US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 19 The Spirit of Reform
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We of Ram California Standards Science Students analyze the transformation of the American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution . Analysis Skills HI Students understand and distinguish cause , effect , sequence , and correlation in historical events . Students distinguish fact from opinion in historical narratives . Arts Speaking Deliver persuasive presentations . Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . FOCUS ON SPEAKING Campaign Promises In this chapter you will read about the political corruption of the Gilded Age and the reform movements that followed . Then you will create and ent a list of campaign promises that you would make if you were a politician running for office in the United States in the late . Serious problems face the nation , and you must convince voters that you should be the one to tackle those problems . Gill Sums Ulysses Grant is elected president . 1865 The British ment labor unions . 602 CHAPTER 19
History Impact series Watch the video to understand the impact of immigration on the United States . I What You Learn In this chapter you will learn about how reform movements swept across the United States in the late and early . These movements had ' a variety of aims , from ending government . ruption to abolishing child labor . Ordinary citizens , like these women calling for their right to vote , participated in the movements . President William . The Nineteenth is McKinley is Amendment is ratified , assassinated by Charles , and Vice President . giving women the , a frustrated federal Theodore Roosevelt ' I right to vote . job seeker . becomes president . 1880 The British Brazil officially Titanic sinks after hitting an Mexico ends slavery . iceberg during its first voyage . adopts a new About passengers die . constitution . THE SPIRIT or REFORM 603
Reading Social Studies Economics Geography Religion ' Politics and Culture Focus on Themes In this chapter , you will improve other areas of example , the read about a time called the Gilded Age , which was working conditions that children and poor workers a time marked by corrupt politics . You will learn faced . Finally , you will read about several presidents about the people who worked to reform dishonest of the early who supported ideas and political practices , and see that they also worked to initiatives that promoted social reform . Historical Fact and Historical Fiction Focus on Reading When you read a book like The Summer of My I Int . I ! German Soldier or see a movie about the civil war , do you ever wonder Add a ' I ' support can be , I how much is fiction and how much is fact ?
found in the i , Separating Fact from Fiction Historical fiction gives readers a chance to meet real historical people and real historical events in the framework of a story . Some of what you read in historical fiction could be verified in an encyclopedia , but other parts existed only in the author mind until he or she put it on paper . As a good reader , you should know the difference between facts , which can be proved or verified , and fiction . Notice how one reader determined which details could be verified , or proved . That was a woman her pail by the hydrant you just bumped against . sinks are in the hallway , that all the ants may have all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches . Hear the pump squeak ! It is the lullaby of tenement house babes . In summer , when a thousand throats pant for a cooling drink in this block , it is worked in Vain . From How the Uther , by Jacob The woman her pail isnt a fact I can check . using her as an example of what women did . We could probably check city records to see whether the buildings really had sinks in the hallways . The writer is generalizing here . We probably can prove 1000 thirsty throats . We could out whether the city water pumps actually went dry in the summer . That . 604 CHAPTER 19
People Chapter 19 ELA Analysis Distinguish opinion in historical narrative and stories . ELA Analysis Distinguish verifiable from unverifiable information . Section The following passage is from a literature excerpt in the chapter ' machines ( I 505 William Marcy Tweed ( 607 ) you are about to read . Read the passage and then answer the Rutherford Hayes ( 607 questions James Garfield ( 507 ) Chester Arthur ( 607 ) Grover Cleveland ( 603 ) There was never the least attention paid to what was Benjamin Harrison ( 6013 cut up for sausage there would come back from Europe William McKinley ( 503 . 608 old sausage that had been , and that was mouldy Act and would be closed with borax and glycerine , and dumped into hoppers , and made over again for home em ) consumption . There would be meat that had tumbled out ( am ) on the , in the dirt and sawdust , where the workers ( had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption ( direct primary ( 613 ) germs . There would be meat stored in great in rooms seventeenth Amendment ( 613 ) and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it , and recall ( 613 ) thousands of rats would race about on it . 573 referendum ( 613 ) From The Jungle , by Upton Sinclair Robert Le Wisconsin Idea ( 614 ) Section After you read the passage , answer the questions below Kelley ) Triangle Shirtwaist Fire ( 618 ) Do you think the first one beginning with There Workers laws ( and ending with factual ?
Why ?
Where could you capitalism ( 619 ) look to verify your hunches or prove those facts ?
579 ) William Big Bill ( 619 ) Look at the last sentence . Do you think it is a fact that roofs ' la ' the 579 ) leaked on the meat that was stored in these rooms ?
How could Section Women Christian Temperance you prove or disprove that fact . Union ( 623 ) If there are details in historical fiction that you can not verify does ' 1623 ) National American Woman Suffrage that make the historical fiction weak ?
Why or why not ?
Association , 523 Alice Paul ( 624 ) National Woman Party ( 624 Nineteenth Amendment ( 624 ) Booker Washington ( 624 ) Ida . Wells ( 624 ) Du Bois ( 624 ) National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People ( 625 ) Section As you read Chapter 19 , ask yourself See 527 details could he used to create Academic Vocabulary an interesting historical fiction novel . motive ( 612 ) various ( 629 ) THE SPIRIT or REFORM 605
SECTION What You Infill Learn Main Ideas . Political corruption was mon during the Gilded Age . Presidents during the Gilded Age confronted the issue of corruption . In an clean up political corruption , limits were put on the spoils system . The Big Idea Politics during the Gilded Age was plagued by corruption . Key Terms and People political machines , 606 William Marcy Tweed , 607 Rutherford Hayes , 607 James Garfield , 607 Chester Arthur , 607 Grover Cleveland , 60 ! Benjamin Harrison , 608 William McKinley , 608 spoils system , 608 Civil Service Act , 608 ! IE location and effects of urbanization , renewed immigration , and industrialization ( the effects on social fabric of cities , wealth and economic nity , the conservation movement ) 606 CHAPTER 19 The Gilded Age If YOU were there You live in a neighborhood in the 18905 . You and your brother are both looking . You know that the man down the street is the ward boss ! He can always get city jobs for his friends and neighbors . You are a hard worker and will do a good job if you get a chance . You will have to promise the boss your vote , but you might have chosen his candidate anyway . Would you ask the ward boss for a job ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The late were a time of contrasts in American life . Great wealth made in business existed alongside poverty and tenement life . In politics , money led to corruption and dishonesty . The period became known as the Gilded Age . The name came from a novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley ridiculed political life . Political Corruption The last quarter of the nineteenth century in America is often called the Gilded Age . The authors Mark Twain and Charles Dudley coined this term for the era . The term highlights the inequality between wealthy business owners , who had from the Industrial Revolution , and workers , who often worked under terrible conditions for little pay . This condition occurred largely because of the economic policies of the federal government , which were based on the theory that the economy works best with as few regulations as possible . Many people began to believe that the government should help fix the inequality . The lISt step was to get rid of corruption in politics . Political Machines In the late 18005 City and county politics were strongly by political machines organizations that used both legal and illegal methods to get their candidates elected to public . For example , members of political machines at times stuffed ballot boxes with votes for their candidates . Political machines sometimes paid people for their Votes or bribed Vote counters . Through such actions , a political party could control local government . Machines were run by leaders called bosses . The machines boss frequently traded favors for Votes . In exchange for votes , the
boss might offer city jobs or allow an illegal business to operate . The bosses drew much of their support from immigrants . One Boston politician explained the role of the machine boss . There got to be . somebody that any bloke man can come to . and get New York City political machine , many Hall , was one of the most notorious . After winning city elections in 1888 , members of Tammany Hall rewarded their supporters with about jobs . As boss of Tammany Hall , William Marcy Tweed may have stolen up to 200 million from the city . Corruption in Washington Corruption was also common in the eral government at this time . Many people Viewed the administration of Republican Ulysses was elected in 1868 and in corrupt . During Grant second term , federal officials were jailed for taking bribes from whiskey distillers in exchange for allowing the whiskey makers to avoid paying taxes . This scandal and ers caused many Americans to question the honesty of national leaders . Finding Main Ideas How was political corruption a local and national problem during the Gilded Age ?
Political Machines Individuals promised to vote for machine candidates . Presidents Confront Corruption During the 1876 presidential campaign , called for government reform . Their candidate , Samuel . had reformed his own party . promised to furl an honest administration in Washington , The Republican Party chose Civil War hero Rutherford Hayes , who was known for his honesty . Hayes was also a reformer who promised thorough , radical , and changes in the government . In the disputed election that followed , a special electoral committee chose Hayes over by a narrow margin . Republicans won another close victory in 1880 , when their candidates , reformer James and his vice president , Chester Arthur , were elected . On July , 1881 , Charles , an angry and mentally unstable federal job seeker , confronted President at a ton railroad station . He shouted , Arthur is President now , and then shot twice . The president died from his wounds in September , and Vice President Arthur became president . In the 1884 election , Republicans James Blaine . Many Republican In exchange , the machine gave individuals government jobs . ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS How did political machines get people to vote for their candidates ?
THE SPIRIT or REFORM 601 Gilded Age Presidents THE IMPACT TODAY Tests are still required for many federal positions , including positions , air traffic control , and law enforcement . Rutherford Hayes Republican In office James Republican In office 1881 reformers associated Blaine with tion . They left their party and backed the Democratic nominee , Grover Cleveland . Unlike Blaine , Cleveland was known for his honesty . After a campaign full of sonal attacks , voters elected Cleveland as president . Cleveland involved himself in all the details of the presidency . He worked hard to hire and ment workers based on merit , not party loyalty . Four years later , in 1888 , Cleveland lost the election . The new president , Republican Benjamin Harrison , helped to control tion and to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act , which regulated monopolies . In 1892 , having won both the lar and the electoral vote , Cleveland beat Harrison . In 1896 the next president , candidate William McKinley , worked well enough with Congress to be in 1900 . McKinley avoided scandals and helped win back public trust in the government . Sequencing List the presidents between 1876 and 1900 in chronological order and state in office . 608 CHAPTER 19 Chester Arthur Republican In Efforts to Clean Up Political Corruption Reacting to the corruption of the Gilded Age , many Americans called for changes in the civil service , or government jobs . They disliked the spoils system , the practice of giving jobs to supporters after a candidate wins an tion . President Thomas Jefferson was the to reward supporters with jobs . Subsequently , each time a new party took power , it replaced many current government . Most new employees were and untrained . By 1829 about 20 percent of were being replaced after presidential elections . By the late government corruption was so widespread that reformers demanded that only people be given ment jobs . In response , President Hayes made minor reforms , such as a powerful member of the New York Republican political machine . President also attempted reforms before he was assassinated . Finally , President Chester Arthur backed the Civil Service Act . This law , passed in 1883 , set up a merit system for awarding federal jobs . Under the
Grover Cleveland Democrat Republican In , In office Benjamin Harrison William McKinley Republican In office Act , more than 10 percent of government job applicants had to pass an exam before they SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Presidents and could be hired . It was a start to reforming the Worked to end Corruption in whole government . government . In the next section you will read about how progressive reformers Analyzing Information worked to improve the problems plaguing What factors led to civil service reform ?
other parts of society , Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em Critical Thinking a . Recall What was the main goal of political . Categorizing Copy the graphic organizer below machines during the Gilded Age ?
onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to identify . Elaborate Why do you think corruption became examples of government corruption that existed so widespread during the Gilded Age ?
during the Gilded Age . a . Identify Who were James Garfield and Chester Arthur ?
Draw Conclusions Why did Rutherford Hayes appeal to voters in the election of 1876 ?
Evaluate Do you think that presidents during the Gilded Age effectively dealt with government corruption ?
Explain your answer . Focus on SPEAKING , a , Identify what was the civil . Addressing Political Corruption How would you Service Act ?
address the problem of political corruption during , Predict Do you think the system of testing the Gilded Age ?
Jot down notes about campaign created by the Civil Service Act would promises you might make to convince people work to reduce corruption in the spoils system ?
that you could handle the widespread political why or why not ?
corruption of the day . THE SPIRIT or REFORM 609 SECTION What You Will Learn . Progressives pushed for urban and social reforms to improve the quality of life . Progressive reformers expanded the voting power of citizens and introduced reforms in local and state governments . The Big Idea From the late through the early , the progressive movement addressed problems that faced American society . Key Terms and People progressives , 610 muckrakers , 610 John Dewey , 612 Joseph , 612 direct primary , 613 Seventeenth Amendment , 613 recall , 613 initiative , 613 referendum , 613 Robert La , 614 Wisconsin Idea , 614 El ! IE location and effects of urbanization , renewed immigration , and industrialization ( the effects on social fabric of cities , wealth and economic nity , the conservation movement ) CHAPTER 19 The Progressive Movement If YOU were there You are a young journalist in Chicago in 1900 . You work for a magazine whose editor believes strongly in social reform . He asks you for suggestions for an article about urban problems . lived in the city all your life and know that there are many schools , dishonest politicians , terrible working conditions , bad housing . You have to choose where to begin . Which social problem would you write about ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The Gilded Age suffered corruption at all levels of government . Great inequalities existed between wealthy business owners and most of the labor force . Cities had severe problems , too . In reaction to these conditions , a social reform movement began that tried to improve many areas of can life . Progressives Push for Reforms Progressives were a group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial and urban growth of the late . These reformers fought problems such as crime , disease , and poverty by trying to eliminate their causes . Most progressives were part of the growing middle class . They fought for reforms ranging from tion programs in poor neighborhoods to better working conditions . Some journalists urged progressives to action by writing about corruption in business and politics . These journalists were soon nicknamed muckrakers because they raked up and exposed the muck , or , of society . Muckrakers wrote about troubling issues like child labor , racial discrimination , slum housing , and corruption in business . Lincoln exposed scandals in city politics through articles in McClure Magazine . Another muckraker , Ida , wrote a series of articles describing the unfair business practices of Standard Oil Company . Their articles angered many politicians and business leaders but helped to unite progressives .
Muckrakers voters , causing them to question corrupt practices and to pressure politicians to call for reforms . A major goal for progressive reformers was to help the urban poor . Many immigrants and Americans had moved to US . cities looking for work . They often lived in crowded tenement buildings . As a result , thousands of families lived in unclean and unsafe conditions . Lawrence was a progressive . Unsafe ing reformer who described the effects of ' Buildings tenement living on children and society . I A child living its early years in dark rooms , without sunlight or fresh air , does not grow up to be a normal , healthy person It is not of such material that strong nations are , quoted in Readings in American History , City Planning No Running Progressives addressed these problems in unsanitary eral ways . helped to get the 1901 New conditions York State Tenement House Act passed . This law required new buildings to have better and running water . The act became a model for housing in other states . Other progressives started settlement houses similar Addams Hull House in Chicago , usually located in poor areas where immigrants lived . They tried to improve cation , housing , and sanitation . The movement for urban led to new professions , such as city planning and civil engineering . City planners worked with local leaders to control urban growth . They passed zoning laws and safer building codes ' and opened new public parks . Civil engineers improved city transportation by paving streets and building bridges . Sanitation engineers tried to solve problems concerning pollution , waste disposal , and impure water supplies . Death rates dropped a great deal in areas where planners and engineers addressed urban leadership , structures , and services . Gradually , progressive improvements gave American cities what impact the conditions shown some of the best public services the world . above have on people health ?
611 it ?
Primary Source PHOTOGRAPH The Other Half In 1890 Jacob published How the Other Half Lives . The book was a collection of photographs of residents of New York City ment buildings , including families and immigrants . The conditions of life that were shown in the graphs shocked many wealthier Americans . The photograph to the right was taken by . rue IMPACT TODAY This family of seven lived in this one room Furniture was placed wherever there was room . Social Reforms Progressive leaders also worked to reform education . Many more children began going to school in the late . States passed laws requiring children to attend school . Reformers pushed for new public high students must . I schools to provide courses in citizenship , health , and job training . Progressives also started kindergarten programs to help poor severa a es , have city children . In 1873 Susan Blow opened the first American public . garten in Louis , Missouri . Kindergartens taught basic social skills to children between the ages of three and seven . By 1898 more than kindergartens had opened in the United States . John Dewey was an important and a key supporter of early childhood education . His motive was to help children i em learn skills , not just for doing , thing facts . This , he thought , would help them in everyday life . Dewey teaching methods 612 CHAPTER 19 Air and light were often cut off by the surrounding ANALYSIS ANALYZING PRIMARY How might this photograph encourage people to become reformers ?
became a model for progressive education across the country . Progressives also tried to improve the cation of medical professionals . In the late the United States lacked and professionally organized doctors . Researchers knew the causes of diseases such as malaria , pneumonia , yellow fever , and tuberculosis . However , there were few medical tions that could help spread this knowledge . Under the leadership of Joseph , the American Medical tion ( AMA ) was reorganized in 1901 to bring together local medical organizations . The AMA also supported laws designed to public health . This group showed how progressives could unite professionals to help improve society . Other professional tions followed . I Finding Main Ideas What urban and social reforms did progressives favor ?
pU ) MEN yo lug at ya Expansion of Voting Power Some progressives worked to change state and local governments in order to reduce the power of political machines . In many locations , reformers ended the use of lots designed by political parties to list only one party candidates . They replaced these corrupt ballots with ballots listing all candidates . Under pressure from reformers , many states adopted secret ballots , giving every voter a private vote . also hoped to expand voting power . For example , reformers favored the direct primary . The direct primary allows voters to choose candidates for public office directly Previously , party leaders had selected dates . Progressives also favored the Seventeenth Amendment , which allowed Americans to vote directly for senators . Before the amendment passed in 1913 , state had elected senators . Other reform measures allowed voters to take action against corrupt politicians . For example , some states and cities gave unhappy voters the right to sign a petition asking for a special vote . The purpose of that vote was to recall , or remove , an official before the end of his or her term . If enough voters signed the petition , the vote took place . The could then be removed from if there was a majority of recall votes . In California , Oregon and the Midwest , progressives worked on reforms to give ers direct over new laws . A dure called the initiative allowed voters to propose a new law by collecting signatures on a petition . If enough signatures could be gathered , the proposed law was voted on at the next election . Another procedure , called the referendum , permitted voters to approve or reject a law that had already been proposed or passed by government . This process gave voters a chance to overrule laws they opposed . Government Reforms In addition to working for greater voter , progressives attempted to change the way city governments operated . Business TODAY In 2003 California voters recalled Governor Gray Davis . Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected to replace Davis as governor . Angels of Mercy In the late , settlement houses set up visiting nurses programs . Trained nurses visited tenement houses to care for the sick , children . The nurses also taught tenement dwellers about the importance of sanitation in ing the spread of disease . These compassionate women pioneered the idea of public health as we know it today . Why would someone want to work as a visiting nurse ?
THE SPIRIT or REFORM 613 State governments faced some of the same problems that cities experienced . local were often part of statewide political machines . In Wisconsin , Republican Robert La challenged the power of the party bosses . La favored the direct primary , new state commissions made up of specialists in reform issues , and tax reform . He also wanted to use professionals to address social problems . La won the race in 1900 . He soon began a program of . Expanding Democracy Voters choose candidates . Voters can remove an official from office . Voters can propose laws by petition . Voters can overrule a law . Amendment Senators are elected directly by voters . leaders and other professionals led reforms to make local governments more and responsive to citizens needs . Some reformers wanted governments to be run like a business . Several cities changed to governments . Under this system , voters elect a city council . The council Called the Wisconsin Idea , the program aimed to decrease the power of political machines and to make state government more professional . This idea became a model for progressive in other states . then appoints a professional manager to 11111 the city . Other reformers supported the commission form of ment , which is headed by a group of elected . Each manages a major city agency , such as housing , sanitation , or . The and sion of government were most popular in small to cities . These cities had fewer problems than large cities did . Evaluating How did work to change voting procedures and city and state governments ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Progressives worked to reform city life and ment . In the next section you will learn about reforms in working conditions . am online Section Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Critical Thinking a . Identify Who were muckrakers , and what effect did they have on reform ?
Explain According to progressives , what was the cause of poor conditions in cities ?
Evaluate Which urban or social reform do you think was most important ?
Why ?
a . Describe What new ideas and practices were introduced to give voters more power ?
Draw Conclusions How did progressive reforms limit the power of political machines ?
Elaborate Why do you think Robert La Wisconsin Idea was popular with voters ?
614 CHAPTER 19 . Categorizing Copy the chart below . Use it to categorize the various progressive reforms that improved society , politics , and cities . Progressive Reforms Police . Addressing Social Rapid industrial and urban growth during the late caused serious social problems such as poverty and disease . How would you address such problems ?
What campaign promises would you make to assure voters that you could make the necessary reforms ?
Reforming the Workplace If YOU were there You have been working in a hat factory since 1900 , when you were eight years old . Now you are experienced enough to run one of the sewing machines . You do earn as much as older workers , but your family needs every penny you bring home . Still , the long hours make you very tired . One day you hear that people are trying to stop children from doing factory work . How would you feel about this social reform ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Urged on by muckraking journalists and public support , progressive reformers worked in many areas . One the workplace . Since the Second Industrial Revolution , more and more children and adults were working long hours in terrible conditions . Improving Conditions for Children Progressives and other reformers began to focus their attention on working children . Low wages for unskilled workers in the late meant that many more children had to work to help port their families . Young children did much of the factory work in the late 1800 . SECTION What You Will Learn . Reformers attempted to improve conditions for child laborers . Unions and reformers took steps to improve safety in the workplace and working hours . The Big Idea In the early progressives and reformers focused on improving conditions for American workers . Key Terms and People Florence Kelley , 616 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire , 618 workers compensation laws , 618 capitalism , 619 socialism , 619 William Big Bill , 619 Industrial Workers of the World , 619 Discuss child labor , working conditions , and policies toward big business and examine the labor movement , ing its leaders ( Samuel ) its demand for collective bargaining , and its strikes and protests over labor conditions . THE SPIRIT or REFORM 615
Children at Work Children sold newspapers or shined shoes on the streets . Girls often cooked and cleaned for boarders staying with their families . Girls also worked at home with their mothers , sewing clothes or making . Many children also worked outside the home in industry . In 1900 more than million children age 15 and under worked in mines , mills , and factories . Businesses did not have to pay unskilled children high wages . One wealthy reformer , Marie Van , posed as a poor woman to investigate child labor conditions . She saw children as young as seven years old working in a South lina textile mill . Some girls received as little as 40 cents per day for their work . Van described working with one young child Through the looms I catch sight of my lord little is seven so small that they have a box for her to stand on I can see only her as they clutch at the Van quoted in A History of Women in America , edited by Carol This other children like provided cheap labor for manufacturers and brought home only small amounts of money to help their families to survive . Calls for Reform Reporters published accounts of working for child laborers . Progressives and others then began to call for new reforms . Florence Kelley , who was involved in cago Hull House , led the progressive against child labor . She traveled throughout the United States lobbying for labor laws to protect women and children . She served as a board member of the National major lobbying group for women and childrens labor later founded the National Child Labor to work for laws against child labor . During the early , reformers finally succeeded in getting laws passed to ease the conditions of child labor . Their strategy was to CHAPTER 19 History Working Conditions in Factories In the early photographer Lewis Hine began to document the hardships endured by child laborers . Hine took this photograph and hundreds more like it . He labeled this one A typical glass works boy , night shift Said he was years old . I Indiana , Such photographs , which company owners did not want the public to see , helped lead to the passage of child labor laws , which improved conditions for workers like this boy and those in the glass works factory illustration at right . investigate , educate , legislate , and In 1912 the state of Massachusetts passed the first minimum wage law , and a commission was created to establish rates for child workers . In 1916 and 1919 Congress passed eral child labor laws . The laws banned labor products from interstate commerce . The Supreme Court , however , ruled that the laws were unconstitutional . It argued that the laws went beyond the purpose for federal regulation of interstate commerce . Finding Main Ideas How did reformers try to improve child labor conditions ?
Hot air from the glass ovens into the working space . Adult workers supervised child workers . Workers wore no protection against the fires and machinery . Temperatures in the ovens used to make glass were over Fahrenheit . Bending and often ieft young workers tired and sore after their long days work . i you tell about the life and work of these boys ! 77 '
Primary Source TRIAL TRAN SCRIPT Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Ethel was one of the teenaged factory workers who survived the at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company . In the trial that followed the disaster , she described her experience in the fire . Io dam ID , ro Place them ID I , to . ID I , to I , ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES How does Ethel describe her escape ?
Focus on , READING Safety and Working Hours Read the excerpt , from the trial Child labor reform was only part of the transcript on this effort to help American workers . Many ' progressives also favored laws to ensure person I of an ers sa ety , a ons wor ours , considered and other protections of workers rights . historical fact ?
618 CHAPTER 19 Workplace Safety Tragic accidents in workplaces led reformers to call for laws protecting workers from unsafe conditions . In 1900 some ple were killed in industrial accidents . About suffered injuries . In 1911 a shocking accident took place at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company , a ing factory that employed mostly grant women in New York City . As about 500 workers , mostly women and girls , pared to leave the clothing factory one day , a broke out . The workers tried to escape through exit doors but found them locked . Owners had locked the factory doors to reduce theft of materials . By the time brought the under control , 146 workers had died . At a memorial service for the victims , union leader Rose man called for action . It is up to the ing people to save The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and similar accidents led to laws that improved factory safety standards . Labor leaders and reformers also fought for workers compensation laws , which would guarantee a portion of lost wages to workers injured on the job . In 1902 land became the of many states to pass a workers compensation law . However , place laws were not always strictly enforced . Working conditions therefore remained poor in many places . The Courts and Labor Some business leaders opposed workplace regulations . They believed that the economy should operate without any government . State and federal courts began using the Fourteenth Amendment to support these views . The courts argued that this amendment protected businesses against laws that took their property without due process of law . In 1897 the state of New York passed a law that limited bakers to a workday . But a bakery owner named Joseph the law . He claimed that it interfered
with his right to run his business . The case eventually went to the Supreme Court in 1905 . In New York the Court ruled that states could not restrict the rights of employers and workers to enter into any type of labor agreement . The New York law was declared unconstitutional . The Supreme Court did uphold some limits on working hours for women and dren . In the 1908 Muller Oregon case , the Court upheld laws restricting women work hours . The justices stated that a woman health is of public concern . Muller Oregon was the case that progressives had won using arguments based on economic , and social evidence . Such victories encouraged progressives and labor leaders to attempt more reforms . Labor Organizations Labor unions also tried to improve working conditions . Union membership rose from more than in 1900 to about lion in 1920 . Led by Samuel , the American Federation of Labor ( remained one of the labor unions . The focused on better working conditions and pay for skilled workers . supported capitalism , an economic system in which Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em private businesses run most industries , and competition determines how much goods cost . Some union members , however , ported system in which the government owns and operates a country means of production . Socialists hoped that the government would protect workers . In 1905 a group of socialists and union leaders founded a union that welcomed immigrants , women , African Americans , and others not welcome in the . Led by William Big Bill , this socialist union was called the Industrial Workers of the World ( and wanted to organize all workers into one large union that would overthrow capitalism . Staging strikes across the country , the frightened business leaders and many other Americans . Strong opposition weakened the , and by 1920 the union had almost disappeared . Analyzing How did reforms change the workplace ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Reformers ried about working conditions in factories . In the next section you will learn about how women and minorities struggled for their rights . a . Recall What jobs did child laborers often hold ?
Explain Why did businesses employ children in factories ?
Elaborate Why do you think reformers began to demand improvements to child labor conditions ?
a . Identify What events led to the movement to improve workplace safety ?
Make Why did the Industrial Workers of the World union frighten some people ?
Predict What conflicts might arise between supporters of capitalism and socialism ?
Critical Thinking . Analyzing Copy the graphic organizer shown at right . Use it to describe how progressives tried to online Quiz KEYWORD reform child labor , women labor , and workplace conditions . Child Labor Labor Reform Women Labor General Working Conditions . Addressing Problems in the Workplace How would you address problems in the workplace ?
Make notes on campaign promises you might make to assure voters that you would address issues of child labor and workplace safety . THE SPIRIT or REFORM 619 Literature in History WORD HELP cuffs punches utter complete close stuffy sole only access right to use stenches bad smells in vain galling causing pain irritating letters chains heaves rises and falls The writer wants you to imagine that he is taking you on a tour of the building . Why do you think he chooses this way to describe the place ?
Find one detail that peals to each sense sight , sound , smell , taste , and touch . How would you sum up , in one sentence , the place that ?
Reading Analyze a work of literature , showing how it reflects the heritage , traditions , attitudes , and beliefs of its author . 620 CHAPTER 19 Reform Literature from How the Other Half Lives by ( About the Reading How the Other Half Lives describes the overcrowded houses where immigrants lived in New York City . Its author , was a newspaper reporter . His book made Americans aware of the extremes of poverty suffered by working people . believed that every human being deserved a decent , safe place to live . How the Other Half Lives led to reforms and new laws that improved housing conditions . Look for details that help you see , hear , and smell Cherry Street . Cherry Street . Be a little careful , please ! The hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies back there . Not that it would hurt them kicks and cuffs are their daily diet . They have little else . Here where the hall turns and dives into utter darkness is a step , and another , another . A of stairs . You can feel your way , if you can not see it . Close ?
Yes ! What would you have ?
All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall door that is ever slamming , and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free . That was a woman filling her pail by the hydrant you just bumped against . The sinks are in the hallway , that all the tenants may have all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches . Hear the pump squeak ! It is the lullaby of tenement house babes . In mer , when a thousand thirsty throats pant for a cooling drink in this block , it is worked in vain . The sea of a mighty population , held in galling fetters , heaves uneasily in the tenements . If it rise once more , no human power may avail to check it . The gap between the classes in which it surges , unseen , unsuspected by the thoughtless , is widening day by day . I know of but one bridge that will carry us over safe , a bridge founded upon justice and built of human hearts .
from by Upton Sinclair ( About the Reading The Jungle focused the nation attention on grant workers in the meatpacking industry . Upton Sinclair novel showed bosses forcing human beings to live and work like jungle animals . He also described , in shocking detail , how meat was handled . Sinclair published his book in 1906 . Later that same year , the government passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act . Many Americans even gave up eating meat for a while . Look for details that create one effect . There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sage there would come back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected , and that was mouldy and would be dosed with borax and glycerine , and dumped into hoppers , and made over again for home consumption . There would be meat that had tumbled out on the , in the dirt and sawdust , where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs . There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it , and thousands of rats would race about on it . It was too dark in these storage places to see well , but a man would run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats . These rats were nuisances , and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them and they would die , and then rats , bread , and meat would go into the hoppers together . There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner , and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage . CONNECTING LITERATURE HISTORY . Identify Cause and Effect Jacob and Upton Sinclair were both muckraking journalists . Why do you think so much muck existed in the tenements and in the meatpacking business ?
Why had people ignored those terrible conditions for so long ?
everyone . Identify Cause and Effect Both and Sinclair believed that improving conditions for immigrants would benefit all of society . Explain how one specific change in the WORD HELP borax white powder used in manufacturing and cleaning glycerine sweet , sticky liquid hoppers containers consumption eating tuberculosis , a lung disease that was fatal at that time ladled added with a large spoon What overall effect or mood does Sinclair create ?
Based on the details in this passage , what were the packers most concerned about ?
Why do you think rats were considered nuisances ?
Find details that re veal how one improvement in working conditions might have resulted in healthier sausage . tenements might have a favorable effect on everyone . Then explain how one specific change in meat handling might affect . Compare and Contrast Both How the Other Half Lives and The Jungle inspired progressives to work for reform . Which work do you think had the greater effect on its readers ?
Use details from each passage to explain your answer .
SECTION What You Will Learn . Female progressives fought for temperance and the right to vote . African American reformers challenged discrimination and called for equality . Progressive reform did not benefit all minorities . The Big Idea The progressive movement made advances for the rights of women and some other minorities . Key Terms and People Woman Christian Temperance Union , 623 Eighteenth Amendment , 623 National American Woman Suffrage Association , 623 Alice Paul , 624 National Woman Party , 624 Nineteenth Amendment , 624 Booker Washington , 624 Ida . Wells , 624 . Du Bois , 624 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , 625 ! IE location and effects of urbanization , renewed immigration , and industrialization ( the effects on social fabric of cities , wealth and economic nity , the conservation movement ) 622 CHAPTER 19 The Rights of Women and Minorities If YOU were there You are a member of the graduating class of 1912 from an lent women college . You have always been interested in science , especially biology You would like to be a doctor , but you know that medical schools accept very few women . The easiest career path for you is to go into teaching or perhaps social work . Yet it not really what you want to do . How would you want to use your education ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The progressives had a wide variety of goals . Besides attacking social problems such as child labor , they tried to reform government and make it more democratic . Changes in women education affected the movement , as women became leaders in working for reforms . Women Fight for Temperance and Voting Rights New educational opportunities drew more women into the movement . In the late women began attending leges like Smith and Vassar in record numbers . In 1870 only about 20 percent of college students were women . By 1910 that number had doubled . The goal of female students was to develop as fully as may be the powers of womanhood , said Sophia Smith , founder of Smith College . Many female graduates entered such as social work and teaching . They found it much harder to enter professions such as law and medicine , which were dominated by men . Denied access to such professions , women played a major role in reform ments . Women clubs campaigned for dozens of causes , including temperance , women suffrage , child welfare , and political reform .
Two causes that women reform groups took up were temperance , or avoidance of alcohol , and women right to vote . Since the 18405 temperance reformers had blamed alcohol for society problems . By the more than saloons had been forced to shut down by these reformers . One radical temperance was Carry Nation . In the 18905 Nation became famous for storming into saloons th a hatchet , smashing bottles . In 1874 reformers from many different backgrounds formed the Woman Christian Temperance Union ( which fought for adoption of local and state laws ing the sale of alcohol . Under the leadership of Frances Willard , the organization started branches . In 1919 temperance efforts to the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment , banning the production , sale , and transportation of alcoholic beverages throughout the United States . Women reformers also fought for the right to vote , or suffrage . Many people , however , opposed giving women the vote . Political bosses worried about the corruption efforts of women . Some worried that women voters would support child labor laws and mum wage laws . Some people believed that women should only be makers and mothers and not politically active citizens . Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan Anthony founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( in 1890 to get women the vote . That same year , women gained the right to vote in ming . Colorado , Idaho , and Utah followed in the . Carrie Chapman had fought for women suffrage in the West . After becoming president of the in 1900 , she mobilized more than million volunteers for the movement . She argued that women should have a voice in creating laws that affected them . In the late women held the right to vote in eral western states , including Wyoming . Many people , such as these women testing in New York City , believed that women suffrage should be universal . I I ' Will ?
However , some women believed that the did not go far enough . In 1913 Alice Paul founded what would become the National Woman Party ( The was a powerful and controversial tive to the that used parades and public demonstrations , picketing , hunger strikes , and other means of protest to draw attention to the suffrage cause . Paul and other leaders were even jailed for their actions . succeeded in gaining the vote . The Nineteenth Amendment was declared by the Congress in 1920 and gave American women the right to vote . Analyzing did reformers use to draw attention to the temperance and women suffrage movements ?
Primary Source POINTS OF VIEW Fighting Discrimination Booker I Washington and . Du Bois had very different views on Americans should handle discrimination . African Americans Challenge Discrimination White reformers often overlooked issues such as racial discrimination and tion . Some African American leaders such as Booker Washington did not . Born into slavery , Washington became a respected educator while in his twenties . He aged African Americans to improve their educational and economic rather than discrimination . Other African Americans , such as journalist Ida . Wells , spoke out against discrimination . In her Memphis newspaper called Free Speech , she drew attention to the lynching of African American men . Because of death threats , she was forced to move to the North , where she continued campaigning for change . Du Bois also took a direct approach to racial injustice . Born in Massachusetts , Du Bois was a college Is it possible , and probable , that nine millions of men can make effective progress in economic lines if they are deprived of political rights , made a servile caste , and allowed only the most meager chance for developing their exceptional men ?
If history and reason give any distinct answer to these questions , it is an emphatic No . lower social rank . Du Bois Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands , and fail to keep in mind that we shall prosper in proportion as we learn to dignity and glorify common labour and put brains and skill into the common occupations of life It is at the bottom of life we must ' ANALYZING POINTS OF VIEW begin , and not at the top . SKILL . Finding Main Ideas What is the primary Booker difference between the views of Washington and Du Bois ?
624 CHAPTER 19 graduate who earned a doctorate from University . He publicized cases of racial prejudice . In 1909 Du Bois and other reformers founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) an organization that called for economic and educational equality for African Americans . The NAACP attacked discrimination by using the courts . In 1915 it won the important case of United States , which outlawed grandfather clauses . These were used in the South to keep African Americans from voting . Those clauses imposed on African American voters unless the voters grandfathers had been allowed to vote . Another important organization , the National Urban League , was formed in 1911 . This organization aided many African moving from the South by helping them to find jobs and housing . Contrasting What was the purpose of the NAACP ?
Unfortunately , progressive did not help everyone . immigrants received much less attention than their European counterparts . Immigrants from Mexico , who faced some of the worst ing conditions , were largely ignored . Many Mexican immigrants , like these migrant farm workers living in California , worked from sunup to sundown for little pay . Progressive reforms did nothing to improve their situation . Why do you think progressive Progressive Reform Failures The progressive movement left behind members of other minority groups . In the the Native American population in the United States had declined to fewer than , its lowest point ever . To deal with poverty among Native Americans , the ety of American Indians was started in 1911 . Society members wanted Native Americans to adopt the ways of white society . They believed this might end widespread poverty . Many Native Americans , however , wanted to preserve their traditional culture . Despite their poverty , by 1912 some Cherokee had refused to accept nonreservation lands granted to them . Eventually , new laws let Native Americans stay on reservations . Some immigrant groups were also ignored by white progressives . For example , many Chinese immigrants who came to the United States for gold mining and railroad jobs had hard lives . With the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , immigration reforms did not help all groups ?
TODAY NAACP has around adult branches and branches people . THE SPIRIT or REFORM 625 Chinese Americans built strong communities in the face of discrimination and violence . Here , Chinese children study in an American classroom . slowed . The law prohibited Chinese people from immigrating to the United States for 10 years . Congress later extended the ban , attempting to make immigration from China permanently illegal . Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em a . Identify What did the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Amendments accomplish ?
Summarize How did Alice Paul and the National Woman Party try to draw attention to the issue of women suffrage ?
a . Identify What role did Ida . Wells play in reform efforts for African Americans ?
Contrast How did Booker Washington differ from other African American leaders ?
Evaluate Do you think the National tion for the Advancement of Colored People was successful in fighting discrimination ?
Explain . a . Describe What discrimination did Chinese on Chinese immigrants also faced Chinese riots in several western states and during the late 18005 . For protection , many Chinese Americans formed their own communities in cities such as San Francisco . While Chinese immigration dropped , Mexican immigration rose . During this time , immigrants could move fairly easily across the US . borders with both Mexico and Canada . Most Mexican grants moved to areas that had once been part of Mexico . Mexican immigrants became a key part of the southwestern and western economies . Summarizing Whatwere the limitations of progressive reforms ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Citizens worked for progressive reforms . In the next section you will read about the progressive dents and their goals . rum Online Quiz KEYWORD temperance movement , the women suffrage movement , and by African Americans . Temperance Movement Progressive Reforms Suffrage African Americans FOCUS ON SPEAKING . Addressing the Rights of Women and Minorities Americans face ?
Summarize How were some minority groups overlooked by the progressive movement ?
Critical Thinking . Analyzing Copy the diagram shown . Use it to identify the progressive reforms introduced by the 626 CHAPTER 19 Consider your positions on education for women , women suffrage , temperance , discrimination , and segregation . What promises would you make in regard to these issues ?
Think about how you would make your ideas acceptable to the can public . Would you be willing to compromise your ideals ?
The Progressive Presidents If YOU were there It is 1912 and you voting in your first presidential election ! This election is are three major candidates . One is the popular former president Theodore Roosevelt , who is running as a candidate . He thinks the Republican candidate will not make enough progressive reforms . But the Democratic candidate is a progressive reformer , too . Who would you vote for ?
Why ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Political corruption was one early get of the progressive reformers . Some politicians themselves joined the progressives . They believed that , state , and a role in improving society and people lives . Roosevelt Progressive Reforms During a summer tour after his second inauguration in 1901 , dent William McKinley met a friendly crowd in Buffalo , New York . Suddenly , anarchist Leon stepped forward and shot the president . A little more than a week later , McKinley died . After the assassination , Vice President Theodore Roosevelt took office . Roosevelt Square Deal Roosevelt believed the interests of businesspeople , laborers , and consumers should be balanced for the public good . He used this as the Square the coal miners strike in 1902 . Roosevelt knew the strike might leave the country without heating fuel for the coming winter . He therefore threatened to take over the mines unless managers agreed to arbitration , a formal process to settle disputes , with the strikers . The labor unions shall have a square deal , and the corporations shall have a square deal , and in addition all private citizens shall have a square Roosevelt , quoted in The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt , by Lewis The strike ended after RooseVelt intervention . SECTION What You infill Learn . Theodore progressive reforms tried to balance the interests of business , consumers , and laborers . William Howard Taft angered progressives with his cautious reforms . Woodrow Wilson enacted banking and antitrust reforms . The Big Idea American presidents in the early did a great deal to promote progressive reform . Key Terms and People Theodore Roosevelt , 627 arbitration , 627 Pure Food and Drug Act , 628 conservation , 628 William Howard Taft , 629 Progressive Party , 629 Woodrow Wilson , 629 Sixteenth Amendment , 630 Federal Reserve Act , 630 Clayton Antitrust Act , 630 Federal Trade Commission , 630 IE location and effects of urbanization , renewed immigration , and industrialization ( the effects on social fabric of cities , wealth and economic nity , the conservation movement ) THE SPIRIT or REFORM 621
The National Park System Regulating Big Business Roosevelt also made regulating big business a top goal of his first administration . ers helped build public support for more lation . For instance , Upton Sinclair account of the industry in his 1906 novel , The Jungle , shocked the public . opened an investigation and later got Congress to pass a meat inspection law . In 1906 Congress also passed the Pure Food and Drug Act . This law stopped the manufacture , sale , or transport of mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs sold in interstate commerce . Finally , Roosevelt persuaded Congress to regulate railroad shipping rates . His actions to break up trusts earned him a reputation as a Conservation Roosevelt strongly supported conservation , or protection of nature and its resources . Supporters of conservation had differing sons for supporting the cause . for example , believed that nature should be preserved because of its beauty . Many 628 CHAPTER 19 Cathedral Rocks , Yosemite National Park preservationists , such Muir , wanted to protect the remaining ancient forests from logging . Other conservationists wanted to save the natural resources of the United States . For example , Chief Forester Gifford valued forests because of the resources they provide to build prosperous These views came into in the Hetch Valley controversy of 1913 . Muir wanted the valley to remain part of Yosemite National Park , but wanted it to become a water source for nearby San Francisco . victory in the encouraged preservationists to found the National Park Service . By 1870 , tens of millions of acres of federal lands had been sold or given to private mining , logging , and railroad companies . Such opposed efforts to conserve federal land . But while Roosevelt was in office , the Forest Service gained control over nearly 150 million acres of public land . Roosevelt doubled the number of national parks , created 16 national monuments , and started 51 wildlife refuges . Summarizing What reforms did Roosevelt support !
Taft Angers Progressives Theodore Roosevelt hoped that his secretary of war , William Howard Taft , would take his place as president in 1908 . Like Roosevelt , Taft opposed socialism and favored business lation . With Roosevelt help , Taft beat liam Jennings Bryan in the election of 1908 . Taft Administration Despite their friendship , Roosevelt and Taft held different ideas about how a president should act . Taft thought Roosevelt had claimed more power than a president was constitutionally allowed . Therefore , Taft chose to move more as president toward reform and tion . This upset progressives who wanted to destroy trusts entirely . Although Taft started twice as many antitrust suits as Roosevelt had , progressives were still not satisfied . Taft angered progressives further by signing the Tariff of 1909 . Progressives wanted reductions in tariffs to lower prices for consumers . Although the Tariff reduced some rates , it raised others . Taft battle with Roosevelt close friend and ally Gifford also proved to be politically costly . In 1909 accused of the Interior Richard of ing conservation efforts by leasing public lands to big business . Taft decided to , which upset conservationists and various other progressives , including Roosevelt . Taft transferred more land into ment reserves than Roosevelt had . However , he continued to lose progressive support . Election of 1912 Roosevelt , furious with Taft , decided to run for president again in 1912 . Taft won the nomination . Roosevelt and his ers then formed the Progressive Party , named the Bull Moose Party after Roosevelt said he was as strong as a bull The party platform was based on Roosevelt New Nationalism , a plan he developed in 1910 for more regulation and social welfare programs . The Democratic Party chose Woodrow Wilson , the former president of Princeton University . In 1910 Wilson was elected of New Jersey . With his New Freedom program , Wilson called for government action against monopolies in order to allow free competition . He also wanted to lower tariffs and expand small businesses . Election of 1912 GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Region In which areas ofthe country did Wilson win ! Wilson ( Democrat ) Roosevelt ( Progressive ) Taft ( Republican ) ACADEMIC various of many types Electoral Popular Vote Vote 435 88 cast eleven electoral votes for Roosevelt and two for Wilson . THE SPIRIT or REFORM 629
primary source Wilson , Roosevelt , Taft , and Eugene Debs , the Socialist Party candidate , all were POLITICAL CARTOON reformers . They disagreed , however , on Wilson and Business reforms and on how to achieve them . Cartoons like this one showed big business as greedy The Split between Taft and Roosevelt divided President Wilson is the farmer who is protecting his crop the Republican Vote Wilson Won the toral vote by a wide margin . Analyzing Which actions angered Roosevelt and other progressives ?
Why do you think the cartoonist chose pigs to represent big business ?
Wilson Reforms In his inaugural address , Wilson spoke of the . terrible social conditions under which many How IS Wilson shown . to be antitrust ?
Americans lived . We have been proud of our industrial ments , but we have not hitherto yet stopped thoughtfully enough to count the human cost , fearful physical and spiritual cost to the men and women and children upon whom the burden of it all has , quoted in America Enters the World , by Page Smith Reform legislation was Wilson top goal . He pushed for two measures soon after taking office tariff revision and banking reform . Wilson backed the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 , which lowered tariff rates . The act also introduced a version of the modern income tax on personal earnings . In February 1913 , this new tax was made possible by of the Sixteenth Amendment . This amendment allows the federal government to impose direct taxes on citizens incomes . President Wilson next addressed ing reform with the 1913 Federal Reserve Act . The act created a national banking tem called the Federal Reserve to regulate the economy . Wilson also pushed for laws to regulate big business . The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened federal laws against monopolies . The Federal Trade Commission , created in 1914 , had the power to investigate and ish unfair trade practices . To support his , Wilson appointed reformist lawyer to the Supreme Court in 1916 . ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES Do you thinkthis is a useful description of trusts and big business ?
630 CHAPTER 19 The Progressive Amendments , Description Proposed by Congress Ratified by States Federal income tax 1913 Senators elected by people ratherthan state legislatures 1913 Manufacture , sale , and transport prohibited 1919 Women suffrage 1920 Preparing to run for in 1916 , Wilson helped pass the Child Labor Act . The act limited the hours of child workers and prevented the sale across state lines of goods made with child labor . He also had showed great skill and determination in guiding his reform programs through Congress . Summarizing What major granted Compensation or the reforms were carried out under President Wilson ?
ment of to a worker injured on or made ill by the job , to federal employees . In addition , he supported the Adamson Act , which limited the workday on the nations railroads to eight hours . Wilson actions helped him to win the people support and the 1916 election . He SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The progressive presidents tried to change American ety for the better . In the next chapter you will learn about how the United States became a world power . go rain Online Quiz KEYWORD Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Critical Thinking a . Describe What progressive reforms did Theodore Roosevelt support ?
Analyze Why were some Americans concerned about the use of natural resources ?
Evaluate Do you think Roosevelt reforms benefited the nation ?
Why or why not ?
a . Identify What was the Progressive Party ?
Why was it created ?
Compare and Contrast How were the of William Howard Taft and Roosevelt similar and different ?
Elaborate Do you think progressives were fied in their opposition to Taft ?
Explain your answer . a . Recall What was Woodrow top goal as president ?
Analyze How did Wilson reform the banking industry ?
Evaluate Which president do you think had the biggest effect on progressive , Taft , or Wilson ?
Explain your choice . Comparing and Contrasting Copy the diagram below onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to compare and contrast the reforms of the progressive presidents . Roosevelt . Addressing the Ideas of Roosevelt , Taft , and Wilson Do you agree or disagree with Presidents Roosevelt , Taft , and Wilson ?
Take notes on any of their ideas that you would include in your campaign promises . THE SPIRIT or REFORM 631 Social Studies Skills Critical Thinking Analysis Participation Students understand and distinguish and causal relations . and Causal Patterns Define the Skill Most historical events are the result of other events . When something happens as a result of other things that occur , it is an effect of those things . Some events take place soon after the things that cause them . Such events are called effects . In contrast , effects can occur years , decades , or even hundreds of years after the events that caused them . Being able to recognize term and relationships well help you to better understand historical events . Learn the Skill As you learned in the Reading Social Studies for Chapter 11 , clue words can sometimes reveal a relationship between events . Often , however , such language clues may not be present . Therefore , when you study history , you should always look for other clues that might explain why an action or event occurred . effects are usually fairly easy to identify . In historical writing they are often closely linked to the event that caused them . For example , consider this passage . In 1872 the New York Sun printed a story about tion involving owners of the Union Railroad had started a construction company called owners gave or sold shares in Credit to members of Congress . In return , these Congressmen approved large federal land grants to Americans questioned the honesty of national leaders . This passage contains no clue Yet it is clear that relationships exist . 632 CHAPTER 19 Congress action in giving large amounts of land to Credit was caused by the payoffs its members received from the company . And an effect of this scandal was that Americans questioned their leaders honesty . Recognizing causal relationships is often more . Since effects take place well after the event that caused them , they may not be discussed at the same time as their cause . This is why you should always question why an event occurred as you learn about it . For ple , in 1971 Congress passed the first federal law to protect the health and safety of all workers . This law was a result of efforts begun years earlier by the progressives you read about in this chapter . Many effects result from major forces running through history that make things happen . They include economics , science and technology , expansion , and cooperation among people , cultural clashes and differences , and moral and religious issues . Ask yourself if one of these forces is involved in the event being studied . If so , the event may have effects that you should be on the lookout for when studying later events . Practice and Apply the Skill Review the information in Chapter 19 and answer these questions to practice recognizing and causal relationships . I . All packaged food today must have its contents listed on the container . This requirement is a effect of what progressive reform ?
Write a paragraph explaining the effects of the muckrakers on the news media today .
Visual Summary the main ideas of the chapter . Progressives hoped to improve society through goals included Temperance Women suffrage regulation Conservation Tariff and banking reform Use the visual summary below to help you review Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Complete each sentence by in the blank with the correct term or person from the chapter . Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION I ( a . Describe What tactics did bosses and I . Some Americans supported the system of which proposed government ownership of the country means of production . Republican began a program to reform state politics in Wisconsin . The granted women in the United States the right to Vote . Created under President Woodrow Wilson , the was established to investigate businesses accused of unfair business practices . During the Gilded Age , often dominated local politics and used corruption to get their candidates elected . were journalists who wrote about troubling issues like child labor , slum housing , and corruption . cal machines use to gain control of local ments ?
Draw Conclusions What effect did President assassination have on reform efforts ?
Evaluate Do you think the reforms made by presidents during the Gilded Age helped cut back on government corruption ?
Explain . SECTION ( Pages ) a . Recall What led to the creation of the movement ?
Analyze What changes did progressives make to urban life , education , and government ?
Elaborate Which progressive reform do you think had the greatest effect on Americans ?
Explain . THE SPIRIT or REFORM 633 ( Pages ) a . Identify What reforms were made to improve working conditions , and who was affected by these reforms ?
Contrast What are the differences between capitalism and socialism ?
Elaborate If you were a business owner , would you have supported the progressive workplace reforms ?
Explain your answer . Pages ) a . Recall What minority groups were looked by progressive reform efforts ?
Analyze How did women involvement in the progressive movement lead to constitutional change ?
Elaborate Do you agree with Booker approach to improving life for African Americans ?
Explain your answer . Pages ) II . a . Describe How did William Howard Taft appoint progressives ?
Compare In what ways were the reforms of Presidents Roosevelt , Taft , and Wilson similar ?
Elaborate Would you have supported reforms ?
Explain your answer . Reviewing Themes . Politics What role did political machines play in local politics during the Gilded Age ?
Society and Culture How were children affected by the movement for workplace reforms ?
Reading Skills Historical Fact and Historical Fiction Use the Reading Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question about the reading selection below . The sea of a mighty population , held in ing fetters heavy chains , heaves uneasily in the tenements . If it rise once more , no human power may avail to check it . 620 ) How the Other Half Lives 634 CHAPTER 19 . Which statement below is an example of historical fact from the selection at the bottom of column one ?
a . New York had a large population . New York population was held in fetters . Nothing could stop New York population from unrest . Tenements were built to house immigrants . Social Studies Skill and Causal Patterns Use the Social Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the questions about the reading selection below . Under the leadership of Joseph , the American Medical Association ( AMA ) was reorganized in 1901 to bring together local medical organizations . The AMA also supported laws designed to protect public health . This group showed how progressives could unite professionals to help improve society . 612 ) According to the passage above , what was a effect of the reorganization of the AMA ?
a . Laws protecting the public health were passed . Doctors learned from each other . National medical standards were created . Joseph was elected president of the AMA . After reading the rest of the chapter , what do you think might be a effect of the reorganization of the AMA ?
Share Your Campaign Promises Review your notes about possible campaign promises . Which promises will be most helpful to get you elected ?
Look at your promises to see whether they focus on issues important to voters . Then write a speech including your campaign promises that you can deliver to your class .
Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the letter of the best response . Which progressive reformer would have been most interested in this photograph ?
A Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson Carrie Chapman Florence Kelley One direct result of immigration and urban growth was the rise of A political machines . the civil service system . the spoils system . primary elections . I What was the main idea behind the creation of the civil service system in the late ?
A Government jobs should be rewarded to persons who support the party in power . Government workers should be required to support the elected officials who hire them . Government employees should be qualified to do the jobs for which they were hired . Government jobs should not be filled with employees who serve in those jobs for life . I The Nineteenth Amendment to the increased democracy in the United States by A granting women the right to vote . allowing the people of each state to elect their senators . establishing direct primary elections . enabling voters to remove elected officials from office before the end of their terms . Progressive reformers were least successful in achieving which of the following reforms ?
A women suffrage expanded voting rights improved safety standards for workers a ban on child labor Connecting with Past Learning a Earlier in this course you learned about the reforms accomplished by educator Horace Mann . Which reformer made a similar to society in the late ?
A Jane Addams John Dewey Robert La Alice Paul In this chapter you learned about . Du Bois struggle to fight racial injustice . Which other American made a similar contribution to society ?
A William Tecumseh Sherman Samuel Frederick Henry David Thoreau THE SPIRIT or REFORM 635