US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 18 An Industrial Nation
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CHAPTER Elm iin California Standards Science Students analyze the transformation of the American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution . Analysis Skills HI Students interpret basic indications of economic performance . Arts Writing Write documents related to career development . Reading Students read and understand appropriate materials . FOCUS ON WRITING A You are a writer at a television network , and you have an idea for a drama series set in the late . Draft a memo to your boss telling her about your story idea . As you read this chapter , gather information about the people , places , and events of this time period . Then write your memo . Tell about the basic plot , the cast of characters , and the setting of your series . 510 CHAPTER 18 Thomas Edison invents the first lightbulb . I 816 German engineer Otto perfects a engine .
History Impact video series Watch the video to stand the impact of the United States as the world most powerful industrial nation . What You Will Learn I . In this chapter you will learn about how the United States became an industrial power in the late . A new wave of immigrants provided , the labor , and the combination of industry and immigration led to increased urbanization of the country . Cities like San Francisco , shown here , began to take the shape that they still have today . In fact , much of what we know as modern America developed during this important period . 1890 1336 Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act . The American 1892 Federation of On June 29 the Homestead strike begins . Carnegie Labor is formed on December . Steel Company refuses to negotiate with the union . The island volcano of 1889 1898 French in the Pacific Ocean The Eiffel Tower scientists Pierre erupts in one of the world is built in Paris . and Marie Curie greatest natural disasters . discover radium . 511
Reading Social Studies Geography Economics Focus on Themes In this chapter , you will read about the advancements in transportation and made during what is called the Second Industrial Revolution . You will learn about the rise of powerful corporations . You will also read about Politics Religion by Beers Society and Culture the immigrants who arrived in the late and will see what happened to the cities as these grants moved in record numbers into urban areas . Throughout the chapter , you will see how society was affected by the changing economy . Organization of Facts and Information FOCUS on Reading How are clothes organized in a department store ?
How are files arranged in a file cabinet ?
Clear organization helps us find the product we need , and it also helps us find facts and information . Understanding Structural Patterns Writers use structural patterns to organize information in sentences or paragraphs . What a structural pattern ?
It simply a way of organizing information . Learning to those patterns will make it easierfor you to read and understand social studies texts . Patterns of Organization 512 CHAPTER 18 Pattern Clue Words Graphic Organizer as a result , shows how one therefore , thing leads to because , another therefore , this led to Chronological after , before , Order shows first , then , not the sequence of long after , events or actions . finally although , but , Differences contrast points however , on our similarities the other hand , differences . similarly , also Similarities Listing presents also , most Category information in important , Fact categories such as for example , Fact size , location or in fact . Fact importance . Ix iv Additional reading I ' support can be ' found in the , To use text structure to improve your understanding , follow these steps . Look for the main idea of the passage you are reading . Then look for clues that signal a specific pattern . Look for other important ideas and think about how the ideas connect . Is there any obvious pattern ?
Use a graphic organizer to map the relationships among the facts and details .
ELA Reading Describe and connect essential ideas , arguments , and perspectives of text using knowledge of text structure , organization , and purpose . a . Chapter 18 Section Second Industrial Revolution ( Bessemer process ( Thomas Alva Edison ( 576 ) patents ( 576 ) Alexander Graham Bell ( Henry Ford ( Wilbur and Orville Wright ( 578 ) You Try It ! The following passages are from the chapter you are about to read . As you read each set of sentences , ask yourself what structural pattern the writer used to organize the information . Recognizing Structural Patterns ( A ) Great advances in communications technologies took place in the late . By 1861 , telegraph wires connected the East and West coasts . Five years later , a Section corporations ( Andrew Carnegie ( 580 ) vertical integration ( 580 ) telegraph cable on the of the Atlantic Ocean the United States and Great ( 577 ) Many business leaders justified their business ods through their belief in social Darwinism . Other John Rockefeller ( 580 ) horizontal integration ( 581 ) trust ( 581 Leland Stanford ( 58 ) social ( 581 ) monopoly ( 582 ) business leaders , however , believed that the rich had a duty to aid the ( 581 ) Sherman Antitrust Act ( 582 ) Section Frederick Taylor ( 584 ) Knights of Labor ( 585 Terence ( 585 ) Samuel ( 585 American Federation of Labor ( 585 ) collective bargaining ( 586 Mary Harris Jones ( 586 Haymarket Riot ( 586 ) Homestead Strike ( 587 Pullman Strike ( 587 ) During the late , several factors led to a decline in the quality of working conditions . Machines run by unskilled workers were eliminating the jobs of many skilled craftspeople . These workers could be replaced ( 584 ) After you read the passages , answer the questions below Section old immigrants ( 588 new immigrants ( 588 ) steerage ( 589 benevolent societies ( 591 ) Chinese Exclusion Act ( Immigration Restriction League ( Reread passage A . What structural pattern did the writer use to organize this information ?
How can you tell ?
Reread passage . What structural pattern did the writer use to organize this information ?
How can you tell ?
Why do you think the writer chose this pattern ?
Section mass transit ( suburbs ( 595 mass culture ( department stores ( 596 ) settlement houses ( 597 ) Hull House ( Jane Addams ( Reread passage What structural pattern did the writer use to organize this information ?
How can you tell ?
Why do you think the writer chose this pattern ?
As you read Chapter 18 , think organization of the ideas . why the writer chose to organize the information in this way . Academic Vocabulary In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words implement ( 577 ) acquire ( 580 ) policy ( AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 513
SECTION What You Will Learn . Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction . Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved and transportation . A rush of inventions changed the lives of Americans . The Big Idea The Second Industrial Revolution led to new sources of power and advances in transportation and communication . Key Terms and People Second Industrial Revolution , Bessemer process , 575 Thomas Edison , 576 patents , 576 Alexander Graham Bell , 577 Henry Ford , 577 Wilbur and Orville Wright , 578 Trace patterns cultural and industrial they relate to climate , use of natural resources , markets , and trade and locate such development on a map . Name the significant inventors and their inventions and identify how they improved the quality of life ( Thomas Edison , Alexander Graham Bell , Orville and ) 514 CHAPTER 18 The Second Industrial Revolution If YOU were there You live in a small town but are visiting an aunt in the city in the 18905 . You are amazed when your aunt pushes a button on the wall to turn on electric lights . At home you still use kerosene lamps . You hear a clatter outside and see an electric streetcar traveling down the street . You are shocked when a telephone rings , and your aunt speaks to someone miles away ! Which of these inventions would you most amazing ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The first Industrial Revolution in America began in the early . It changed the way products were made , from handwork to machines . It moved the workplace from cottages to factories . Later , it brought advances in transportation and communication . The Second Industrial Revolution built on these changes , introducing new technology and new sources of power .
Breakthroughs in Steel Processing Technological advances were important to the Second Industrial Revolution , a period of rapid growth in manufacturing in the late . By the , the United States had become the worlds industrial leader . The Steel Industry Some of the most important advances in technology happened in the steel industry . Steel is iron that has been made stronger by heat and the addition of other metals . In the Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer process , a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities . Before , turning several tons of iron ore into steel took a day or more . The mer process took only 10 to 20 minutes . The Bessemer process helped increase steel production . mills had produced tons of steel in 1870 . By 1879 tion had risen to more than million tons in one year . Riding the Rails As steel dropped in price , so did the cost of building railroads . Companies built thousands of miles of new Factors Affecting Industrial Growth Greater use natural resources A growing population steel track . The design of elegant passenger and sleeping cars improved passenger service . and farmers sent products to market faster than ever by rail . Cities where major rail lines crossed , such as Chicago , grew rapidly . Railroads also increased ern growth by offering free tickets to settlers . Rail travel made the journey west faster and safer . Finally , as rail travel and shipping increased , railroads and related industries began employing more people . Transportation advances Rising immigration Inventions and innovations Increasing business investment Government policies assisting business , such as protective tariffs Identifying Cause and Effect How did steel processing change in the , and how did this United States ?
Homestead Steel Mill Steel mills like this one in Homestead , Pennsylvania , were the center of the new steel industry that led to advancements in rail travel . Workers used the Bessemer process to make steel more quickly . How do you think mills like this one affected the surrounding area ?
Elisha Otis invents the elevator safety brake , making elevators safe for people . FOCUS ON READING How does this paragraph show the cause and effect structure ?
Time Line The Spirit of Innovation 1854 Henry Bessemer patents a method for making cast steel . Use of Oil and Electricity The Second Industrial Revolution was by dramatic developments in the use and distribution of oil and electricity . These power sources fueled other changes . Oil as a Power Source An important technological breakthrough in the late was the use of petroleum , or oil , as a power source . People had known about oil for many years but had discovered few ways to use it . However , in the , chemists invented a way to convert crude , or unprocessed , oil into a fuel called kerosene . Kerosene could be used for cooking , heating , and lighting . Suddenly there was a demand for oil . As demand grew , people began ing for a reliable source for oil . In 1859 Edwin Drake proved that it was possible to pump crude oil from the ground . Soon , wildcatters , or oil prospectors , drilled for oil in Ohio , Pennsylvania , and West Virginia . Oil became a big business as these states began producing millions of barrels per year . Oil companies built to turn the crude oil into products like kerosene . One oil company supervisor referred to oil workers as men who are supplying light for the 516 CHAPTER 18 begins work on the Brooklyn Bridge . Electricity Spreads In addition to kerosene , electricity became a critical source of light and power during the Second Industrial Revolution . The uses of electricity interested inventors like Thomas Edison . His research center in Menlo Park , New Jersey , was called an tion factory . Edison explained his practical approach to science . I do not regard myself as a pure scientist , as so many persons have insisted that I do not search for the laws of nature for the purpose of learning am only a professional tor . the object goal of inventing that which will have commercial utility use . Edison , quoted in American Made , by Harold Edison eventually held more than patents , exclusive rights to make or sell inventions . Patents allowed inventors to protect their inventions from being by others . In 1878 Edison announced that he would soon invent a practical electric light . By the end of 1879 Edison and his team of inventors had created the electric lightbulb . The was excited . However , Edison had a lem . At the time , few homes or businesses could get electricity . Edison therefore built a power plant that began supplying electricity to dozens of New York City buildings in
Elijah McCoy receives the patent fo his device that oiled machine engines . 1879 Thomas Edison creates a durable electric Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone . lightbulb . September 1882 . The New York Times reported that with electric lighting in the newspaper , it seemed almost like writing by However , Edison equipment could not send electricity over long distances . As a result , his power company , Edison Electric , provided electricity mainly to central cities . In the late , George built a power system that could send across many miles . As Edison and competed , the use of spread rapidly in the nation cities . After a while , electricity soon lit homes and businesses and powered city factories . also was used to power streetcars in cities across the nation . Drawing Conclusions Why did people begin to pump oil from the ground ?
Rush of Inventions In the late , inventors focused on ing solutions to practical problems . and transportation took the lead . Advances in Communication Great advances in communication gies took place in the late . By 1861 , telegraph wires connected the East and West coasts . Five years later , a telegraph cable on the of the Atlantic Ocean connected the United States and Great Britain . However , the telegraph carried only ten messages and was for untrained people to use . These problems were solved in March 1876 , when inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone . Bell was a speech teacher who studied the science of sound . He called the telephone a talking Telephone companies raced to lay thousands of miles of phone lines . By 1880 there were about telephones in the United States , and by 1900 there were almost million . Automobiles and Planes In 1876 a German engineer invented an engine powered by gasoline , another fuel made from oil . In 1893 Charles and Frank used a gasoline engine to build the first practical motorcar in the United States . By the early , thousands of cars were being built in the United States . At first , only the wealthy could buy these early cars . Henry Ford introduced the Model in 1908 . Ford was the first to implement the moving assembly line in ing , a process that greatly reduced the cost of building a product , thus making cars more affordable . TODAY AT tion is a direct descendant of Bell original company . AT pioneered the use of telephone cables oceans , satellite tions , and a radar system for the US . Defense Department . ACADEMIC VOCABULARY implement to put in place AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 511
Time Line The Spirit of Innovation 1893 George Ferris displays the first Ferris Wheel at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago . New engine technology helped make another breakthrough in transportation . Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright built a lightweight airplane that used a small , engine . In Kitty Hawk , North Carolina , Orville Wright made the first piloted in a plane on December 17 , 1903 . This invention would change the way that many Americans traveled in the future and would increase the demand for oil production . Section Assessment 1903 Orville Wright makes the first flight in a motorized airplane . SKILL READING TIME LINES When wasthe telephone invented ?
Comparing tions excited the public in the 18003 , and how were they used ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Second Industrial Revolution led to advances in energy sources , communication , and transportation . In the next section you will learn about the growth of big business . go ram Online Quiz KEYWORD . Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People , Critical Thinking a . Describe What was the Bessemer . Analyzing Copy the chart below and use it to identify process ?
Summarize How did improvements to railroads affect the economy and transportation in the United States ?
Elaborate What do you think was the most important effect of the Bessemer process ?
Why ?
a . Identify What is kerosene , and for what could it be used ?
Explain What problem did Thomas Edison face regarding the use of electricity , and how did he solve it ?
a . Recall What contribution did Wilbur and Orville Wright make to transportation ?
Draw Conclusions How did Alexander Graham Bell invention improve life in the United States ?
Elaborate Why do you think there was a rush of inventions in the late 18005 ?
518 CHAPTER important inventors of the Second Industrial tion , their contributions , and why each was important . Taking Notes about Inventors In your notebook , write a list of the inventors and their inventions mentioned in this section . How might you include them in your series ?
Big Business If YOU were there It is 1895 , and your town is home to a large corporation . The company founder and owner , a wealthy man , lives in a mansion on a hill . He is a fair employer but not especially generous . Many townspeople work in his factory You and other town leaders feel that he should contribute more to local charities and community organizations . How could this business leader help the town more ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Advanced technology along with the use of oil and electric power helped American businesses grow . Soon the shape ofthe American economy changed . Some companies grew so large that they began to dominate entire industries . Dominance of Big Business In the late many entrepreneurs formed their businesses as corporations , or businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares . The leaders of these corporations were some of the most widely respected members of American society in the late 18005 . Political leaders praised prosperous businesspeople as examples of American hard work , talent , and success . New sales techniques like those taught by John Patterson helped change business practices . SECTION ) What You Will Learn . The rise of corporations and powerful business leaders led to the dominance of big ness in the United States . People and the government began to question the ods of big business . The Big Idea The growth of big business in the late led to the creation of monopolies . Key Terms and People corporations , 579 Andrew Carnegie , 5811 Vertical integration , 580 John Rockefeller , 580 horizontal integration , 581 trust , 581 Leland Stanford , 581 social Darwinism , 581 monopoly , 582 Sherman Antitrust Act , 582 IE Discuss , industrialists , and bankers in politics , commerce , and industry ( Andrew Carnegie , John , Leland Stanford ) Discuss child labor , working conditions , and policies toward big business and examine the labor movement , including its leaders ( Samuel ) its demand for collective bargaining , and its strikes and protests over labor conditions . 519
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY acquire to get Corporations Generate Wealth Successful corporations reward not only the people who found them but also investors who hold stock . Stockholders in a ration typically get a percentage of based on the amount of stock they own . Although stockholders actually own the , they do not run its ness . Instead , they elect a board of directors that chooses the corporation main leaders , such as the president . Corporations provided several important advantages over earlier business forms . holders a corporation are not responsible for business debts . If a corporation fails , the stockholders lose only the money that they invested . Stockholders are also usually free to sell their stock to whomever they want , whenever they want . As a result , corporations encouraged more investment businesses . By 1900 more than 100 million shares per year were being traded on the New York Stock Exchange . Business Leaders Countless entrepreneurs and industrialists became wealthy , powerful , and famous because The Rise of Investing Investors purchased stock in corporations in record numbers in the late . They received stock certificates , like the one shown here , to document their part ownership in corporations . Corporations used the money raised by selling stocks to expand . Standard Oil Company the building of this refinery in Richmond , California , by selling stock . of the business boom . Andrew Carnegie was one of the most admired businesspeople of the time . Born Scotland , Carnegie came to the United States as a poor immigrant . As a ager he took a job with a railroad company and worked his way up to the position of railroad superintendent . In 1873 , he focused his efforts on making . Carnegie expanded his business by buying out competitors when steel prices were low . By 1901 Carnegie mills were more steel than all of Great mills combined . Carnegie businesses largely through vertical integration , or ownership of businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process . For ple , to lower production costs , Carnegie acquired the iron ore mines , and railroads needed to supply and support his steel mills . John Rockefeller was also successful in consolidating , or combining , businesses . By age 21 , while a partner a wholesale business , he decided to start an company . In only 10 years his Standard Oil Company was the country largest oil er . Like Carnegie , Rockefeller used vertical
Primary Source POLITICAL CARTOON Antitrust The wealth and size of trusts such as Standard Oil made many Americans fear the influence of business leaders over government . What do you think the smokestacks on the Capitol building represent ?
What does the position of the White House suggest ?
integration . For example , the company trolled most of the pipelines it used . Rockefeller company also developed horizontal integration , or owning all in a certain . By 1880 his controlled about 90 percent of the oil business in the United States . He also formed a trust , a legal arrangement ing together a number of companies under a single board of directors . To earn more money , trusts often tried to get rid of and to control production . Leland Stanford , another important ness leader of the late , made a fortune selling equipment to miners . While nor of California , he cofounded the Central railroad . He also founded Stanford University . Late in life , Stanford argued that tries should be owned and managed by workers . He believed this would be the of democracy . Comparing and Contrasting Why did Andrew Carnegie use vertical integration ?
Questioning the Methods of Big Business By the late , people and the ment were becoming uncomfortable with child labor , low wages , and poor working conditions . They began to View big business as a problem . Social Darwinism Critics of big business claimed that ness leaders unfair business through social Darwinism , a View of society based on scientist Charles Darwin theory of natural selection . Social thought that Darwin survival of the theory decided which human beings would succeed in business and in life in general . But in fact , almost all business ers ignored social philosophy and prevailing business practices as providing opportunity for individual . Other business leaders , however , believed that the rich had a duty to aid the poor . These leaders tried to help the less nate through philanthropy , or the giving of money to charities . Carnegie , Rockefeller , Stanford , and other business leaders gave away large sums . Carnegie alone gave away more than 350 million to charities , about 60 million of which went to fund public libraries to expand access to books . By the late , various charities had received millions of dollars from philanthropists . AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 581
The Antitrust Movement Critics of big business said that many ness leaders earned their fortunes through unfair business practices . These criticisms grew stronger in the 18805 as corporations became more powerful . Large corporations often used their size and strength to drive smaller competitors out of business . and Rockefeller , for example , pressured railroads to charge their companies lower shipping rates . Powerful trusts also arranged to sell goods and services below market Value . Smaller competitors went out of business trying to match those prices . Then the trusts raised prices again . Some people became concerned when a trust gained a monopoly , or total ownership of a product or service . Critics argued that monopolies reduced necessary competition . Competition , they believed , kept prices low and the quality of goods and services high . Some Americans also worried about the political power of wealthy trusts . Labor leader John Hayes called trusts the mon enemy of Many citizens and small businesses wanted the government to help control monopolies and trusts . People Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People , a . Identify What are horizontal and vertical integration ?
Explain What are the benefits of investing in corporations ?
Evaluate What do you think about the business methods of Carnegie , Rockefeller , and Stanford ?
a . Describe What is social Darwinism ?
Summarize What concerns did critics of big business have regarding trusts ?
Evaluate Was the Sherman Antitrust Act successful ?
Why or why not ?
Critical Thinking . Contrasting Copy the graphic organizer shown at right . Use it to contrast the views of business 582 CHAPTER 18 who favored trusts responded that trusts were more efficient and gave the consumer dependable products or services . Many members of Congress favored big business . However , elected could not ignore the concerns of voters . In July 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act , a law that made it illegal to create lies or trusts that restrained trade . It stated that any attempt to monopolize . any part of the trade or commerce among the several States was a crime . However , the act did not clearly a trust in legal terms . The antitrust laws were therefore to enforce . Corporations and trusts kept ing in size and power . Analyzing How did concerns lead to the Sherman ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In the late some corporations became that dominated industries such as oil . In the next section you will learn about how industrial workers organized to improve working conditions . am online Quiz KEYWORD leaders who favored monopolies with those of Americans who opposed monopolies . Business Leaders Views of People Views Against Monopolies . Describing Business Leaders Add the business leaders described in this section to your notes . Think about what role they might play in your drama series .
BIOGRAPHY Andrew Carnegie , John Rockefeller , and Leland Stanford How would you go about building an industry ?
Andrew Carnegie ( Born in Scotland , Carnegie rose to become a in the steel industry . He brought new technologies to his steel mills and made them extremely . In 1901 he sold Carnegie Steel Company for 250 billion , making him the richest man in the world . John Rockefeller ( Rockefeller got his start in the oil business in Cleveland , Ohio . Rockefeller Standard Oil Company quickly bought out its competitors throughout the United States . To better control oil production and delivery , Rockefeller also bought railroad rights , terminals , and pipelines . Leland Stanford ( Leland Stanford was born to a New York farming family that sent him to excellent private schools . After practicing law in Wisconsin , he made his career in California . Stanford was instrumental in building the western section of the transcontinental railroad . He then plunged into politics , serving one term as governor . His political connections helped him obtain huge state land grants and other for his railroad companies . As president of Central and Southern , he oversaw the laying of thousands of miles of track throughout the West . Why are they so important ?
Carnegie , Rockefeller , and Stanford helped make America the world greatest industrial power by the end of the . They built giant industries that made goods cheaply by keeping workers wages low . They also engaged in ruthless business practices to defeat their competition and create monopolies . The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in reaction to the Standard Oil monopoly . Later in life , all three men became philanthropists , people devoted to charity work . Rockefeller gave out 500 million in his lifetime . Carnegie spent 350 million , funding educational grants , concert halls , and nearly public libraries . Stanford founded Stanford University in 1884 . Finding Main Ideas Why are these three men important figures in History ?
Rockefeller Stanford AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 583 If YOU were there You run a button machine in a clothing factory in the 18905 . You What You Will Learn work from in the morning until at night , every day except Sunday . Your only break is 15 minutes for lunch . Now you The desire to maximize hear about a movement to start a workers union to bargain with Profits and become more your employer Union members will ask for an workday poor , Working , But you think your employer might fire you if you Join . Workers began to organize . and demand improvements in would you Join the ?
working conditions and pay . Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals . BUILDING BACKGROUND The rise of corporations and the The Big Idea of monopolies gave big business a great deal of power . An Changes in the Workplace led antitrust movement arose to try to limit the power of trusts . Workers to a rise in labor unions and themselves began to organize and take action against bad working workers strikes . conditions and other problems . Key Terms and People . Taylor , 534 Maximizing Profits and Efficiency Knights of Labor , 585 Terence , 585 Samuel , 585 During the late , several factors led to a decline in the quality of working conditions . Machines run by unskilled workers were American Fed of the jobs of many skilled craftspeople . These workers Labor , 535 could be replaced easily . Factories began to focus on specialization , or collective bargaining , 586 workers repeating a single step again and again . Specialization brought Harris JONES , 536 costs down and caused production to rise . But it also made workers Riot , 586 tired , bored , and more likely to be injured . Specialization allowed for Homestead Strike , 587 Pullman Strike , 587 Henry Ford idea of a moving assembly line to speed production . Ford use of the moving assembly line allowed automobiles to be made more quickly and cheaply . Automobiles soon became able to a wider segment of the population than ever before . In 1909 , an engineer , published a popular book called . He aged managers to view workers as interchangeable parts of the ' duction process . In factories , managers by Taylor paid less fairs his business attention to working conditions . Injuries increased , and as and examine the labor movement , tions grew worse , workers looked for ways to bring about change . including its leaders , Samuel ' its de , a , Identifying Cause and Effect Why did companies bargaining , and its strikes and tests We , labs , begin to use scientific management , and how did it affect workers . 584 CHAPTER 18
Workers Organize Workers formed labor unions to get better wages and working conditions for all workers in a factory or industry . The national labor union , the Knights of Labor , was founded in the . It pushed for an hour workday , equal pay for equal work , and an end to child labor . Union members also wanted the government to regulate trusts . Unlike most unions at the time , the Knights included both skilled and unskilled workers . The Knights of Labor was originally organized much like a secret society . In 1879 , Terence became leader of the Knights . He ended all secrecy , creating the truly national labor union in the United States . Another early labor union was the American Federation of Labor ( led by Samuel . Unlike the Knights , the American Federation of Labor organized individual national unions , such as the and steelworkers unions . The BIOGRAPHY Samuel Samuel was born in London . He came to the United States with his in 1863 at age 13 . He worked as a cigar maker and joined a local union . eventually becoming its president . The Union was reorganized and ater joined the American Federation of Labor became the first and remained so , except for the year until his death . He for basic rights , such as the right to picket and to organize boycotts and strikes . His efforts on behalf of workers organized labor to gain respect . Summarizing How did Samuel help he movement ?
AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 585 i , ix 200 400 Miles 200 400 Kilometers Number of workers ( in thousands ) 00 THE IMPACT TODAY Map Major Labor Strikes , Late Haymarket Riot In May 1886 the ket Riot erupted between protesters and police in Chicago . It resulted in the decline of the Knights of Labor . Homestead Strike In 1892 a strike occurred at Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead , Pennsylvania . The resulting left workers and Pinkerton guards dead . Colorado Miners Strike In the summer of 1893 , gold miners at Cripple Creek , Colorado , went on strike for higher wages and a shorter workday . Pullman Strike The Pullman strike of 1894 began with workers who made Pullman train cars . It soon spread to workers who worked on trains pulling the sleeper cars . Union Membership , Haymarket my ( Pullman mike ) it California Railroad Strike In 1894 road workers in Oakland went on strike in the Bay Area first major strike . Supporting Chicago Pullman workers , they halted , freight , and mail trains for months . in ?
Interactive Map KEYWORD . 1880 1885 1890 Year Knights of Labor American Railway Union ( Organized in 1886 ) ANALYZING INFORMATION How did conflicts striking workers and authorities affect union membership ?
also limited its membership to skilled workers . This gave the union great ing power but left out most workers . The tried to get better wages , hours , and working conditions for laborers . By 1890 the membership was larger than that of the Knights . With collective Labor Strikes By the late 18005 , other unions were gaining strength . Major workers strikes swept the country and included miners in Colorado , steel workers in Pennsylvania , and railroad workers in Illinois and In all Workers acted Collectively or . The first major labor strike began in merged with 1886 in Chicago . the Congress workers had a much greater chance of . of Industrial cess in negotiating with management . Most Ill May 1886 thousands . of union man Organizations to employers Opposed collective bargaining . bers in Chicago went on strike because they ' eT ' one Company president Said , Shall never wanted an workday . Two strikers . I . organization has give in . Iwould rather go out of were killed In a with police The next 13 night , workers met at Haymarket Square to million members . Many women took active roles in unions . For example , Mary Harris Jones , an Irish immigrant , worked for better conditions for miners . A speaker , she organized strikes and helped educate workers . Contrasting How did the Knights of Labor and the differ ?
protest the killings . In what became known as the Haymarket Riot , someone threw a bomb that wounded many police and killed eight . The police into the crowd , killing several people and wounding 100 others . 586 CHAPTER 18 Eight people , some of whom were not at the riot , were arrested and convicted of conspiracy . One of them had a Knights of Labor membership card . Though Knights leadership had not supported the strike , eral local chapters had . Membership in the Knights fell quickly . Sometimes , business owners succeeded in breaking up unions . 1892 , a violent strike called the Homestead strike took place at Andrew Carnegie Homestead steel factory in Pennsylvania . Union members there protested a plan to buy new machinery and cut jobs . The company refused to ate with the union and locked workers out Another major strike happened at George Pullman Palace Car Company the company town of Pullman , Illinois . Most of the company workers lived there , ing high rents . During the depression that began in 1893 , Pullman laid off about half of the workers and cut pay for those that were left , without lowering their rents . On May 11 , 1894 , workers began the Pullman strike which stopped on many railroad lines until federal courts ordered the workers to retum to their jobs . President Grover land sent federal troops to Chicago to stop the strike . Such defeats seriously damaged the labor movement for years . of the plant . The workers responded by ing control of the plant . erupted on July , when the Pinkerton by the company to break the to enter the plant . A battle raged for 14 hours , leaving 16 people dead . The called out the state militia to restore order . Continuing for four more months , the union was eventually defeated . Analyzing What were the effects of early major strikes on workers ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Workers formed unions to for better conditions and to keep their jobs . In the next section , you will learn about a new wave of immigrants in the late . am online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Thinking a . Recall Why did conditions in factories begin to decline ?
Draw Conclusions How were workers affected by specialization and scientific management ?
Evaluate Do you think scientific management made businesses more successful ?
Explain . a . Identify What role did Mary Harris Jones play in the labor movement ?
Analyze Why did workers demand collective bargaining , and why did business owners oppose it ?
Elaborate Do you think the demands made by labor unions were reasonable ?
Explain your answer . a . Describe What major labor strikes took place in the late 18005 ?
Evaluate Do you think President Cleveland was right to use federal troops to end the Pullman strike ?
Explain . Analyzing Copy the chart below . Use it to list the major labor conflicts of the late , their causes , and their outcomes . Conflict . Taking Notes on the Labor Movement Take notes about what life was like for workers during this time . How might you include the labor ment in your series ?
AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 581 SECTION What You Will Learn . The late brought a wave of new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Mexico . Some Americans opposed immigration and tried to enact restrictions against it . The Big Idea A new wave of immigration in the late brought large numbers of immigrants to the United States . Key Terms and People old immigrants , 588 new immigrants , 588 steerage , 589 benevolent societies , 591 Chinese Exclusion Act , 593 Immigration Restriction League , 593 ! IE new sources of immigration and the contributions of immigrants to the building and the economy explain the ways in which new social and economic patterns encouraged assimilation of ers into the mainstream amidst ing cultural diversity and discuss the new wave of nativism . 588 CHAPTER 18 A New Wave of Immigration If YOU were there You and your family live in northern Mexico in the 18905 . Your father is a skilled carpenter , while your mother is a wonderful cook . You can do many jobs too , though you are still in school . But there is not much work where you live . Your parents talk about moving to California , where you have cousins . What might it be like to leave your home and move to California ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Since its beginnings , America has attracted people from many parts ofthe world . They came for land , jobs , religious freedom , and the chance to start new lives . In the late , rapid economic growth created jobs and opportunities that drew new groups of immigrants . New Immigrants During the late , immigrants continued to come to the United States by the millions . Immigration patterns , however , began to change . Immigrants who had arrived before the 18805 were now called old immigrants . They were mostly from Great Britain , Germany , Ireland , and . Most of them were , except for the Irish and some Germans who were Catholic . Many were skilled workers who spoke English . Often the old grants settled in the rural areas outside cities and became farmers . After 1880 , many more immigrants came to the United States , and they came from many different places . More than million came during the , as had come between 1800 and 1860 . Increasing numbers of these new immigrants , who came during and after the 18805 , were from southern and eastern Europe . sands of Czechs , Greeks , Hungarians , Italians , Poles , Russians , and came to the United States looking for new opportunities and better lives . Southern Italy sent large numbers of immigrants . Immigrant Miriam hoped for all manner of miracles in a strange , wonderful land !
Many were seeking economic nity in the industrial boom of the late . Others were escaping political or religious persecution . Most brought new Cultural with them . The immigrants included Eastern Orthodox Christians , Roman , and Jews . Many immigrants were eager for the job opportunities that arose during the trial boom of the late . Before coming to America , many had received ing letters from friends and relatives who had immigrated earlier . Those earlier grants not only sent letters to their and friends back home , but often they sent money to help pay for the journey to the United States . To attract immigrants , railroad and steamship companies hired business agents who tended to paint pictures of easy wealth and happiness in the United States . Immigrants usually faced a ' ney to America . Most traveled in steerage , an area below a ship deck where steering mechanisms were located . In these cramped Symbol of Freedom Towering over New York Harbor , the Statue of Liberty , shown here , has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States . The statue , a gift from France , was constructed in Paris , disassembled , and shipped to the United States . It was completed in workers in the sian studio of sculptor Frederic assembled the statue . Why do you think France gave the statue to the United States ?
conditions , passengers often experienced seasickness and sometimes death . New arrivals had to go to immigration processing centers run by state and local governments . In 1892 a receiving was opened on Ellis Island in New York Harbor . Over the next 40 years , millions of grants came through the Ellis Island center . In the processing centers , officials viewed immigrants to decide whether to let them enter the country . Officials also conducted physical examinations . They did not allow those who carried an infectious disease to enter . Most immigrants were admitted . After admission , they entered the United States to work and build new lives . I TODAY During the ate and early , many Asian Indians immigrated to the States . Some ofthese immigrants came rom Punjab , a province in India and Pakistan , and were members of he Sikh religion . Sikhs settled in California bythe and worked initially in the railroad and lumber industries . Today their descendants run successful farms and other businesses .
Coming In this photo , Japanese men and Chinese women arrive in California to begin a new life in the United States . LI Augustin and Maria and their two children moved from Mexico to California . Many Mexican immigrants moved into the Southwest . Immigrant Neighborhoods Many immigrants moved into hoods with others who came from the same country . In these neighborhoods they could hear their own language , eat familiar foods , and keep their customs . Many immigrant groups published papers in their own languages and founded schools , clubs , and places of worship . These organizations helped preserve their beliefs and customs . In New York City , for example , Jewish immigrants founded a theater that gave performances in the Yiddish language . Immigrants often opened local shops and small neighborhood banks . Business owners helped new arrivals by offering credit and giving small loans . Such aid was tant for newcomers because there were few 590 CHAPTER 18 commercial banks in most immigrant . In 1904 Italian immigrant eo Peter started the Bank of Italy in San Francisco . This bank later became the Bank of America . Even with neighborhood support , grants often found city life . Many immigrants lived in built , overcrowded apartments . They often had to exhausting conditions . One young woman described the difference between her hopes and realities in the new land . I dreamed of the golden stairs leading to the top of the American palace where father was supposed to live . I went home to ugly old tenement in the heart of the Lower East were stairs to climb but they were not Shomer Zu , Yesterday A Memoir of a Russian Jewish Family
son of Italian immigrants , Amadeo Peter ( center ) founded the Bank of Italy in San Francisco in 1904 . Due to his guidance and perseverance , it became the largest privately owned bank in the world . Some immigrant communities formed benevolent societies . These aid tions offered immigrants help in cases of sickness , unemployment , and death . At that time , there were few national government agencies to provide such aid . Adjusting to a New Life Many immigrants tried to adjust to their new country . They often encouraged their children to adopt American customs , which helped them assimilate into American society . In schools , the immigrant children learned English using Readers , illustrated textbooks that taught basic reading and ing and emphasized basic values such as hard work and thrift . Many immigrants met the challenges of living in a new country . They built strong futures for their families in the United States . Swedish immigrant Swan August Swanson followed his father to Wisconsin to help with the family farm . Shifting Patterns of Immigration Where Immigrants Came From , Where Immigrants Came From , 15 I Northern and western Europe I Eastern and southern Europe I North and South I Asia I All other areas Single men and women , as well as entire families , moved to America from all over the world . During the late , the places where people moved from began to change . The charts above show the of people who moved from ent places . The total number of immigrants reached a peak in the 18805 , when about million people came to the United States . How do you think different countries of origin might affect immigration ?
ra Workers Many new immigrants had worked on farms in their homelands . Unfortunately , few could afford to buy land in the United States . Instead , they found jobs in cities , where , by 1900 , most of the country manufacturing took place . Having come from rural areas , few new immigrants were skilled in manufacturing or industrial work . They often had no choice but to take , unskilled jobs in garment or steel factories and construction . Long hours were common . Not all industrial labor took place in large factories . Some immigrants worked long hours for little pay in small shops or mills located in or near neighborhoods . Often associated with the AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 591
Asian Americans Today Today more than 12 million people in the United States are of Asian origin . They account for nearly percent of the or in 20 Americans . Asian Americans trace their roots to various countries , including China , India , the Philippines and , like this family , Vietnam . Most Asian Americans live in the West . California has by far the largest Asian American population of any state . SKILL ANALYZING INFORMATION Why have so many people immigrated to the United States ?
592 clothing industry , these workplaces were called sweatshops because of long hours and hot , unhealthy working conditions . Immigrants with appropriate skills times found work in a wide range of . Some immigrants worked as bakers , cooks , carpenters , masons , metalworkers , or skilled machinists . Other immigrants saved , shared , or borrowed money to open small businesses , such as barbershops , laundries , restaurants , or street Vending carts . New immigrants often opened the same types of businesses in which other immigrants from the same country were already succeeding . Mexican Immigrants In the late large numbers of immigrants began arriving from Mexico . Many Mexicans CHAPTER 18 had been displaced from their homes by the War . Most Mexican immigrants settled in the Southwest , where they found work on the railroads and in construction companies , steel mills , mines , and canneries . Other ican immigrants worked on large cial farms in Arizona , Texas , and California . Summarizing How did new immigrants help themselves and others ?
Opposition to Immigration feelings grew along with the rise in immigration in the late . Some labor unions opposed immigration because their members feared immigrants would take jobs away . Many business leaders , however , wanted workers because they kept labor costs low . Other Americans called feared that too many new immigrants were being allowed into the country . Many held racial and ethnic prejudices . thought that the new immigrants poverty and presumed lack of education might harm American society . Some were violent toward immigrants . Others worked to pass laws stopping or limiting immigration . For example , in 1880 , about Chinese immigrants lived in the United States . Two years later , Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act , banning Chinese people from immigrating to the United States for 10 years . This law marked the first time a nationality was banned from entering the country . Although the law violated ties with China , the Congress continued to renew the law for decades to come . In 1892 , Section Assessment another law was passed restricting convicts , immigrants with certain diseases , and those likely to need public assistance . To further lower the number of migrants , in Boston founded the Immigration Restriction League in 1894 , which demanded that all immigrants know how to read and write before entering the country . Supporters hoped this policy would limit immigration from eastern and ern Europe . Despite such opposition , grants continued to arrive in large numbers . Analyzing oppose immigration , and what steps did they take against it ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Immigrants helped build the nations economy and cities , but they met some resistance . In the next section you will learn about life in urban America . ACADEMIC VOCABULARY policy rule , course of action online Quiz KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em Critical Thinking . Drawing Conclusions Copy the graphic organizer a . Identify What was Ellis Island ?
Contrast What differences existed between the old immigrants and the new immigrants ?
a . Identify What job opportunities were able to new immigrants ?
Summarize How did immigrants attempt to adapt to their new lives in the United States ?
Elaborate Why do you think many grants tolerated difficult living and working conditions ?
a . Recall How did the Chinese Exclusion Act affect the Chinese American population ?
Explain Why were some American business leaders supportive of the new immigrants ?
Predict How might the growing opposition to immigration lead to problems in the United States ?
below onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to identify the struggles of new immigrants . Challenges faced by new immigrants FOCUS ON WRITING . Writing about Immigrants and Their Lives Add new immigrants to the list of potential ters for your series . Take notes about what life was like for them . AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 593
What You Infill Learn . and ideas were developed to deal with the growth of urban areas . The rapid growth of cities created a variety of urban problems . The Big Idea Cities in the United States dramatic expansion in the late . Key Terms and People mass transit , 595 suburbs , 595 mass culture , 595 department stores , 596 settlement houses , 597 Hull House , 597 Jane Addams , 597 IE location and effects of urbanization , renewed immigration , and industrialization ( the effects on social fabric of cities , wealth and economic nity , the conservation movement ) 594 CHAPTER 18 City Life If YOU were there You and a friend live in a city around 1900 . Many people in the city are immigrants who dont speak English . Many live in bad neighborhoods and apartments . In college , you studied social work so that you could help improve life for others . Now you gone to work in a new settlement house . Its organizers are still planning its programs . What services would the settlement house offer ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Industrial growth and a new wave of immigration swelled the populations of American cities in the late 18005 . City life offered excitement and new kinds of entertainment , but urban areas also had problems with overcrowding and poor living conditions . Growth of Urban Areas During the late , immigrants and Americans moved to cities in record numbers , causing rapid urban growth . In 1850 , only six cities had a population greater than . By 1900 there were more than 35 such cities . In midwestern cities the population grew especially rapidly ing these years . Chicago population rose from in 1850 to million in 1900 . By 1900 about 40 percent of Americans lived in urban areas . Some city residents were businesspeople and skilled workers . But many more were poor laborers . As farm equipment replaced people in the countryside , large numbers of rural residents moved to the cities . In the 18905 African Americans from the rural South began moving to northern cities to seek jobs , as did thousands of immigrants . They hoped to escape discrimination and better economic and educational opportunities . New Technology The rapid growth of cities placed a great strain on available town space . In the typical downtown city buildings were stories tall . Larger structures had been impossible to construct ,
because building materials were either too weak or too heavy to be used in taller buildings . However , this situation changed as ger and cheaper steel became available . Soon architects such as Louis Sullivan of Chicago began designing multistory ings called skyscrapers . These buildings used metal frames to support their weight . They allowed developers to use limited city space more . New devices like the safety elevator , patented by Elisha Otis in 1857 , helped people quickly move up and down inside skyscrapers . As city centers became heavily lated , attempts were made to ease traffic through mass transit , or public tion designed to move lots of people . By the late New York City had elevated trains running on tracks above the streets . Chicago followed in the early . Some cities built underground railroads that were called subways . In 1897 the first subway in the United States opened in ton . In 1904 , the first line of the New York City subway system began operation . Cable Buildings Architect Louis Sullivan helped pioneer the design of department stores with this building , built for Carson , and Scott in 1912 . Sullivan also designed the Chicago Stock Exchange building and other buildings across the country . The building was designed using steel as a strong frame . How do you think the steel industry such as Louis Sullivan ?
cars , used in the , became quite common . Electric trolleys also achieved during the . These streetcars cheaply and quickly carried people in the cities to and from work . Many Americans who could afford it moved to suburbs , residential outside of downtown areas . Mass transit networks , such as trolleys , subways , and commuter trains , made such moves . People could live in the suburbs and work in the cities . New Ideas The United States began to develop forms of mass culture , or leisure and cultural activities shared by many people . One factor to mass culture was a boom in ing . The invention of the Linotype , an matic typesetting machine , greatly reduced the time and cost of printing . In 1850 there were fewer than 300 daily newspapers in the United States . Because of the use of Linotype machines , by 1900 there were more than newspapers . AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 595
Big cities often had many newspapers . Newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst competed for readers by using color printing . By 1900 the daily newspaper had become a powerful force in people lives . Giant retail shops , or department stores , also appeared in some city centers during the late . Low prices , large quantities of products , and newspaper advertising were used to bring in customers . The public was also attracted by fancy window displays . World fairs are another example of mass culture . At the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876 and the Chicago Exposition in 1893 , millions of people came to see the latest technological inventions . The demand for public entertainment also led to the creation of amusement parks , such as New York Coney Island . People from all walks of life were able to enjoy these parks because of inexpensive train fares and entrance tickets . As cities grew , people became aware of the need for open public space . The landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted became nationally famous . He designed Central Park in New York City as well as many state and national parks . Summarizing of mass culture were available in urban areas ?
Urban Problems Despite the new public parks , skyscrapers , and mass transit , many urban areas were not ready for rapid population growth in the late . Population increases in cities often led to shortages of affordable housing . Many families lived in tiny apartments in overcrowded tenements . Journalist Jacob described these conditions Nine lived in two rooms , one about ten feet square that served as parlor , bedroom , and eating room , the other a small hall room made into a Overcrowding and lack of sanitation often led to disease and health problems . Tenements frequently were packed together in areas close to factories . Rooms had few windows to let in light or fresh air . Running water and indoor plumbing were scarce . Most cities did not have laws requiring lords to fix their tenements or to maintain safety standards . Fire and crime were also common . By the late , many major cities were Hull House Neighborhood children attended kindergarten at Hull House in Chicago . Their parents , who were members of the working poor , were often immigrants . Children like these had few other options for education . How did Hull House try to improve the lives of children ?
hiring and peace . Other than these improvements , the reform work of most city governments was limited by internal corruption or lack of funds . Due to the lack of government aid in the , many private organizations stepped in to help the poor . Some individuals set up settlement houses , or neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education , ation , and social activities . Settlement houses were staffed by professionals and volunteers . BIOGRAPHY Jane Addams Jane Addams was born in , Like many women of the era , she received a college education but found few jobs open to her . In on a visit to England with classmate Ellen Gates Starr . she visited a London settlement house . On The most famous settlement house was Chicago Hull House . It was founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 . Addams and Stan moved into a building in a poor neighborhood and turned it into Hull House . The staff focused on the needs of immigrant families and also worked for reforms , such as child labor laws and the workday . Drawing Conclusions improved city life ! their return to the United States , Addams and Starr opened a settlement house in Chicago . They started a kindergarten and a public playground . Addams also became involved in housing safety and sanitation issues , factory inspection . and immigrants rights . In 1931 she shared the Nobel Peace Prize for her work . Summarizing How did Jane Addams try to improve the lives of workers ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In the late many people came to cities to find work , causing a variety of problems . In the next chapter you will learn about how a new spirit of political reform swept the nation . om Online Quiz Section Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Critical Thinking . Categorizing Copy the chart below onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to identify the problems faced by growing cities in the late and responses to those problems . Urban Problem a . Define What is mass transit ?
What made mass transit necessary ?
Explain Why did African Americans move to northern cities in such large numbers in the 18905 ?
Evaluate Which improvement to urban living do you think had the greatest impact on lives ?
Explain your answer . a . Describe What were conditions like in tenements ?
Summarize What problems resulted from the rapid growth of cities ?
Evaluate Do you think efforts to improve urban problems were successful ?
Why or why not ?
Describing Setting A city like the ones you have read about could serve as the setting of your series . How could you describe the city ?
AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 591 Social Studies Skills . Critical Thinking Analysis Participation HIG indicators performance and of economic and political issues . Analyzing Costs and Benefits Define the Skill Everything you do has both costs and to it . are things that you gain from something . Costs are what you give up to obtain . For example , if you buy a video game , the of your action include the game itself and the enjoyment of playing it . The most clear cost is what you pay for the game . However , there are other costs that do not involve money . One is the time you spend playing the game . This is a cost because you give up something else , such as doing your homework or watching a show , when you choose to play the game . The ability to analyze costs and is a valuable life skill as well as a useful tool in the study of history . Weighing an action against its costs can help you decide whether or not to take it . Learn the Skill Analyzing the costs and of historical events will help you to better understand and evaluate them . Follow these guidelines to do a analysis of an action or decision in history . First determine what the action or decision was trying to accomplish . This step is needed in order to determine which of its effects were and which were costs . Then look for the positive or successful results of the action or decision . These are its . Consider the negative or unsuccessful effects of the action or decision . Also think about what positive things would have happened if it had not occurred . All these things are its costs . 598 CHAPTER 18 Making a chart of the costs and can be useful . By comparing the list of to the list of costs you can better understand the action or decision and evaluate it . For example , you learned in Chapter 18 that the United States attracted millions of new immigrants in the late . A analysis of the nation immigration policies might produce a chart like this one . Immigrants provided workers needed by growing industries Overcrowding and poor ing conditions in US . cities Low wages paid to grants kept the earnings of other workers down Immigrants made more money than they could have in their home countries Long hours of Work Under Immigrants found more poor conditions for low pay opportunity in America than in their home countries Immigrants built strong futures for their families Based on this chart , one might conclude that the nation immigration policy was a good one . Practice the Skill Among the changes that occurred in the early was an increase in specialization and in the workplace . Use information from the chapter and the guidelines above to do a sis of this development . Then write a paragraph explaining whether or not it was a wise one .
Visual Summary the main ideas of the chapter . Inventions and Big Business Bessemer process Lightbulb Automobile Growth of Immigration Nativism Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Identify the descriptions below with the correct term or person from the chapter . Labor organization that represented both skilled and unskilled laborers and was the first national labor union in the United States . Public transportation systems built to ease in crowded cities . A way of making steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove waste . Founded Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in Chicago in 1889 . Powerful business leader who helped to found the Central Pacific Railroad . Organizations created by immigrants to help each other in times of sickness , unemployment , or other troubles . A method of negotiating for better wages or working conditions in which all workers act together to ensure a better chance for success New from eastern and southern Europe Benevolent societies Use the visual summary below to help you review Labor Movement Knights of Labor American Federation of Labor Haymarket Riot Homestead Strike Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION ( Pages ) Em SECTION ( Pages ) a . Recall What criticisms were made of business a . Identify What was the Second Industrial Revolution ?
Draw Conclusions Why were advances in transportation and communication important to the Second Industrial Revolution ?
Elaborate Which invention do you think had the greatest effect on people lives in the late ?
Explain your answer . leaders and trusts ?
Analyze How did the rise of corporations and powerful business leaders lead to the growth of big business ?
Evaluate Do you think the growth of big ness helped or hurt ordinary Americans ?
Explain your answer . AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 599 SECTION ( Pages ) a . Recall What led to poor working conditions factories during the Second Industrial Revolution ?
Make Why did labor unions have a better chance of improving working tions than laborers did on their own ?
Evaluate Did the strikes of the and hurt or help the labor movement in the long run ?
Explain your answer . SECTION ( Pages ) Em II . a . Identify From what parts of the world did the new wave of immigrants come ?
Analyze In what ways did immigration patterns in the United States change in the late ?
Elaborate In your opinion , were the difficulties immigrants faced worth the of life in the United States ?
Explain . SECTION ( Pages ) Em . a . Recall Why did American cities experience such rapid growth in the late ?
Analyze What problems did cities face as a result of rapid growth , and how were these problems solved ?
Elaborate Would you have preferred to live in the city or in a suburb ?
Why ?
Reviewing Themes . Economics How did the rise of big business affect consumers in the United States ?
Society and Culture How did the lives of city dwellers change with the rise of mass culture ?
Using the Internet . Activity Creating a Time Line Technology in some sense has been part of human history since we began to write history . All tools are , in a sense , technology . In this chapter you read about new discoveries that had positive and negative effects . Enter the ity keyword . Then choose one technological innovation mentioned in the chapter and trace its development to the present day . Create an illustrated time line to present your research . 600 CHAPTER 18 Reading Skills Understanding the Structural Patterns of Texts Use the Reading Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question about the reading selection below . New arrivals had to go to immigration centers run by state and local ments . In 1892 a receiving office was opened on Ellis Island in New York Harbor . Over the next 40 years , millions of immigrants came through the Ellis Island center . 589 ) By which structural pattern is the above passage organized ?
enumeration chronology comparison and contrast cause and effect Social Studies Skills Analyzing Cost and Benefits Use the Social Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question below . 11 . Write two costs and two of the Pullman Strike from the point of view of the workers who participated . Writing Your Memo Look back over your notes about the people , places , and events of the late . Decide which of these you will include in your television drama series . Then draft a to memo to your boss describing the series . Remember to describe the basic plot , setting , and characters .
DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the letter of the best response . Use the map below to answer question . Which area on the map provided the tor the industry that arose in the United States in the to late ?
A the area labeled the area labeled the area labeled the area labeled a The person most responsible for making the steel industry a big business in the United States is A John Rockefeller . Andrew Carnegie . Henry Bessemer . Leland Stanford . The growth of American industry in the late was accompanied by all of the ing developments except A the arrival of large numbers of immigrants . the organization of workers into labor unions . declining food production from farms . rapid population growth in cities . Standards Assessment I Which of the following is associated with providing a better life for urban immigrants in the late and early ?
A the department store the suburb the tenement the settlement house Immigrants to the United States in the late and early came A southern and eastern Europe . Japan , China , and the rest of Asia . Mexico and Central America . northern and western Europe . Connecting with Past Learning In Grade you learned about Johann development of the printing press . The contribution of which American listed below was least like ?
A Samuel George Thomas Edison Alexander Graham Bell The attitudes of the Immigration tion League in the late were mostlike those of Americans in earlier times who were part of the A Party . Party . abolitionist movement . transcendentalist movement . AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 60 !