expressed his relief . I can hardly wait to leave them the Americans behind me , he said . Analyzing Information Why was New Orleans important to settlers in the western regions of the United States ?
as The Louisiana Purchase and Western Expeditions southern tip ofthe Louisiana Purchase ?
Clark have followed the Missouri River ! Louisiana In 1802 , just before handing over ana to France , Spain closed New Orleans to American shipping . Angry farmers worried about what this would do to the economy . President Jefferson asked the dor to France , Robert Livingston , to try to buy New Orleans . Jefferson sent James roe to help Livingston . Napoleon and Louisiana France was led by ( uhn ) Bonaparte , a powerful ruler who had conquered most of Europe . He dreamed of rebuilding France North American empire . strategy was to use the French colony of Haiti , in the Caribbean , as a supply . Location What major port city was located atthe . Interaction Why might Lewis and ATLANTIC OCEAN THE JEFFERSON ERA 235
base . From there he could send troops to . However , enslaved Africans had revolted and freed themselves from French rule . Napoleon sent troops to try to regain control of the island , but they were defeated 1802 . This defeat ended his hopes of rebuilding a North American empire . Jefferson Buys Louisiana The American ambassador got a surprising offer during his with French foreign minister Charles Talleyrand . When the Americans tried to buy New Orleans , Talleyrand offered to sell all of Louisiana . With his hopes for a North American empire dashed , had turned his tion back to Europe . France was at war with Great Britain , and needed money for military supplies . He also hoped that a larger United States would challenge British power . The Journey west The time line and photographs you see here show some of the key events and places of the Lewis and Clark tion . Read the journal entries to get an Livingston and Monroe knew a bargain when they saw one . They quickly accepted the French offer to sell Louisiana for 15 million . The news pleased Jefferson . But as a strict constructionist , he was troubled . The did not mention the purchase of foreign lands . He also did not like spending large amounts of public money . Nevertheless , Jefferson agreed to the purchase in the belief that doing so was best for the country . On October 20 , 1803 , the Senate approved the agreement of the Louisiana Purchase , which roughly doubled the size of the United States . With the 15 in the French treasury , boasted , I have given England a rival who , sooner or later , will humble her Making inferences Why wasthe Louisiana Purchase important to the future of the United States ?
idea of what the explorers faced . A large keelboat and two smaller boats were needed Small boats helped the to get the travelers move supplies expedition moving west . across the Great Plains . May August October 1804 April 1805 The expedition begins The first official council between The expedition establishes Fort to spend near Louis . representatives of the United the winter . There , the explorers meet a French fur States and Plains Indians is held . trader and his wife , VIM ' 236 CHAPTER
Explorers Head West Americans knew little about western Native Americans or the land they lived on . dent Jefferson wanted to learn more about the people and land of the West . He also wanted to see if there was a river route that could be taken to the Ocean . Lewis and Clark Expedition In 1803 the president asked Congress to fund an expedition to explore the West . To lead it , he chose former army captain Meriwether Lewis . Lewis then chose his friend ant William Clark to be the of the expedition . To prepare for the journey , Lewis spent weeks studying with experts about plants , surveying , and other subjects . This knowledge would allow him to take careful notes on what he saw . With Clark , Lewis carefully selected about 50 skilled frontiersmen to join the Corps of Discovery , as they called their group . In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark expedition began its long journey to explore the Louisiana Purchase . The Corps of Discovery traveled up the Missouri River to the village of Charles . Once past this village the men would receive no more ters , fresh supplies , or reinforcements . Lewis and Clark used the Missouri River as their highway through the unknown lands . As they moved upstream , a out on the boats kept a sharp eye out for sandbars and for tree stumps hidden underwater . When darkness fell , the weary explorers would pull their boats ashore . They cooked , wrote in their journals , and slept . of gnats , and mosquitoes often interrupted their sleep . The explorers paddled down the Columbia River toward The expedition relied on the Pacific in five canoes . 24 horses to cross the Rocky Mountains . August 12 , 1805 September 1805 November Lewis climbs the first ridge to the Continental Divide . The expedition nearly starves . Local peoples help the explorers . The expedition reaches a bay of the Pacific Ocean . Aryans , SKILL READING TIME LINES ' In what date did the explorers reach the western must point ?
THE JEFFERSON ERA 231 Primary Source JOURNAL ENTRY September , Great Plains While traveling across the , Meriwether Lewis marveled at the richness of the land . The ' throughout its whole extent 9641441 . mu mi of , deer lo , Info not , to Lewis , quoted in of the Lewis end Clark Expedition , edited by Reuben Bold ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES What did Lewis find so impressive about the Great Plains ?
Insects were not the only cause of lessness for the Corps of Discovery . As weeks passed without seeing any Native cans , the explorers wondered what their first encounter would be like . Contact with Native Americans During the summer of 1804 the Corps of Discovery had pushed more than 600 miles upriver without seeing any Native cans . But when the men spotted huge herds in the distance , they guessed that Indian groups would be nearby . Many an groups depended on the buffalo for food , clothing , and tools . Lewis used interpreters to talk to the ers of each of the peoples they met . He told them that the United States now owned the land on which the Native Americans lived . Yet the explorers relied on the goodwill of the ple they met . 238 CHAPTER a Shoshone from the Rocky Mountains , accompanied the group with her husband , a French fur trader who lived with the Indians and served as a guide and interpreter . helped the expedition by naming plants and by gathering edible fruits and for the group . At one point , the group met with brother , who provided horses and a guide to lead the expedition across the mountains . After crossing the Rocky Mountains , Lewis and Clark followed the Columbia River . Along the way they met the powerful Nez . Like the Shoshone , the Nez provided the expedition with food . At last , in November 1805 , Lewis and Clark reached the Ocean . The explorers stayed in the Northwest during the rough ter . In March 1806 Lewis and Clark set out on the long trip home . Lewis and Clark had not found a river route across the West to the Ocean . But they had learned much about western lands and paths across the Rockies . The explorers also established contact with many Native can groups and collected much valuable mation about western plants and animals . Pike Exploration In 1806 a young army named Pike was sent on another mission to the West . He was ordered to the ing point of the Red River . This was tant because the United States considered the Red River to be a part of the Louisiana Territory western border with New Spain . Heading into the Rocky Mountains , in Colorado , Pike tried to reach the summit of the mountain now known as Pikes Peak . In 1807 he traveled into lands until Spanish cavalry arrested him . They suspected Pike of being a spy . When he was released , he returned to the United States and reported on his trip . Despite his imprisonment , he praised the opportunities for doing business with the Spanish in the Southwest . Pike
Natural Resources oil , natural gas , coal , gemstones , copper , iron ore , lead , zinc , Lewis and Clark would be surprised to see what has become of the silver limestone , sulphur diamonds , helium lands they explored . The lands of the Louisiana Purchase are rich with Major Agricultural and natural resources and support enormous agricultural production . rice , Cat re , chicken , hogs , wheat sugarcane , cotton , dairy products , hay Average cost per acre Value of the territory ANALYZING INFORMATION agricultural goods , what types of valuable resources are found in the former Louisiana Purchase ?
report offered many Americans their first description of the southwest , SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the Supporting a Point of View United States . In the next section you will What would you do if you were Pike and found learn about increasing tensions between yourself in Spanish territory ?
the United States and Great Britain . go rum Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em , Critical Thinking a . Identify What new states were added to ' Sequencing Copy the graphic organizer below . the Union by the early 18005 ?
Use it to show what events led to the Louisiana . Explain Why were New Orleans and the Purchase and what steps the United States took River important to settlers in the West ?
to learn about the Louisiana Territory . a . Recall What two reasons did Napoleon have for selling Louisiana to the United States ?
Summarize Why was the Louisiana Purchase important to the United States ?
Predict What are some possible results of expansion into the Louisiana Purchase ?
a . Describe What areas did the Lewis and Clark Focus ON WRITING I expedition and the Pike expedition explore ?
Gathering Information about a Person Actions Draw Conclusions Why Were Meriwether Make a list of Jefferson ones that Lewis and William Clark Chosen to lead the would put him on that list . Add any new exploration of the Louisiana Purchase ?
character traits you have discovered , THE JEFFERSON ERA 239 What You Will Learn . Violations of neutrality led Congress to enact a ban on trade . Native Americans , Great Britain , and the United States came into conflict in the West . The War Hawks led a growing with Great Britain . The Big Idea Challenges at home and abroad led the United States to declare war on Great Britain . Key Terms and People USS Constitution , impressment , 241 embargo , 241 Embargo Act , 241 Act , Tecumseh , 242 Battle , War Hawks , 244 James Madison , 245 Understandthe political and economic causes and of the War of 1812 and know the major battles , leaders , and events that led to a final peace . 240 CHAPTER The Coming of War If YOU were there You are a tea merchant in Boston in 1807 , but right now your business is at a standstill . A new law forbids trading with European nations . Now , Boston Harbor is full of empty ships . It seems to you that the law is hurting American merchants more than European ones ! You know that some merchants are breaking the law and smuggling goods , just to stay in business . Would you obey the law or turn to smuggling ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The United States tried to stay neutral in the conflicts between France and Great Britain , but it was impossible to avoid getting involved . French and British ships interfered with can trade across the Atlantic . The British also caused trouble along the western frontier . Many Americans began to urge warwith Great Britain . Violations of Neutrality During the late and early 18005 , American merchant ships fanned out across the oceans . The overseas trade , while , was also risky . Ships had to travel vast distances , often through lent storms . Merchant ships sailing in the Mediterranean risked ture by pirates from the Barbary States of North Africa , who would steal cargo and hold ships crews for ransom . Attacks continued until the United States sent the USS Constitution , a large warship , and other ships to end them . The Barbary pirates were a serious problem , but an even larger threat soon loomed . When Great Britain and France went to war in 1803 , each country wanted to stop the United States from plying goods to the other . Each government passed laws designed to prevent American merchants from trading with the other . In addition , the British and French navies captured many American merchant ships searching for war supplies . The real trouble , however , started when Britain began ping and searching American ships for sailors who had run away from the British navy , forcing the sailors to return to British ships .
CONNECTING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY warship in the world . Copper sheathing supplied by Paul Revere protected the hull . The crew slept and ate Most of the ship cannons on the berth deck . were located on the gun deck . Sometimes citizens were captured by accident . This impressment , or the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy , continued despite American protests . Soon Britain was even targeting can navy ships . In June 1807 , for example , the British ship Leopard stopped the Navy ship Chesapeake and tried to remove sailors . When the captain of the Chesapeake refused , the British took the sailors by force . The brazen attack on the Chesapeake stunned Americans . In the early years ol the republic , foreign trade was critical to the nation survival . In 1797 Congress decided to create a navy to protect American merchant ships . The warship USS Constitution was a key part ol the new navy and was undefeated in battle . It is the oldest commissioned People on the spar , or top , deck were exposed to enemy fire . IC ' ANALYSIS IF I The main mast is 220 feet high . I . SKILL ANALYZING DIAGRAMS sheathing ?
Boys called powder monkeys carried gunpowder from the orlop , or lowest , deck up to the gunners . The Embargo Act Great Britain violations of ity sparked intense debate in America about how to respond . Some people wanted to go to war . Others favored an embargo , or the banning of trade , against Britain . Jefferson , who had easily won in 1804 , supported an embargo . At his urging , in late 1807 Congress passed the Embargo Act . The law essentially banned trade with all foreign countries . American ships could not sail to foreign ports . American ports were also . Why do you think gunpowder was stored on the bottom deck ?
What was the purpose ofthe copper THE JEFFERSON ERA 241 closed to British ships . Congress hoped that the embargo would punish Britain and France and protect American merchant ships from capture . The effect of the law was devastating to American merchants . Without foreign trade , they lost enormous amounts of money . ern states that relied heavily on trade were hard hit by the embargo . Congressman Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts , in a speech before Congress , described the situation . All the business of the nation is in disorder . All the nation industry is at a standstill , he said . The embargo damaged Jefferson and strengthened the Federalist Party . Angry merchants sent Jefferson hundreds of petitions demanding the repeal of the go Act . One New Englander said the embargo was like cutting one throat to stop the Even worse , the embargo had little effect on Britain and France . Act In 1809 Congress tried to revive the trade by replacing the unpopular act with the Act . This new law banned trade only with Britain , France , and their colonies . It also stated that the United States would resume trading with the side that stopped violating neutrality . In time , however , the law was no more successful than the Embargo Act . Comparing and Contrasting In what ways were the Embargo Act and the Intercourse Act similar and different ?
Conflict in the West Disagreements between Great Britain and the United States went beyond the ity issue . In the West , the British and Native Americans again clashed with American over land . The over Land In the early , Native Americans in the old Northwest Territory continued to lose land as thousands of settlers poured into the region . The United States had gained this land in the Treaty of Greenville , but Indian leaders who had not agreed to the treaty tested the settlers arrival . Frustrated Indian groups considered what to do . In the time , Britain saw an opportunity to slow America westward growth . British agents from Canada began to arm Native Americans who were living along the frontier . Rumors of British activity in the old west Territory quickly spread , can settlers with fear and anger . Tecumseh Resists Settlers Soon an Indian leader emerged who seemed more than capable of halting the American settlers . Tecumseh ( a nee chief , had watched angrily as Native Americans were pushed off their land . A speaker , he warned other Indians about the dangers they faced from settlers . He believed that the Native Americans had to do what white Americans had done unite .
Primary Source POLITICAL CARTOON The unpopularity of the Embargo Act prompted political to show visually how the act was hurting American trade . What do you think the turtle represents ?
What is the turtle preventing this man from doing ?
ANALYSIS ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES How does the cartoonist emphasize the unpopularity of the Embargo Act ?
Tecumseh hoped to unite the Native Americans of the northwestern frontier , the South , and the eastern Mississippi Valley . He was helped by his brother , a religious leader called the Prophet . They founded a village called for their followers near the Wabash and rivers . The Battle of The governor of the Indiana Territory , liam Henry Harrison , watched Tecumseh activities with alarm . Harrison called him one of those uncommon geniuses which spring up occasionally to . the . Spelled backward ?
established The governor was that Tecumseh had British backing . If true , Tecumseh could be a serious threat to American power in the West . In 1810 Tecumseh met face to face with Harrison . The governor urged him to follow the Treaty of Greenville that had been signed in 1795 . Tecumseh replied , The white ple have no right to take the land from the Indians , because the Indians had it No single chief , he insisted , could sell land belonging to all American Indians who used it . In response , Harrison warned Tecumseh not to resist the power of the United ' What is ANALYSIS READING TIME LINES What events led to war against Great Britain ?
Primary Source POINTS OF VIEW Views of war Tecumseh urged Native Americans to unite to pose whathe called the evil of white settlement . The only way to stop this evil is for all the red men to unite in claiming a common and equal right to the land , as it was at first , and should be yet . Before , the land never was divided , but belonged to all , for the use of each person . No group had a right to sell . not even to each other . much less to strangers who want all and will not do with less . FOCUS ON READING did Calhoun use that had strong emotions tied to them for Americans ?
See The War Hawks 244 Tecumseh traveled south to ask the Creek nation to join his forces . In his absence , Harrison attacked . Harrison raised an army and marched his troops close to . Fighting broke out when the Prophet ordered an attack on Harrison camp on November , 1811 . The Indians broke through army lines , but Harrison maintained a calm , cool , and ed manner , according to one observer . During the battle , Harrison soldiers forced the Indian warriors to retreat and then destroyed Tecumseh village . Said Chief , With the smoke of that town and loss of that battle , I lost all Although Tecumseh was safe , forces defeated Tecumseh and his lowers in the Battle of . The defeat destroyed Tecumseh dream of a great Indian confederation . He to Canada . Finding Main Ideas Why were officials worried about actions ?
CHAPTER William Henry Harrison was proud of his efforts to obtain land for settlers . By my own exertions in securing the friendship of the chiefs . by admitting them at all times to my house and table , my propositions for the purchase of their lands were successful beyond my hopes course of seven years the Indian title was to the amount of fifty millions of acres . Henry Harrison ' ANALYZING POINTS OF VIEW How did Harrison and Tecumseh views on western settlement differ ?
Call for War The evidence of British support for Tecumseh further Americans . A Republican newspaper declared , The war on the Wabash River is purely Many Americans felt that Britain had encouraged Tecumseh to attack settlers in the West . The War Hawks Several young members of War Hawks by their the lead in calling for war against Britain . These legislators , most of whom were from the South and West , were led by Henry Clay of Kentucky , John Calhoun of South Carolina , and Felix Grundy of Tennessee . They saw war as the only answer to British insults . If we submit , Calhoun warned , the independence of this nation is Calls for war grew . Leaders wanted to put a stop to British among Native Americans . They also wanted to invade
Canada and gain more land for settlement . Others were angered by British trade tions that hurt southern planters and ern farmers . War Hawks gave emotional speeches urging Americans to stand up to Great Britain . The Opposition The strongest opponents of the War Hawks were New England Federalists . British trade restrictions and impressment had hurt New England economy . People there wanted to renew friendly business ties with Britain instead of another war . Other politicians argued that war with Great Britain would be foolish . They feared that the United States was not yet ready to powerful Britain . America army and navy were small and poorly equipped compared to Britain military . In addition , Americans could produce only a fraction of the military plies Britain could . Senator Obadiah German of New York pleaded with the War Hawks to be patient Prior to any declaration of war . my plan would be , and my first wish is , to prepare for put the country in complete Declaring War Republican James Madison was elected president in 1808 . He faced the of continuing an unpopular trade war begun by Jefferson . He also felt growing pressure from the War Hawks . By 1812 he decided that Congress must Vote on war . Speaking to Congress , Madison blasted Great Britain conduct . He asked Congress to decide how the nation should respond . When Congress Voted a few days later , the War Hawks won . For the first time in the nation brief history , Congress had declared war . Months later , Americans elected son to a second term . He would serve as in chief during the War of 1812 . Summarizing Why did the United States declare war in 1812 ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW on the frontier and with Great Britain US . foreign policy under Jefferson and Madison . In the next section you will read about the War of 1812 . um ( um ection Assessment . Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People IE Critical Thinking a . Describe In what ways did the war between . Identifying Cause and Effect Copy the graphic France and Britain cause problems for the United States ?
Make What were the reasons for the the War of . organizer below . Use it to identify the causes of failure of the Embargo Act ?
Elaborate Why do you think embargoes against rug Britain and France failed ?
1312 a . Describe What was Tecumseh goal ?
Explain What role did Great Britain play in the conflict between the United States and American Indians on the western frontier ?
a . Identify Who were the War Hawks ?
Why did they support war with Britain ?
Elaborate Would you have supported going to war against Great Britain ?
Explain your answer . Taking Notes Take notes about any of actions and character traits you can identify during the buildup to war with Britain . Save this tion for the list you will create at the end of the chapter . THE JEFFERSON ERA 245 SECTION What You Will Learn . American forces held their own against the British in the early battles of the war . forces stopped British in the East and South . The effects of the war included prosperity and national pride . The Big Idea Great Britain and the United States went to battle in the War of 1812 . Key Terms and People Oliver Hazard Perry , Battle of Lake Erie , 247 Andrew Jackson , 248 Treaty of Fort Jackson , 248 Battle of New Orleans , 2413 Hartford Convention , 249 Treaty of , 249 ! IE Understand the political and economic causes and of the War of 1812 and know the major battles , leaders , and events that led to a final peace . 246 CHAPTER The War of 1812 If YOU were there Its 1812 , and the United States and Great Britain are at war You are a sailor on an American merchant ship that has been licensed as a privateer Your ship mission will be to chase and capture ships of the mighty British navy . Even with the help of merchant ships like yours , the American navy is badly . You know you face danger and may not survive . Do you think your mission will succeed ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Anger against Great Britain actions finally provoked the United States into the War of 1812 . Britain great navy gave it a clear advantage at sea , butthe also fought on several . Victories in major battles along the frontier gave Americans a new sense of unity . Early Battles In the summer of 1812 the United States found itself in a war with one of the world most powerful nations . Despite the claims by the War Hawks , the War of 1812 would not be a quick and easy . War at Sea When the war began , the British navy had hundreds of ships . In contrast , the Navy had fewer than 20 ships . None of them was as powerful as the greatest British warships . Most of the British navy ships , however , were scattered around the globe . Although small , the Navy had sailors and powerful new warships such as the USS Constitution . American vessels defeated British ships several times in duels . Such victories embarrassed the British and raised American morale . Eventually , the British ships blockaded America seaports . Battles Along the Canadian Border American leaders hoped to follow up victories at sea with an overland invasion of Canada . Three attacks were Detroit , from Niagara Falls , and from up the Hudson River valley toward Montreal .
The War of 1812 American forces American victories British forces British victories III British blockades Creek victory 150 300 Miles 150 300 Kilometers GEOGRAPHY . SKILLS , INTERPRETING MAPS . Location Accordingto the map , southern port was affected by the British blockade ?
Region Which battles took place in the Great Lakes region ?
The attack from Detroit failed in August 1812 when British soldiers and Indians led by Tecumseh captured Fort Detroit . The other two American attacks failed when state tia troops refused to cross the Canadian der , arguing that they did not have to in a foreign country . In 1813 the United States went on the attack again . A key goal was to break control of lake Erie . The navy gave the task to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry . After building a small , Perry sailed out to meet the British on September 10 , ATLANTIC the Battle of Lake Erie . The battle ended when the British surrendered . Perry sent a message to General William Henry Harrison We have met the enemy and they are Perry victory forced the British to withdraw , giving the Army new hope . With American control of lake Erie , General Harrison marched his army into Canada . At the Battle of the Thames River in October 1813 , he defeated a force of British troops and Native Americans . Harrison victory ended British power in the Northwest . death THE JEFFERSON ERA 241
during the also dealt a blow to the British alliance with Native Americans in the region . The Meanwhile , war with American Indians erupted in the South . Creek Indians , angry at American settlers for pushing into their lands , took up in 1813 . A large force attacked Fort Mims on the Alabama River , destroying the fort and killing close to 250 of its defenders . In response , the commander of the Tennessee militia , Andrew Jackson , gathered about volunteers to move against the Creek nation . In the spring of 1814 Jackson attacked the Creek along the River in bama . Jackson troops won this battle , the me IMPACT TODAY ' Battle of Horseshoe Bend . The Treaty of Fort at Jackson , signed late in 1814 , ended the Creek Fort , War and forced the Creek to give up millions Francis of acres of their land . Key wrote the national anthem , The Comparing What Banner . did Great Britain and the United States have at the start of the war ?
First Lady Saves Washington Portrait Madison refused to leave Washington , until ( a famous portrait of the first president ' I was saved from the ' executive mansion . Great Britain on the Offensive Despite success on the western and ern frontiers , the situation in the East grew worse . After defeating France in April 1814 , the British sent more troops to America . British Attacks in the East Now reinforced , the British attacked ton , President Madison was forced to when the British broke through defenses . The British set to the White House , the Capitol , and other government buildings . The British sailed on to Baltimore , land , which was guarded by Fort . They shelled the fort for 25 refused to surrender Fort . The British chose to retreat instead of continuing to . The Battle of New Orleans After the attack on Washington , the British moved against New Orleans . British manders hoped to capture the city and thus take control of the Mississippi River . Andrew Jackson commanded the US . forces around New Orleans . His troops were a mix of regular soldiers , including two battalions of free African Americans , a group of Choctaw Indians , state militia , and pirates led by Jean . The battle began on the morning of January , 1815 . Some British troops attacked Jackson force of about . The British began marching toward the US . defenses , but they were caught on an open . The British were cut down with speed . More than British soldiers were killed or wounded . The Americans , for their part , had suffered about 70 casualties . The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson a hero and was the last major of the War of 1812 . Finding Main Ideas What happened at the Battle of New Orleans ?
Analyzing the War of sailors ar Interference with American shipping British military aid to Native Americans ( of the Effects of the we , Increased sense of national pride American manufacturing boosted Native American resistance weakened A ( Before the battle of New Orleans , a group of several consequences . The War of 1812 New England Federalists gathered secretly intense feelings of patriotism among at Hartford , Connecticut . At the Hartford many Americans for having stood up to the , Convention , Federalists agreed to oppose the mighty British . The war also broke the power or We war and send delegates to meet with Congress . of many Native American groups . Finally , a Before the delegates reached Washington , lack of goods caused by the interruption in however , news arrived that the war had ended . trade boosted American manufacturing . Some critics now laughed at the Federalists , and the party lost much of its political power . Analyzing ' Slow Communications at the time meant What were the main effects of the War of 1812 ?
that neither the Federalists nor Jackson knew about the Treaty of . The treaty , which SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The war of 1812 had been signed in Belgium on December 24 , convinced Americans that the young 1814 , ended the War of nation would survive . In the next chapter Though eaCh nation returned the you will see how the United States tory it had conquered , the did have to grow . Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Critical Thinking a . Identify What losses did American forces face . Comparing and Contrasting Copy the chart in the early battles of the War of 1812 ?
What below . Use it to compare and contrast the did they win ?
cant details of the major military battles during the . Make Generalizations What role did American War of 1812 . Indians play in the war ?
a . Describe What attacks did the British lead against American forces ?
Evaluate What do you think were the two most important battles of the war ?
Why ?
a . Identify What was the purpose of the Hartford Convention ?
Draw Conclusions How did the United States benefit from the War of 1812 ?
Battle Details ( Location , Importance ) Organizing Your Ideas Reorder the items on your lists from least important to most important . THE JEFFERSON ERA 249 Map History and Geography America at , In 1803 the United States made the biggest land purchase in its Louisiana Purchase . With this purchase , the country stretched west all the way to the Rocky Mountains . In 1819 the United States acquired Florida from Spain , gaining even more new territory . By 1820 , the young American republic had roughly doubled in size , as you can see on the map . Explorers , traders , and settlers began to pour into the new lands in search of wealth , land , and a Place to call The country Both the United States and Great Britain claimed the Oregon Country . America Population , 1820 million Ethnic Groups , 1820 I I African American I Native American I Other Louisiana Purchase , 1803 by United States and Great Britain , 1818 Re , 1820 Convention of 1818 A I protestant From Britain to United States , 1818 I Catholic Treaty of 1819 i I ' From Spain to United States , 1819 I Other 150 Miles 150 300
Early Traders Soon after Lewis and Clark explored the Louisiana Territory , American fur trappers and traders began setting up trading posts , there . Many of these posts became towns later as settlers arrived . I ' the Gaps sewer crossed the Appalachians through valleys called gaps . In time , roads were built through the gaps , making it easier for Americans to head west . ii ' Missouri Arkansas Mighty The Mississippi River was the great highway of the central United States . Americans west of the Appalachians shipped farm goods and supplies up and down the Mississippi and its major port , New Orleans . Florida a ?
Interactive Map ( INTERPRETING MAPS . Movement In which main directions did the United States expand before 1820 ?
Region Based on the map , why do you think the United ' States was interested in claiming the Oregon Social Studies Skills Analysis Critical Thinking Participation Define the Skill You already know that the process is more difficult in a group than it is if just one son makes the decisions . However , group making becomes an even greater challenge when controversial issues are involved . Group members must have additional skills for the group to function effectively when exists within it . These include respect for differing views , the arts of persuasion and negotiation , and an ability to compromise . A group may not be able to find solutions to controversial problems unless its members have these skills . Learn the Skill Some of the biggest challenges Congress faced in the early were related to the war between Great Britain and France . Some Americans ported the British , while others favored the French . Both countries hoped for American help . When the United States would not take sides , they each began interfering with ships on the open seas . As you read in this chapter , Congress tried to solve this problem by passing the Embargo Act . That solution was controversial , however . The northern states were hard hit by the law ban on overseas trade . Their representatives in Congress demanded a less extreme action . The result was the Act . This law was a compromise between members who wanted to lift the trade ban and those who wanted to continue it . Congress was able to solve this problem because its members were able to work around their differences . 252 CHAPTER Participation Skills Develop personal skills . Working in Groups to Solve Issues The skills Congress needed to reach its tion are valuable ones for any group that must make decisions involving controversial issues . They include the following attitudes and behaviors . Willingness to take a position . If an issue is controversial , it is likely that group members will have differing opinions about it . You have a right to state your views and try to persuade others that you are correct . Willingness to listen to differing views . Every other member has the same right you do . You have a duty to listen to their views , even if you do not agree . Disrespect for those whose views differ from yours makes it more difficult for the group to reach a solution . Willingness to debate . Debate is a form of healthy argument because it defends and attacks ideas instead of the people who hold them . Debating the group differences of ion is an important step in reaching a solution . Willingness to negotiate and compromise . If debate does not produce agreement , a promise may be needed . Often it is better to have a solution that members may not like , but can accept , than to have no agreement at all . Practice the Skill Check your understanding of the skill by answering the following questions . Why would refusing to listen to other members make group more difficult ?
Why is compromise often a better solution than forcing a decision on members who disagree ?
Visual Summary Use the visual summary below to help you review the main ideas of the chapter . The Nation at War and Peace 1803 Madison gives the Supreme Court the power of judicial review . 1803 The United States doubles its size by making the Louisiana Purchase . Congress passes the Embargo and ' I William Henry Harrison defeats Tecumseh forces at the Battle of . I 812 The War of 1812 begins between Great Britain and the United States . IBM ' Federalists hold the Hartford to protest the War of 1812 . run ?
The Treaty of ends the A War of 1312 Jackson wins the Battle of New Orleans . Standards Review Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Complete each sentence by in the blank with the correct term or person . I . The War of 1812 ended soon after the victory over the British at the . After winning the election of 1800 , became the third president of the United States . The power of the Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional is known as . After neutrality was violated , the United States issued an against trade with foreign nations . In 1803 Congress approved the , which added former French territory in the West to the United States . Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION ( Pages ) Em a . Recall What were the key issues in the tion of 1800 ?
Analyze In what ways did Madison affect the power of the judicial branch ?
Evaluate Which of Jefferson new policies do you think was most important ?
Why ?
SECTION ( a . Describe What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition ?
Draw Conclusions What are three ways in which the United States benefited from the Louisiana Purchase ?
Evaluate Do you think that made a wise decision when he sold Louisiana to the United States ?
Explain your answer . THE JEFFERSON ERA 253 ( Pages ) Em Reading Skins a . Identify What group led the call for war with Great Britain ?
Understanding How Propaganda Creates Bias Use the Reading Skills taught in this chapter to answer What arguments were in the question about the reading selection below . favor of war with Great Britain ?
What ments were given against war with Britain ?
The Republican press called these people judges , arguing that Adams had packed the judiciary with Federalists the night before he left . 231 ) Elaborate In your opinion , why were the Embargo Act and the Act unsuccessful ?
Pages ) Em a . Identify What role did Andrew Jackson play in the War of 1812 ?
Make Why did the British want to capture the cities of Washington and New Orleans ?
Social Studies Skills Predict In what ways might the victory over Great Britain in the war affect the status of the United States in the world ?
Do you think the term midnight judges is biased ?
Why or why not ?
Working in Groups to Solve Issues Use the Social Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the questions below . Organize into groups of two or three students . Reviewing Themes Decide which of the following reasons for the War of 1812 you think might have been most Through What geographic regions important in Congress decision to declare war . did the Lewis and Clark expedition travel ?
Politics What impact did the Hartford tion have on American politics ?
impressment of American sailors trade barriers with Britain and France battles with Native Americans on the frontier gaining land in Canada Using the Internet . Activity Journal Entry Prior to Lewis and Clark Focus ON WRITING expedition some thought that Woolly mam . Writing Your Letter of Recommendation moths , and beavers . You already have a marn idea and an opinion lived in the uncharted West . The Corps of Th Discovery set off to out the truth about this a or your le . deserves to be on the list of the American uncharted land . They also wanted to search for , ti a Northwest Passage that would speed ?
00 fa a In ( on and bring wealth to the young nation . in , th OHS OE Enter the activity keyword . Research the Web am er a you are mos sites and take the point of view of one of the Important a Sentence on each of those explorers Write a series of journal entries points to add to your letter Put the Sentences lining the thoughts , feelings , discoveries , and Order the least to the most important . Finally , conclude with one or two events surrounding the journey . Include th th , Th ings of what you might have seen in the West Sen a Sum up , you In . Jefferson was such an important president . in your journal entries . 254 CHAPTER
Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the letter of the best response . I Though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail , that will , to be rightful , must be reasonable . he minority possess their equal rights , which equal laws must protect . Let us then , fellow citizens , unite with one heart and one mind . We have been called by different names brethren of the same principle . We are all republicans we are all Thomas Jefferson , Inaugural Address , 1801 What did Jefferson mean in making this statement ?
A that the Federalists should not run a candidate in 1804 that citizens should support the nation despite their political differences that the Republicans should not be punished for their views that all Americans should join a political party The Supreme Court decision in the 1803 case Madison is an example of A checks and balances . reserved powers . delegated powers . dual sovereignty . I What goal of President Jefferson led to the Louisiana Purchase ?
A to learn more about the lands and peoples east of the Mississippi River to increase the president constitutional powers in the area of foreign affairs to help end the war between Great Britain and France to allow Americans to ship goods overseas through the port of New Orleans I The least important reason the United States went to war with Britain in 1812 was A the hope of acquiring part of Canada . to stop British influence among Indian groups on the frontier . to protect the rights of ships on the high seas . a desire to help the French . Most of the fighting in the War of 1812 took place A in Europe . in Canada . in the United States . at sea . Connecting with Past Learning a Meriwether Lewis and William Clark have the most in common with A Marco Polo . Genghis Khan . Hernan . Francis Bacon . In Grade you learned about Ferdinand Magellan . His accomplishments in world history were most like those of which American in the early ?
A Andrew Jackson Tecumseh Pike Oliver Hazard Perry THE JEFFERSON ERA 255