US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 2 The English Colonies Part 1
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. California Standards Science Students understand the major events preceding the founding of the nation a elate their significance to the development of American constitutional democracy . Students analyze the political principles underlying the Constitution and compare the enumerated and implied powers of the federal government . Analysis Skills Students construct various time lines of key events , people , and periods ofthe historical era they are studying . Arts Writing Present detailed evidence , examples , and reasoning to support arguments . Reading Use word meanings within the appropriate context . Focus on Writing an Infomercial What if television had been invented during the time that the English colonies were being founded in North America ?
Instead of relying on printed flyers and word of mouth to attract settlers . the founders of colonies might have made infomercials . In this chapter you will read about life in the American colonies during different times . You will choose one time period and colony and write an infomercial encouraging English citizens to settle in the colony of your choice . The Pilgrims sign the Mayflower Compact . Work is finished on India Taj I Mahal . Mayflower courtesy of the Pilgrim 32 CHAPTER Society , Plymouth , Massachusetts
William Penn establishes the colony of Pennsylvania . 1682 Great becomes czar of Russia . History Impact video series Watch the video to stand the impact of freedom of religion in North America . I . What You Will Learn Plymouth Colony thrives again in this highly accurate . The original colonists came to North America in 1620 in search of religious freedom . By 1627 , the year this scene , the colonists were well established . Their success encouraged others . In this chapter you will learn about English settlements that dotted the east coast of North America . Pontiac , an American Indian , Patriots stage leads a rebellion on the Boston the western frontier . Tea Party . British explorer James Cook sets sail on his first trip to the South Pacific , meeting people like this Sandwich Islander . THE ENGLISH COLONIES 33
Reading Social Studies Economics Focus on Themes In this chapter you will read about the people who settled the early colonies of North America . You will learn about the problems they faced as they felt the tug between their land and their new land . You will see how they Vocabulary Clues Geography Religion Politics their politics . Focus on Reading When you are reading your history textbook , you may often come across a word you do not know . If that word isn listed as a key term , how do you find out what it means ?
Using Context Clues Context means surroundings . Authors often include clues to the meaning of a difficult word in its context . You just have to know how and where to look . by Beers Science and Technology Society and Culture settled political differences ( sometimes peacefully , other times not ) and learned how to trade goods and grow crops to establish a thriving economy You will discover that the economy often influenced Graphic organizers are available in the 34 CHAPTER . Clue How It Works Example Explanation Direct Includes a definition in In the late England , like The phrase the practice of Definition the same or a nearby most western European nations , creating and maintaining wealth sentence practiced mercantilism , the practice by carefully controlling trade of creating and maintaining wealth defines mercantilism . by carefully controlling trade . Restatement Uses different words The British continued to keep The word permanent is another to say the same thing a standing , or permanent , army way to say standing . in North America to protect the colonists against Indian attacks . Comparisons Compares or contrasts Unlike legal traders , smugglers did The word unlike indicates that or Contrasts the unfamiliar word not have permission to bring goods smugglers are different from with a familiar one into the country . legal traders .
ELA Reading Show ability to verify word meanings by definition , restatement , example , comparison , or contrast . You Try It ! The following sentences are from this chapter . Each uses a definition or restatement clue to explain unfamiliar words . See if you can use the context to figure out the meaning of the words in italics . Context Clues Up Close I . In 1605 a company of English merchants From asked King James I for the right to found , or establish , a settlement . 36 ) The majority of these workers were indentured servants , people who a free trip to North America by ing to work without pay for a period of years . 38 ) In New England the center of politics was the town meeting . In town ings people talked about and decided on issues of local interest , such as paying for schools . Answer the questions about the sentences you read . In example I , what does the word found mean ?
What hints did you find in the sentence to figure that out ?
In example , where do you find the meaning of indentured servants ?
What does this phrase mean ?
In example , you learn the definition of town meeting in the second sentence . Can you combine these two sentences into one sentence ?
Try putting a dash after the word meeting and replacing town meetings with a place where . As you read , look for context clues that can help you figure out the meanings of unfamiliar words . and ( Chapter Section Jamestown ( 36 John Smith ( Pocahontas ( 37 ) indentured servants ( Bacon Rebellion ( 38 ) Toleration Act of 1649 ( 39 ) 41 ) slave codes ( 41 ) Section Puritans ( Pilgrims ( 42 ) immigrants ( Mayflower Compact ( Squanto ( John Winthrop ( Anne Hutchinson ( 46 ) Section Peter Stuyvesant ( 49 ) William Penn ( staple crops ( Section town meeting ( English Bill of Rights ( 55 ( Middle Passage ( 58 ) Great Awakening ( 58 ) Enlightenment ( 59 ) Pontiac ( 61 ) Section Samuel Adams ( 65 ) Committees of Correspondence ( 65 ) Stamp Act of 1765 ( Boston Massacre ( 67 ) Tea Act ( 68 ) Boston Tea Party ( 68 ) Intolerable Acts ( 68 ) Academic Vocabulary In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words authority ( 37 ) factors ( 38 ) THE ENGLISH COLONIES 35
SECTION What You Learn . The settlement in Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in America . Daily life in Virginia was to the colonists . and nomic opportunities were motives other southern colonies , including Maryland , the Carolinas , and Georgia . Farming and slavery were important to the economies of the southern colonies . The Big Idea Despite a difficult beginning , the southern colonies soon flourished . Key Terms and People Jamestown , 36 John Smith , 37 Pocahontas , 37 indentured servants , 38 Bacon Rebellion , 38 Toleration Act of 1649 , 39 , 41 slave codes , 41 Students understandthe major events preceding the founding of the nation and relate their to the development of American constitutional democracy . 36 CHAPTER The Southern Colonies If YOU were there A year ago , in 1609 , you moved to the colony of Virginia . But life here has been hard . During the winter many people died of cold or sickness . Food is always scarce . Now it is spring , and a ship has come from England bringing supplies . In a week it will sail home . Some of your neighbors are giving up and returning to England . They ask you to come , too . Would you take the ship back to England ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Several European nations took part in the race to claim lands in the Americas . Their next step was to establish colonies in the lands that they claimed . The first English colonies were started in the late but failed . Even in ful colonies , colonists faced hardships and challenges . Settlement in Jamestown In 1605 a company of English merchants asked King James I for the right to found , or establish , a settlement . In 1606 the king granted the request of the company to settle in a region called Virginia . Founding a New Colony The investors in the new settlement formed a company called the London Company . This allowed the group to share the cost and risk of establishing the colony . On April 26 , 1607 , the 105 colonists sent by the London Company arrived in America . On May 14 , about 40 miles up the James River in Virginia , the colonists founded Jamestown , the permanent English ment in North America . A lack of preparation cost a lot of the colonists their lives . Most of the men who came to Jamestown were adventurers with no farming experience or useful skills such as carpentry . Jamestown was surrounded by marshes full of mosquitoes . By the time winter arrived , of the original colonists had died .
yo ' I Williamsburg was founded in 1633 as Middle Plantation by settlers from Jamestown . The forest could provide wood for building and for fuel . The waters provided fish for food . But the water , so near the sea , was salty . Jamestown was located with defense in mind . Enemy Spanish ships would have to pass through a narrow channel to reach Jamestown , making the ships easy marks for the settlers cannons . GEOGRAPHY SKILLS , INTERPRETING MAPS . Interaction What were the advantages and disadvantages of locating Jamestown on a river ?
Interaction What do you think would have been a commonly used method for people in this region ?
Confederacy Jamestown fared better under John Smith , who took control of the colony in 1608 and built a fort . He forced the settlers to work harder and to build better housing by ing rules that rewarded harder workers with food . The Jamestown colonists received help from the powerful Confederacy of Indians after Smith made an agreement with them . The brought food to help the colonists , and then taught them how to grow corn . In 1609 some 400 more settlers arrived in Jamestown . That winter , disease and War in Virginia John Rolfe married Pocahontas , daughter of the leader , in 1614 . Their helped the colonists form more peaceful relations with the . However , died three years later in England , which she was visiting with Rolfe . In 1622 , colonists killed a leader . The responded by ing the Virginia settlers later that year . ing between the colonists and the continued for the next 20 years . Because the London Company could not protect its colonists , the English Crown canceled the ine once again hit the colony . The colonists Company charter in 1624 . Virginia became ACADEMIC called this period the starving time . By the a royal colony and existed under the spring of 1610 , only 60 colonists were still authority of a governor chosen by the king . authority alive . Jamestown failed to make a profit until . to rule Finding Mam Ideas colonist John Rolfe introduced a new type of tobacco that sold well in England . What problems did the Jamestown colonists face ?
THE ENGLISH COLONIES 31 ACADEMIC VOCABULARY causes Daily Life in Virginia In early Virginia , people lived on scattered farms rather than in towns . Tobacco farmers soon began establishing large farms called plantations . Headright System These plantations were made possible in part by the headright system , which was started by the London Company . Under this system , colonists who paid their own way to Virginia received 50 acres of land . A colonist could earn another 50 acres for every additional person brought from England . Rich colonists who brought servants or relatives to Virginia gained large amounts of land . Primary Source LETTER A Note from Virginia In this 1619 letter , the secretary of the Virginia colony , John Pory , encouraged people to move to Virginia . Ar the 0009 ' three thong there be , my the colony to perfect ?
Flam ' All richer for the do on hA 95 one noun by her he to to the 200 ! and by the mean of , out one crop , There be , yet mre , yet to be alone by ANALYSIS The Words , edited . SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES How does this letter indicate the importance of tobacco in Virginia ?
38 CHAPTER Labor in Virginia Colonists in Virginia faced a hard life . They suffered very high death rates , which led to labor shortages in the colony The majority of workers were indentured servants , people who received a free trip to North America by ing to work without pay for a period of years . Expansion of Slavery Not all laborers in Virginia came from Europe . A Dutch ship brought the first Africans to Virginia in 1619 . Some Africans were servants others had been enslaved . Some African servants became successful farmers when their contracts ended . The demand for workers was soon greater than the supply of people willing to work as indentured servants . Over time , the cost of slaves fell . These factors led some colonists to turn to slave labor . By the most Africans in Virginia were being kept in long slavery . Bacon Rebellion As plantations grew , the economy of town began to expand . Soon , colonial began to ask for more taxes . During the poor colonists protested the higher taxes . They were also upset about the nor policies toward Native Americans . They thought the colony was not well protected against attack from Indians . In 1676 a group of former indentured servants led by Nathaniel Bacon attacked some friendly American ans . Bacon opposed the policies trade with American Indians . He also thought the colonists should be able to take the Indians land . When the governor tried to stop him , Bacon and his followers attacked and burned Jamestown in an uprising known as Bacon Rebellion . At one point , Bacon controlled much of the colony . He died of fever , however , and the rebellion soon ended . Analyzing led to the increased use of slave labor in Virginia ?
Other Southern Colonies As Jamestown was developing in Virginia , new groups of colonists began planning their move to America . Many English Catholics came to America to escape religious tion . English Catholics had long been against England separation from the Roman Church . For this reason they were not allowed by the Church of England to worship freely . English leaders also feared that English Catholics would ally with Catholic countries such as France and Spain in . Maryland In the George Calvert , the first Lord Baltimore , asked King Charles I for a ter establishing a new colony in America for Catholics . In 1632 Charles issued the charter to Calvert son , who took over the planning of the colony . known as the second Lord Baltimore , named the colony Maryland in honor of England queen , etta Maria . It was located just north of Virginia in the Chesapeake Bay area . Calvert intended for the colony to be a refuge for English Catholics . It would also be a proprietary colony Southern Wealth colonists overcame tough to create large and wealthy settlements like this one in Virginia . Churches were often the first major buildings in a growing town . How does the large church in the picture show Virginia wealth ?
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation This meant that the colony proprietors , or owners , controlled the government . In 1634 a group of 200 English Catholics came to Maryland . the group were wealthy landowners , servants , craftspeople , and farmers . Settlers in Maryland from the lessons learned by the Jamestown colonists . They spent their time raising corn , cattle , and hogs so that they would have enough to eat . Before long , many colonists also began growing tobacco for . Although Catholics founded Maryland , a growing number of Protestants began ing there the . Soon , religious conflicts arose between Catholics and Protestants the colony . To reduce tensions , Lord Baltimore presented a bill to the colonial assembly that became known as the Toleration Act of 1649 . This bill made it a crime to restrict the rights of Christians . This was the first law supporting religious tolerance passed in the English colonies . The Toleration Act did not stop all religious conflict . However , it did show that the ment wanted to offer some religious freedom and to protect the rights of minority groups . THE ENGLISH COLONIES 39
our oo Population ( in thousands ) 1650 Total Population , 1750 Slaves 20 40 camera Slave Populations In the Colonies About how many slaves lived in the English SKILL CHARTS ' colonies in 1700 and in 1150 ?
The Carolinas and Georgia Colonies were also established south of . In 1663 the English king , Charles II , gave much of the land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to eight of his supporters . At Carolina was a single colony . ever , the settlements were far apart , and it was hard to govern them . In 1712 the colony separated into North and South Carolina . Most of the colonists in North Carolina were who had moved south from Virginia . Colonists primarily from Europe settled South Carolina . Those who paid their own way received large grants of land , and some brought enslaved Africans with them . By 1730 about enslaved Africans were living in the colony , compared to some white settlers . South Carolina proprietors managed the colony poorly , and the proprietary ment was overthrown in 1719 . The Crown vi South Carolina large land grants encouraged plantation owners to bring in thousands of slaves . James tried to prevent slavery in Georgia . But slaves soon provided the labor for the colony many rice plantations . then purchased North and South Carolina in 729 , making them royal colonies . In 1732 King George II granted a charter to James and other trustees to found Georgia . The king hoped that Georgia would shield Britain other colonies from Spanish Florida . wanted the new colony to be a place where debtors , who had been jailed for their debts in England , could make a new start . In 1733 and 120 colonists , mostly from England , founded the city of Savannah . did not want Georgia to have large plantations owned by a few wealthy individuals . He wanted many small ers . To reach this goal , outlawed slavery and limited the size of land grants . Soon , however , the settlers grew unhappy with strict rules . In 1752 the British government made Georgia a royal ony with new laws . Coastal Georgia was soon with large rice plantations worked by thousands of slaves . Finding Main Ideas What were some ofthe reasons colonists came to the southern colonies ?
Economies of the Southern Colonies The economies of the southern colonies depended on agriculture . They also exported materials for building ships , such as wood and tar . Some colonies traded with local Indians for to sell . The economies of the colonies were is , based on farming . They had many small farms and some large plantations . Farms did well because the South enjoyed a warm climate and a long growing season . Many farms grew cash crops that were sold for . Tobacco , rice , and plant used to make blue the most important cash crops . The southern colonies cash crops required a great deal of work to grow and harvest . This meant a large workforce colonies . One former slave named recorded his experiences . Tortures , murder , and every other imaginable barbarity are practiced upon the poor slaves with impunity no punishment hope the will be abolished . from The Interesting Narrative of the Life , or , the African Most of the southern colonies passed slave codes , or laws to control slaves . Colonies with large numbers of slaves had the strictest slave codes . For example , South Carolina slaveholders feared that slaves would revolt . As a result , South Carolina code said slaves could not hold meetings or own weapons . Some colonies did not allow slaveholders to free their slaves . Summarizing What role did play in the southern plantation economy ?
was needed . By the enslaved Africans , How was it regulated ?
rather than indentured servants , had become the main source of labor . Slavery was a viciously brutal tion for many inhabitants of the southern SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you read about life in the southern . In the next section you will learn about the New England colonies . online Quiz Section Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People a . Describe How did John Smith improve tions in Jamestown ?
Explain What events led to a conflict between the Jamestown settlers and the ?
a . Recall Why were indentured servants in Virginia ?
Evaluate What do you think was the most ous problem faced by settlers in Virginia ?
Why ?
a . Identify Which colony was the first to promote religious tolerance ?
Analyze Why did more enslaved Africans live in South Carolina than did white settlers ?
Predict How might the colony of Georgia have been different if plan had succeeded ?
a . Recall What was the purpose of slave codes ?
Analyze Why were slaves in high demand in the southern colonies ?
Critical Thinking . Contrasting Using a chart like the one below , identify when and why each of the southern colonies was founded . Year Founded Reason for Establishment Colony . Gathering Some Ideas As you read this section , take notes on the early colonies of Virginia , land , the Carolinas , and Georgia . Be sure to note what advantages they offered to settlers and what difficulties settlers faced . Start to think about the people who would be most likely to settle in the southern colonies . THE ENGLISH COLONIES 41
The New England Colonies What You Will Learn If were You live in a town near London in the early 17005 . Some of your neighbors are starting new lives in the American colonies . You would like to go with them , but you can not afford the cost of the . The Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to avoid religious persecution . Religion and government trip . There is one way you can go , though . You can sign a paper were closely linked in the . New England colonies promising to work as a servant for five years . Then you would be The New England economy in a new country ! was based on trade and farming . Would you sign the paper and go to America ?
Education was important in the New England colonies . The Big Idea English colonists traveled to New England to gain religious freedom . BUILDING BACKGROUND England first successful colonial settlements were in Virginia . They were started mainly as business ventures . Other colonists in North America had many different reasons for homes . Many , like the Pilgrims and Puritans , cameto have freedom to practice their religious beliefs . Others , like the person KEV and above , simply wanted a new way of life . Puritans , 42 Pilgrims , 42 immigrants , 42 , Mayflower compact , Pilgrims and Puritans Squanto , Religious tensions in England remained high after the Protestant Wi , Reformation . A Protestant group called the Puritans wanted to Anne Hutchinson , 46 purify , or reform , the Anglican Church . The Puritans thought that bishops and priests had too much power over church members . Pilgrims on the Move The most extreme English Protestants wanted to separate from the Church of England . These Separatists formed their own churches and cut all ties with the Church of England . In response , Anglican leaders began to punish Separatists . The Pilgrims were one Separatist group that left England in the early to escape persecution . The Pilgrims moved to the Netherlands in 1608 . The Pilgrims were immigrants who have left the country of their birth to live in another country . The Pilgrims were glad to be able to practice their religion of the Magna Carta , the English Bill of freely . They were not happy , however , that their children were Rights , and the Mayflower Compact . 42 CHAPTER
ing the Dutch language and culture . The feared that their children would forget their English traditions . The Pilgrims decided to leave Europe altogether . They formed a company with some merchants and then received permission from England to settle in Virginia . On September 16 , 1620 , a ship called the left England with more than 100 men , women , and children aboard . Not all of these colonists were Pilgrims . However , grim leaders such as William Bradford sailed with the group . The Compact After two months of rough ocean travel , the Pilgrims sighted land far north of Virginia . The Pilgrims knew that they would thus be outside the authority of Virginia colonial government when they landed . Their charter would not apply . So , they decided to establish their own basic laws and social rules to govern the colony they would found . On November 21 , 1620 , 41 of the male passengers on the ship signed the Compact , a legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good . The Compact represents one of the first attempts at in the English colonies . In late 1620 the Pilgrims landed at outh Rock in Massachusetts . The colonists struggled through the winter to build the Plymouth settlement . Nearly half of the tired Pilgrims died during this winter from sickness and the freezing weather . Pilgrims and Native Americans In March 1621 a Native American named walked boldly into the colonists settlement . He spoke in broken English . had learned some English from the crews of English boats . He gave the Pilgrims useful about the peoples and places of the area . He also introduced them to a Indian named Squanto . Squanto had at one time lived in Europe and spoke English as well . Primary Source HISTORICAL DOCUMENT The Mayflower Compact In November 1620 , Pilgrim leaders aboard the Mayflower drafted the Mayflower Compact . This excerpt from the Mayflower Compact describes the principles of the Pilgrim government . We whose names are underwritten . having The Pilgrims undertaken , for the glory of God , and describe the ment of the Christian faith , and the honour of our King and country , a voyage to plant the a colony in first colony in the northern parts of Virginia , do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God , and one of another , covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends North America . aforesaid and by virtue hereof , to enact , The Pilgrim constitute , and frame such just and equal to obey laws that laws , ordinances , acts , constitutions , and . as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony ) unto which we promise all due . obedience . help the whole colony . aforesaid mentioned above virtue authority ordinances regulations meet fitting by these presents by this document covenant promise civil body politic group organized to govern ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES . Why do you think the colonists felt the need to establish a government for themselves ! How do you think the Mayflower Compact influenced later governments in America ?
From Squanto the Pilgrims learned to fertilize the soil with remains . Squanto also helped the Pilgrims establish relations with the local Indians . Conditions the Plymouth colony began to improve . The Pilgrims invited chief and 90 other guests to celebrate their harvest . This feast became known as the Thanksgiving . For the event , the Pilgrims killed wild turkeys . This event marked the survival of the Pilgrims in the new colony . THE ENGLISH COLONIES 43
44 CHAPTER Pilgrim Community Although the Pilgrims overcame many , their small settlement still struggled . Most Pilgrims became farmers , but the land around their settlement was poor . They had hoped to make money by trading furs and by . Unfortunately , at first ing and hunting conditions were not good in the area . Some colonists traded corn with American Indians for beaver furs . The made little money but were able to form a strong community . The colony began to grow stronger in the when new settlers arrived and after colonists began to gain more rights to farm their own land . The Pilgrims settlement was different from Virginia in that it had many families . The Pilgrims taught their children to read and offered some education to their indentured servants . Families served as centers of religious life , health care , and community . All family members worked together to survive during the early years of the colony . Women generally cooked , spun and wove wool , and sewed clothing . They also made soap and butter , carried water , dried fruit , and cared for livestock . Men spent most of their time repairing tools and working in the . They also chopped wood and built shelters . Women in the Colony In Plymouth , women had more legal rights than they did in England . In England women were not allowed to make contracts , to sue , or to own property . In America , Pilgrim women had the right to sign contracts and to bring some cases before local courts . Widows could also own property . From time to time , local courts the ways women helped the business community . Widow Naomi received a large share of her husband estate . The court called her a frugal thrifty and laborious hardworking Puritans Leave England During the England economy . Many people lost their jobs . The lish king , Charles I , made the situation worse by raising taxes . This unpopular act led to a political crisis . At the same time , the Church of England began to punish Puritans because they were dissenters , or people who disagree with opinions . King Charles refused to allow Puritans to criticize church actions . Great Migration These economic , political , and religious in England led to the Great Migration . Between 1629 and 1640 many thousands of English men , women , and children left England . More than of these people moved to English colonies in New England and the Caribbean . In 1629 , Charles granted a group of Puritans and merchants a charter to settle in New England . They formed the Massachusetts Bay Company . In 1630 a of ships carrying Puritan colonists left England for Massachusetts to seek religious freedom . They were led by John Winthrop . The Puritans believed that they had made a covenant , or promise , with God to build an ideal Christian community . A New Colony The Puritans arrived in New England well pared to start their colony . They brought large amounts of tools and livestock with them . Like the Pilgrims , the Puritans faced little resistance from local American Indians . Trade with the Plymouth colony helped them too . In tion , the region around Boston had a fairly healthful climate . Thus , few Puritans died from sickness . All of these things helped the Massachusetts Bay Colony do well . By 1691 , the Massachusetts Bay Colony had expanded to include the Pilgrims Plymouth Colony . Summarizing What role did religion play in the establishment of the Bay Colony ?
History Plymouth Colony Plymouth Colony was surrounded by stakes that formed a wall of protection . Outside the wall were colonists crop fields . Religion and Government in New England Massachusetts Bay Colony had to obey lish laws . However , its charter provided more independence than did the royal charter of Virginia . For example , it created a General Court to help run the Massachusetts colony . The Puritan colonists turned this court into a type of to represent the needs of the people . Each town sent two or three delegates to the Court . After John Winthrop served as the colony first governor , the General Court elected the Several years later , the second colony , was founded . Plymouth Bay The Pilgrims landed in a region of forests , streams , and rocky soil . ANALYSIS A SKILLS ANALYZING VISUALS In what ways were Plymouth Colony and the Indian village similar and different ?
governor and his assistants . In 1644 the eral Court became a , or , legislature . Politics and religion were closely linked Puritan New England . Government ers were also church members , and ministers often had a great deal of power in Puritan communities . Male church members were the only colonists who could vote . Colonists became full members in the church by ing what the Puritans called God elect , or chosen . Reaching this status was a process . Individuals had to pass a public test to prove that their faith was strong . THE ENGLISH COLONIES 45
BIOGRAPHY Anne Hutchinson In 1634 Anne Hutchinson emigrated with her family from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony . After tling in Boston . she worked as a nurse and midwife . She also hosted a study class that met in her home . Over time , Hutchinson began to question the teachings of the local ministers . Meanwhile , her popularity grew . After being banished from the colony , Hutchinson settled in Rhode Island and , later , Long Island . She died in an can lndian attack . Today we remember her as a symbol of the struggle for religious freedom . Drawing Conclusions Why do you think church leaders disliked Hutchinson ideas ?
Church and State Religion Affected Government church members . Ministers had great authority . Government Affected Religion xi outlawed certain religious views . punished dissenters . I 46 CHAPTER In 1636 minister Thomas Hooker and his followers left Massachusetts to help found Connecticut , another New England colony . In 1639 Hooker wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut . This set of made Connecticut government more democratic . For example , the Orders allowed men who were not church members to vote . As a result , some historians call Hooker the father of American democracy . The mental Orders of Connecticut also outlined the powers of the general courts . Not all Puritans shared the same religious Views . Minister Roger Williams did not agree with the leadership of Massachusetts . He called for his church to separate completely from the other New England congregations . Williams also criticized the General Court for taking land from American Indians without paying them . Puritan leaders worried that Williams ideas might hurt the unity of the colony . They made him leave Massachusetts . took his supporters to southern New England . They formed a new settlement called Providence . This settlement later developed into the colony of Rhode Island . In , Williams supported the separation of the church from the state . He also believed in religious tolerance for all members of the community . In Boston , an outspoken woman also angered Puritan church leaders . Anne Hutchinson publicly discussed religious ideas that some leaders thought were radical . For example , Hutchinson believed that relationship with God did not need guidance from ministers . Hutchinson views alarmed Puritans such as John Winthrop . Puritan leaders did not believe that women should be religious leaders . Puritan leaders put Hutchinson on trial for her ideas . The court decided to force her out of the colony . With a group of lowers , Hutchinson helped found the new
colony of Portsmouth , later a part of the ony of Rhode Island . Perhaps the worst community in New England involved the witchcraft als of the early . The largest number of trials were held in Salem , Massachusetts . In Salem a group of girls had accused people of casting spells on them . The community formed a special court to judge the craft cases . The court often pressured the witches to confess . Before the trials had ended , the Salem witch trials led to 19 people being put to death . Identifying Cause and Effect What led to religious disagreements among the Puritans , and what wasthe result ?
New England Economy Connecticut , Massachusetts , New shire , and Rhode Island were very different from the southern colonies because they emphasized manufacturing . The often harsh climate and rocky soil meant that few New England farms could grow cash crops . Most farming families grew crops and raised mals for their own use . There was thus little demand for farm laborers . Although some people held slaves , slavery did not become as important to this region . Merchants Trade was vital to New England economy . New England merchants traded goods locally , with other colonies , and overseas . Many of them traded local products such as furs , led beef , and pork . Many merchants grew in power and wealth , becoming leading bers of the New England colonies . Fishing Fishing became one of the region leading industries . The rich waters off New England coast served as home to many , ing cod , mackerel , and halibut . Merchants exported dried . Colonists also began hunting for whales that swam close to shore . Whales were captured with harpoons , or spears , and dragged to shore . Whaling valuable oil for lighting . Shipbuilding Shipbuilding became an important industry in New England for several reasons . The area had plenty of forests that provided als for shipbuilding . As in the New England seaports grew , more merchant ships were built . The ing industry also needed ships . New England shipyards made , valuable . Ship owners sometimes even told their captains to sell the ship along with the cargo when they reached their destination . Skilled Craftspeople The northern economy needed skilled people . Families often sent younger sons to leam skilled trades such as blacksmithing , weaving , shipbuilding , and printing . The young boys who learned skilled trades were known as apprentices . Apprentices lived with a master craftsman and leamed from him . In exchange , the boys performed simple tasks . Apprentices had to promise the craftsmen that they would work for them for a set number of years . They leamed trades that were essential to the of the colonies . Apprentices received food and often clothing from the craftsmen . Gabriel was an apprentice in mouth , Rhode Island . He received food and raiment ( clothing ) suitable for such an apprentice , as his 1663 contract stated . After a certain amount of time had passed , apprentices became journeymen . They usually traveled and leamed new skills in their trade . Eventually they would become a master of the trade themselves . categorizing of jobs were common in the New England colonies ?
TODAY Fishing remains an important industry in New England , earning hundreds of millions of dollars each year . THE ENGLISH COLONIES 41 rue IMPACT TODAY Education in the Colonies Education was important in colonial New England . Mothers and fathers wanted their children to be able to read the Bible . The Massachusetts Bay Colony passed some of the laws requiring parents to provide instruction for their children . Public Education To be sure that future generations would have educated ministers , communities established town schools . In 1647 the General Court of Massachusetts issued an order that a school be founded in every township of 50 families . Public schools remain the Schoolchildren often used the New ' land Primer , which had characters and stories . for most US . from the Bible . They learned to read at the children , Total same time that they learned about the 10 ' munity religious values . 50 The availability of varied in million students . the colonies . There were more schools in New England than in the other colonies where most children lived far from towns . These children had to be taught by their parents or by private tutors . Most colonial children stopped their education after the Section Assessment elementary grades . Many went to work , either on their family farm or away from home . Higher Education Higher education was also important to the colonists . In 1636 John Harvard and the General Court founded Harvard College . Harvard taught ministers and met the need for higher education . The second college founded in the colonies , William and Mary , was established in Virginia in 1693 . By 1700 about 70 percent of men and 45 percent of women in New England could read and write . These were much lower in Virginia , where Jamestown was the only major settlement . Analyzing why was education important to the New England colonies ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you learned about the role that religion played in the New England colonies . In the next section you learn about New York , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania . ram online KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Critical Thinking a . Recall Why did the Pilgrims and Puritans leave Europe for the Americas ?
Elaborate Do you think the Pilgrims could have survived without the assistance of Squanto and ?
Explain your answer . a . Describe What role did the church play in Massachusetts ?
Analyze Why did some colonists disagree with the leaders of Massachusetts ?
a . Identify Describe the economy in the New England colonies . Categorizing Copy the chart below and use it to identify the characteristics of the New England colonies . Role of Church Education Analyze Why do you think New England chants became leading members of society ?
a . Describe What steps did the Massachusetts Bay Colony take to promote education ?
Predict What are some possible benefits that New England emphasis on education might bring ?
48 CHAPTER . Comparing Colonies Take notes on the early New England colonies . Be sure to note what advantages they offered to settlers and what settlers faced . Put a star beside the colony or colonies you might use in your infomercial .