US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 13 New Movements in America
Explore the US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 13 New Movements in America study material pdf and utilize it for learning all the covered concepts as it always helps in improving the conceptual knowledge.
US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 13 New Movements in America PDF Download
CHAPTER New in California Standards Science Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people from to the and the challenges they faced , with emphasis on the Northeast . Students analyze the early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals of the Declaration of Independence . Arts Writing Write persuasive compositions . Reading Use information from a variety of consumer , workplace , and public documents . FOCUS ON WRITING Persuasive letter Your local newspaper is running a competition for students to answer the question , What event or movement in history had the greatest impact on life in the United States ?
This chapter tells about many important events and movements in the United States . As you read , take notes on each . Then decide which you believe has most affected life for people in the United States . Write a letter to the newspaper arguing your position . I 81 Thomas founds a school for people who have hearing . 1824 British laws making trade unions illegal are repealed . 396 CHAPTER 13
series Watch the video to stand the impact of individual rights and beliefs . What You Will Learn . I . In this chapter you will learn about dramatic changes in the United States in the early to . Ships filled with goods sailed back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United States , as this painting of a busy , port city shows . Many of these ships also brought a people . The United States experienced a dramatic ' I increase in immigration during this time period , particularly from Europe . Irish immigrants , forced from their homes by the potato famine , moved to the United States and built thriving communities . The photograph above shows a modern parade on Saint Patrick Day , an Irish celebration day . 1848 A major meeting for Seneca Falls held in New York . 1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes The . 1831 William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing the abolitionist newspaper the . 1829 French educator Louis Braille A potato famine in Ireland 1848 creates a writing system of raised increases lrish immigration to the Revolutionaries attempt dots for people who are blind . United States . to unify peoples in central Europe . ac ! III 391
Reading Social Studies Economics Geography Religion Society and Culture Focus on Themes The was a debated more and more over the slavery issue . time of change in America . Society and culture Religious beliefs helped shape people views changed for several reasons thousands of toward move to end grants arrived in America women began to work women move to give women the hard for equal rights and the North and South right to vote . This chapter discusses all these issues . Information and Propaganda Focus on Reading Where do you get information about historical III I Vicar I ' events and people ?
One source is this textbook and others like it . You crap ?
can expect the authors of your textbook to do their best to present the in the I facts objectively and fairly . But some sources of historical information may have a totally different purpose in mind . For example , ads in cal campaigns may contain information , but their main purpose is to persuade people to act or think in a certain way . Recognizing Propaganda Techniques Propaganda is created to change people opinions or get them to act in a certain way . Learn to recognize propaganda techniques , and you will be able to separate propaganda from the facts . Name Calling Using loaded , words , words that create strong People who don support are greedy positive or negative emotion who do care about children ! to make someone eke ideas seem inappropriate or wrong . Bandwagon Encouraging People all around the country are opening free public schools . to do something It obviously the right thing to because everyone else is doing I I I I Making a If we free for all , everyone be situation seem able to get jobs . Poverty and unemployment will a complex problem seem easy to solve . 398 CHAPTER 13
ELA Reading Read and understand materials . You Try It ! The flyer below was published in the year 1837 . Read it and then answer the questions that follow . Flyer from 1837 Follow , of the nut you . the ' again ! the Inuit . A we , It , II the Church in ! You no requested lo mud and um ion and I pole , nun III tool or and ( sudden . In the rig In of tie Blunt gunned by be . web . 11 , After studying the flyer , answer the following questions . What is the purpose of this flyer ?
Who do you think distributed this flyer ?
Do you think this flyer is an example of propaganda ?
Why or why not ?
If you think it is propaganda , what kind is it ?
If you were the subject of this flyer , how would you feel ?
How might you respond to it ?
As you read Chapter 13 , look carefully at all the primary sources . Do any of them include examples of propaganda ?
and People Chapter 13 Section ( 402 ) Party ( 402 ) middle class ( tenements ( 404 ) Section transcendentalism ( Ralph Waldo Emerson ( Margaret Fuller ( 405 ) Henry David Thoreau ( 405 ) utopian communities ( 406 ) Nathaniel Hawthorne ( Poe ( Emily Dickinson ( Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 407 ) Walt Whitman ( Section Second Great Awakening ( Charles Finney ( 410 ) Lyman Beecher ( 410 ) temperance movement ( 411 ) Dix ( 412 ) movement ( 412 ) Horace Mann ( 412 ) Beecher ( 413 ) Thomas ( 413 ) Section abolition ( 416 ) William Lloyd Garrison ( 417 American Society ( Angelina and Sarah ( Frederick ( 418 ) Sojourner Truth ( 418 ) Underground Railroad ( 418 ) Harriet Tubman ( Section Elizabeth Cady Stanton ( 426 ) Lucretia Mott ( 426 ) Seneca Falls Convention ( 426 ) Declaration of Sentiments ( 426 ) Lucy Stone ( Susan Anthony ( 427 ) Academic Vocabulary implicit ( 402 ) abstract ( 406 ) MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 399
SECTION Immigrants and Urban Challenges What You Will Learn . Millions of immigrants , mostly German and Irish , arrived in the United States despite movements . Industrialization led to the growth of cities . American cities experienced urban problems due to rapid growth . The Big Idea The population of the United States grew rapidly in the early with the arrival of millions of immigrants . Key Terms , 402 Party , 402 middle class , 402 tenements , 404 IE influence of industrialization and technological developments on the region , including human modification ofthe landscape and how physical geography shaped human actions , growth of cities , deforestation , farming , mineral extraction ) List the reasons for the wave of immigration from Northern Europe to the United States and describe the growth in the number , size , and spatial arrangements of cities , Irish grants and the Great Irish . 400 CHAPTER 13 If YOU were there It is 1850 , and you are a German immigrant standing on the deck of a steamboat , crossing Lake Erie . Other immigrants are on board , but they are strangers to you . Soon , you will arrive at your new home in Cleveland , Ohio . You been told that other Germans have settled there . You hope to find friends and work as a baker Right now , America seems very big and very strange . What would you expect from your new life in America ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The revolutions in industry , tion , and technology were not the only major changes in the United States in the . Millions of immigrants , mostly from Europe , swelled the population . Some settled in the rich farmland ofthe Midwest , while others moved to cities . Millions of Immigrants Arrive In the , large numbers of immigrants crossed the tic Ocean to begin new lives in the United States . More than lion of them settled in the United States between 1840 and 1860 , most from Europe . More than million of these immigrants arrived from Ireland and Germany . Many of them were economic or political troubles in their native countries . Fleeing the Irish Potato Famine Most immigrants from the British Isles during that period were Irish . In the , potato blight , a disease that causes rot in potatoes , left many families in Ireland with little food . More than a million Irish people died of starvation and disease . Even more to the United States . Most Irish immigrants were very poor . Many settled in cities in Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania . They worked at unskilled jobs in the cities or on building canals and
Pull Factors Jobs and equality Push Factors Lack of political freedom Starvation and poverty pushed many Irish such as this one from their homes , while economic opportunities pulled them toward the United States . educated Germans to the United States to escape persecution caused by their cal activities . Most German immigrants , ever , were working class , and they came for economic reasons . The United States seemed to offer both greater economic opportunity and more freedom from government control . While most Irish immigrants were Catholics , German immigrant groups included , Jews , and Protestants . German immigrants were more likely than the Irish to become farmers and live in rural areas . They moved to states where more land was available . Unlike the Irish , a high percentage of German grants arrived in the United States with money . Despite their funds and skills , man immigrants often were forced to take jobs . Many German immigrants worked as tailors , seamstresses , bricklayers , railroads . Irish women often worked as tic servants for wealthy families , laboring 16 or more hours per day . In 1849 a Boston health committee reported that low wages forced most Irish immigrants to live in poor housing . Still , many immigrants enjoyed a new feeling of equality . Patrick Dunny wrote home to his family about this People that cuts a great dash style at home think it strange in the United States for the humble class of people to get as much respect as Dunny , quoted in Who by Bruce Levine et al . A Failed German Revolution Many Germans also came to the United States during this time . In 1848 some Germans had staged a revolution against harsh rule . Some THE IMPACT TODAY Many immigrants still come to the United States today . More than million entered the United States between 1980 and 2000 . NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 401
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY implicit understood though not clearly put into words FOCUS ON READING Look carefully at the quotation to the an election flyer . Does it include any examples of propaganda ?
servants , clerks , bakers , and food merchants . Movements Industrialization and the waves of people from Europe greatly changed the American labor force . While many immigrants went to the Midwest to get farmland , other grants the need for cheap labor in towns and cities . Industrial jobs in the Northeast attracted many people . Yet a great deal of cans feared losing their jobs to immigrants who might work for lower wages . Some felt implicitly threatened by the new immigrants cultures and religions . For example , before Catholic immigrants arrived , most Americans were Protestants . between Catholics and Protestants in Europe caused American Protestants to mistrust Catholic immigrants . Those Americans and others who opposed immigration were called . In the and some became politically active . An 1844 election gave Americans this warning . Look at the . thieves and vagabonds tramps roaming our streets monopolizing taking the business which properly belongs to our own native and citizens . quoted in Who Built America ?
by Bruce Levine et al . In 1849 founded a political organization , the Party , that supported measures making it for foreigners to become citizens or hold . Its members wanted to keep Catholics and immigrants out of public . They also wanted to require immigrants to live in the United States for 21 years before becoming citizens . politicians had some success getting elected during the . Later , disagreements over the issue of slavery caused the party to fall apart . Understanding Cause and Effect Why did the to limit the rights of immigrants ?
402 CHAPTER 13 Rapid Growth of Cities The Industrial Revolution led to the ation of many new jobs in American cities . These city jobs drew immigrants from many nations as well as migrants from rural parts of the United States . The Transportation helped connect cities and made it easier for people to move to them . As a result of these two trends , American cities grew rapidly during the . Cities in the northeastern and Middle Atlantic states grew the most . By the , of the country manufacturing jobs were in these areas . The rise of industry and the growth of cities changed American life . Those who owned their own businesses or worked in skilled jobs most from those changes . The families of these merchants , manufacturers , professionals , and master craftspeople made up a growing social class . This new middle class was a social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor . Those in this new middle class built large , homes that their place in society . In the growing cities , people found entertainment and an enriched cultural life . Many living in these cities enjoyed visiting places such as libraries and clubs , or ing concerts or lectures . In the people also attended urban theaters . ite pastimes , such as bowling and playing cards , also provided recreation for urban residents . Cities during this time were compact and crowded . Many people lived close enough to their jobs that they could walk to work . Wagons carried goods down streets paved with stones , making a noisy , busy scene . One observer noted that the in New York City always had a ried Summarizing How did the Industrial Revolution affect life in American cities ?
Many city residents , close up particularly immigrants , lived in crowded , unsafe conditions . 8005 In the , cities such as New York City lured thousands of people in search of jobs and a better life . Many city dwellers found life difficult in the crowded urban conditions . Many immigrants and other poor city dwellers worked long hours in factories at . frequently all ' day in small rooms making clothing to be . sold to the wealthy . City streets were crowded with people . buying , Selling , and A The first floor of the building transporting goods i ' served many quarters , kitchen , and work space . Here , garments were , finished for sale . How is this scene similarto one you might see in a large American city today ?
How is it different ?
Instead , they relied on volunteer night watches , which offered little protection . Fire was another constant and serious danger in crowded cities . There was little organized protection . Most cities were served by volunteer companies . used hand pumps and buckets to put out . In addition , there were not enough sanitation workers and road crews . These shortages and caused health and safety problems for many city residents . Analyzing Why did so many American cities have problems in the ! Urban Problems American cities in the faced many challenges due to rapid growth . Because public and private transportation was limited , city residents had to live near their workplaces . In addition , there was a lack of safe housing . Many city dwellers , particularly immigrants , could afford to live only in poorly designed apartment buildings that housed large numbers of people . These structures were often dirty , overcrowded , and unsafe . Public services were also poor . The ity of cities did not have clean water , public health regulations , or healthful ways to get rid of garbage and human waste . Under these conditions , diseases spread easily , and were common . In 1832 and 1849 , for example , New York City suffered cholera that killed thousands . City life held other dangers . As urban areas grew , they became centers of criminal activity . Most New York , Boston , and no manent or organized force to crime . SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Immigrants expected a better life in America , but not all Americans welcomed newcomers . The rapid growth of cities caused many . In the next section you will read about how America developed its own style of art and literature . um ( um Online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People , Critical Thinking a . Identify Who were the ?
Compare and Contrast In what ways were Irish and German immigrants to the United States similar and different ?
Predict How might the rise of groups lead to problems in the United States ?
a . Describe What led to the growth of cities ?
Analyze How did the rise of industrialization and the growth of cities change American society ?
a . Describe What were tenements ?
Summarize What problems affected American cities in the ?
Evaluate What do you think was the biggest problem facing cities in the United States ?
Why ?
404 CHAPTER 13 . Identifying Cause and Effect Copy the graphic organizer like the one shown onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to identify the causes and effects of immigration and urban growth . Immigration Effects Urban Growth Effects . Identifying Important Events In your notebook , create a chart . In the first column , list events described in this section . In the second , write a description of each event and a note about how it changed life in the United States .
American Arts If YOU were there You are a teacher living in Massachusetts in the 18405 . Some of your neighbors have started an experimental community They want to live more simply than society allows . They hope to have time to write and think , while still sharing the work . Some people will teach , others will raise food . You think this might be an interesting place to live . What would you ask the leaders of the community ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Great changes were taking place in American culture . The early brought a revolution in American thought . Artists , writers , and philosophers pursued their ideals and developed truly American styles . Some New England writers and philosophers found spiritual wisdom in transcendentalism , the belief that people could transcend , or rise above , material things in life . also believed that people should depend on themselves and their own insights , rather than on outside authorities . Important included Ralph Waldo Emerson , Margaret Fuller , and Henry David Thoreau . Walden Pond , where Thoreau lived for two years SECTION ) What You Learn . and pian communities withdrew from American society . American Romantic painters and writers made important contributions to art and literature . The Big Idea New movements in art and literature influenced many Americans in the early . Key Terms and People transcendentalism , 405 Ralph Waldo Emerson , Margaret Fuller , Henry David Thoreau , 405 utopian communities , 400 Nathaniel Hawthorne , 400 Poe , 407 Emily Dickinson , 407 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , 407 Walt Whitman , Identify common themes in American art as well as dentalism and individualism ( writings about and by Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry David Thoreau , Herman , Louisa May , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ) 405
I Art of the Romantic Movement Asher Durand The First Harvest in the Wilderness ACADEMIC VOCABULARY abstract expressing a quality or idea without reference to an actual thing Emerson was a popular writer and thinker who argued that Americans should disregard institutions and follow their own beliefs . What I must do is all that concerns me , not what the people think , he wrote in an essay called Fuller edited the famous transcendentalist publication The Dial . Thoreau advised and simple living away from society in natural settings . He wrote his book Walden after ing for two years at Walden Pond . Some formed a munity at Brook Farm , Massachusetts , in the 18405 . It was one of many experiments with utopian communities , groups of people who tried to form a perfect society . People in pian communities pursued abstract and cooperative lifestyles . However , few communities lasted for long . In most , bers did not work together well . Drawing Why did most utopian communities only a ?
406 CHAPTER 13 American Romanticism Ideas about the simple life and nature also inspired painters and writers in the early and . Some joined the Romantic ment that had begun in Europe . Romanticism involved a great interest in nature , an sis on individual expression , and a rejection of many established rules . These painters and writers felt that each person brings a unique view to the world . They believed in using emotion to guide their creative output . Some Romantic artists , like Thomas Cole , painted the American landscape . Their works ed the beauty and wonder of nature in the United States . Their images contrasted with the huge cities and corruption of nature that many Americans saw as typical of Europe . Many female writers , like Ann Sophia , wrote historical fiction that was in the . New England writer Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter during that period . One of the greatest sics of Romantic literature , it explored Puritan
CONNECT TO THE ARTS Artists of the Hudson River school celebrated nature in their dramatic paintings . Their work was made popular by their leader , Thomas Cole . Other important painters of the Hudson River school were Frederick Church and Asher Durand . What words would you use to describe this painting ?
The light in the painting has a delicate , glowing quality . Hudson River school painters pioneered this technique . The human presence in this scene is dwarfed by nature but is in harmony with it . life in the . Hawthorne friend Herman , a writer and former sailor , wrote novels about the sea , such as and Billy Budd . Many people believe that Dick is one of the finest American novels ever written . Section Assessment American Romantic authors also wrote a great deal of poetry . The poet Edgar Allan Poe , also a short story writer , became famous for a haunting poem called The Other gifted American poets included Emily Dickinson , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , and Walt Whitman . Most of short , thoughtful poems were not published until after her death . Longfellow , the known poet of the , wrote lar , like The Song of . Whitman praised American individualism and democracy in his simple , unrhymed poetry . In his poetry collection Leaves of Grass , he wrote , The United States selves are essentially the greatest Summarizing Who were some American Romantic authors , and why were they important ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW American Romantic artists and authors were inspired by ideas about the simple life , nature , and spirituality . In the next section you will learn about ideas that changed ican society . Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Critical go ram online Quiz a . Identify What were the main teachings . Comparing and Contrasting Copy the graphic of transcendentalism ?
Summarize What utopian community was established in the United States , and what was its goal ?
Elaborate Do you agree with that Americans put too much emphasis on tions and traditions ?
Explain your answer . a . Recall Who were some important American authors and poets at this time ?
Explain What ideas did artists in the Romantic movement express ?
Evaluate Do you think the Romantic movement was important to American culture ?
Explain . organizer below . Use it to identify the similarities and differences between transcendentalism and the Romantic movement in art and literature . FOCUS ON WRITING ! Describing Artistic Movements Two artistic movements are described in this section , and romanticism . Write these two movements in the first column of your chart . Then in the second column , write a brief description of each and explain how writings from each either described or influenced life in the United States . NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 401
Literature in History WORD HELP belfry bell tower muster gathering barrack building where soldiers meet grenadiers a throws grenades When the poem was written , there were still a few people alive who had lived during the Revolution . Longfellow uses poetic language to make story more dramatic . The sounds of the night are described to help the reader feel the excitement . IE Identify common themes in American art as well as transcendentalism and , writings about and by Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry David Thoreau , Herman , Louisa May , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ) 408 CHAPTER 13 Literature of the Young Nation Romanticism and Realism from The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( About the Reading Midnight Ride of Paul Revere was published in a book called Tales of a Wayside Inn . The book is a collection of poems that tell stories from history and mythology . By including the story of Paul Revere with other famous stories , Longfellow helped increase the importance of Paul Revere ride . Notice how Longfellow describes Revere as a hero . Listen my children and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere , On the eighteenth of April , in Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year . He said to his friend , If the British march By land or sea from the town , Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry arch Of the North Church tower as a signal light , One if by land , and two if by sea And I on the opposite shore will be , Ready to ride and spread the alarm Through every . Village and farm , For the country folk to be up and to Meanwhile , his friend , through alley and street Wanders and watches with eager ears , Till in the silence around him he hears The muster of men at the barrack door , The sound of arms , and the tramp of feet , And the measured tread of the grenadiers , Marching down to their boats on the
from Little Women by Louisa May ( About the Reading Little Women is a novel about four sisters living in a small New England town before the Civil War . Still popular with young people today , Little Women describes a family much like the one Louisa May grew up in . based the main character , March , on herself Like , was different from most women of her time . She was outspoken , eager for adventure , and in conflict with the role her society expected her to play . Try to understand how Jo is Aunt March . Jo happened to suit Aunt March , who was lame and needed an active person to wait upon her . The childless old lady had offered to adopt one of the girls when the troubles came , and was much offended because her offer was declined . The old lady would speak to them for a time , but happening to meet Jo at a friend , she proposed to take her for a This did not suit Jo at all , but she accepted the place since nothing ter appeared , and to everyone surprise , got on remarkably well with her irascible relative . I suspect that the real attraction was a large library of fine books , which was left to dust and spiders since Uncle March died . The dim , dusty room , with the busts staring down from the tall bookcases , the cozy chairs , the globes , and , best of all , the wilderness of books , in which she could wander where she liked , made the library a region of bliss to her . Jo ambition was to do something very splendid . What it was she had no idea , as yet , but left it for time to tell her , and , meanwhile , found her greatest in the fact that she could read , run , and ride as much as she A quick temper , sharp tongue , and restless spirit were always getting her into scrapes , and her life was a series of ups and downs , which were both comic and pathetic . But the ing she received at Aunt March was just what she needed , and the thought that she was doing something to support herself made her happy in spite of the perpetual CONNECTING LITERATURE HISTORY . Drawing Conclusions Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was the most popular American poet of his time . How does his version of Paul Revere ride increase the importance of the story ?
WORD HELP lame disabled irascible angry bliss happiness ambition hope for the future affliction problem pathetic very sad perpetual constant Some women kept companions to help tain them and perform small chores . Why might Jo not want to be a companion ?
How does Jo differ from ideas about women in the What might Jo be able to do for work in the ?
Comparing and Contrasting The lives of women in the 18005 were very different from the lives of women today . How does this excerpt of Little Women show some similarities and differences between now and then ?
409 What You Will Learn . The Second Great Awakening sparked interest in religion . Social reformers began to speak out and prison reform . Improvements in education reform affected many segments ofthe population . Northern African American communities became involved in reform efforts . The Big Idea Reform movements in the early affected religion , education , and society . Key Terms and People Second Great Awakening , 410 Charles Finney , 410 Lyman Beecher , 410 temperance movement , 411 Dix , 412 movement , 412 Horace Mann , 412 Beecher , 413 Thomas , 413 ! IE Study the lives of black Americans who gained freedom in the North and founded schools and churches to advance their rights and communities . development ofthe American education system from its earliest roots , including the roles of religious and private schools and Horace Mann campaign for free public education and its assimilating role in American culture . CHAPTER 13 Reforming Society If YOU were there You live in New York State in the 18505 . You are the oldest daughter in your family Since childhood you have loved , which puzzles your family Your sisters are happy learning to sew and cook and run a household . You want more . You know that there is a female seminary nearby , where you could study and learn much more . But your parents are undecided . How might you persuade your parents to send you to the school ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Along with changes in American ture , changes were also taking place in American society . A religious revival swept the country . men and women tried to improve all aspects of society , from schools to taverns . Reforms in education opened up new opportunities women . Second Great Awakening During the and early , some Americans took part in a Christian renewal movement called the Second Great Awakening . It swept through towns across upstate New York and through the frontier regions of Kentucky , Ohio , Tennessee , and South Carolina . By the and , this new interest in religion had spread to New England and the South . Charles Finney was one of the most important ers of the Second Great Awakening . After experiencing a dramatic religious conversion in 1821 , Finney left his career as a lawyer and began preaching . He challenged some traditional Protestant beliefs , telling congregations that each individual was responsible for his or her own salvation . He also believed that sin was avoidable . Finney held revivals , emotional prayer meetings that lasted for days . Many people converted to Christianity during these revivals . Finney told new converts to prove their faith by doing good deeds . Finney style of preaching and his ideas angered some ministers , like Boston Lyman Beecher . Beecher wanted to prevent Finney from holding revivals in his city . You mean to
carry a streak of to Boston . If you attempt it , as the Lord liveth , I meet you . and every inch of the Despite the opposition of Beecher and other traditional ministers , Finney appeal remained ful . Also , the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of religion prevented the ment from passing laws banning the new religious practices . Ministers were therefore free to spread their message of faith and to whomever wished to listen . Due to the efforts of Finney and his followers , church membership across the country grew a great deal during the Second Great Awakening . Many new church bers were women and African Americans . The African Methodist Episcopal Church spread across the Middle Atlantic states . Although the movement had begun in the Northeast and on the frontier , the Second Great renewed some people religious faith throughout America . Drawing Conclusions What impact did the Second Great Awakening have on religion in America ?
Social Reformers Speak Out Renewed religious faith often led to ment in movements to reform society . Urban growth had caused problems that ers wanted to . Members of the growing middle class , especially women , often led the efforts . Many of the women did not work outside the home and hired servants to care for their households . This gave them time to work in reform groups . Social reformers tackled alcohol abuse , prison and education reform , and slavery . Temperance Movement Many social reformers worked to prevent hol abuse . They believed that Americans drank too much . In the 18305 , on average , an can consumed seven gallons of alcohol per year . Countless Americans thought that hol abuse caused social problems , such as ily violence , poverty , and criminal behavior . Americans worries about the effects of alcohol led to the growth of a temperance movement . This reform effort urged people to use to stop drinking hard liquor . Reform Movements Reform movements in America included religious meetings called revivals , where preachers urged huge crowds of people to seek salvation . The temperance movement , an effort to convince people to avoid drinking alcohol , promoted posters like the one shown here . How might the scenes in this poster encourage people to stop drinking ?
THE IMPACT TODAY among the first graded books . Organizing classes by grades was a new idea thatis standard practice today . Reformers asked people to limit themselves to beer and wine in small amounts . Groups like the American Temperance Society and the American Temperance Union helped to spread this message . Minister Lyman er spoke widely about the evils of alcohol . He claimed that people who drank alcohol were neglecting the education of their corrupting their Prison Reform Another target of reform was the prison system . Dix was a reformer who visited prisons out Massachusetts beginning in 1841 . Dix reported that mentally ill people frequently were jailed with criminals . They were times left in dark cells without clothes or heat and were chained to the walls and beaten . Dix spoke of what she saw to the state legislature . In response , the Massachusetts built facilities for the mentally Dix work had a nationwide effect . Eventually , more than 100 state hospitals were built to give mentally ill people care . Prisons also held runaway children and orphans . Some had survived only by ging or stealing , and they got the same as adult criminals . Boston mayor Josiah Quincy asked that young offenders receive different punishments than adults . In the , several state and local ments founded reform schools for children who had been housed in prisons . There , children lived under strict rules and learned useful skills . Some reformers also tried to end the overcrowding and cruel conditions in ons . Their efforts led to the creation of houses of correction . These institutions did not use punishment alone to change ior . They also offered prisoners education . Summarizing How did reformers change the punishment of criminals ?
412 CHAPTER 13 Improvements in Education Another challenge facing America in the early was poor public education . Most American families believed that some schooling was useful . However , many dren worked in factories or on farms to help support their families . If children could read the Bible , write , and do simple math , that was often considered to be enough . Education in the Early The availability of education varied widely . New England had the most schools , while the South and West had the fewest . Few teachers were trained . were small , and students of all ages and levels worked in one room . ey Readers were the most textbooks . William Holmes , an educator and minister , put selections from British and American literature in them as well as reading lessons and instruction in moral and social values . Social background and wealth affected the quality of education . Rich families sent children to private schools or hired tutors . However , poor children had only public schools . Girls could go to school , but parents usually thought that girls needed little cation and kept them home . Therefore , few girls learned to read . Movement Reformers thought that education made children responsible citizens . People in the movement wanted all dren taught in a common place , regardless of background . Horace Mann was a leader of this movement . In 1837 Mann became Massachusetts first secretary of education . He convinced the state to double its school budget and raise teachers salaries . He lengthened the school year and began the first school for teacher training . Mann success set a standard for education reform throughout the country .
Women Education Education reform created greater ties for women . Beecher started an academy in Hartford , Another educational institution able to women was the Troy Female nary , opened by Emma Willard in 1821 . The women college was Mount College . Mary Lyon began Mount in 1837 as a place for women to develop skills to be of service to society . Teaching People with Special Needs Efforts to improve education also helped people with special needs . In 1831 Samuel Howe opened the Perkins School for the Blind in Massachusetts . Howe widely , talking about teaching people with visual impairment . Thomas improved the education and lives of BIOGRAPHY Horace Mann Born in Franklin , Massachusetts , Mann had little schooling , but he educated himself well enough at the local library to get into Brown University and attend law school . Despite a busy law practice , he served in the Massachusetts legislature for 10 years . He was also an outspoken advocate for public education . In 1837 the state created the post of secretary of education for him . His achievements in that office ' made him famous . He later served in the House of ) Representatives and as president of Antioch College in Ohio . His influence on education is reflected by the fact that many American ple with hearing . He founded Schools are named Of him . the first free American school for impaired people in 1817 . Summarizing What were Horace Mann achievements ?
Analyzing Information How do you think Mann own education his desire for public schools ?
Primary Source SPEECH Horace Mann to the Board of Education In a speech to the newly created Massachusetts Board of Education , Horace Mann , the boards secretary , described the purpose of the public school system . Mann believed all here should be a free district school , sufficiently safe , and sufficiently Students Should receive good , for all of the children where they may be well instructed in the free education , rudiments basics of knowledge , formed to propriety of demeanor good behavior , and imbued filled with the principles of duty It is on this mon platform , that a general acquaintanceship friendship should be formed Neighborhood children Should between the children of the same neighborhood . It is here , that the affinities qualities of a common nature should unite them Mann , quoted in The Republic and the School , edited by Lawrence attend school together to form a common bond . PRIMARY SOURCES Besides knowledge , what purpose did Mann believe the public schools had ?
NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 413 New Opportunities African American Communities Free African Americans usually lived in gated , or separate , communities in the North . Most of them lived in cities such as New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . Community ers were often by the Second Great Awakening and its spirit of reform . Founded by former slave Richard Allen , the Free African Religious Society became a model for other groups that pressed for racial equality and the education of blacks . In 1816 , Allen became the first bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church , or AME Church . This church broke away from white Methodist churches after African Americans were treated poorly in some white congregations . Other African Americans of the time , such as Alexander , pushed for the creation of schools for black Americans . The New York African Free School in New York CHAPTER 13 City educated hundreds of children , many of whom became brilliant scholars and tant African American leaders . Philadelphia also had a long history of educating African Americans . This was largely because was a center of Quaker , and the Quakers believed strongly in equality . The city ran seven schools for African American students by the year 1800 . In 1820 Boston lowed Philadelphia lead and opened a rate elementary school for African American children . The city began allowing them to attend school with whites in 1855 . African Americans rarely attended college because few colleges would accept them . In 1835 College became the first to do so . Harvard University soon admitted can Americans , too . African American es were founded beginning in the . In 1842 the Institute for Colored Youth opened in Philadelphia . Avery College , also in , was founded in 1849 .
While free African Americans had some opportunities to attend school in the North and Midwest , few had this chance in the South . Laws in the South barred most enslaved people from getting any education , even at the primary school level . While some slaves learned to read on their own , they almost always did so in secret . Slaveholders were fearful that education and knowledge in general might encourage a spirit of revolt among enslaved African Americans . Drawing Conclusions Why was it difficult for African Americans to get an education in the South in the early ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The efforts of reformers led to improvements in many aspects of American life in the early to . In the next section you will learn about people who opposed the practice of slavery . go tom online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em , Critical Thinking a . Identify What was the Second Great . Categorizing Copy the chart below onto your Awakening , and who was one of its leaders ?
own sheet of paper . Use it to identify reform Summarize What effects did the Second Great leaders and the accomplishments of each Awakening have on religion in the United States ?
movement . a . Identify What role did Dix play in social reforms of the early 18005 ?
Summarize What different reforms helped Prison and Mental im Health Reform prove the prison system . Elaborate How might the Second Great Awakening have led to the growth of social reform movements ?
Choosing Important Events This section covers a . Identify What was the movement , and who was one of its leaders ?
Analyze Why did reformers set out to improve education in the United States ?
Evaluate Do you think Horace Mann ideas for educational reform were good ones ?
Explain . a . Recall In what cities were the first public schools for African Americans located ?
Draw Conclusions How did free African cans benefit from educational reforms ?
the reform of social issues such as religion , ons , and education . Write the reforms described in your chart . Write a note about the reform and about the important people involved in it . Think about how each one influenced life in the United States . NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA
SECTION What You Infill Learn . Americans from a variety of backgrounds actively opposed slavery . Abolitionists organized the Underground Railroad to help enslaved Africans escape . Despite efforts of , many Americans remained opposed to ending slavery . The Big Idea In the , debate over slavery increased as organized to challenge slavery in the United States . Key Terms and People abolition , 416 William Lloyd Garrison , 417 American Society , 417 Angelina and Sarah , 417 Frederick , 418 Sojourner Truth , 418 Underground Railroad , 418 Harriet Tubman , 420 ! Describe the leaders of the movement ( John Quincy Adams and his proposed constitutional amendment , John Brown and the armed resistance , Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad , min Franklin , Theodore Weld , William Lloyd Garrison , Frederick . CHAPTER 13 The Movement to End Slavery If YOU were there You live in southern Ohio in the . A friend who lives across the river in Kentucky has asked you a network that helps escaping slaves . She reminds you that your house has a secret cellar where you could easily hide fugitives for a few days . You are opposed to slavery . But you know this might get you in trouble with your with the law . Would you become an agent for the Underground Railroad ?
Why ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The early brought many ments for social reform in the United States . Perhaps the most important and was the abolition of slavery . While reformers worked to end slavery , many also took risks to help slaves to escape . Americans Oppose Slavery Some Americans had opposed slavery since before the country was founded . Benjamin Franklin was the president of the first slavery society in America , the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery . In the , Americans took more action supporting abolition , or a complete end to slavery . Differences among Abolitionists Abolitionists came from many different backgrounds and opposed slavery for various reasons . The Quakers were among the first groups to challenge slavery on religious grounds . Other religious leaders gave speeches and published pamphlets that moved many Americans to support abolition . In one of these , abolitionist Theodore Weld wrote that everyman knows that slavery is a Other referred to the Declaration of Independence . They reminded people that the American tion had been fought in the name of liberty .
Antislavery reformers did not always agree on the details , however . They differed over how much equality they thought can Americans should have . Some believed that African Americans should receive the same treatment as white Americans . In , other abolitionists were against full political and social equality . Some abolitionists wanted to send freed African Americans to Africa to start new . They thought that this would prevent between the races in the United States . In 1817 a minister named Robert ley started the American Colonization Society , an organization dedicated to establishing of freed slaves in Africa . Five years later , the society founded the colony of on the west coast of Africa . About African Americans eventually settled in . ever , many abolitionists who once favored colonization later opposed it . Some African Americans also opposed it . David Walker was one such person . In his 1829 essay , Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World , Walker explained his opposition to colonization . The greatest riches in all America have arisen from our blood and they whites will drive us from our property and homes , which we have earned with our Walker , quoted in From Slavery to Freedom Hope Franklin and Alfred . Spreading the Abolitionist Message Abolitionists found many ways to further their cause . Some went on speaking tours or wrote pamphlets and newspaper articles . John Greenleaf Whittier wrote abolitionist poetry and literature . William Lloyd Garrison an abolitionist newspaper , the Liberator , 183 . In 1833 Garrison also helped found the American Society . Some members wanted immediate and racial equality for African Americans . Garrison later became its president . Both the Liberator and the Society relied on support from free can Americans . Society members spread Where there is a human being , I see given rights . I ) Lloyd Garrison antislavery literature and petitioned to end federal support of slavery . In 1840 the American Society split . One group wanted immediate freedom for enslaved African Americans and a bigger role for women . The others wanted gradual emancipation and for women to play only minor roles in the movement . Angelina and Sarah , two white southern women , were antislavery activists of the . They came from a South lina slaveholding family but disagreed with their parents support of slavery . Angelina tried to recruit other white southern women in a pamphlet called Appeal to the Christian Women of the South in 1836 . I know you do not make the laws , but if you really suppose you can do nothing to overthrow slavery you are greatly mistaken . to suade your husband , father , brothers , and sons that slavery is a crime against God and , quoted in The Sisters from South , edited by Gerda Lerner This essay was very popular in the North . In 1839 the sisters wrote American Slavery As It Is . The book was one of the most important antislavery works of its time . NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 411
African American Abolitionists Many former slaves were active in the slavery cause . Frederick escaped from slavery when he was 20 and went on to become one of the most important can American leaders of the . secretly learned to read and write as a boy , despite a law against it . His skills impressed members of the Society . In 1841 they asked him to give lar lectures . At a Fourth of July celebration in 1852 , he captured the audience attention with his powerful voice . The blessings in which you , this clay , rejoice , are not enjoyed in common This Fourth of July is yours , not may rejoice , must , quoted in From Slavery to Freedom by John Hope Franklin and Alfred . In addition to his many speaking tours in the United States and Europe , a newspaper called the North Star and wrote several autobiographies . His were intended to show the injustices of slavery . Another former slave , Sojourner Truth , also contributed to the abolitionist cause . She claimed God had called her to travel through the United States and preach the truth about slavery and women rights . With her deep voice and quick wit , Truth became legendary in the movement for her and dramatic speeches . Other African Americans wrote narratives about their experiences as slaves to expose the cruelties that many slaves faced . In 1861 , Jacobs published Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl , one of the few slave narratives by a woman . William Wells Brown wrote an slavery play as well as a personal narrative in the form of a novel called . Finding Main Ideas In what ways did African Americans participate in the abolition movement ?
418 CHAPTER 13 The Underground Railroad By the 18305 , a loosely organized group had begun helping slaves escape from the South . Free African Americans , former slaves , and a few white abolitionists worked together . They created what became known as the Underground Railroad . The organization was not an actual railroad but was a network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitives , or escaped slaves . Fugitives would travel along routes that led them to northern states or sometimes into Canada . At no time did the Railroad have a central leadership . No one person , or group of people , was ever officially in charge . Despite the lack of any real structure , the Underground Railroad managed to achieve dramatic results . Often wearing disguises , fugitives moved along the railroad at night , led by people known as conductors . Many times , the fugitives had no other but the stars . They stopped to rest during the day at stations , often barns , attics , or other places on property owned by abolitionists known as station masters . The station masters and fed the fugitives . Harriet Tubman was a ' courageous conductor on the Underground Railroad .
The Underground ' CANADA , Enslaved African Americans . lowed many routes to escape from ' southern slavery . Once in the free states , however , fugitive slaves could not be certain of their , dom . law still considered them as property , and bounty hunters were paid to capture and return any fugitive slaves they found . 21 , MO Fugitive slaves hid behind a secret , door in this Indiana house on the , I . Underground Railroad . I ' Slave states ' Routes of the , Underground Railroad . I 75 Miles 75 Kilometers This painting , A Ride for The Fugitive Slaves by Eastman Johnson , shows an African can family riding toward freedom . Place Which northern cities were destinations for escaped slaves ?
Movement Which rivers were routes forthe ground Railroad ?
IN AMERICA ' Primary Source HANDBILL Rally Members of an group used this to call people together in order to disrupt a meeting of abolitionists in 1837 . means guilty of ling against lawful authority The group believes abolition violates the Constitution . The most famous and daring conductor on the Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman . When Tubman escaped slavery in 1849 , she left behind her family . She swore that she would return and lead her whole ily to freedom in the North . Tubman returned to the South 19 times , successfully leading her family and more than 300 other slaves to freedom . At one time the reward for Tubman capture reportedly climbed to , a huge amount of money at that time . Drawing Why were the operations ofthe Underground Railroad kept secret ?
Opposition to Ending Slavery Although the North was the center of the abolitionist movement , many white agreed with the South and supported slavery . Others disliked slavery but opposed equality for African Americans . Newspaper editors and politicians warned that freed slaves would move north and take jobs from white workers . Some workers feared 420 CHAPTER 13 SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES What emotional language does this handbill use to get its message across ?
Follow , i ' of among yon . II ( rel . lop North . A Lecture I . be lured THIS VIKING , II III Ya In lo um hy , this law ! of nod . I ar ' the sum by Pet . 21 , in ( Id unite in pulling down and The Union forever I losing jobs to newly freed African Americans , whom they believed would accept lower wages . Abolitionist leaders were threatened with Violence as some northerners joined mobs . Such a mob killed abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy in 1837 in Alton , Illinois . The federal government also obstructed abolitionists . Between 1836 and 1844 , the House of Representatives used what was called a gag rule . Congress had received thousands of antislavery petitions . Yet the gag rule forbade members of Congress from discussing them . This rule violated the First Amendment right of citizens to petition the government . But southern members of did not want to debate slavery . Many northern preferred to avoid the issue . Eventually , representative and former president John Quincy Adams was able to get the gag rule overturned . His tion to enact a constitutional amendment halting the expansion of slavery never passed , however . Many white southerners saw slavery as vital to the South economy and culture . They also felt that outsiders should not
interfere with their way of life . After Nat Turner Rebellion in 1831 , when Turner led some slaves to kill slaveholders , open talk about slavery disappeared in the South . It became dangerous to voice antislavery in southern states . Abolitionists like the sisters left rather than air unpopular views to hostile neighbors . Racism , fear , and economic dependence on slavery made emancipation all but in the South . Drawing Conclusions Why did many northern workers oppose the abolition movement ?
Sojourner Truth was a former slave who became a leading abolitionist . SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The issue of slavery grew more controversial in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century . In the next section you will learn about women rights . online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em Critical Thinking a . Identify What contributions did William . Analyzing Copy the chart below . Use it to identify Lloyd Garrison make to the abolition movement ?
Draw Conclusions In what ways did tions from African Americans aid the struggle for abolition ?
Elaborate What do you think about the American Colonization Society plan to return free African Americans to ?
a . Describe How did the Underground Railroad work ?
Explain Why did Harriet Tubman first become involved with the Underground Railroad ?
Evaluate Do you think the Underground Railroad was a success ?
Why or why not ?
a . Describe What action did Congress take to block abolitionists ?
Analyze Why did some Americans oppose equality for African Americans ?
Predict How might the debate over slavery lead to conflict in the future ?
the different abolitionist movements that existed , members of each movement , and the methods used by each group to oppose slavery . Methods . Describing Abolition Add notes about the movement and its leaders to your chart . Be sure to note how abolitionists influenced life in the United States . What were they fighting for ?
Who opposed them , and why ?
NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 42 ! I A HY Frederick As a freed slave , how would you help people still enslaved ?
When did he live ?
Where did he live ?
Frederick was born in rural Maryland . At age six he was sent to live in Baltimore , and at age 20 he escaped to New York City . For most of his life , lived in Rochester , New York , making his home into a stop along the Underground Railroad . He traveled often , giving powerful antislavery speeches to audiences throughout the North and in Europe . What did he do ?
After hearing the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison speak in 1841 , lass began his own speaking tours about his experiences as a slave . In he wrote an autobiography and started an abolitionist newspaper called the North Star . During the Civil War , persuaded black soldiers to for the North . Why is he important ?
was the most famous African American in the . His personal stories and elegant speaking style helped the abolitionist movement to grow . His words remain an inspiration to this day . Drawing Conclusions What made Frederick speeches and writings so powerful ?
KEY EVENTS 1811 Born a slave in Maryland 1831 Escapes slavery disguised as a sailor 1841 Begins his career as a speaker on abolition 1845 Writes tive of the Life of , his first autobiography 1841 Publishes first issue of the North Star 1863 Meets President Lincoln and becomes an adviser 1889 Named American consul eral to Haiti 1895 Dies in Washington , Frederick began publishing the North Star , an abolitionist newspaper , in 1841 .
Women Rights If YOU were there You are a schoolteacher in New York State in 1848 . Although you earn a small salary , you still live at home . Your father does not believe that unmarried women should live alone or look after their own money . One day in a shop , you see a poster about a public meeting to discuss women rights . You know your father will be angry if you go to the meeting . But you are very curious . Would you attend the meeting ?
Why ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Women were active in the movements to reform prisons and schools . They fought and worked for abolition . all social change , women still lacked many rights and opportunities oftheir own . the women rights movement gradually became stronger and more organized . Women Struggle for Equal Rights Fighting for the rights of African Americans led many female abolitionists to for women rights . In the , these women found that they had to defend their right to speak in public , particularly when a woman addressed both men and women . For example , members of the press , the clergy , and even some male criticized the sisters . These critics thought that the sisters should not give public speeches . They did not want women to leave their traditional female roles . The protested that women had a moral duty to lead the antislavery movement . Early Writings for Women Rights In 1838 Sarah published a pamphlet arguing for equal rights for women . She titled it Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women . I ask no favors for my sex . I ask our brethren brothers is that they will take their feet from off our necks , and permit us to stand upright on that ground which God designed us to , quoted in The Sisters from South Carolina , edited by Gerda Lerner SECTION What You Learn . Influenced by the abolition movement , many women struggled to gain equal rights for themselves . Calls forwomen rights met opposition from men and women . The Seneca Falls Convention launched the first organized women rights movement in the United States . The Big Idea Reformers sought to improve women rights in American society . Key Terms and People Elizabeth Cady Stanton , 426 Lucretia Mott , 426 Seneca Falls Convention , 426 Declaration of Sentiments , 426 Lucy Stone , 427 Susan Anthony , 427 suffrage movement ( biographies , writings , and speeches of Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Margaret Fuller , Lucretia Mott , Susan Anthony ) MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 423
Sarah also argued for equal opportunities . She pointed out laws that negatively affected women . In addition , she demanded equal pay for equal work . Sarah never married . She explained that the laws of the day gave a husband complete control of his wife . Therefore , she feared that by marrying , she would become more like a slave than a wife . Her sister , Angelina , did marry , but she refused to promise to obey her husband ing their marriage ceremony . She married Theodore Weld , an abolitionist . Weld agreed to give up his legal right to control her after they married . For the , the abolitionist principles and womens rights principles were identical . In 1845 the famous ist Margaret Fuller published Woman in the Nineteenth Century . This book used known sayings to explain the role of women in American society . Fuller used democratic and transcendentalist principles to stress the importance of individualism to all people , especially women . The book many leaders of the women rights movement . Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth was another powerful porter of both abolition and womens rights . Women Voting Rights She had been bom into slavery in about 1797 . Her birth name was Isabella . She took the name Sojourner Truth because she felt that her mission was to be a sojourner , or traveler , and spread the truth . Though she never learned to read or write , she impressed many people . One person who thought highly of her was the author Harriet Beecher . said that she had never spoken with anyone who had more . sonal presence than this Truth stood six feet tall and was a confident speaker . In 1851 Truth gave a speech that is often quoted to this day . That man over here says that women need to be helped into carriages and lifted over ditches , and to have the best place everywhere . Nobody ever helps me into carriages or over mud puddles , or gives me any best place Look at me ! I have ploughed and planted and no man could head outwork ain I a woman ?
quoted in A History of Women in America by Carol and Michaele Weissman Truth , the sisters , and other ers of the women movement were mined to be heard . Drawing Why would reformers issues of abolition and women rights ?
The Seneca Falls Convention is held and the Declaration of Sentiments 1776 Abigail Adams asks her husband , John Adams . to remember the ladies and their rights in the Declaration of Independence . 424 CHAPTER 13 Opposing the Call for Women Rights Publications about women rights appeared in the United States shortly after the American Revolution . However , concerns did not become a national issue with strong opposition for many more years . The Movement Grows The change took place when women took a more active and leading role in reform and abolition . Other social changes also led to the rise of the women movement . Women took advantage of better educational opportunities in the early . Their efforts on behalf of reform groups helped them learn how to more effectively and to work together . Another of work was that some men began to for en rights . Many activists , both men and women , found it unacceptable that women were not allowed to vote or sit on juries . They were also upset that married women in many states had little or no control over their own property . Opposition to Women Rights Like the abolitionist movement , the struggle for women rights faced opposition . Many people did not agree with some of the goals of , iJ , iL ( the women rights movement . Some women believed that they did not need new rights . They said that women were not unequal to men , only different . Some critics believed that women should not try to work in public for social changes . Women were welcome to work for social change , but only from within their homes . Let her not look away from her own little family circle for the means of producing moral and social reforms , wrote Arthur . His advice appeared in a popular women magazine called The Lady at Home . Some people also thought that women lacked the physical or mental strength to vive without men protection . They believed that a woman should go from the protection of her father home to that of her husband . They also thought that women could not cope with the outside world therefore , a husband should control his wife property . Despite opposition , women continued to pursue their goal of greater rights . Drawing Conclusions Why did some men and women women rights movement was misguided ! i ' i READING TIME LINES Women in Wyoming could vote how many years before women in the rest of the country could ?
Primary Source HISTORIC DOCUMENT Declaration of We hold these truths to be that all men . and women are created equal that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights that 1348 Seneca Falls Convention , 100 among these are life , liberty , and the pursuit of people signed the Declaration of Sentiments , that to secure these rights governments are the rights of women , The instituted , deriving their just powers from the consent wording of the echoed the of the governed . Whenever any form of government Declaration of Independence , becomes destructive of these ends , it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse to it , The authors use the same Words that and to insist upon the institution of a new government , are in the Declaration of ' laying its foundation on such principles , and but include women . ing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness . inalienable not able to be taken away allegiance loyalty Here the women demand that they become a part of SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES Why would women want to use the Declaration of Independence as a source for their own declaration ?
Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments The convention organizers wrote a Declaration of Sentiments . This document detailed beliefs about social injustice toward women . They used the Declaration of as the basis for the language for their Declaration of Sentiments . The authors included 18 charges against same number that had been charged against King who had found George III . The Declaration of Sentiments was the American Society , sat with Signed by some 100 people About 240 people attended the Seneca The treatment of women abolitionists at Fans Convention including men as the convention Stanton and hei new abolitionist Frederick . Many other ' Lucretia Mott even many reformers who also worked in the temperance did not think that Women and abolitionist movements were present equal to men . Stanton and Mott wanted to Women who participated in the Change this so they to a Sod tion worked in nearby factories . One of them ety to advance the rights of Eight Charlotte signed the yea passed Stanton and Moe Declaration of Sentiments . She worked long announced the Seneca Falls Convention , home in a , making gloves Her Wages the meeting about were very low and she could not even keep rights held in the United States . It opened her earnings . She had to tum her Wages over on July 19 , 1848 , in Seneca Falls , New York . to her father In 1840 Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended the World Convention in don , England , while on her honeymoon . She discovered that , unlike her husband , she was not allowed to participate . All women in attendance had to sit behind a curtain in a separate gallery of the convention hall . 426 CHAPTER 13
Women Rights Leaders After the convention , the struggle . Women rights activists battled many difficulties and much opposition . Still , they kept working to obtain greater equality for women . Among the many women working for women rights , three important leaders Lucy Stone , Susan Anthony , and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . Each brought ent strengths to the for women rights . Lucy Stone was a son for the Society . In the early years of the women rights movement , Stone became known as a gifted speaker . Elizabeth Cady Stanton called her the first who really stirred the nations heart on the subject of women Susan Anthony brought strong skills to the women rights ment . She did much to turn the fight for The As the suffrage movement picked up speed , opponents to women suffrage also began to . The , or , formed statewide groups opposing the suffrage movement during the late . In 1911 , Josephine Dodge united many of these groups efforts by creating the National Opposed to Woman Suffrage in New York City . Dodge and other argued that women suffrage would distract women from building strong families and improving communities . women rights into a political movement . Anthony argued that women and men should receive equal pay for equal work . She also believed that women should be allowed to enter traditionally male professions , such as religion and law . Anthony was especially concerned with laws that affected women control of money and property . Anthony led a campaign to change laws regarding the property rights of women . She wrote in her diary that no woman could ever be free without a purse of her After forming a network to cover the entire state of New York , she collected more than signatures to petition for a new rights law . In 1860 , due largely to the efforts of Anthony , New York finally gave married women ownership of their wages and . Other states in the Northeast and west soon created similar laws . THE IMPACT TODAY As of the year 2000 , women earned percent as much as men in the United States did . MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 421
Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote many of the documents and speeches of the movement , which were often delivered by Anthony . Stanton was a founder and tant leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association . This organization was ered one of the more radical groups because of its position that abolition was not a more important cause than women rights . Not every battle was won . Other major reforms , such as women right to vote , were not achieved at this time . Still , more women than ever before became actively involved in women rights issues . This increased activity was one of the movement greatest accomplishments . Lucy Stone worked for equal rights for women and African Americans . SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Women rights became a major issue in the , as women began to demand a greater degree of equality . In the next chapter you will read about western expansion . Identifying Points of View What did Susan Anthony mean when she said that no woman could be free without a purse of her own ?
no . orn online Quiz Section Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em Critical Thinking a . Identify What role did Sojourner Truth play in . Sequencing Copy the graphic organizer onto your both the abolition and women rights movements ?
own sheet of paper . Use it to identify some of the Analyze How did the abolition movement important events in the women rights movement . influence women to demand equal rights ?
Data Events a . Identify What limitations on women rights did many activists find unacceptable ?
1838 I Summarize Why did many Americans oppose equal rights for women ?
1848 , I Elaborate What arguments might you use to counter the arguments of men and women who 1851 I opposed equal rights for women ?
1860 a . Recall Who were the three main leaders of the FOCUS ON WRITING , women rights movement , and how did they each . Describing Women Suffrage Add notes about contribute to the movement ?
Draw Conclusions Why might women like Charlotte Woodward have supported the Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiments ?
Evaluate Do you agree with Susan Anthony that women should receive equal pay for equal work ?
Explain your answer . 428 CHAPTER 13 the women suffrage movement to your chart . Note important leaders and describe what they were ing for . Ask yourself , How did the women suffrage movement change life in the United States ?
BIOGRAPHY Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1815 Born . New York What steps would you take to bring about 18110 Meets Lucretia change Mott at the When did she live ?
they Where did she live ?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in , New York . She married a prominent abolitionist and settled in Seneca Falls , New York , where she had seven children . Later in life she traveled ' Helps widely , giving lectures and speeches across the country . 222 ( i ) EraT , What did she do ?
Stanton and fellow activist Lucretia Mott organized ' the nation first women rights convention , at Seneca Falls in 1848 . She at Seneca Falls and Susan Anthony founded the National Woman Suffrage Association New York in 1869 . For nearly six decades , she spoke and wrote 1351 Meets about women rights . A ' whom she will later Why is she important ?
Stanton helped author the lead the National Declaration of Sentiments , which demanded equal rights for women , including the right to vote . A brilliant speaker and debater , Stanton spoke out against laws that kept Publishes the married women from owning property , earning wages , and Women Bible keeping custody of their children . Finding Main Ideas What problems did Stanton try to correct ?
What problems did she face in accomplishing her goals ?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped author the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention . NA ?
err ' we I mu , mag , a , emu .
Social Studies Skills Analysis Critical Thinking Participation Participation Skill Develop political participation skills . Accepting Social Responsibility Define the Skill A society is an organized group of people who share a common set of activities , traditions , and goals . You are part of many school , munity , and nation are just three . Every society strength depends on the support and contributions of its members . Social responsibility is the obligation that every person has to the societies in which he or she is a member . Learn the Skill As a part of your school , community , and nation , you have obligations to the people around you . The most obvious is to do nothing to harm your society . You also have a duty to be part of it . At the very least , this means exercising the rights and responsibilities of membership . These include being informed about issues in your society . Another level of social responsibility is support of change to society . This level of ment goes beyond being informed about issues to trying to do something about them . If you take this important step , here are some points to consider . Few efforts to change society have everyone support . Some people will want things to stay the same . They may treat you badly if you work for change . You must be prepared for this if you decide to take action . Sometimes efforts to improve things involve opposing laws or rules that need to be changed . No matter how just your cause is , if you break law or rules , you must be willing to accept the consequences of your behavior . 430 CHAPTER 13 Remember that violence is never an acceptable method for change . People who use force in seeking change are not behaving in a socially responsible manner , even if their cause is good . This chapter was with the stories of socially responsible people . Many of them devoted their lives to changing society for the better . Some did so at great personal risk . Boston abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison barely escaped with his life from a local mob that tried to lynch him because of his views . Garrison and the other reformers you read about demonstrated the highest level of social responsibility . They saw an issue they believed to be a problem in society , and they worked tirelessly to change it and make society better . Practice the Skill Review the If you were there scene on page 416 . Imagine yourself as that . You believe slavery to be wrong . However , you also respect the law , and it is illegal to help an escaped slave . In addition , you know that most of your neighbors do not feel as you do about slavery . They might harm you or your property if you take this stand against it . I . Would agreeing to your friends request help society ?
Explain why or why not . Are you willing to risk the anger of your bors ?
Why or why not ?
Is the idea of breaking the law or possibly going to jail a factor in your decision ?
Explain . Would agreeing to your friends request be a socially responsible thing to do ?
Explain why or why not .
Visual Summary the main ideas of the chapter . Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People . Which of the following authors wrote about Puritan life in The Scarlet Letter ?
Emily Dickinson Thomas Herman Nathaniel Hawthorne . Which document expressed the complaints of supporters of women rights ?
a . Declaration of the Letters on Rights of Women Women Rights . Declaration of Seneca Falls Sentiments Convention . As leader of the movement , who worked to improve free public education ?
Walt Whitman Lyman Beecher Horace Mann Sojourner Truth Standards Review Use the visual summary below to help you review Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION I ( a . Identify What political party was founded by , and what policies did it support ?
Analyze What factors caused cities to grow so fast ?
Evaluate Do you think that the benefits of city life outweighed its drawbacks ?
Explain . SECTION ( Pages ) Egg a . Describe Who were some important , and what ideas did they promote ?
Compare and Contrast In what ways were and Romantics similar and different ?
Elaborate Which movement appeals to you transcendentalism or ?
Why ?
NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 431 ( Pages ) a . Identify What important reform movements became popular in the early 18005 ?
Analyze Why did education become an important topic for reformers in the ?
Reading Skills Understanding Propaganda Use the Reading Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question below . Which of the following is NOT an example of Evaluate Which reform movement do you propaganda think had the greatest effect on the United States ?
Why ?
a protesting new tax laws an ad about a political candidate a radio announcement sponsored by an ( Pages ) Em interest group a . Recall What are the different reasons why people supported abolition ?
Make How did northerners and differ in their opposition to tion ?
Evaluate Which of the methods used by abolitionists to oppose slavery do you think was most successful ?
Why ?
a list of camping rules from a park Reviewing Themes . Society and Culture What social and cultural changes took place from 1800 to the ?
Religion What role did religion play the reform movement that took place in the early ?
Social Studies Skills Accepting Social Responsibility Use the Social Studies Skills taught in this chapter to in the chart below . Is it socially ' not ?
Removing litter from a park Reading a political magazine 14 . Writing Your Persuasive Letter You described ( Pages ) Em a . Recall What led many women to question their place in American society ?
Make Why did female factory workers like Charlotte Woodward support the women rights movement ?
Evaluate By 1860 do you think the women movement had been successful ?
Explain your answer . Using the Internet . Activity Creating Visuals The Liberator and North Star were two newspapers that encouraged the end of slavery . Enter the activity keyword and research the of abolitionist papers , such as those written by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick . Then create a visual display that illustrates how each per represented the abolitionist point of view . a number of important events and political , and artistic movements in your notebook . Now , it time to choose the one you consider most important . Think about how it changed life for people in the United States . Then write a persuasive letter to the newspaper , arguing for the event or movement you chose . In the first paragraph , identify the event or ment you chose as well as a thesis explaining why it is important . In the second paragraph , include details about the event or movement that support your thesis . Close with one or two sentences that sum up your points .
Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the letter of the best response . I It is demonstrably the right and duty of woman , equally with man , to promote every righteous cause , by every righteous means and especially in regard to the great subjects of morals and religion , it is . her right to participate with her er in teaching them , both in private and in public , by writing and by speaking . and in any assemblies proper to be The content of this passage suggests that it is most A the Declaration of Sentiments of the Seneca Falls Convention . a sermon of the Second Great Awakening . Ralph Waldo Emerson transcendentalist essay the platform of the Party . A potato blight in Europe brought a large number of immigrants to the United States who were A Jewish . German . Irish . Protestant . I All of these American writers of the are famous poets except A Henry David Thoreau . Poe . Walt Whitman . Emily Dickinson . I The most famous leader of the Underground Railroad was A Frederick . William Lloyd Garrison . Harriet Beecher . Which of these statements about the tion of African Americans in the is not true ?
A Educational opportunities generally were greater in the North than in the South . African American students often went to rate schools from white students . Opportunities for college were rare until black colleges were founded in the 18405 . Southern African Americans benefited from the educational reforms of Horace Mann . Connecting with Past Learning a In Grade you learned that political unrest resulting from the Reformation caused some Europeans to flee in the . Later political unrest brought which group of immigrants to the United States in the ?
A Chinese Irish Germans Russians The Declaration of Sentiments can best be compared to which earlier document in American history ?
A the Mayflower Compact the Declaration of Independence the Constitution of the United States the Monroe Doctrine NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA 4315 A California Standards Science Students analyze the early and steady attempts to abolish I slavery and to realize the ideals ofthe Declaration of Independence . Students analyze the multiple causes , key events , and complex consequences of the Civil War . Analysis Skills Students distinguish relevant from irrelevant information . Students assess the credibility of primary and secondary sources . Arts Writing Write biographies , autobiographies , short stories , or narratives . Reading Students read and understand appropriate materials . FOCUS ON WRITING , Writing an Autobiographical Sketch When you read about history , it can be difficult to imagine how the events you read about affected ordinary people . In this chapter you will read about slavery in the United States . Then you will write an autobiography of a fictional character , ing how these events affected him or her . Your fictional character can live in any part of the United States . He or she might be an enslaved African , a southern plantation owner . a abolitionist , or a settler in one of the new territories . Your classmates are your audience . The Party is formed on August . I 848 Revolutionary movements sweep across Europe . 434 CHAPTER 14