US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 15 The Civil War
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California Standards Science Students analyze the multiple causes , key events , and complex consequences of the Civil War . Analysis Skills Students assess the credibility of primary and secondary sources . Arts Writing Students write narratives , expository , persuasive , and descriptive essays . FOCUS ON Writing a Newspaper Article For most of this history , newspapers have been an important way for citizens to learn about what is happening in the United States . In this chapter you will read about the main events of the Civil War . Then you will choose one of these events and write a newspaper article about it . Confederate guns open fire on Fort on April sum Confederates win the first battle of the Civil War on July 21 at Bull Run in Virginia . Great Britain and France decide to buy ton from Egypt instead of , from the Confederacy . 468 CHAPTER 15
The Emancipation The Monitor Proclamation fights the Virginia on is issued on March . January . 1862 An imperial decree expels foreigners from Japan . Maximilian becomes 1864 With the support of French troops , Archduke emperor of Mexico . History Impact video series Watch the video to understand the impact of ' In this chapter you will learn how the resources of the North enabled it to defeat the South in the Civil War . Among those who marched off to war were these drummer boys of the Union army . 1865 General Robert Lee surrenders to General Ulysses Grant on April yr The Taiping Rebellion in China ends after the capture of Nanjing in July . THE CIVIL WAR 469
Reading Social Studies Economics Geography Religion Politics and Culture Focus on Themes As you read this chapter this war , but will see how the war affected all of about the Civil War , you will see that this was a time American society . You will read about the causes in our history dominated by two major concerns and the key events during the war and the many politics and society and culture . You will not only consequences of this war . This chapter tells of one read about the political decisions made during of the most important events in our history . Supporting Facts and Details Focus on Reading Main ideas and big ideas are just that , ideas . How do we know what those ideas really mean ?
Additional reading support can be found in the . Understanding Ideas and Their Support A main idea or big idea may be a kind of summary statement , or it may be a statement of the author opinion . Either way , a good reader looks to see what facts and various kinds of writer provides . If the writer doesn provide good support , the ideas may not be trustworthy . Notice how the passage below uses facts and details to support the main idea . Writers support Civil War armies fought in the ancient . propositions with . formation that produced . Facts and are massive casualties . Endless rows of statements that can be proved . troops directly at one another , Statistics are facts in number with cannonballs landing amid them . These Sentences When the order was given , soldiers details ' a , that illustrate the facts would attach bayonets to their guns about the . soldiers . stories that and rush toward their enemy . Men explain the facts died to gain every inch of ground . unusual Despite the huge losses , terms ' Words the biggest killer in the Civil War was ' the experts or support the reasons The writer concludes with some facts as support . not the . It was diseases such as typhoid , pneumonia , and . Nearly twice as many soldiers died of illnesses as died in combat . From Chapter , 4954196 410 CHAPTER 15
ELA Reading Analyze text that uses proposition and support anal Chapter 15 Section The following passage is from the chapter you are about to read . Fort ( 472 ) As you read it , look for the writer main idea and support . Scott ( 475 ) cotton diplomacy ( 475 ) In February 1862 , Grant let an assault force From into Tennessee . With help from navy boats , Grant Army of Tennessee took two outposts on key rivers in the west . On February , he captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River . Several days later he took Fort on the Cumberland River . Fort commander asked for the terms of surrender . Grant replied , No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be The fort . The North gave a new name to initials Unconditional Surrender Grant . Section Thomas Stonewall Jackson ( 478 ) First Battle of Bull Run ( George McClellan ( 480 Robert Lee ( Seven Days Battles ( 480 ) Second Battle of Bull Run ( 480 ) Battle of ( 481 ) ironclads ( 482 ) Section Ulysses Grant ( 484 ) Battle of Shiloh ( 485 ) David Farragut ( 485 Siege of ( 486 Section emancipation ( Emancipation Proclamation ( 491 ) contrabands ( Massachusetts Infantry ( 493 ) Copperheads ( habeas corpus ( Clara Barton ( After you read the passage , answer the following questions . Which sentence best states the writer main idea ?
A . The fort surrendered . In February 1862 , Grant led an assault force into Tennessee . Fort commander asked for the terms of surrender . Section George Meade ( 498 ) Battle of Gettysburg ( George Pickett ( 499 ) Pickett Charge ( Gettysburg Address ( Wilderness Campaign ( William Tecumseh Sherman ( 501 ) total war ( 502 ) Courthouse ( Which method of support is not used to support the main idea ?
A . Facts . Comments from experts or eyewitnesses Anecdotes . Which sentence in this passage provides a comment from an expert or eyewitness ?
Academic Vocabulary In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words innovation ( 482 As you read , pay attention to execute ( 1500 ) the details that the writers have chosen to main ideas . THE CIVIL WAR 411 SECTION I What You Will Learn . Following the outbreak of war at Fort , Americans chose sides . The Union and the prepared forwar . The Big Idea Civil war broke out between the North and the South in 1861 . Key Terms and People Fort , 473 border states , 474 Scott , 475 cotton diplomacy , 475 El issues posed by the doctrine of nullification and secession and the earliest origins of that doctrine . Discuss Abraham presidency and his significant writings and speeches and their relationship to the Declaration of Independence , such as his House Divided speech ( 1858 ) burg Address ( 1863 ) Emancipation Proclamation ( 1863 ) and inaugural addresses ( 1861 and 1865 ) Describe critical ments and events in the war , ing the major battles , geographical advantages and obstacles , logical advances , and General surrender at . Explain how the war affected combatants , civilians , the physical environment , and future warfare . 412 CHAPTER 15 IE The War Begins If YOU were there You are a college student in Charleston in early 1861 . Seven southern states have left the Union and formed their own ment . One of the forts in Charleston bay , Fort , is being claimed by both sides , and war seems unavoidable . Your friends have begun to volunteer for either the Union or the federate forces . You are torn between loyalty to your home state and to the United States . Would you join the Union or the Confederate army ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The divisions within the United States reached a breaking point with the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 . Several southern states angrily leftthe Union to form a new confederation . In border states such as Virginia and Kentucky , people were divided . The question now was whether the United States could survive as a country . Americans Choose Sides Abraham Lincoln became president on the eve of a national nightmare . Furious at Lincoln election and fearing a eral invasion , seven southern states had seceded . The new in chief tried desperately to save the Union . In his inaugural address , Lincoln promised not to end slavery where it existed . The federal government will not assail attack you . You can have no without being yourselves the sors , he said , trying to calm Southerners fears . However , Lincoln also stated his intention to preserve the Union . He refused to secession , declaring the Union to be In fact , after decades of painful compromises , the Union was badly broken . From the lower South , a battle cry was arising , born out of fear , excitement . Confederate began ing branches of the federal mint , arsenals , and military outposts . In the highly charged atmosphere , it would take only a spark to unleash the heat of war .
In 1861 , that spark occurred at Fort , a federal outpost in Charleston , South Carolina , that was attacked by federate troops , beginning the Civil War . Determined to seize the trolled the entrance to Charleston the Confederates ringed the harbor with heavy guns . Instead of surrendering the fort , Lincoln decided to send in ships to provide badly needed supplies to defend the fort . Confederate demanded that the eral troops evacuate . The fort commander , Major Robert Anderson , refused . Before sunrise on April 12 , 1861 , ate guns opened fire on Fort . A witness wrote that the shots brought every soldier in the harbor to his feet , and every man , an , and child in the city of Charleston from their The Civil War had begun . The fort , although massive , stood little chance . heavy guns faced the Atlantic Ocean , not the shore . After 34 hours of non blasts , Fort surrendered . The last ray of hope for preserving the Union has expired at the assault upon Fort . Lincoln wrote . Fort The shots of the Civil War were at Fort , South Carolina . Although no one was killed there , what would become the bloodiest war in the countrys history had begun . Reaction to Lincoln Call The fall of Fort stunned the North . Lincoln declared the South to be in a state of rebellion and asked state governors for militiamen to put down the lion . States now had to choose Would they secede , or would they stay in the Union ?
Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas , ing in support of Lincoln call for troops , declared , There can be no neutrals in this war , only Charleston . South Carolina , Area Forts Faint Battery Wagner ATLANTIC OCEAN GEOGRAPHY SKILLS . Location Where is Fort located ?
Interaction Why did Charleston make a good location for a city ?
THE CIVIL WAR 413 Resources of the North and South . North . South . Population Railroad miles Fort Union states Confederate states Border states ( Part ofthe Union ) Territories West Virginia ( Separated from Virginia in 1861 and joined the Union in 1863 ) Percentage in . ANALYSIS ANALYZING VISUALS I . Where were the four border states located in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and the states north of them rallied to the presidents call . The crucial slave states of the Upper Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and . They provided and supplies to the South . Mary , whose husband became a congressman , wrote in her diary during this time I did not know that one could live in such days of excitement . Everybody tells you half of something , and then rushes off . hear the last news . Wedged between the North and the South were the key border states of Delaware , tucky , Maryland , and states that did not join the Confederacy . Kentucky and Missouri controlled parts of important rivers . Maryland separated the Union capital , Washington , from the North . People in the border states were deeply divided on the war . The president own wife , 414 CHAPTER 15 relation to the Union and Confederate states ?
resources did the North have more of ! How do you thinkthis would influence the war ! Percentage in . Industrial Cotton bales establishments Mary Todd Lincoln , had four brothers from Kentucky who fought for the Confederacy . Lincoln sent federal troops into the border states to help keep them in the Union . He also sent soldiers into western Virginia , where Union loyalties were strong . West Virginia set up its own state government in 1863 . The North Versus the South Numbers tell an important story about the Civil War . Consider the North advantages . It could draw soldiers and workers from a population of 22 million , compared with the South million . One of its greatest advantages was its network of roads , canals , and railroads . Some miles of railroad track could move and supplies throughout the North . The South had only about miles of track Finally , the Union had money . It had a more developed industrial economy , banking system , and currency . The South had to start printing its own Confederate dollars . Some
states printed their own money , too . This led to chaos . The Confederacy had advantages as well . With its strong military tradition , the South put many brilliant officers into battle . ern farms provided food for its armies . The South best advantage , however , was . It needed only to defend itself until the North grew tired of . Southern soldiers fought mostly on their home soil , while the North had to occupy large areas of enemy territory . Taking advantage of the Union strengths , General Scott developed a strategy ( destroy the South economy with a naval blockade of southern ports ( gain control of the Mississippi River to divide the South . Other leaders urged an attack on Richmond , Virginia , the Confederate capital . The South hoped to wear down the North and to capture Washington , Confederate president Jefferson Davis also tried to win foreign allies through cotton diplomacy . This was the idea that Great ain would support the Confederacy because it needed the South raw cotton to supply its booming textile industry . Cotton diplomacy did not work as the South had hoped . Britain had large supplies of cotton , and it got more from India and Egypt . Comparing What did the North and South have leading up to the war ?
Preparing for War The North and the South now rushed to war . Neither side was prepared for it . Volunteer Armies Volunteer militias had sparked the tion that created the United States . Now they would battle for its future . At the start of the war , the Union army had only soldiers . Within months that number had swelled to a half million . Southern men rose Union and Confederate Soldiers Early in the war , differed greatly , especially in the Confederate army . Uniforms became simpler and more standard as the war dragged on . Union Soldier The soldiers carried food , extra tion , and other items in their haversacks . Each soldier was armed with a net , a knife that can be attached to the barrel of a . The bayonets were stored in on their belts . Confederate Soldier Both soldiers were also armed with , rifles . ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS How are the Union and Confederate uniforms and equipment similar and different ?
THE CIVIL WAR 415 up to defend their land and their ways of life . Virginian Thomas Webber came to against the invading foe enemy who now pollute the sacred soil of my beloved native When Union soldiers asked one rebel why he was , he replied , I because you down Helping the Troops Civilians on both sides helped those in uniform . They raised money , provided aid for soldiers and their families , and ran emergency hospitals . In the Union , tens of thousands of volunteers worked with the Sanitary Commission to send bandages , medicines , and food to Union army camps and hospitals . Some women served as nurses in the Union army . Training the Soldiers Both the Union and Confederate armies faced shortages of clothing , food , and even . Most troops lacked standard uniforms and ply wore their own clothes . Eventually , each side chose a color for their uniforms . The Union chose blue . The Confederates wore gray The problem with volunteers was that many of them had no idea how to . Section Assessment Schoolteachers , farmers , and laborers all had to learn the combat basics of marching , shooting , and using bayonets . In a letter to a friend , a Union soldier described life in the training camp . We have been wading through mud knee deep all winter . For the last two weeks we have been drilled almost to drill from to drill from Drill from to Parade from to school from to in the evening . If we dont soon become a well drilled Regiment , we ought 862 With visions of glory and action , many young soldiers were eager to . They would not have to wait long . Summarizing How did soldiers and civilians prepare forwar ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW As citizens chose sides in the Civil War , civilians became involved in the war effort . In the next section you will learn about some early battles in the war . am online Quiz KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People , Critical Thinking a . Identify What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy ?
Contrast How did the Union strategy differ from that of the Confederacy ?
Evaluate Which side do you believe was best prepared for war ?
Explain your answer . Strengths a . Describe How did women take part in the war ?
Weaknesses Summarize In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared for war ?
Elaborate Why did men volunteer to fight in the war ?
Summarizing Copy the chart below . Use it to the strengths and weaknesses of the North and South at the start of the war . Taking Notes on the War Beginning As you read this section , take notes on the crisis at Fort and on the recruiting and training of the armies . Be sure to answer the following questions Who ?
Where ?
When ?
Why ?
and How ?
416 CHAPTER is BIOGRAPHY Abraham Lincoln What would you do to save the struggling Union ?
when did he live ?
Where did he live ?
Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin to a poor family in Kentucky . Growing up in Kentucky and Illinois , Lincoln went to school for less than a year . He taught himself law and settled in , where he practiced law and politics . As president he lived in Washington , There , at age 56 , his life was cut short by an assassin , John Wilkes Booth . What did he do ?
The issue of slavery Lincoln political career . He was not an abolitionist , but he strongly opposed extending slavery into the territories . In a series of famous debates against Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois , Lincoln championed his views on slavery and made a brilliant defense of democracy and the Union . As president , Lincoln led the nation through the Civil War . Why is he important ?
Lincoln is one of the great symbols of American democracy . A house divided against itself can not stand , he declared in a debate with Douglas . In 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation . His address to commemorate the bloody at Gettysburg is widely considered to be one of the best political speeches in American history . Summarizing Why is Lincoln such an in American history ?
Abraham Lincoln led the United States during the Civil War . KEY EVENTS Elected to the Illinois legislature Marries Mary Todd Holds series of famous debates with . Senator Stephen Douglas Elected president on November Issues the Emancipation mation on January I Gives the Gettysburg Address on November 19 Gives second inaugural address on March Shot on dies the next day THE CIVIL WAR 411
SECTION What You Will Learn . Union and Confederate forces fought for control of the war in Virginia . The Battle of gave the North a slight advantage . The Confederacy attempted to break the Union naval blockade . The Big Idea Confederate and Union forces faced off in Virginia and at sea . Key Terms and People Thomas Stonewall Jackson , 475 First Battle of Bull Run , 479 George McClellan , 479 Robert Lee , 479 Seven Days Battles , 480 Second Battle of Bull Run , 480 Battle of , 481 ironclads , 482 IE Study the views and lives of leaders ( Ulysses Grant , Jefferson Davis , Robert Lee ) and soldiers on both sides of the war , including those of black soldiers and regiments . Describe critical ments and events in the war , ing the major battles , geographical advantages and obstacles , logical advances , and General surrender at . 418 CHAPTER 15 The War in the East If YOU were there You live in Washington , in July 1861 . You and your friends are on your way to , near Washington , to watch the battle there . Everyone expects a quick Union victory . Your wagon is loaded with food for a picnic , and people are in a holiday mood . You see some members of Congress riding toward , too . Maybe this battle will end the war ! Why would you want to watch this battle ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The shots fired at Fort made the war a reality . Neitherthe North northe South was really pared . Each side had some industry and roads in the North , a in the South . The war in the East centered in the region around the two capitals Washington , and Richmond , Virginia . War in Virginia The troops that met in the first major battle of the Civil War found that it was no picnic . In July 1861 , Lincoln ordered General Irvin to lead his army from the Union capital , Washington , to the Confederate capital , Richmond . The soldiers were barely trained . complained that they stopped every moment to pick blackberries or get water they would not keep in the The first day march covered only miles . Bull army was headed to , Virginia , an important railroad junction . If could seize , he would trol the best route to the Confederate capital . Some troops under the command of General Pierre Beauregard were waiting for and his troops along a creek called Bull Run . For two days , Union troops tried to a way around the . During that time , Beauregard requested assistance , and
General Joseph Johnston headed toward with another Confederate troops . 21 , 1861 , they had all arrived . That morning , Union troops managed to cross the creek and drive back the left side of the Confederate line . Yet one unit held in place . There is Jackson standing like a stone wall ! cried one southern . Rally behind the Virginians ! At that moment , General Thomas Jackson earned his famous nickname . A steady stream of Virginia volunteers arrived to counter the attack . The ates surged forward , letting out their ing rebel One eyewitness described the awful scene . There is smoke , dust , wild , shouting , explosions . It is a new , strange , unanticipated experience to the of both armies , far different from what they thought it would , quoted in Voices ofthe Civil War by Richard Wheeler The battle raged through the day , with rebel soldiers still arriving . Finally , the weary Union troops gave out . They tried to make an orderly retreat back across the creek , but the roads were clogged with the fancy carriages of panicked . The Union army scattered in the chaos . The Confederates lacked the strength to push north and capture Washington , But clearly , the rebels had won the day . The First Battle of Bull Run was the first major battle of the Civil War , and the Confederates victory . The battle is also known as the first Battle of . It shattered the hopes of winning the war quickly . More Battles in Virginia The shock at Bull Run persuaded Lincoln of the need for a better trained army . He put his hopes in General George McClellan . The general assembled a highly disciplined force of soldiers called the Army of the Potomac . The careful McClellan spent months training . Lincoln grew impatient . I Interactive Map ) Battles In the East PENNSYLVANIA I es ?
yr MARYLAND WEST QI am VIRGINIA to . org , if , I Junction I Bun nun July 1861 Union state . 91362 I I West Virginia ' Separated from I , Vir in 1861 the ( Union in 1863 ) Confederate , Fair Oaks state ( I ?
a . Union forces 1352 , Union victory ' in Richmond ' deme James I Confederate Days ) in June 1862 30 Miles , 15 30 Kilometers VIRGINIA , om , I Interactive Ma SKILLS INTERPRETING KEYWORD 558 CHIS . Location Which battle was fought in Maryland ?
Interaction How did geography influence the movement of forces ?
Against his better judgment , Lincoln agreed to McClellan plan of attack on mond . Instead of marching south for a direct assault , McClellan slowly brought his force through the peninsula between the James and York rivers . More time slipped away . In June 1862 , with McClellan force poised outside Richmond , the Confederate army in Virginia came under the command of General Robert Lee . A graduate of the Military Academy at West Point , Lee had served in the Mexican War and had led eral troops at Harpers Ferry . Lee was willing to take risks and make unpredictable moves to throw Union forces off balance . During the summer of 1862 , Lee his positions . On June 26 , he attacked , TODAY Many Americans continue to be fascinated by the Civil War . Some history buffs regularly stage of famous battles , complete with uniforms , guns , and bayonets . THE CIVIL WAR 419
this one . Eyewitness at launching a series of clashes known as the Seven Days Battles that forced the Union army to retreat from near Richmond . federate General Hill described one failed attack . It was not was murder , he said . Lee saved Richmond and forced McClellan to retreat . A frustrated Lincoln ordered General John Pope to march directly on Richmond from Washington . Pope told his soldiers , Let us look before us and not behind . cess and glory are in the Jackson wanted to defeat Pope army before it could join up with McClellan larger Army of the Potomac . Jackson troops met Pope Union forces on the in August 1862 . The battle became known as the Second Battle of Bull Run , or the Second Battle of . The day was savage . tain George of the Wisconsin regiment later recalled , What a slaughter ! No one appeared to know the object of the , and there we stood for one hour , the James Hope was a artist who joined the Union army . Too sick to fight at , Hope was reassigned to work as a scout and a mapmaker . He sketched scenes from the battle as it happened and later used his sketches to make paintings like 480 CHAPTER 15 men falling all The ended in a stalemate . On the second day , Pope found troops along an railroad grade . Pope hurled his men against the ates . But the attacks were pushed back with heavy casualties on both sides . On the third day , the Confederates crushed the Union army assault and forced it to retreat in defeat . The Confederates had won a major Victory , and General Robert Lee decided it was time to take the war to the North . Sequencing orderthe events that forced Union troops out of Virginia . Battle of Confederate leaders hoped to follow up Lee successes in Virginia with a major victory on northern soil . On September , 1862 , some Confederate soldiers began crossing into Maryland . Once General Robert Lee
arrived in the town of Frederick , he issued a Proclamation to the People of Maryland , urging them to join the Confederates . However , his words would not be enough to convince to abandon the Union . Union soldiers , however , found a copy of Lee battle plan , which had been left at an abandoned Confederate camp . eral McClellan learned that Lee had divided his army in order to attack Harpers Ferry . McClellan planned a counterattack . The two armies met along Creek in Maryland on September 17 , 1862 . The battle lasted for hours . By the end of the day , the Union had suffered more than casualties . The Confederates endured more than casualties . Union later recalled , It seemed that everybody near me was The Battle of , also known as the Battle of burg , was the bloodiest battle of the Civil of history . More were killed and wounded at the Battle of than the deaths of all Americans in BIOGRAPHY Robert Lee ( Robert Lee was born into a wealthy Virginia family in 1807 . Lee fought in the Me War , helping to ture . When the Civil War began , President Lincoln asked Lee to lead the Union army . Lee declined and resigned from the US . Army to become a eral in the Confederate army . Drawing Conclusions How did choice division of the states ?
the American Revolution , War of 1812 , and War combined . also was an important victory for the Union . Lee had lost many of his troops , and his northward advance had been stopped . Analyzing Why was the Battle of significant ?
Mathew Brady was a photographer who worked to document the Civil War on film . photo of dead Confederate soldiers at was taken by a photographer from studio . the civilians who saw them ?
THE CIVIL WAR 481 Primary Source POLITICAL CARTOON Anaconda Plan This cartoon shows visually the North plan to cut off supplies to the South through naval blockades , a strategy called the Anaconda Plan . Why is the head red , white , and blue ?
How does the cartoonist show what the snake represents ?
ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY Why do you think the plan was called the Anaconda Plan ! ACADEMIC VOCABULARY innovation a new idea of doing something Breaking the Blockade While the two armies fought for control of the land , the Union navy controlled the sea . The North had most of the small , and many experienced naval officers had remained loyal to the Union . The North also had enough industry to build more ships . The Union Naval Strategy The Union navy quickly mobilized to set up a blockade of southern ports . The blockade largely prevented the South from selling or receiving goods , and it seriously damaged the southern economy . The blockade was hard to maintain because the Union navy had to patrol sands of miles of coastline from Virginia to Texas . The South used small , fast ships to run the larger Union warships . Most of these blockade runners traveled to the Bahamas or Nassau to buy supplies for the Confederacy . These ships , however , could not make up for 482 CHAPTER 15 the South loss of trade . The Union blockade reduced the number of ships entering ern ports from to 800 per year . Clash of the Hoping to take away the Union tage at sea , the Confederacy turned to a new type of , or ships heavily armored with iron . The Confederates had captured a Union steamship , the , and turned it into an ironclad , renamed the Virginia . One Union sailor described the innovation as a huge In early March 1862 , the clad sailed into Hampton Roads , Virginia , an important waterway guarded by Union ships . Before nightfall , the Virginia easily sank two of the Union wooden warships , while it received minor damage . A Baltimore reporter predicted doom the next day . There appeared no reason why the iron monster might not clear Hampton Roads of our , and destroy all the stores supplies and warehouses on the in The Rebellion Record ,
Union Blockade The Union navy had already built its own ironclad , the Monitor , designed by born engineer John . ship had unusual new features , such as a ing gun tower . One Confederate soldier called the Monitor a tin can on a shingle ! Although small , the Monitor carried powerful guns and had thick plating . When the Virginia returned to ton Roads later that month , the Monitor was waiting . After several hours of , neither ship was seriously damaged , but the Monitor forced the Virginia to withdraw . This success saved the Union and continued the blockade . The clash of the ironclads also signaled a revolution in naval warfare . The days of wooden warships powered by wind and sails were drawing to a close . Evaluating How effective wasthe Union blockade ! Union states Confederate states i Union blockade 100 200 Miles 100 Monitor battles at Hampton ATLANTIC OCEAN 513 GEOGRAPHY SKILLS Location What major port cities in the South were affected by the blockade ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The early of the Civil War were centered in the East . In the next section you will read about battles in the West . Section Assessment THE IMPACT TODAY The Monitor sank in North Carolina in the winter of 1862 . The shipwreck was located by scientists in 1973 , and efforts to save it for further study continue today . online Quiz Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People IE , critical thinking a . Identify List the early battles in the ' East and the outcome of each battle . Elaborate Why do you think the Union lost the First Battle Of Bull Run ?
explain why each was significant . Analyzing Copy the chart below onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to identify the major battles that took place at the beginning of the war and to . a . Describe What costly mistake did the Battle Winner make before the Battle of ?
Analyze What was the outcome of the Battle of , and what effect did it have on both the North and the South ?
Elaborate Why do you think General George McClellan did not finish off General Robert Lee troops when he had the chance ?
a . Describe What was the Union strategy in the war at sea ?
Draw Conclusions Why were ironclads more successful than older , wooden ships ?
When ?
Why ?
and How ?
Taking Notes on the War in the East As you read this section , take notes on the First Battle of Bull Run , the Seven Days Battles , the Second Battle of Bull Run , and the Battle of . Be sure to answer the following questions Who ?
Where ?
THE CIVIL WAR 483 What You Will Learn . Union strategy in the West centered on control of the Mississippi River . Confederate and Union troops struggled for nance in the . The Big Idea Fighting in the Civil War spread to the western United States . Key Terms and People Ulysses Grant , 484 Battle of Shiloh , 485 David Farragut , 485 Siege of , 486 ! IE Study the views and lives of leaders ( Ulysses Grant , Jefferson Davis , Robert Lee ) and soldiers on both sides of the war , including those of black soldiers and regiments . Describe critical ments and events in the war , ing the major battles , geographical advantages and obstacles , logical advances , and General surrender at . 484 CHAPTER 15 The War in the West If YOU were there You live in the city of , set on high bluffs above the River is vital to the control of the river , and defenses are strong . But the Union general is determined to take the town . For weeks , you have been surrounded and besieged . Cannon shells burst overhead , day and night Some have fallen on nearby homes . Supplies of food are running low How would you survive this siege ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The Civil fought on many fronts , all across the continent and even at sea . In the East , fighting was at first concentrated in Virginia . In the West , cities and forts along the Mississippi River were the main target of Union forces . Northern control ofthe cut offthe western states ofthe Confederacy . Union Strategy in the West While Lincoln fumed over the cautious , hesitant General lan , he had no such problems with Ulysses . Bold and less , Grant grew impatient when he was asked to lead defensive maneuvers . He wanted to be on the attack . As a commander of forces in the Union western campaign , he would get his wish . The western campaign focused on taking control of the River . This strategy would cut off the eastern part of the federacy from sources of food production in Arkansas , Louisiana , and Texas . From bases on the Mississippi , the Union army could attack southern communication and transportation networks . In February 1862 , Grant led an assault force into Tennessee . With help from navy gunboats , Grant Army of the Tennessee took two outposts on key rivers in the west . On February , he captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River . Several days later he took Fort on the Cumberland River . Fort commander asked for the terms of surrender . Grant replied , No terms except an unconditional and immediate
. IN , I VA . Ky . Wes ' I , as VI . an , i smart . i 21 ! CAR , Union state or territory Union occupied 1863 i Confederate state a ?
Union forces . A I I Union blockade ' I Union victory If , a Confederate forces ?
Mamie ' Confederate victory Baton . 100 200 Miles . 100 200 Kilometers , I I I I I amazon ' i own ! mam , Interactive Map ' A . SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS KEYWORD ' I ' I . Location What river did Union forces fight to control ?
Interaction Why do you think so many battles took place along rivers ?
surrender can be The fort . The North gave a new name to initials Unconditional Surrender Grant . Advancing south in Tennessee , General Grant paused near Shiloh Church to await the arrival of the Army of the Ohio . Grant knew that the large rebel army of General Johnston was nearby in Corinth , but he did not expect an attack . Instead of setting up defenses , he worked on drilling his new recruits . In the early morning of April , 1862 , the rebels sprang on Grant sleepy camp . This began the Battle of Shiloh , in which the Union army gained greater control of the Mississippi River valley . During the bloody battle , each side gained and lost ground . Johnston was killed on the day . The arrival of the Ohio force helped Grant regain territory and push the enemy back into Mississippi . The armies gave out , each with about casualties . Both sides claimed victory , but , in fact , the victor was Grant . BIOGRAPHY David Farragut ( David Farragut was born in Tennessee to a Spanish father and an American mother . At age seven Farragut was adopted by a family friend who agreed to train the young boy for the navy . Farragut received his first navy man at age nine and commanded his first vessel at 12 . He spent the rest of his life in the Navy . Although he lived in the South . when the Civil War broke out , he decided to move his family to the North . Farragut led key attacks on the southern ports of and New Orleans . In 1866 he was named the first admiral of the navy . Drawing How did Farragut help the war effort of the North ?
Control of the Mississippi River As Grant battled his way down the , the Union navy prepared to blast its way upriver to meet him . The first obstacle was the port of New Orleans , the largest city in the Confederacy and the gateway to the Mississippi River . THE CIVIL WAR 485
With 18 ships and 700 men , Admiral David Farragut approached the two forts that guarded the entrance to New Orleans from the Gulf of Mexico . Unable to destroy the forts , Farragut decided to race past them . The risky operation would take place at night . Farragut had his wooden ships wrapped in heavy chains to protect them like ironclads . Sailors slapped Mississippi mud on the ships hulls to make them hard to see . Trees were tied to the masts to make the ships look like the forested shore . Before dawn on April 24 , 1862 , the ships made their daring dash . The Confederates at Farragut ships from the shore and from gunboats . They launched burning rafts , one of which scorched own ship . But his slipped by the twin forts and made it to New Orleans . The city fell on April 29 . Farragut sailed up the Mississippi River , taking Baton Rouge , Louisiana , and , Primary Source SPEECH Response to Farragut The mayor of New Orleans considered the surrender of the city to the Union navy We yield to physical force alone and maintain allegiance to the Confederate States beyond this , a due respect for our dignity , our rights and the flag of our country does not , I think , permit us to go . John Monroe , quoted in Military History , Vol 70 ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES How does Monroe statement reveal his attitude about surrender ?
Mississippi . He then approached the city of , Mississippi . The Siege of geography made invasion all but impossible . Perched on cliffs above the Mississippi River , the city could rain down on enemy ships or on soldiers trying to scale the cliffs . Deep gorges surrounded the city , turning back land assaults . Nevertheless , Farragut ordered to surrender . do know , and refuse to learn , how to surrender If Commodore Farragut can teach them , let him come and James , military commander Farragut guns had trouble reaching the city above . It was up to General Grant . His solution was to starve the city into surrender . General Grant troops began the Siege of in , 1863 , cutting off the city and shelling it repeatedly . As food ran out , residents and soldiers survived by eating horses , dogs , and rats . We are utterly cut off from the world , surrounded by a circle of , wrote one woman . People do The Union navy played an important part in the Civil War . Besides ing and raiding southern ports , the navy joined battles along the Mississippi River , as in this painting of .
ing but eat what they can get , sleep when they can , and dodge the The Confederate soldiers were also sick and hungry . In late June a group of soldiers sent their commander a warning . The army is now ripe for mutiny rebellion , unless it can be fed . If you cant feed us , better surrender us , horrible as the idea is . soldiers to General John , 863 On July , surrendered . Grant immediately sent food to the soldiers and civilians . He later claimed that the fate of the Confederacy was sealed when Summarizing the Union gain control of the Mississippi River ?
Struggle for the Far West Early on in the war , the Union halted eral attempts by Confederate armies to trol lands west of the Mississippi . In August 1861 , a Union detachment from Colorado turned back a Confederate force at Pass . Union volunteers also defeated rebel forces at Arizona Pass . Confederate attempts to take the border state of Missouri also collapsed . Failing to seize the federal arsenal at Louis , the rebels fell back to Pea Ridge in ern Arkansas . There , in March 1862 , they attacked again , aided by some 800 Cherokee . The Indians hoped the Confederates would give them greater freedom . In addition , ery was legal in Indian Territory , and some Native Americans who were slaveholders ported the Confederacy . Despite being numbered , Union forces won the Battle of Pea Ridge . The Union defense of Missouri held . forces remained active in the region throughout the war . They attacked Union forts and raided towns in Missouri and Kansas , forcing Union commanders to keep valuable troops stationed in the area . Analyzing What was the importance ofthe fighting inthe ' SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The North and the South continued their struggle with battles in the West . A number of key battles took place in the Western theatre , and eral important Union leaders emerged from these battles . One , Ulysses Grant , would soon become even more important to the Union army . In the next section you will learn about the lives of civilians , enslaved Africans , and soldiers during the war . go Inn ( on online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em , a . Identify What role did Ulysses Grant play in the war in the West ?
Explain Why was the Battle of Shiloh important ?
Elaborate Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant actions in the West ?
Why or why not ?
a . Describe How did the Union take New Orleans , and why was it an important victory ?
Draw Conclusions How were civilians affected by the Siege of ?
Predict What might be some possible results of the Union victory at ?
a . Recall Where did fighting take place in the Far West ?
Analyze Why did Native Americans join Confederate forces in the West ?
Critical Thinking Cause and Effect Copy the graphic organizer below onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to identify the causes and effects of the battles listed . Battles Battle of Shiloh Capture of New Orleans Siege of Battle of Pea Ridge . Taking Notes on the War in the West As you read this section , take notes on the fight for the Mississippi River and the Siege of . Be sure to answer the ing questions Who ?
Where ?
When ?
Why ?
and How ?
Cause THE CIVIL WAR 481 and I II I is the key ! President Abraham Lincoln declared . The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket . was so important because of its location on the Mississippi River , a vital trade route and supply line . Union ships could get past the Confederate guns mounted on the high bluffs of . Capturing would give the Union control the Mississippi , stealing a vital supply line The Siege Gram and splitting the Confederacy in two . The task HOW had Confederate WOODS trapped in . After two assaults fell to General Ulysses Grant on the city failed , Grant was forced to lay ' siege . After six weeks of bombardment , the Confederates surrendered on July , 1863 . Grant bold campaign had given the Union control of the Mississippi River . Louisiana General Grant planned to attack from the North , but the swampy land made attack from that direction . difficult . So , Grant crossed the Mississippi River into Louisiana and marched south . Grant MINES East Grant troops met up with their supply boats here and crossed back into Mississippi . In a daring gamble , Grant decided to move without a supply line , allowing his army to move quickly . 488 CHAPTER 15
Missouri ' Carolina Arkansas CONTROL CONFEDERATE CONTROL Union ironclads were vital to the campaign . These gunboats protected Grant troops when they crossed the Mississippi . Later , they bombarded during the siege of the city . a Confederate army and then moved on to . This prevented Confederate forces from reinforcing . HI Ulysses Grant ( 1822 ) Ulysses Grant was born in April 1822 in New York . Grant attended West Point and fought in the American War . He resigned in 1854 and worked at various jobs in farming , real estate , and retail . When the Civil War started , he joined the Union army and was quickly promoted to general . After the Civil War , Grant rode a wave of popularity to become president of the United States . Location Why was location so important ?
Place What natural features made difficult to attack ?
THE CIVIL WAR 489 SECTION You Will Learn . The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in Confederate states . African Americans in the war in a variety of ways . President opposition to the war . Life was difficult for soldiers and civilians alike . The lives of many Americans were affected by the Civil War . Key Terms and People emancipation , 491 Emancipation Proclamation , 491 contrabands , 493 Massachusetts Infantry , 493 Copperheads , 494 habeas corpus , 494 Clara Barton , 496 IE Discuss Abraham Lincoln presidency and his significant writings and speeches and their ship to the Declaration of Independence , such as his House Divided speech ( 1858 ) Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) Emancipation Proclamation ( 1863 ) and inaugural addresses ( 1861 and 1865 ) Study the views and lives of leaders ( Ulysses Grant , son Davis , Robert Lee ) and soldiers on both sides ofthe war , including those of black soldiers and regiments . Explain how the war affected combatants , civilians , the physical environment , and future warfare . 490 CHAPTER 15 Daily Life during the War If YOU were there You live in Maryland in 1864 . Your father and brothers are in the Union army , and you want to do your part in the war You hear that a woman in Washington , is supplying medicines and caring for wounded soldiers on the battlefield . She is looking for . You know the work will be dangerous , for youll be in the line of fire . You might be shot or even killed . Would you join the nurses on the ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The Civil almost all Americans . Some million men fought in the two armies . sands of other men and women worked behind the lines , providing food , supplies , medical care , and other necessary services . could not effects of war , asthe fighting destroyed farms , homes , and cities . Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation At the heart of the nation bloody struggle were millions of enslaved African cans . Abolitionists urged President Lincoln to free them . You know I dislike slavery , Lincoln had written to a friend in 1855 . In an 1858 speech , he declared , There is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights in the of right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of Yet as president , Lincoln found emancipation , or the freeing of slaves , to be a difficult issue . He did not believe he had the al power . He also worried about the effects of emancipation . Lincoln Issues the Proclamation had a range of opinions about abolishing slavery . The Democratic Party , which included many laborers , opposed emancipation . Laborers feared that freed slaves would come north and take their jobs at lower wages . Abolitionists argued that the war was less if it did not win freedom for African Americans . They warned that the Union Emancipation Proclamation Union state Confederate state Border state Area of legal slaveholding , Area in which slavery was abolished by the Emancipation Proclamation WASHINGTON NEVADA TERR . UTAH TERR . NEW MEXICO TERR . SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Place In which places was slavery still legal after the Emancipation Proclamation ?
would remain divided until the problem was resolved . Some in Lincoln government predicted that emancipation would anger voters , causing Republicans to be defeated in the 1862 midterm elections . Lincoln worried about losing support for the war . Others , including Secretary of War Edwin Stanton , agreed with Lincoln ing . The use of slave labor was helping the Confederacy make war . Therefore , as in chief , the president could free the slaves in all rebellious states . Freed can Americans could then be recruited into the Union army . For several weeks in 1862 , Lincoln worked intensely , thinking , writing , and rewriting . He finally wrote the Emancipation Proclamation , the order to free the Confederate slaves . The proclamation declared that . all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then , thenceforward , and Proclamation , 1862 THE CIVIL WAR 491
New Sors 5111 . I ! African American soldiers , such as the Infantry and Company of the . Colored Infantry , shown here , fought proudly and bravely in the Civil War . The Emancipation Proclamation was a military order that freed slaves only in areas controlled by the Confederacy . In fact , the proclamation had little ate effect . It was impossible for the federal government to enforce the proclamation in the areas where it actually states in rebellion that were not under federal control . The proclamation did not stop slavery in the border states , where the federal government would have had the power to enforce it . The words written in the Emancipation Proclamation were , but the impact of the document was more symbolic than real . Lincoln wanted to be in a strong tion in the war before announcing his plan . The Battle of gave him the victory he needed . He issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , 1862 . The proclamation went into effect on January , 1863 . 492 CHAPTER 15 Reaction to the Proclamation New Year Eve , December 31 , 1862 In night watch meetings at many African American churches , worshippers prayed , sang , and gave thanks . When the clocks struck midnight , millions were free . Abolitionists rejoiced . Frederick called January , 1863 , the great day which is to determine the tiny not only of the American Republic , but that of the American William Lloyd Garrison was quick to note , however , that slavery , as a system continued to exist in the loyal slave states . Yet where slavery remained , the tion encouraged many enslaved Africans to escape when the Union troops came near . They to the Union camps and lowed them for protection . The loss of slaves crippled the South ability to wage war . Finding Main Ideas How did northerners Emancipation Proclamation ?
Primary Source LETTER June 23 , 1863 my Americans fought for the Union . we we mow to hold , and hope of . We loom deeply to defy , the moral Meal ) moe , of ( interest , Mud be to ! ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES important for Americans ?
African Americans Participate in the War As the war casualties climbed , the Union needed even more troops . African cans were ready to volunteer . Not all white northerners were ready to accept them , but eventually they had to . Frederick believed that military service would help African Americans gain rights . Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters , and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket , and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to Joseph , an African American soldier and recruiter from Pennsylvania , Wrote this letter wery been to of the for , to goal Mud , that we in A Grand Army of Black Men , edited by Edwin Why did Williams think being soldiers was so Congress began allowing the army to sign up African American volunteers as laborers in July 1862 . The War Department also gave contrabands , or escaped slaves , the right to join the Union army in South Carolina . Free African Americans in Louisiana and sas also their own units in the Union army . By the spring of 1863 , African American army units were proving themselves in combat . They took part in a Union attack on Port Hudson , Louisiana , in May . One unit stood out above the others . The Massachusetts Infantry consisted mostly of free African Americans . In July 1863 this regiment led a heroic charge on South Carolina Fort Wagner . The took heavy and huge casualties in the failed operation . About half the regiment was killed , wounded , or captured . Edward Pierce , a correspondent for the New York Tribune , wrote , The did well and nobly . moved up as gallantly as any troops could , and with their enthusiasm they deserved a better The bravery of the ment made it the most celebrated African American unit of the war . About African Americans served with the Union anny . They received 10 a month , while white soldiers got 13 . They were usually led by white , some from abolitionist families . African Americans faced special horrors on the . Confederates often killed their black captives or sold them into ery . In the 1864 election , Lincoln suggested rewarding African American soldiers by ing them the right to vote . Analyzing Information How did African Americans Union ?
THE CIVIL WAR 4925 Growing Opposition The deepening shadows in Lincoln face the huge responsibilities he carried . Besides running the war , he had to deal with growing tensions in the North . Copperheads As the months rolled on and the number of dead continued to increase , a group of ern Democrats began speaking out against the war . Led by Representative Clement of Ohio , they called selves Peace Democrats . Their enemies called them Copperheads , comparing them to a poisonous snake . The name stuck . Many Copperheads were that sympathized with the South and opposed abolition . They believed the war was not necessary and called for its end . asked what the war had gained , and then said , Let the dead at burg and Lincoln saw the Copperheads as a threat to the war effort . To silence them , he ed the right of habeas corpus . Habeas corpus Infantry Family while wealthy civilians could avoid military service , poorer men were drafted to serve in the Union army . This member of the Pennsylvania Infantry brought his family along with him . His wife probably helped the soldier with many daily chores such as cooking and laundry . Why would soldiers bring their families to live with them in camp ?
494 CHAPTER 15 is a constitutional protection against ful imprisonment . Ignoring this protection , Union officials jailed their enemies , ing some Copperheads , without evidence or trial . Lincoln action greatly angered and some Republicans . Northern Draft In March 1863 , war critics erupted again when Congress approved a draft , or forced military service . For 300 , men were allowed to buy their way out of military service . For an unskilled laborer , however , that was nearly a year wages . Critics of the draft called the Civil War a rich man war and a poor man . In July 1863 , riots broke out when can Americans were brought into New York City to replace striking Irish dock workers . The city happened to be holding a war draft at the same time . The two events enraged rioters , who attacked African Americans and draft . More than 100 people died . In this tense situation , the northern nominated former General George McClellan for president in 1864 . They called
for an immediate end to the war . Lincoln defeated McClellan in the popular vote , ning by about votes out of million cast . The electoral vote was not even close . Lincoln won 212 to 21 . Identifying Cause and Effect Who opposed the war , and how did Lincoln respond to the conflict ?
Difficult Lives of Soldiers Young , fresh recruits in both armies were generally eager to . Experienced troops , however , knew better . On the Civil War armies fought in the ancient that produced massive . Endless rows of troops directly at one another , with cannonballs landing amid them . When the order was given , soldiers would attach bayonets to their guns and rush toward their enemy . Men died to gain every inch of ground . Doctors and nurses in the saved many lives . Yet they had no medicines to stop infections that developed after soldiers were wounded . Many soldiers endured the horror of having infected legs and arms amputated without painkillers . Infections from minor injuries caused many deaths . Despite the huge losses , the biggest killer in the Civil War was not the . It was diseases such as typhoid , pneumonia , and tuberculosis . Nearly twice as many soldiers died of illnesses as died in combat . Prisoners of War Military prisoners on both sides lived in imaginable misery . In prison camps , such as , Georgia , and , New York , soldiers were packed into camps designed to hold only a fraction of their number . Soldiers had little shelter , food , or clothing . Starvation and disease killed thousands of prisoners . Battlefield Communications The drummer was an essential member of every Civil War unit . Drummers served army commanders by drumming specific beats that directed troop movements during battle . Different beats were used to order troops to prepare to attack , to fire , to cease fire , and to signal a truce . Drummers had to stay near their manders to hear orders . This meant that the as young as nine years saw deadly combat conditions . The Civil War gave birth to the Signal Corps , the army unit devoted to communications . Today battlefield communications are primarily electronic . Radio , facsimile , and telephone sages , often relayed by satellites , enable orders and other tion to be transmitted nearly instantaneously all over the globe . Union Signal Corps Modern communications ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING INFORMATION Why is communication so important on the battlefield ?
THE CIVIL WAR 495 THE IMPACT TODAY The American Red Cross today supplies victims of natural disasters with relief aid . Life as a Civilian The war effort involved all levels of society . Women as well as people too young or too old for military vice worked in factories and on farms . Economy in the North boomed as tion and prices soared . The lack of workers caused wages to rise by 43 percent between 1860 and 1865 . Women were the backbone of ian life . On the farms , women and children performed the daily chores usually done by men . One visitor to Iowa in 1862 reported that he met more women . at work in the than Southern women also managed farms and plantations . One woman brought strength and fort to countless wounded Union soldiers . Volunteer Clara Barton organized the lection of medicine and supplies for ery to the . At the hospitals , Section Assessment Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross . the angel of the soothed the wounded and dying and assisted doctors as bullets around her . ton work formed the basis for the future American Red Cross . In the South , Sally Louisa Tompkins established a small hospital in Richmond , Virginia . By the end of the war , it had grown into a major army hospital . Jefferson Davis her value to the war effort by making her a captain in the Confederate army . Analyzing How did women help the war effort on both sides ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Many lives were changed by the war . In the next section you will learn about the end of the war . go Online Quiz KEYWORD . Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People , Critical Thinking a . Recall Why did some Americans ' categorizing Copy the chart below onto your own want to end slavery ?
Contrast How did reactions to the Emancipation Proclamation differ ?
Elaborate Do you think that the tion of slaves should have extended to the border states ?
Explain your answer . a . Recall Why did some northerners want to recruit African Americans into the Union army ?
Contrast In what ways did African American face more difficulties than white soldiers did ?
a . Identify Who were Copperheads , and why did they oppose the war ?
Evaluate Should President Lincoln have the right to habeas corpus ?
Why ?
a . Describe What were conditions like in military camps ?
Draw Conclusions How did the war change life on the home front ?
496 CHAPTER 15 sheet of paper . Use it to identify the ways in which people in the North and the South contributed to the war effort . People Contributions Women and Children African Americans Soldiers . Taking Notes on Life During the War As you read this section , take notes on Lincoln tion of the slaves , African American soldiers , and women who provided medical care for soldiers . Be sure to answer the following questions Who ?
Where ?
When ?
Why ?
and How ?
The Tide of War Turns If YOU were there You live in southern Pennsylvania in 1863 , near a where thousands died . Now people have come from miles around to dedicate a cemetery here . You are near the front of the crowd . The first speaker impresses everyone with two hours of dramatic words and gestures . Then President Lincoln a few minutes of simple words . Many people are disappointed . Why do you think the president speech was so short ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Many people , especially in the North , had expected a , but the war dragged on foryears . The balance of victories seemed to seesaw between North and South , and both sides suffered terrible casualties . The last Confederate push into the North ended at Gettysburg in one ofthe bloodiest battles of the war . A Three Days at Gettysburg Gettysburg was the largest and bloodiest battle of the Civil War . In three days , more than soldiers were killed , wounded , captured , or went missing . It was an important victory for the Union , and it stopped plan of invading the North . Artillery played a key role in the Battle of Gettysburg on July , 1863 . I Day One July , 63 SECTION What You Will Learn . The Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 was a point in the war . During 1864 , Union campaigns in the East and South dealt pling blows to the Confederacy . Union troops forced the South to surrender in 1865 , ending the Civil War . The Big Idea Union , and 1865 broughtthe Civil War to an end . Key Terms and People George Meade , 49 ! Battle of Gettysburg , 498 George Pickett , 499 Pickett Charge , 499 Gettysburg Address , 500 Wilderness Campaign , 500 William Tecumseh Sherman , 501 total war , 502 Courthouse , 502 ! IE Describe critical developments and events in the war , including the major battles , graphical advantages and obstacles , technological advances , and General Lee surrender at . Explain how the war affected combatants , civilians , the physical environment , and future warfare . THE CIVIL WAR 491
Three 498 CHAPTER 15 Battle of Gettysburg In December 1862 Confederate forces under the command of General Robert Lee at Fredericksburg , Virginia . The Confederates were outnumbered , yet they defeated a Union army led by General Ambrose Burnside . Confederates on the Move In the spring of 1863 , Lee split his forces and caught the Union army off guard near the town of . They defeated a larger Union force again , but with heavy casualities . While riding at the front lines , Lee trusted general , Stonewall Jackson , was accidentally shot by his own troops . Jackson died a few days later . General Lee launched more attacks in Union territory . As before , his goal was to break the North will to . He also hoped that a victory would convince other nations to recognize the Confederacy . First Day In early June 1863 , Lee cut across northern Maryland into southern Pennsylvania . His Days at Gettysburg ( continued ) Day Two , 10 forces gathered west of a small town called Gettysburg . Lee was unaware that Union were encamped closer to town . He had been suffering from lack of enemy tion for three days because his cavalry chief Jeb Stuart was not performing his duties . Stuart and his cavalry had gone off on their own raiding party , disobeying Lee orders . Another Confederate raiding party went to Gettysburg for boots and other supplies . There , Lee troops ran right Union eral George cavalry , triggering the Battle of Gettysburg , a key battle that turned the tide against the Confederates . The battle began on July , 1863 , when the federate raiding party and the Union forces began exchanging . The larger Confederate forces began to push the Union troops back . In the heat of battle , Union forces looked for the best defensive position . They dug in on top of two hills south of Ridge and Hill . The Confederate ing party camped at Seminary Ridge , which ran parallel to the Union forces . The Union troops , however , had the better position . Both camps called for their main forces to reinforce them and prepare for combat the next day . Union soldiers desperately defended Little Round Top from a fierce charge .
Second Day On July , Lee ordered an attack on the left side of the Union line . Lee knew that he could win the battle if his troops captured Little Round Top from the Union forces . From this hill , Lee troops could easily down on the line of Union forces . Union forces and Confederate troops fought viciously for trol of Little Round Top . The Union , er , held off the Confederates . Pickett Charge On the third day of battle , Lee planned to rush the center of the Union line . This task fell to three divisions of Confederate soldiers . General George Pickett commanded the largest unit . In late afternoon , nearly men took part in Pickett failed Confederate attack up Cemetery Ridge . Fewer than half of the soldiers reached the top . Lee ordered Pickett to organize his sion for a possible counterattack . General Lee , I have no division now , Pickett replied . On the fourth day Lee held his position but began planning to retreat to Virginia . In all , nearly Confederate soldiers and Union troops had fought during the Battle of Gettysburg . Pickett Charge , July . General George Pickett led his . troops across Road to attack the Union position . He the Interactive I lost more than half of his men in I battle . Union positions ' Confederate troop movements Confederate . positions Roads Mile mam , Interactive Map SKILLS . Interaction How do you think geography affected Pickett Charge ?
Movement In which direction did Pickett soldiers charge ?
Kilometer INTERPRETING MAPS Pickett Charge Pickett Charge proved a disaster for the Confederate attackers . Fewer than half of them survived . Day Three July , THE CIVIL WAR 499 A FOCUS ON READING The first sentence of the paragraph to the right is a proposition . The rest ofthis paragraph supports the idea . ACADEMIC VOCABULARY execute to perform , carry out Aftermath of Gettysburg Gettysburg was a turning point in the war . Lee troops would never again launch an attack in the North . The Union victory at Gettysburg also took place on the same day as Grant capture of , Mississippi . These Victories made believe that the war could be won . The Union victory at Gettysburg had come at a high price . Union casualties more than . The Confederacy suffered more than casualties . One Gettysburg resident saw the after the ended . As we looked down into the chasms we beheld the dead lying there just as they had fallen during the struggle It was an awful spectacle ! Dead soldiers , bloated horses , shattered Pierce , 1863 In addition , the Union win at Gettysburg helped to end the South search for foreign in the war . After Gettysburg , Great Britain and France refused to provide aid to the Confederacy . The attempt at ton diplomacy failed . The Gettysburg Address On November 19 , 1863 , at the dedicating ceremony of the Gettysburg , President Lincoln gave a speech called the Gettysburg Address , in which he the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War . This short but moving speech is one of the most famous in American history . In one of its frequently quoted lines , Lincoln the Declaration of Independence and its ideals of liberty , equality , and democracy . He reminded listeners that the war was being fought for those reasons . Lincoln rededicated himself to winning the war and preserving the Union . A road still lay ahead . I Analyzing Why was Gettysburg a turning point ?
500 CHAPTER 15 Union Campaigns Cripple the Confederacy Lincoln had been impressed with General Grant successes in capturing . He transferred Grant to the East and gave him command of the Union army . In early 1864 , Grant forced Lee to a series of battles in Virginia that stretched Confederate soldiers and supplies to their limits . Wilderness Campaign in the East From May , the armies fought in northern and central Virginia . Union troops launched the Wilderness series of battles designed to capture the federate capital at Richmond , Virginia . The battle took place in early May , in woods about 50 miles outside of Richmond . Grant then ordered General Meade to , where the raged for 10 days . Over the next month , Union soldiers moved the Confederate troops back toward Richmond . However , Grant experienced his worst defeat at the Battle of Cold Harbor in early June , just 10 miles northeast of Richmond . In only a few hours the Union army suffered casualties . The battle delayed Grant plans to take the ate capital . Union forces had suffered twice as many casualties as the Confederates had , yet Grant continued his strategy . He knew he would be getting additional soldiers , and Lee could not . Grant slowly but surely advanced his troops through Virginia . He told another , I propose to it out on this line if it takes all After Cold Harbor , General Grant moved south of Richmond . He had hoped to take control of the key railroad junction at burg , Virginia . Lee army , however , formed a solid defense , and Grant could not execute his attack . Grant was winning the war , but he still had not captured Richmond . Facing , Lincoln was especially aged by this failure .
Final Campaigns 20 ii 20 40 Kilometers ' a ocean Union state Union occupied , 1865 Confederate state Union forces Union victory Confederate forces Confederate victory 100 GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah ! Movement What challenges do you think Sherman faced on his southern attacks ?
200 Miles 100 200 Kilometers Sherman Strikes the South needed a victory for the Union army to help him win in 1864 . The bold campaign of General William Tecumseh Sherman provided this key victory . Sherman carried out the Union plan to destroy ern railroads and industries . In the spring of 1864 , Sherman marched south from Tennessee with troops . His goal was to take Atlanta , Georgia , and knock out an important railroad link . From May through August , Sherman army moved steadily through the Appalachian toward Atlanta . Several times , Sherman avoided defenses set up by Confederate eral Joseph Johnston . In July , Sherman was within sight of Atlanta . Confederate president Jefferson Davis gave General John Hood command of Confederate forces in the region . Hood attacked Sherman in a attempt to save Atlanta , but the Union troops proved stronger . The Confederate troops retreated as Sherman held Atlanta under siege . Atlanta fell to troops on September , 1864 . Much of the city was destroyed by artillery and fire . Sherman ordered the residents who still remained to leave . Responding to his critics , Sherman later wrote , War is war , and not The loss of Atlanta cost the South an important railroad link and its center of industry . Many people in the North had been upset with the length of the war . However , the capture of Atlanta showed that progress was being made in defeating the South . This success helped to convince Union Voters to Lincoln in a landslide . Sherman did not wait long to begin his next campaign . His goal was the port city of Savannah , Georgia . In 1864 , THE CIVIL WAR 501
SKILL CHARTS Sherman left Atlanta with a force of about men . He said he would make gia howl ! During his March to the Sea , Sherman practiced total civilian and economic resources . Sherman believed that total war would ruin the South economy and its ability to . He ordered his troops to destroy railways , bridges , crops , livestock , and other resources . They burned plantations and freed slaves . Shennan army reached Savannah on December 10 , 1864 . They left behind a path of destruction 60 miles wide . Sherman believed that this march would speed the end of the war . He wanted to break the South will to by marching Union troops through the heart of the Confederacy . In the end , man destruction of the South led to anger and resentment toward the people of the North that would last for generations . Drawing Conclusions How did Sherman hope to help the Union with his strategy ?
Causes and Effects of the Civil War Causes Disagreement overthe institution of slavery Economic differences Effects Slavery ends Americans killed Military districts created Southern economy in ruins How important was slavery to the Civil War ?
502 The South Surrenders In early April , Sherman closed in on the last Confederate defenders in North Carolina . At the same time , Grant broke through the Confederate defenses at Petersburg . On April , Lee was forced to retreat from Richmond . Fighting Ends By the second week of April 1865 , Grant had surrounded Lee army and demanded the soldiers surrender . Lee hoped to join other Confederates in in North Carolina , but Grant cut off his escape just west of mond . Lee tried some last minute attacks but could not break the Union line . Lee forces were running low on supplies . General James told about the condition of troops . Many weary soldiers were picked up . some with , many without , arms ons , asking for Trapped by the Union army , Lee that the situation was hopeless . There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant , Lee said , and I would er die a thousand On April , 1865 , the Union and federate leaders met at a home in the small town of Courthouse where Lee surrendered to Grant , thus ending the Civil War . During the meeting , Grant assured Lee that his troops would be fed and allowed to keep their horses , and they would not be tried for treason . Then Lee signed the render documents . The long , bloody war had ended . Grant later wrote that he found the scene at Courthouse more tragic than joyful . sad and depressed at the downfall of a foe enemy who had fought so long and valiantly bravely , and had suffered so much for a cause , though that cause was , I believe , one of the worst for which a people ever
Surrender at Union general Grant rose to shake hands with Confederate general Lee after the surrender . Grant allowed Lee to keep his sword and Lee men to keep their horses . Was it important for Grant and Lee to shake hands ?
Why or why not ?
As General Lee returned to his troops , General Grant stopped Union forces from cheering their victory . The war is over , Grant said with relief . The rebels are our countrymen The Effects of the War The Civil War had deep and effects . Almost Americans lost their lives during the four years of . The defeat of the South ended slavery there . The majority of former slaves , ever , had no homes or jobs . The southern economy was in ruins . A tremendous amount of hostility remained , even after the had ceased . The war was over , but the question remained How could the United States be united once more ?
Predicting What problems might the Union face following the Civil War ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW After four long years of battles , the Civil War ended with General Lee surrender at Courthouse . In the next chapter you will read about the consequences of the war in the South . him ( an online Quiz KEYWORD . Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People , a . Identify What was the Gettysburg Address ?
Analyze Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg ?
Predict How might the war have been different if Confederate forces had won the Battle of Gettysburg ?
a . Recall What was the purpose of the Campaign ?
Draw Conclusions In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln ?
a . Identify What events led to Lee surrender at Courthouse ?
Summarize What problems did the South face at the end of the war ?
Section Assessment Critical Thinking July , 1863 . Sequencing Copy the graphic , 1354 organizer onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to fill in and explain the events that led to the end of the Civil War . September , 1864 December 10 , 1864 April , 1865 Tim April , 1865 . Taking Notes on the End of the War As you read this section , take notes on the Battle of Gettysburg , the Wilderness Campaign , the fall of Atlanta , and the surrender . Be sure to answer the following questions Who ?
Where ?
When ?
Why ?
and How ?
THE CIVIL WAR 5025 Social Studies Skills Critical Thinking Define the Skill Political cartoons are drawings that express Views on important issues . They have been used throughout history to public opinion . The ability to interpret political cartoons will help you understand issues and people attitudes about them . Learn the Skill Political cartoons use both words and images to convey their message . They often contain or symbolism . A caricature is a drawing that exaggerates the features of a person or object . Symbolism is the use of one thing to represent something else . Cartoonists use these techniques to help make their point clear . They also use titles , labels , and captions to get their message across . Use these steps to interpret political cartoons . Read any title , labels , and caption to identify the cartoons general topic . Identify the people and objects . Determine if they are exaggerated and , if so , why . Identify any symbols and analyze their meaning . Draw conclusions about the message the is trying to convey . The following cartoon was published in the North in 1863 . The cartoonist has used symbols to make his point . Lady Liberty , representing the Union , is being threatened by the Copperheads . The cartoonist has expressed his opinion of these people by drawing them as the poisonous snake for which they were named . This cartoon clearly ports the Union continuing to fight the war . 504 CHAPTER 15 Participation Students assess the credibility of primary and secondary sources . Practice the Skill Apply the guidelines to interpret the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow . I . What do the tree and the man in it symbolize ?
What policy or action of President Lincoln is this cartoon supporting ?
Visual Summary Use the visual summary below to help you review the main ideas of the chapter . Standards Review Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Match the numbered with the correct terms from the list below . contrabands cotton diplomacy Second Battle of Bull Run Siege of Thomas Stonewall Jackson . Attack by Union general Ulysses Grant that gave the North control of the Mississippi River . Confederate general who held off Union attacks and helped the South win the First Battle of Bull Run . Important Confederate victory in which General Robert Lee defeated Union troops and pushed into Union territory for the first time . Southern strategy of using cotton exports to gain Britain support in the Civil War . Term given to escaped slaves from the South Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION ( Pages ) a . Identify When and where ' did in the Civil War begin ?
Analyze How did civilians help the war effort in both the North and the South ?
Elaborate Why do you think the border states chose to remain in the Union despite their port of slavery ?
SECTION ( Pages ) a . Identify What was the first major battle of the war ?
What was the outcome of the battle ?
Analyze What was the Union army hoping to accomplish when it marched into Virginia at the start of the war ?
Evaluate Was the Union naval blockade of the South successful ?
Why or why not ?
THE CIVIL WAR 505 SECTION ( Pages ) Reading which Side did the Cherokee Understanding Propositions and Support Use the in the at Pea Why ?
Reading Skills taught in this chapter to answer the . Draw Conclusions What progress did Union question about the reading selection below . leaders make in the war in the West ?
Evaluate Which victory in the West was most valuable to the Union ?
Why ?
Lee was unaware that Union soldiers were encamped closer to town . He had been suffering from lack of enemy information for three days because his cavalry chief Jeb Stuart was on a joy Stuart and his cavalry had gone off on their own raiding party , disobeying Lee orders . 498 ) Pages ) Em , a . Describe What responsibilities did women take on during the war ?
Analyze What opposition to the war did President Lincoln face , and how did he deal with that opposition ?
12 . What is the main proposition of the above Predict What might be some possible reading Section ?
problems that the newly freed slaves in the a . Jeb Stuart was on a joy South might face ?
Smart and his cavalry had gone off on their own . 1533 , a an 150 eye as . a . Recall When and where did the war end ?
Compare and Contrast How were the efforts Reviewing Themes of Generals Grant and Sherman at the end of Lee was suffering from a lack of enemy information . the war similar and different ?
Society and Culture What effects did the Civil Elaborate What do you think led to the war have American Society ?
South defeat in the Civil War ?
Explain . Politics What political difficulties did the Emancipation Proclamation cause for President Lincoln ?
Social Studies Skills I . om Interpreting Political Cartoons Use the Social the Internet ies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the questions about the political cartoon below . Activity Writing a Poem Soldiers in the Civil War came from all walks of life . Despite the hope for glory and adventure , many dangerous and uncomfortable conditions . Enter the activity keyword to learn more about Civil War soldiers . After viewing photographs and reading letters , write a poem describing the life of a soldier . Your poem should on the soldier emotions and experiences . Write Your Newspaper Article Review your notes . Then choose the subject you think would make the best newspaper article . Write an II . What do you think the artist is saying about headline . Then write your politicians with this cartoon ?
article , giving as many facts as possible . 506 CHAPTER DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the letter of the best response . Use the map below to answer question . if ?
I The place where two major battles of the Civil War were fought is indicated on the map by what letter ?
AW CY The Battle of Gettysburg was an important battle of the Civil War because A it was an Confederate victory . the Union army advance on the Confederate capital was stopped . it ended Lee hopes of advancing into northern territory . it enabled the Union to control the Mississippi River . Overall command of Confederate forces in Virginia during most of the Civil War was held by A Jefferson Davis . William Tecumseh Sherman . Thomas Stonewall Jackson . Robert Lee . Standards Assessment Which of Lincoln speeches and writings reflected the statement of the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal ?
A the Emancipation Proclamation the first inaugural address ( 1861 ) the second inaugural address ( 1865 ) the Gettysburg Address The tactics that Sherman used against Confederate armies in the South were based on what strategy ?
A cutting off troops from their officers a naval blockade of southern ports destroying the South resources and economy attacks on major southern cities Connecting with Past Learning a In this chapter you learned about how civil war can divide a country and bring about change . Which struggle that you learned about in Grade was similar in this way ?
A 1642 defeat of King Charles of England by Oliver Cromwell the Inquisition the Opium War the Hundred Years War In the War of 1812 the British navy blockaded American seaports in the hope that the economy would suffer and the United States would surrender . Which Civil War strategy was similar ?
A General Scott plan to destroy the southern economy General William Tecumseh Sherman March to the Sea General Ulysses . Grants capture of Admiral David Farragut defeat of New Orleans THE CIVIL WAR 501