US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 20 America Becomes a World Power
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California Standards Science Students analyze the transformation of the American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution . Analysis Skills HI Students explain the sources of historical continuity and how the combination of ideas and events explains the emergence of new patterns . Arts Writing Present detailed evidence , examples , and reasoning to support arguments , differentiating between fact and opinion . Reading Find similarities and differences between texts in the treatment , scope , or organization of ideas . FOCUS ON WRITING I A list of Pros and Cons and a Recommendation In the last half of the , the United States ended its policy of isolationism , or avoiding entanglement in the business of other nations . As a result , the country became more involved in international affairs . As you read this chapter , 1861 you will analyze this use the results of your The United analysis to guide policy in the future . In order to states buys the advantages and disadvantages of an aggressive Alaska . foreign policy , you will need to create a list of the pros and cons of involvement with other nations in the late , 18005 and early . As you create your list , note which i 1858 Japan begins items are facts and which are yours or of , tron known as the someone elses . Restoration . 636 CHAPTER 20
1890 Congress passes the McKinley Tariff , which gives a subsidy to sugar producers . The Indian National Congress is formed in controlled India . ory Impact series Watch the video to understand the impact of the United States as a world power . What You Will Learn In this chapter you will learn about how the United States became a global power in the late 1800 and early . Through a combination of economic strength , military might , and sive foreign policy , America made its presence known in many parts of the world . One such place was Central America , where the United States built the Panama Canal , shown here . America has remained a powerful force on the international stage to this day . The United States wins the War , gaining the Philippine Islands and Puerto Rico . 1895 1900 Cuba rebels The Boxer 1903 Panama The Mexican against Rebellion declares itself an Revolution Spain . occurs in China . independent nation . begins . AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 631
Reading Social Studies Geography Religion society Economics Politics ' Focus on Themes In this chapter you will learn went to war against Spain , and expanded its interests how political decisions and economic policies have into Latin America . As you read of these events , you affected our relationships with other countries . In will be able to compare the actions and reactions of particular you will read about what happened as the different leaders . United States gained control of overseas territories , Comparing Historical Texts Focus on Reading A good way to learn what people in the past I I ' Pu thought is to read what they wrote . However , most documents will only tell ead ' ou one side of the sto arin different eo le ou can Support can be I found in the 14 , I . learn a great deal about both sides of a historical issue or debate . I , Comparing Texts When you compare historical texts , you should consider several things who wrote the documents and what the ments were meant to achieve . To do this , you need to find the writers main point or points . Document Document We have cherished the policy of Therefore , President , here is a war interference with affairs of foreign governments with terrible characteristics at our wisely inaugurated by Washington , keeping very doors in Cuba . We have the power selves free from entanglement , either as allies or to bring it to an end . I believe that the foes , content to leave undisturbed with them the whole American people would welcome settlement of their own domestic steps in that McKinley , Henry Cabot Lodge , First Inaugural Address , 1897 Speech in Congress , 1896 Document Document Writer President William McKinley Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Main point The United States should not involve itself in The United States should go to war the affairs of other countries . in Cuba . Both Sides of the Issue Americans were torn over the war in Cuba . Some thought the United States should remain uninvolved as it always had . Others thought it was time for a change in foreign policy . 638 CHAPTER 20
a it . Chapter 20 ELA Reading Find similarities and differences between texts in the treatment , scope , or organization of ideas . Section Read the following passages , both taken from presidential addresses imperialism ( 640 ) to Congress . As you read , look for the main point each president ( 547 makes in his address . William Seward ( 641 ) Foreign Policy In treating of our foreign policy and of the attitude that this great Nation should assume in the world at large , it is absolutely necessary to consider the Army and the Navy , and the Congress , through which the thought of the Nation its expression , should keep ever vividly in mind the fundamental fact that it is impossible to treat our foreign policy , whether this policy takes shape in the effort to secure justice for others or justice for ourselves , save as conditioned upon the attitude we are willing to take toward our Army , and especially toward our Navy . Theodore Roosevelt , Message to Congress , 1904 The diplomacy of the present administration has sought to respond to modern ideas of commercial intercourse . This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets . It is one that appeals alike to idealistic sentiments , to the dictates of sound policy and strategy , and to legitimate commercial aims . William Howard Taft subsidy ( 642 ( 642 ) consul general ( 644 ) spheres of influence ( 644 ) John Hay ( 644 ) Open Door Policy ( 644 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 645 Section Joseph Pulitzer ( 646 ) William Randolph Hearst ( 646 ) 646 ) Teller Amendment ( 647 ) Emilio Aguinaldo ( 648 League ( 650 Platt Amendment ( 650 ) Section Treaty ( 653 Philippe ( 653 ) Treaty ( 653 ) Panama Canal ( 655 ) Roosevelt Corollary ( 656 ) dollar diplomacy ( 657 ) Section Diaz ( 659 ) Francisco ( 660 ) 797 ?
Mexican Revolution ( 660 ) 660 ( 661 ) Francisco Pancho Villa ( 661 ) Emiliano Zapata ( 661 ) What was the main point Roosevelt made in his address ?
ABC Powers ( 661 ) John Pershing ( 661 ) After you read the passages , answer the following questions . What was the main point Taft made in his address ?
Academic Vocabulary In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words . How can a comparison of Roosevelt and Taft addresses to Congress help you understand the issues that shaped foreign policy in the early ?
process ( 644 ) I . As you read , use the ( 656 ) graphic help you note the similarities and of events or policies . BECOMES A WORLD POWER 639 SECTION What You Learn . The United States ended its policy of isolationism . Because of its economic importance , Hawaii became a territory . The United States sought trade with Japan and China . The Big Idea In the last half of the 18003 , the United States joined the race for control of overseas territories . Key Terms and People imperialism , 640 isolationism , 641 William Seward , 641 subsidy , 642 , 642 consul general , spheres of influence , John Hay , Open Door Policy , 644 Boxer Rebellion , 645 The United States Gains Overseas Territories If YOU were there You are a Hawaiian living on Maui , one of the Hawaiian Islands , in 1890 . Your parents work in a sugar mill owned by American planters . You also raise fruit on your land . Although the mill plies jobs , you do trust the sugar planters . They have already made your king sign a treaty that gives them a lot of power in the islands . You are afraid they will take over the government . What would you do if the United States took over your islands ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Until the , most Americans had little being involved with the rest ofthe world cally . The Civil War and Reconstruction on challenges at home . In the meantime , though , European nations were busily acquiring overseas territories . The United States decided it was time to join them . End of In the , powerful Western nations around the world wanted to build naval bases and protect shipping routes . This work was an aspect of imperialism an empire by founding colonies or ing other nations . Between 1870 and 1914 , Europeans extended their colonial empires . They controlled most of Africa and Southeast Asia . Roots of Imperialism Several forces drove this wave of European imperialism . Countries Students analyze the transformation of the American omy and the changing social and cal conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution . 640 CHAPTER 20 wanted sources of raw as copper , rubber , and to fuel industrial growth . At the same time , businesspeople needed new markets for their manufactured goods . Many Europeans also thought colonies were a source of power and national pride .
In contrast , the United States did not build an empire until the late . Previously , American presidents had followed a limited policy of isolationism avoiding ment in the affairs of other countries . dent George Washington , for example , had warned Americans to steer clear of permanent alliances with other European ones . leaders tried to follow this advice by staying out of overseas . Not everyone favored isolationism , ever . Some Americans thought the United States needed to expand to keep the try economy strong . For example , Alfred , in The of Sea Power upon History , wrote that the United States needed a strong navy . Published in 1890 , book argued that the navy could protect economic interests . also that a strong navy needed overseas bases and places for ships to refuel . Senator Henry Cabot Lodge repeated the call for nomic expansion through naval power . Seward Folly In 1867 the United States greatly expanded its territory when Secretary of State William Seward arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia for million . The cost was less than two cents per than the four cents per acre paid for Louisiana . People thought Alaska was worthless and laughed at the purchase , calling it Seward Folly and the Alaskan The chase of Alaska added some square miles that contained natural resources such as wildlife , minerals , and timber . In addition , the Midway Islands in the were annexed by the United States in 1867 . Midway was a good base for the Navy . The United States also wanted the island group of Samoa for similar reasons . The United States and Germany agreed to divide Samoa between them in Analyzing leaders end isolationist policies in the late ?
A Powerful Navy During the late and early , the government began building up its naval forces in an effort to its commercial interests overseas . As senator Henry Cabot Lodge said , Commerce follows the . and we should build up a navy strong enough to give protection to cans in every quarter of the globe . What did Lodge mean when he said , commerce follows the ?
THE IMPACT TODAY The United States still has bases in foreign countries .
RUSSIA GEOGRAPHY TODAY Today , sugarcane is Hawaii most valuable crop . in I MIDWAY . TAIWAN PHILIPPINES ' Page Page . SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Place In which years did the United States acquire Alaska and Hawaii ?
Hawaii Becomes a . Territory Even more appealing than Samoa were the Hawaiian Islands . Hawaiians first saw when British explorer Captain James Cook arrived . Trading and whaling ships in the began stopping in Hawaii . Later , American missionaries came and attempted to convert Hawaiians to Christianity . The missionaries opened businesses and raised crops , such as sugarcane . Some missionary families became rich sugar planters . By the , most shops and shipyards Hawaii were owned by Americans . Sugar had become a leading export of the Hawaiian omy . An 1875 treaty allowed Hawaiian sugar to be shipped to the United States . A duty is a tax on imported items . In return , Hawaii agreed not to give territory or special privileges to any other country . The planters 642 CHAPTER 20 a awA , Manila cum , ma ' 1856 AMERICAN . United States and possessions GI and um 1903 . Date of acquisition Miles juju Queen of Hawaii power grew In 1887 they made king ( sign a new granting more power to the that foreigners were becoming too powerful . Native Hawaiians called this new the bayonet constitution because was forced to sign it at . Hawaiian sugar planters suffered a major economic setback in 1890 when Congress passed the McKinley Tariff . This law allowed all countries to ship sugar to the United States . However , the tariff also gave sugar producers a subsidy , or bonus payment , of two cents per pound . Prices for Hawaiian sugar dropped , and the islands economy collapsed . In 1891 , King died , and his sister ( ee ) became queen . In 1893 Queen lani proposed a new constitution that would
return power to the monarchy . The planters revolted . John Stevens , minister to Hawaii , called 150 Marines ashore to support the revolt , and it succeeded without a battle . The planters formed a new government and appointed lawyer Sanford Dole as dent . Acting without authority from the State Department , Stevens recognized , or mally acknowledged , the new government . He declared Hawaii to be under control on February , 1893 . The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe , wrote Stevens , and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck President Grover Cleveland disapproved of the revolt and sent a representative , James , to hear both sides of the disagreement . decided the Hawaiian people wanted restored to power , but Dole and his revolutionary government refused to allow it . Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii but did not effectively help restore the monarchy . The islands remained an independent republic until July , 1898 , when Congress annexed them . In 1900 Hawaii became a territory , but it did not become the state until 1959 . Summarizing What effects did the McKinley Tariff have on Hawaii ?
United States Seeks Trade with Japan and China Economic interests also drew the United States to Japan and China . The United States wanted to open and secure trade markets in both Asian countries . Opening Trade with Japan By the , some European powers had formed strong trade ties with most East Asian countries . However , the island nation of Japan had isolated itself from the rest of the world for hundreds of years . Only the Dutch East India Company was allowed to trade at one port in Japan . Japan leaders also banned travel to other countries . The United States wanted to open trade market before Europeans arrived . dent Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry to secure friendship , a supply of coal and Perry attempted a peaceful alliance in 1853 , but he was not successful . He returned to Japan in 1854 with seven warships . He gave Japanese leaders gifts and tried to show some of the benefits that trade would have . CONNECT TO THE ARTS This 1854 painting shows Commodore Perry landing at Yokohama , Japan . He staged a parade to disembark and meet the imperial commissioners that represented the emperor . This gathering was the first official meeting between an agent of the United States and officials from Japan . Perry Arrives in Japan ships are docked in the harbor . I ' A ' What might these men have been thinking while standing in the parade ?
How does this picture show American imperialism and is on Japan ?
GEOGRAPHY SKILLS Shanghai ?
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY process a series of steps by which a task is accomplished . Place Which controlled Hong Kong and PACIFIC German sphere ( Taiwan ) British sphere ' French sphere Japanese sphere Russian sphere 500 500 Kilometers This the presence of American military Japanese leaders to sign a treaty opening trade with the United States . In 1856 Townsend Harris arrived in Japan as the first consul general , or chief diplomat . Despite some Japanese opposition , he negotiated a commercial treaty ing trade in 1858 . Some Japanese leaders wanted trade with the United States . In 1868 , people who favored the process of industrialization came to power in Japan , beginning a period of modernization known as the ( Restoration . The government also sent nese students to the West to study science , technology , and western government . By the , Japan was becoming a major imperial power . In Japan defeated China in the War , gaining new territory and enjoying the same trade leges China as European countries . In 1904 the Japanese launched a sneak attack against Russian forces stationed in China . President 644 CHAPTER 20 Miles Boxers attack the foreigners compound in Beijing in this illustration of China Boxer Rebellion . Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate a peace treaty to end the war a year later The nese had won the respect they desired . Japan gained Korea , a lease on Port Arthur in China , and other rights . In less than 50 years , Japan had become a major world power . Foreign Powers in China After Japan defeated China , other tries quickly took advantage of weakness . These nations seized spheres of where foreign nations controlled trade and natural resources . Germany , Great Britain , France , Japan , and Russia all took control of areas of China . Fearing that the United States would be closed out of Chinese markets , Secretary of State John Hay took action . He sent notes to Japan and most European countries in 1899 , announcing the Open Door Policy , the idea that all nations should have equal access to trade in China . This policy was neither accepted nor rejected by the European
powers . Hay , however , announced that it had been accepted . However , within China , there was strong resentment of the control held by foreign nations . In 1900 , this hostility was represented by a group called the Boxers . In their , the group was known as the Fists of Righteous Harmony . The Boxers were nese nationalists who were angered by eign involvement in China . They also were frustrated by the hunger and homelessness caused by a series of natural disasters . 1900 , the Boxers took to the streets of Beijing , China capital , and laid siege to the walled settlement where foreigners lived . During the revolt , called the Boxer Rebellion , the Chinese nationalists killed more than 200 people . The Chinese ment , also upset with western in China , supported the Boxers . For two months the siege continued . Military forces , including Marines , fought their way from the port of Tianjin to Beijing . The Boxers were soon defeated , and China was forced to execute 10 who had taken part in the rebellion and to make a 333 million cash payment to foreign million of which went to the United States . Secretary of State Hay then sent another Open Door note to Japan and the European nations . Hay wanted to prevent any European colonization of China that would limit . The Open Door Policy remained in effect long after the Boxer Rebellion . Identifying Cause and Effect What factors led to the Boxer Rebellion in China , and what was the result ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The United States greatly expanded its territory and with acquisitions in the . In the next section you will learn about the causes and of the American War . Section Assessment ram Online Quiz KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Critical Thinking a . Describe What policy had the United States followed regarding other countries ?
Analyze Why did the United States expand to Alaska and islands in the Pacific ?
Evaluate Do you think William purchase of Alaska was a good decision ?
Explain . a . Recall What became Hawaii leading export ?
Sequence What events led to Hawaii tion as a territory ?
Elaborate What do you think about the ers revolt against Queen ?
a . Describe How did the United States persuade Japanese leaders to sign a trade treaty ?
Contrast How was the experience ing trade with China different from attempts to open trade with Japan ?
Evaluate Do you think Japan made the right decision in agreeing to open trade with the United States ?
Explain your answer . Generalizing Copy the chart below . Use it to identify areas or trade rights gained by the United States as well as the benefits each provided . American Expansion Areas or Trade Rights Gained Benefits for United States . Identifying Pros and Cons of Involvement Overseas What did the United States gain from its involvement in these areas of the world ?
What were the drawbacks ?
As you read this section , identify pros and cons to add to your list . AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 645 SECTION What You Learn . Americans supported aiding Cuba in its struggle against Spain . in the United States went to war with Spain in the War . The United States gained territories in the Caribbean and Pacific . The Big Idea The United States expanded into new parts of the world as a result of the War . Key Terms and People Joseph Pulitzer , 646 William Randolph Hearst , 646 yellow journalism , 646 Teller Amendment , 647 Emilio Aguinaldo , 648 Theodore Roosevelt , 648 League , 650 Amendment , 650 Students analyze the transformation of the American omy and the changing social and cal conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution . 646 CHAPTER 20 The American War If YOU were there You live in New York City in 1898 . Newspaper headlines are screaming about the start of war in Cuba . You hear that Theodore Roosevelt wants volunteers for a cavalry troop called the Rough Riders . You can ride , and you admired Roosevelt ever since he was New York police commissioner You know it will be ous , but it also sounds like a glorious adventure . Would you join the Rough Riders ?
Why ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND In the late , the United States became more involved in international affairs than ever before . The main focus was Asia and the Pacific region . Then in the , Americans became more interested inthe island of Cuba , a Spanish Caribbean . Some Cubans had begun to revolt Spanish government there . Many Americans sympathized with the rebels fighting to win Cuba independence from Spain . Americans Support Aiding Cuba Trying to end a rebellion , in 1897 Spain offered to grant Cubans without full independence . Cuban rebels refused . This was widely reported in newspapers , causing Americans to support the Cubans . The New York World , published by Joseph Pulitzer , was very critical of the Spanish , as was William Randolph Hearst New York Journal . In competition for readers and customers , both men printed sensational , often exaggerated news stories . This technique is called yellow journalism . Despite growing support for military action , President Grover Cleveland remained opposed to involvement in Cuba . er , in 1896 William McKinley , a supporter of Cuban independence , was elected president . Analyzing How did the American press affect public Cuba independence ?
War with Spain In February 1898 , Hearst published a ter written by the Spanish minister to the United States , Enrique de Lorne . The letter said President McKinley was a weak leader . Many Americans were outraged , and the Spanish government was embarrassed . On January 25 , even before Hearst de letter , the United States sent the battleship USS Maine to Havana Harbor to protect American citizens and economic interests . Senator Mark Hanna compared this action to waving a match in an oil well for On February 15 , the USS Maine ed and sank with a loss of 260 men . Although the cause of the explosion was unclear , the American press immediately blamed Spain . Remember the Maine ! became a rallying cry for angry Americans . McKinley requested 50 million to pare for war , and Congress approved the money . Spain offered to negotiate but still would not consider Cuban independence . Although Cuba was not a territory , Congress issued a resolution on April 20 that declared Cuba independent and demanded that Spain leave the island within three days . Attached to the tion was the Teller Amendment , which stated that the United States had no interest in taking control of Cuba . In response to the resolution , Spain declared war on the United States . The next day , Congress passed , and McKinley signed , a declaration of war against Spain . oi I , Remember the Maine ! Most of the men aboard the USS Maine were sleeping when a terrible explosion demolished the third of the ship at , February 15 , 1898 . The rest of the ship sunk quickly . Some 266 men were killed . Who did many in the United States blame for the explosion ?
POWER 641 , Tropic of Cancer ( TAIWAN ) forces victories Spanish possessions 200 an 200 400 Kilometers 20 PACIFIC OCEAN 400 Miles GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS . Region Where did the United States achieve a victory ?
Movement How far did Dewey travel to getto Manila ?
Fighting in the While attention was focused on Cuba , the Navy won a quick victory nearly halfway around the world in the Ocean . George Dewey , commander of the American Asiatic squadron at Hong Kong , had been ordered to be prepared to attack the Spanish Philippines in the event of war . Dewey arrived at the Philippines with four large warships and two smaller gunboats . On May , ignoring reports that mines barred his way , he boldly sailed into Manila Bay and destroyed the Spanish stationed there . Dewey forces sank or captured 10 ships . The Spanish lost 381 lives , but none of Dewey men were killed . Dewey victory put him in an awkward position . He had defeated the Spanish but did not have enough troops to occupy and secure the island . He decided to wait for 648 CHAPTER 20 reinforcements . Troops eventually arrived , and on August 13 , one day after the war had ended , troops and Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo ( took control of the Philippine capital , Manila . War in the Caribbean The Army was completely unprepared to train and supply the soldiers needed for the War . At the start of the war , the army had about soldiers . Yet in the months that followed , more than soldiers saw active duty . The army did not have enough or bullets for these soldiers . It did not even have appropriate clothing for the troops , and many soldiers received warm woolen uniforms to wear in Cuba tropical heat . The soldiers faced hard living tions once in Cuba . Army food was canned meat , which one general called embalmed Fewer than soldiers died during the war . Only a small percentage of them died in battle . Many more died from yellow fever . The most colorful group of soldiers was the Rough Riders . Second in command of this group was Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt . Roosevelt had organized the Rough Riders to light in Cuba . Volunteers included Native Americans , college athletes , cowboys , miners , and ranchers . Newspaper accounts of the Rough Riders heroism earned the group the admiration of the American public . Four privates of the African American Cavalry , who served with the Rough Riders , received the Congressional Medal of Honor . In June ships trapped the Spanish Caribbean in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba . The powerful Navy blockaded the harbor , making it safer for troops to land nearby . Landing ashore on June 22 and aided by Cuban rebels , the troops moved to capture the hills around the main Spanish forces at Santiago . At the village
Fighting in Cuba The Rough Riders became the most celebrated men of the American War . The painting to the right shows the Battle of San Juan Hill . The Rough Riders captured Kettle Hill with the and cavalry units , made up of African Americans . of El on July , 1898 , some soldiers , aided by Cuban rebels , whelmed about 600 Spanish defenders . The main force then attacked and captured San Juan Hill . The Rough Riders and the and cavalries , made up of African Americans , captured nearby tle Hill . A journalist on the scene described their charge . It was a miracle of , a triumph of bulldog courage The ofthe Spanish doubled and trebled tripled in , the crests of the hills crackled and burst in amazed roars and rippled with waves of tiny . But the blue line of United States soldiers crept steadily up and Harding Davis , quoted in The American Reader , edited by Paul On July , 1898 , the commander of the Spanish decided to try breaking through the blockade . Every Spanish ship was destroyed in the battle . American forces suffered only two casualties . Santiago War in ' UNITED STATES US . forces victory . I US . naval blockade A Tampa OCEAN FLORIDA Spanish possessions uh of 200 400 Miles Mexico , 200 400 Kilometers USS Maine sunk , February 1395 , creamer , DOMINICAN ' REPUBLIC , BIL ) Caribbean Sea 70 . SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS , Location About how far is Havana from Tampa ?
Place When was the victory at San Juan Hill ?
AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 649 THE IMPACT TODAY As part of this agreement , the United States established a val base in Cuba at Guantanamo Bay . The base is still in operation today . surrendered on July 17 . A few days later , troops invaded Puerto Rico , where they met little resistance . Puerto Rico soon surrendered . Spain asked for peace and signed a agreement on August 12 , 1898 . Comparing Howwas fighting in the Pacific and the Caribbean similar ?
United States Gains Territories The peace treaty placed Cuba , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines under trol . Some Americans formed the lmperialist League , a group that opposed the treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire . The peace treaty was approved , however , by a vote of 57 to 27 in the vote more than the majority needed . Revolt in the Philippines When the government decided to keep the Philippines , many Filipinos revolted . Here , a soldier checks the identification of some Filipino villagers during the rebellion . 650 CHAPTER 20 Cuba The Teller Amendment declared that the United States would not annex Cuba . ever , McKinley wanted to create stability and increase economic activity , so he set up a military government there . He appointed General Leonard Wood as governor , and Wood quickly began building schools and a sanitation system . To disease , Walter Reed , head of the army Yellow Fever Commission , was sent to Cuba 1900 . He and his volunteers proved that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes . Getting rid of standing water helped health to control the disease . Wood also oversaw the drafting of a Cuban constitution . The document included the Platt Amendment , which limited right to make treaties and allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs . It also required Cuba to sell or lease land to the United States . The Cubans reluctantly accepted the amendment , and troops withdrew . The amendment remained in force until 1934 , and the government stayed actively involved in Cuban affairs until the late . The Philippines Spain had surrendered the Philippines in return for a 20 million payment from the United States . Many Americans believed that it would be wrong to annex the islands out receiving consent from Filipinos . Other people agreed with McKinley , who said that the United States would from the islands naval and commercial value , and that annexing the islands would keep from seizing them . Filipino rebels , however , had helped forces to capture Manila . They had expected to gain independence after the war . When the United States decided instead to keep the islands , Aguinaldo rebels started a guerrilla war against the American forces . Hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died
before the ended more than three years later , in 1902 . Congress passed the Philippine Government Act that same year . It provided that an appointed governor and a legislature would rule the the United States . In 1917 , Act gave Puerto Ricans citizenship and made both houses of the legislature elective . ever , another 30 years passed before Puerto Ricans could elect their own governor . In TODAY 1952 Puerto Rico became a commonwealth . This unique status means that the island has its own constitution and elected Mans to re . but remains in full association with the . The lower house was to be elected . In 1946 the United States granted full to the Philippines . Puerto United State than becoming Like Cubans and the Filipinos , Puerto Ricans had hoped for independence after the war . Wha ' eve , statehood did the United States gain due to the war ?
is a issue in Puerto Instead , the government made the island a territory . On April 12 , 1900 , the I I Rice , with slightly Act established a civil government in more people sup . Puerto Rico . It was headed by a governor and Porting remaining SUMMARY AND PREVIEW America fought Wea a war with Spain and gained new tories . In the next section you will learn about interests in Latin America . included a legislature . A debate over the new territories soon arose . People who lived in Puerto Rico were considered citizens of the island but not of ( am online Quiz Section Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em a . Recall What was the cause of the conflict between Cuba and Spain ?
Analyze How did yellow journalism affect public support for American military action in Cuba ?
a . Describe What event triggered the war between the United States and Spain ?
Make Why did the Navy attack Spain Pacific fleet ?
Elaborate Why do you think the United States was so successful in defeating Spain ?
Arguments for Imperialism Arguments against imperialism . Identifying Pros and Cons of Involvement a . Identify What territories did the United States gain as a result of the war ?
Analyze Why did some Americans oppose the annexation of the Philippines ?
Critical Thinking categorizing Copy the graphic organizer at the right . Use it to identify the arguments for and against taking control of foreign territories . in the War As you read this section , add to your pros and cons list by ing American losses and gains as a result of the War . What were the costs in human lives ?
What were the gains in territory ?
Can you identify any more abstract losses and gains ?
For example , what about the American ideal of the right of a people to govern themselves ?
Was this ideal compromised or strengthened ?
AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 651 ii The United States and Latin America What You Will Learn If YOU were there You are an engineer , and you been working on the Panama Canal for almost eight years ! Your work crews used huge steam . The United States built the Canal I shovels to cut through a ridge of mountains and built a huge . BO ore I ange , Latin artificial lake . You had to plan locks to move ships through different America water levels . Now , though , your work is done . You can watch huge . Presidents Taft and Wilson . promoted interests in ships sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific . Latin Which part of your work on the canal . do you think would be most challenging ?
The Big Idea The United States expanded its role in Latin America in the BUILDING BACKGROUND In 1823 , the Monroe Doctrine stated Key Terms and that Americans had a special interest in protecting Latin America from . 653 European influence . That doctrine continued to shape foreign policy Philippe , 653 toward Latin America . The United wanted land in Central , 653 America in orderto build a canal thatwould Atlantic and Pacific . Panama Canal , 655 . Roosevelt Corollary , 656 dollar diplomacy , 657 Building the Panama Canal In the late some leaders began exploring ways to dig a canal across the narrow neck of Central America . Such a canal would link the Atlantic and oceans and cut miles off the age by ship from the West and East coasts of the United States . It would also allow the Navy to link its Atlantic and naval quickly . IE Explain how states and the federal government encouraged business expansion through tariffs , banking , land grants , and subsidies . 652 CHAPTER 20
The Treaties 1850 the United States and Great Britain signed the Treaty , which called for them to jointly build and maintain a canal . However , that canal was never built . In 1881 a French company headed by Ferdinand de , who had engineered the Canal in Egypt , began work in Central America . By 1887 , after spending nearly 300 million and losing some lives , the company was ruined . Less than of the planned canal had been dug . No one was a stronger supporter of a Central American canal than President Roosevelt . He believed naval power was important to security and strength . Earlier , Roosevelt had written , I believe we should build the Central American canal at once , and , in the meantime , we should build a dozen new In 1901 of State John Hay negotiated the Treaty with Great Britain . The British gave up interest in the canal project , and the United States agreed to open the future canal to all vessels at all times . Hay then began negotiations with Colombia , where the Isthmus of Panama was located . Hay and the Colombian ter , Thomas , soon reached an ment . According to the agreement , called the Treaty , the United States would pay 10 million plus a year for a lease on a strip of land across the isthmus . The agreement was approved by the Senate in 1903 . However , the Colombian senate rejected the plan . Philippe , chief engineer of the French canal company , offered an alternative . He told Hay and Roosevelt of a possible revolt he was planning in the Colombian province of Panama . He hoped that the United States would support the revolt with troops and money . Revolution in Panama On November , 1903 , a warship arrived in Colon , Panama . The next day a revolt began . Colombian forces tried to stop the rebellion but could not reach Panama . Dense jungles blocked land routes , and the warship blocked sea lanes . Panama then declared itself an independent country . The United States quickly recognized the new nation on November . One week later , arrived in Washington , as the Panamanian minister to the United States . Five days later , he signed the Treaty . The terms of this agreement were identical to those of the Treaty , except the canal zone was widened to 10 miles . The massive locks , shown here under construction in 1914 , raise ships 85 feet onto Lake , an inland of the Panama Canal .
. I ' ta . The Panama canal I CONNECT TO ECONOMICS Increasing Exports The Panama Canal did not just increase trade between the East and West coasts of the United States . By shortening the trip from many ports to other parts of the world , the canal also led to increased exports . of agricultural and manufactured goods . By how many miles did the Panama Canal ' shorten the shipping distance between New . A A TIC A ' 32 . Ca i ! Sea I . i PA CI FIC . EA oak co a Canal route Railroad Locks 20 Miles . ii Interactive Map GEOGRAPHY ( INTERPRETING MAPS . Place Why was Panama chosen as the site for a canal ?
Movement How many locks did ships have to travel 400 through from Balboa to Colon ?
400 am Kilometers 654 CHAPTER 20 so Building the Canal Building the canal proved to be very . The obstacle to overcome was tropical disease . The canal route ran through 51 miles of jungles and swamps with mosquitoes , many of which carried the deadly diseases malaria and yellow fever . William , who had helped Walter Reed identify and stamp out the disease in Cuba , organized a successful effort to rid the canal route of mosquitoes . If had not been ful , the canals construction would have taken much longer . It also would have cost much more in terms of both lives and money . Even with the reduced risk of disease , the work was very dangerous in the high mountain range of central Panama . Most of the canal had to be blasted out of solid rock . Workers used dozens of steam shovels to cut a narrow , channel through the mountains . On one occasion , a bolt of lightning struck a explosive charge , killing seven workers . Sometimes workers died when their shovels struck unexploded charges . One West Indian worker recalled , The of men in the air like birds every Leadership was also problematic . The project went through a series of chief . Finally , Colonel George of the Army Corps of Engineers made cant progress . Some lives were lost during the American construction of the Panama Canal , which was finally opened to traffic on August 15 , 1914 , linking the Atlantic and Oceans . It had taken 10 years to complete , and about 240 million cubic yards of earth had been removed . The cost was 375 million in addition to the nearly 300 million spent in the earlier failed French effort . In the end , however , the world had its highway between the Drawing Conclusions Why did building the canal cost so many lives ?
BIOGRAPHY Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was born into a wealthy family from New York City . He suffered from poor health as a child but became involved in many sports as he grew older He spent two years on his ranch in the Dakota Territory , where he served as deputy sheriff . While in the West , he became an avid hunter and conservationist . When he returned to the East , he returned to his political career as an important reformer A strong supporter of imperialism and the War , he recruited a cavalry division called the Rough Riders . As President McKinley vice president , Roosevelt became president upon assassination . Analyzing How might Roosevelt time in the West have shaped his decisions as president ?
Roosevelt Changes Policy The Panama Canal allowed the United States to become more involved in latin America . In 1823 , President James Monroe had warned European not to interfere in the em Hemisphere . In what became known as the Monroe Doctrine , he outlined his views . The American continents . are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future by any European The United States would view any such actions as a threat to its safety . The Monroe Doctrine had become a major principle of foreign policy . When Monroe presented the doctrine , America did not have the military strength to enforce it . As the United States grew stronger , particularly after the War , it became less dependent upon British naval power to enforce the Doctrine . During the late , many European investors had made loans to a number of TODAY The Panama Canal is still an important ping route . About million tons of cargo gothrough the canal each year AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 655
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY role assigned behavior Latin American countries . For example , under the rule of dictator Castro , fell deeply in debt to British and man investors . In 1902 Venezuela refused to repay these debts or to have the claims by a neutral third party . European leaders wanted to act but were worried about the Monroe Doctrine . In 1901 , however , Roosevelt had stated that the United States did not guarantee any State against punishment if it The European countries thought this meant that they could collect their debts . Great Britain and Germany sent ships to blockade Venezuela . Castro then asked Roosevelt to propose having the matter settled by a third party , which the Europeans accepted . In 1904 a similar situation arose in the Caribbean country of the Dominican . Again , European countries considered using force to collect debts , but the presence of European forces in the Caribbean would Primary Source POLITICAL CARTOON Roosevelt Imperialism foreign policy is shown Visually in this cartoon . Theodore Roosevelt is the giant leading a group of ships that represent debt collection . The president is patrolling the Caribbean Sea and Latin American countries , trying to enforce the payment of debts to European countries . ANALYSIS What do you think this stick represents ?
violate the Monroe Doctrine . Furthermore , their presence could threaten power in the region . Roosevelt knew that would have to force debtor nations to repay their loans in order to keep European nations from directly intervening in Latin America . In December 1904 , he created what became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine . This addition to the trine warned that the United States would intervene in any wrongdoing by nations in the Western Hemisphere . This new role of the United States as police of the Western Hemisphere suited Roosevelt style . In 1900 he said , I have always been fond of the West African proverb Speak softly and carry a big stick , you will go Finding Main Ideas Why did Roosevelt create the Roosevelt Corollary ?
Why are these vessels warships ?
SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES How does the cartoonist show visually the parts of the Roosevelt ?
656 CHAPTER 20 Foreign Policy Departing from the example set by the nation first president , George Washington , later presidents increased involvement around the world , particularly in Latin America . Monroe Doctrine The United States will defend its ests in the Western Hemisphere and keep European powers out . Farewell Address The United States will not become involved in European affairs . Taft and Wilson Promote . Interests William Howard Taft , who became president in 1909 , also acted to protect interests in Latin America . Just a few years later , in 1913 , President Woodrow Wilson would take a completely different approach to securing America stake in Latin America . Taft Dollar Diplomacy Instead of Roosevelt policy Taft used a policy known as dollar governments through economic , not military , intervention . He wanted to encourage stability and keep Europeans out of Latin America by expanding American business interests there . has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets . It is directed to the increase of American trade and the substitution of arbitration negotiation and reason for war in the settlement of international Howard Taft , quoted in The Annals Roosevelt Corollary The United States will police wrongdoing by nations in the Western Hemisphere . Taft Dollar Diplomacy The United States will use economic means to aid its interests in Latin America . Taft therefore tried to replace European investments in Latin America with investments . For example , in June 1911 the United States agreed to assist Nicaragua . The United States would help obtain private loans from American banks to pay gua national debt . In return , Nicaraguan leaders would allow troops in Nicaragua whenever America leaders felt it necessary . The United States signed a similar agreement with Honduras . Although the Senate rejected both ments , the Taft administration followed the treaty terms anyway . In July , Nicaragua failed to repay a large loan from British investors . Secretary of State Philander Chase Knox helped to obtain a billion loan for from American bankers . In exchange , the bankers gained control of the National Bank of Nicaragua and the owned railway . Local anger over this ment soon led to revolt in Nicaragua . Taft chose to send Marines to protect can interests . Wilson and Democracy The United States will promote and protect democracy in the Western Hemisphere . FOCUS ON READING Compare and foreign policies of Presidents Roosevelt and Taft using the quotations by each on pages . AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 651
Wilson intervenes When President Woodrow Wilson took in 1913 , he rejected Taft dollar diplomacy . Wilson disliked the role of big business in foreign affairs and said he would not act to support any special group or Instead , he believed the United States had a moral obligation to promote democracy in Latin America . Wilson often opposed imperialist ideas . Yet he sent troops into Latin America more often than any other president before him . For example , the Caribbean country of Haiti had serious financial . The try also suffered a series of political tions . In 1915 , Haitian president Guillaume Sam ordered about 160 political prisoners executed . As a result , he was overthrown and killed in another revolt . Previously , Germany and France had sent troops to Haiti to protect their interests . Wilson feared that those countries might try to take control of Haiti . To prevent this , Marines landed in Haiti on July 29 , 1915 , and quickly restored peace . Similar events took place in the ican Republic . In 1911 the Dominican president was killed , and the government became unstable . By threatening to hold customs revenue , Secretary of State Knox forced the Dominicans to accept a government . Fearing more political unrest , in 1916 President Wilson declared martial law on the island and set up a government run by the Navy . Many Latin Americans resented control over their governments . Some began to view involvement in the region with hostility . Finding Main Ideas What events led Taft and Wilson to intervene in Latin America ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The United States and Latin America established through both and agreements . In the next section you will learn about how the relationship between the United States and Mexico changed in the early . ram rne Quiz Section Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Critical Thinking a . Recall Why did the United States want to build a canal in Central America ?
Analyze What challenges did the builders of the Panama Canal face , and how did they come each challenge ?
Elaborate Defend the decision to support the revolution in Panama . a . Describe What problem was causing conflict between European and Latin American nations ?
Summarize How and why did Theodore change policy toward Latin America ?
Elaborate What did Roosevelt mean by speak softly and carry a big stick ?
a . Recall What did Woodrow Wilson believe was the United States obligation in Latin America ?
Compare and Contrast In what ways were the policies of Presidents Taft and Wilson toward Latin America similar and different ?
658 CHAPTER 20 . Categorizing Copy the web diagram below . Use it to identify American policy toward Latin America under Presidents Roosevelt , Taft , and Wilson . Roosevelt . Identifying Pros and Cons of Involvement in Latin America What were the pros and cons of the construction of the Panama Canal and ist policies toward Latin America ?
Take notes for your list as you read this section .
The United States and Mexico If were there what You You are a Mexican American living in California in 1914 . Ever since the Mexican Revolution in 1910 , you have been worried about your parents in Mexico . They are teachers in Guadalajara , and you against their government . not sure what their politics are . But you know that violence could ' The Mama ' threatened interests happen anywhere . Now your relatives have written to you asking economically and politically . whether they should come to California . What advice would you give your family ?
The ' The Mexican Revolution threatened relations the United States and Mexico . Inthe late , Key Terms and People Mexico moved to the United States . Often , relatives in Dial 659 California orthe Southwest who had lived there when those territories Francisco Madam , were part of Mexico . In the early , the Mexican Revolution led Mexican Revolution , 660 many other think about moving to the United States . 11550 . 661 Francisco Pancho Villa , 661 . The Mexican Revolution A ' Diaz was president of Mexico from 1877 to 1880 and from John , 557 1884 to 1911 , a total of 30 years . During his rule the United States Francisco Pancho Villa ( center ) and fellow Mexican revolutionaries Students transformation of the American omy and the changing social and cal conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution . 659
I . Interactive Ma The United States in Latin America Guantanamo Bay The United States maintains a naval base on the island of Cuba . MEXICO Key was Tropic of Cancer DOMINICAN BLIC ' Rico . The island remains ! a commonwealth of , the United States . Caribbean Sea , a . EL , CANAL ZONE NICARAGUA anama , i cane . 10 PACIFIC . CEA Panama Canal The United States PANAMA turned the canal over to Panama in 1979 but kept the right to defend it . United States and possessions Bombarded by forces Date of bombardment 1393 or occupation ' negotiated ' i by United States . zoo . Interactive Map I , 300 SKILLS . INTERPRETING MAPS KEYWORD ' Au . Region ofthis region United States , still control ?
Place Which country was a protectorate forthe became the biggest investor in Mexico . By 1913 Americans had invested more than billion in Mexican land , manufacturing , mining , oil , and railways . Diaz ruled the Mexican people harshly . He imprisoned his opponents and rewarded his supporters . Most of Mexico 15 million ple were landless and poor . Many Mexicans found a new leader in democratic reformer Francisco , who called for mass in elections and the removal of Diaz . He gained broad support and began the Mexican Revolution of 1910 . During this uprising , Diaz was forced to resign . Because the Taft administration wanted a stable in Mexico , it quickly recognized the administration . 660 CHAPTER 20 longest period oftime ?
The revolution caused many Mexicans to to the United States to escape violence and better jobs . Others wanted to avoid political persecution . These immigrants came from all levels of Mexican society . Between 1905 and 1915 , more than cans immigrated to the United States . Despite victory , the struggle for power continued in Mexico . In February 1913 General took power and had killed . The violence angered Woodrow Wilson , who was about to become president of the United States . Identifying Cause and Effect What caused the Mexican Revolution , and what were its immediate effects ?
. Response to the Mexican Revolution Wilson refused to recognize the new ment . As time passed , a revolt against , led by , gained support . In addition , two other major revolutionaries were leading movements to overthrow . Francisco Pancho Villa led rebels in the north , and Emiliano Zapata led rebels in the south . Both were heroes to Mexico poor . The Mexican economy was weakened by the . American business leaders feared they would lose investments there . Public pressure on Wilson to intervene grew . On April 20 , 1914 , he asked Congress to approve the use of force in Mexico . Meanwhile , Wilson learned that a man ship carrying an arms supply was ing to the port of , Mexico . To keep the weapons from reaching , Wilson ordered the Navy to seize . In late April 1914 , forces captured the city . broke off diplomatic ties , and the two countries came to the brink of war . Then , the ABC , Brazil , and offered to negotiate the dispute . Wilson Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People a . Describe Why did many Mexicans oppose the rule of Diaz ?
accepted the proposed settlement , but ta and did not . In July , In August , and his forces captured Mexico City and set up a new government . troops then withdrew from . Although was no longer in power , Villa and Zapata continued their revolts . Villa attacked Americans in Mexico . In response , Wilson sent General John Pershing and soldiers into Mexico in 1916 . Pershing Expeditionary Force chased Villa some 300 miles but failed to capture him . In 1917 approved a new to bring order to Mexico . However , in 1920 , the forces of Alvaro , a trusted aid , killed the Mexican dictator . After 1920 peace gradually returned to Mexico . Summarizing How did Wilson respond to events in Mexico ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW America fought a war with Spain and gained new . In the epilogue you will learn about the history of the United States in the late and . go . UNI Online Quiz KEYWORD the United States . Revolution and to describe its effects on Mexico and . Explain How was the United States affected by the Mexican Revolution ?
a . Recall What led Woodrow Wilson to send troops into Mexico in 1916 ?
Analyze Why did some Americans want Wilson to intervene in the Mexican Revolution , and what actions did the United States take ?
Evaluate Should President Wilson have become involved in Mexican politics ?
Why or why not ?
Critical Thinking . Identifying Cause and Effect Copy the graphic organizer like the one shown onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to identify causes of the Mexican United States The Mexican Revolution . Identifying Pros and Cons of Involvement in the Mexican Revolution Add to your pros and cons list by noting the advantages and disadvantages of Wilson decision to intervene in the Mexican Revolution . Be sure to consider the immigration of thousands of Mexicans to the United States . How might these people have contributed to the rich cultural heritage of the United States ?
AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 661 History and Geography I . I I By 1900 most of the current boundaries of the United States had been established . But the world had become a much smaller place . American inventions were spreading , changing ' daily life in countries around the world . In , addition , troops stationed in Asia were displaying the increasing importance of the United States in global affairs . PACIFIC OCEAN Before 1898 , US . troops had never been sent outside the Western Hemisphere . But in 1900 , some troops were in Asia , alongside European troops . America Population , 1900 76 million Ethnic Groups , 1900 I I African American I Native American I Asian American I Mexican American Religions , 1900 I Protestant I Catholic I Jewish I CHAPTER 20
On July , 1900 , William Jennings Bryan spoke out against US involvement in Asia , saying Imperialism is the most dangerous of the evils now menacing threatening our . mi The Paris Exposition of 1900 I showcased many inventions . One British writer claimed the Exposition displayed the of the world ?
A A A London In August 1900 , English farmers protested in London against I new farm equipment introduced NEW Nearly people immigrated gauge to the United States in 1900 . By 1920 , more than 16 million had come . Many arrived in New York City . INTERPRETING MAPS . Region In which part of the world were US . troops serving overseas in 1900 ?
Movement in what ways did the US . influence other countries ?
AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 663 Social Studies Skills . Critical Thinking I Analysis Define the Skill A saying claims that the more things change , the more they stay the Nowhere does this observation apply better than to the study of history . Any look back over the past will show many expanding or shrinking , empires rising and falling , changes in leadership , people on the move , to name just a few . The reasons for change have not changed , however . The same general forces have driven the actions of people and nations across time . These forces are the threads that run through history and give it continuity , or connectedness . They are the sameness in a world of continuous change . Participation HE HI Students explain the sources of historical continuity . Continuity and Change in History Science and Technology Technology , or the development and use of tools , has helped humans across time make better use of their environment . Science has changed their edge of the world , and changed their lives too . Economic Opportunity and Development From hunting and gathering to herding , ing , manufacturing , and trade , people have tried to make the most of their resources . The desire for a better life has also been a major reason people have moved from one place to another . The Impact of Individuals Political , religious , military , business , and other leaders have been a major in history . The actions of many ordinary people have also shaped history . Nationalism and Imperialism Nationalism is the desire of a people to have their own country . Imperialism is the desire of a people to control other peoples . Both have existed across time . Learn the Skill You can find the causes of all events of the past in one or more of these major forces or themes that Connect all history . Political and Social Systems People have always been part of , villages , nations , religious groups , for example . The groups to which people belong shape how they relate to people around them . Practice the Skill Check your understanding of continuity and change in history by answering the following questions . Cooperation and Throughout time , people and groups have worked together to achieve goals . They have also opposed others who stood in the way of their goals . Cultural Invention and Interaction The ues and ideas expressed in peoples art , literature , customs , and religion have enriched the world . But the spread of cultures and their contact with other cultures has produced as well . I . What forces of history are illustrated by the Geography and Environment Physical events in Chapter 20 ?
Explain with examples . environment and natural resources have shaped how people live . Efforts to gain , protect , or make good use of land and resources have been major causes of cooperation and in history . How do the events in this chapter show with earlier periods in history ?
664 CHAPTER 20 Use the visual summary below to help you review Summary the main ideas of the chapter . I Plat Occupation of Puerto Rico Open Door Policy . Boxer Rebellion Trade with Japan Annexation of Hawaii Occupation of the Philippines Purchase Mexican Revolution Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary Dollar Diplomacy Reviewing vocabulary . What group opposed expansion of the United States into foreign territories ?
Terms and People a . Open Door Society Rough Riders . In which of the following did the United States League ABC powers declare that it had no interest in annexing Cuba ?
Roosevelt Corollary Open Door Policy . Treaty Teller Amendment an . Which Hawaiian leader upset sugar planters by restoring the power of the monarchy ?
ON ( pages 640445 ) IE Maui a . Identify To what areas did the United States expand in the late ?
Who was responsible for encouraging Panama . Draw Conclusions How did the to revolt against Colombian control ?
my benefit from contacts with foreign nations Francisco Emiliano Zapata and , John Hay Philippe Elaborate Which policy would you have Varma or imperialism ?
Who led forces into Mexico after attacks Explain your answer against citizens by Mexican rebels ?
ON ( Pages ) HE John Hay a . Describe What events led to William Seward William Taft ment in the War ?
AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 665 Analyze How did the United States from the War ?
Predict How might foreign countries view the actions of the United States in the American War ?
Pages ) a . Identify In what ways did the United States get involved in Latin America ?
Draw Conclusions Why did the United States expand its role in Latin America in the early 19005 ?
Elaborate Do you think the United States should have been as actively involved in Latin America as it was ?
Explain your answer . Pages ) a . Recall Why did Mexicans revolt against Diaz ?
Analyze What was the nature of ment in Mexico before and during the Mexican Revolution in 1910 ?
Predict How might relations between the United States and Mexico be affected by the Mexican Revolution ?
I Using the Internet . Activity Creating a Poster The Panama Canal was opened on August 15 , 1914 . It took 10 years to build , cost a total of more than 600 million , and took some lives . Enter the activity keyword and research the effects of human and geographic factors on the construction of the Panama Canal . Physical factors include forms , climate , and weather . Human factors should focus on the use of technology and reasons humans the environment , along with the hazards they faced . Then create a poster about the canal that highlights the most important details . 666 CHAPTER 20 Reviewing Themes . Economics What economic reasons did the United States have for ending its policy of isolationism ?
Politics How did the policy of imperialism affect American politics in the late and early ?
Reading Skills Comparing Historical Texts Use the Reading Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question below . Look back at the statements made by President Roosevelt on page 656 and President Taft on page 657 . What words the presidents main points in their views of foreign policy ?
Social Studies Skill Continuity and Change in History Use the Social Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question below . Pick three of the themes listed on page 664 and explain how the building of the Panama Canal relates to them . Writing Your List of Pros and Cons Review your notes and choose the pros and cons to include in your list . Decide whether you want to include only facts , only opinions , or some of each . How can your analysis of history help guide foreign policy in the future ?
When you have finished your list , use it as the basis for a paragraph recommending either that the United States continue to involve itself in the affairs of other nations or that it pull back from such involvement .
Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the which two did the united states letter of the best response . Use the map below to hope to trade with in the 13003 rather answer question than annex ?
A Hawaii and Japan I Japan and China China and Cuba Cuba and Hawaii What was the main reason President row Wilson used military against Mexico in the early ?
A He wished to protect Texas against the claims of the Mexican government . He opposed the harsh rule of Mexico dictator Diaz . He wanted to capture Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata . of the places marked on the map , the only He hoped to shape government and one in which the United States not American business interests . control territory in the late and early 19008 is Shown by the letter Connecting with Past Learning A In this chapter you learned how the United States gained control of new territories as a ' result of its victory in the War . Which of the following that you learned about earlier in Grade had a similar result The practice ot using American businesses for the united states ?
and economic aid to influence foreign . A and achieve goals in Latin ar America is known as War 1812 A imperia War dollar diplomacy Revolutionary War ' Which earlier president , like Woodrow ig sic . Wilson , also became involved in a conflict in Mexico ?
During the Mexican Revolution , President A John Quincy Adams Wilson sent forces to , Mexico . Which policy did this act best express ?
Andrew A Roosevelt Corollary McKinley Dollar Diplomacy James isolationism AMERICA BECOMES A WORLD POWER 661 Writing Workshop i Assignment Write a persuasive essay either for or against one of these topics ( the United States going to war with Spain in 1898 ( the building of the Panama Canal El ?
Using Order of Importance How do you know whether to start or end with your most important or most convincing reason ?
If you are worried about getting your readers to read your entire paper , you to catch their attention by starting with the most convincing reason . If you are concerned thatyour readers remember one point finish reading , you may want to place that point , or reason , at the end of your paper . Writing Write persuasive compositions . A Writer Framework Introduction I Startwith an interesting opener , such as a quotation or a surprising fact . I Include your opinion statement , or big idea , forthe paper . 668 UNIT Persuasion and History You have probably heard people disagree about current political a new law or a government leader . People also disagree about events of the past . When we disagree about historical events , those of the past or those of the present , we can use persuasive arguments to convince others to agree with our opinion . Stating Your Opinion Persuasion starts with an opinion or a position on a topic . Choose one of the topics in the assignment and decide on your opinion , either for or against . Write your opinion in a statement it will be the big idea of your persuasive paper . For example , here is an opinion statement about the second topic The United States was right to build the Panama Canal . Building and Organizing a Logical Argument A strong persuasive essay includes a logical argument , sound reasoning , and proof in support of an opinion . Reasons tell why you have an ion . Proof , or evidence , includes facts , examples , or expert opinions . I Opinion The reforms implemented by the Progressives improved the lives of many Americans . I Reason Progressive reforms improved cities . I Evidence Lawrence helped pass the 1901 New York State Tenement House Act . Persuasive writing is usually organized by order of importance . Write Here is a framework to help you write your draft . Conclusion I Restate your opinion in . I Summarize your reasons . I Make a connection to a current event . Body I Present one reason and its supporting evidence in each body paragraph . I Address your reasons by order of importance .
. Evaluate and Revise Evaluating Use these questions to discover ways to improve your draft . Evaluation Questions for a Persuasive Essay I Does your introduction include a clear statement of your opinion on the topic ?
I Do you present your reasons by I Do you include facts , examples , or expert opinions to support each reason ?
I Do you restate your opinion in different words in your conclusion ?
I Does your conclusion include a summary of the reasons that support your opinion ?
order of importance in the body paragraphs ?
I Do you provide at reasons to support your opinion ?
Revising Your essay will be more forceful if you write in the active voice . Passive voice Spain was destroyed by Dewey ships . Active voice Dewey ships destroyed Spain . Active voice is more forceful , and often clearer , because it makes a stronger connection between the action and the actor . However , we may use passive voice because we do not know , or do not want to say , who the actor is or was . Example Spain fleet was destroyed during the war . Proofread and Publish Proofreading If you are writing your paper on a computer , you should use the feature to look for spelling errors . However , the feature will not help much if you have used the wrong word . Here are some examples to look for , When you spot one of these words in your paper , check your dictionary to make sure you have used the correct word . Pu is hi Share your essay with a classmate who took an opinion opposed to yours . Review each other reasons . Can one of you persuade the other ?
Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies in this workshop to write a persuasive essay . Fact Opinion Knowing the difference between a fact and an opinion is important for both writers and readers of persuasive essays . I Facts are statements that can be proven true or false . The American War began in 1898 . I Opinions are statements of personal belief and can not be proven . Theodore Roosevelt was the greatest hero of the American War . A GROWING AMERICA 669
EPILOGUE Pasta Bo America became a global power in the as troops fought in two world wars . 610 EPILOGUE America Since 1914 The United States of America is a very different place today than it was in 1914 . The nation is now bigger , more powerful , and more involved in world affairs . It has changed from a nation where most people lived in small towns to one in which most people live in cities , many with populations of more than million people . The nation is also a more democratic place Americans have access to the privileges and ties of citizenship than at any other time in the try history . Despite these differences , America faces many of the same challenges that it faced in 1914 . For example , Americans still debate what role the nation should play in world affairs . They debate questions about civil rights , religion , taxes , and the role of government in their lives . They worry about the health of the environment , dren , and the poor , just as they did in 1914 . Americans do not always agree on these issues . But they do believe strongly in their right to debate and to disagree . The freedom to do peaceful and tive an indication of the fundamental health of the nation . America as a Global Power In 1914 World War I began in Europe . As the war spread , many Americans believed that the United States should stay out of the . By 1917 , however , the United States had entered the war , and American soldiers fought and died on the of Europe . That experience forever changed the United States . America had stepped onto the world stage with its military and industrial might . As a result , the world began to look at America differently , and the try isolation from the rest of the world lessened . War tore Europe apart again in the and during World War 11 . Again , some cans wanted the country to stay out of the , but when Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor in late 1941 , the United States was forced to enter the global struggle . Once again , America demonstrated that it had become a global power and achieved victory on the .
The Civil Rights Era The US . victory in World War II had other consequences as well . Millions of World War II veterans returned home ready to start new lives in peacetime . These veterans enrolled in college in record numbers , settled into the nations cities and new suburbs , and started families . Soldiers who had fought on the side of democracy abroad also fought for democracy at home . This was especially true of the nations African American and Mexican American soldiers . Their efforts to seek greater access to the rights of citizenship helped invigorate the civil rights movement . They were joined in these efforts by Americans from all walks of who believed that America worked best when the promises of dom were open to all . By the , the push for greater civil rights had become a true social movement in America . It was a grassroots effort on the part of ordinary Americans to change both people attitudes and federal laws . Chavez , for example , led the fight to win more rights for migrant workers . This movement for greater civil , educational , and political rights among racial and ethnic groups helped spur the women rights movement of the and as well . Martin Luther King ( center ) helped lead the fight for civil rights in America . led the struggle for migrant workers rights . LINKING PAST TO PRESENT 611
America economy boomed following World War II as Americans enjoyed the of modern conveniences like refrigerators . Economic Changes and Challenges The economy has also changed dramatically since 1914 . The Great Depression of the was a huge economic lapse that affected millions of Americans . But the economy eventually recovered , and after World War II the nation enjoyed a long period of prosperity . Many Americans joined the middle class for the first time . During the and they bought homes , televisions and appliances , and cars in record numbers . Since the , the economy has had more ups and downs . Industrial jobs , which were once so plentiful in America , have become far less important in recent decades . Many American companies have moved their factories overseas to take tage of lower wages in other countries . As a result , the economy is now becoming more of a service in which workers provide services ( like banking or law ) instead of actually making products . A major challenge that lies ahead for America is helping all of its citizens enjoy the of living in such a rich country . As the country adds more and more technical and based jobs , education is becoming even more critical to helping people develop successful careers . Immigration and Democracy Immigration has been an important feature of the United States ever since the country began . Since 1914 , this strong tradition of immigration has continued . During the , people from every corner of the world came to America to settle . These new immigrants were Buddhists , Christians , Muslims , and Sikhs . They came from Latin America , Africa , Asia , and Europe . They came in search of a brighter future , greater freedom , and a chance to start their lives over they came to become Americans . With its long history of , America is one of the most ethnically diverse places in the world . Here , Sikhs celebrate their culture at a parade in New York .
Immigrants also came to the United States to enjoy the of democracy . The United States was the world first modern democracy , and many people around the world today look to America as an example of a democratic , free , and open society . Since 1914 , American democracy has grown even stronger . More people participate in the democratic process than ever before , and there is a healthy debate over the many issues the country faces now and will face in the coming years . America citizens care ly about these important issues and about American democracy . America Then and Now In the years since 1914 , the United States has faced many challenges . The terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 are the latest of these challenges . But the same things that made America strong before 1914 are the same things that make it strong today . More than 200 years ago , the Founding Fathers insisted that the United States of America was an new nation devoted to the possibility that principles of virtue and ideals of freedom could be supported by democracy , justice , and the rule of law . Today , just as then , this experiment works best when American citizens exercise their rights carefully and seriously . America today is connected to the America of the past . It is connected through the enduring meaning of such documents as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution . These documents are as important today as they were in the late when they were created . In both practical and terms , they outline what America stands for , what America means , and where America is going . Cities such as Louis , shown here , are part of past , present . and future . Once a small town known as the Gateway to the West , Louis has grown into a large and modern American city . The terrorist attacks of September , 2001 , marked the beginning of a new challenge in American war against terrorism .