US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 10 Expanding West Part 2
Explore the US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 10 Expanding West Part 2 study material pdf and utilize it for learning all the covered concepts as it always helps in improving the conceptual knowledge.
US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 10 Expanding West Part 2 PDF Download
SECTION What You Will Learn . The discovery of gold brought settlers to California . The gold rush had a lasting impact on California tion and economy . The Big Idea The California gold rush changed the future of the West . Key Terms and People John Sutter , 327 Donner party , 327 , 327 prospect , 328 placer miners , 328 neer women and the new status that western women achieved , Laura Wilder , Annie slave women gaining freedom in the West Wyoming granting suffrage to women in 1869 ) Discuss Mexican settlements and their locations , cultural traditions , attitudes toward slavery , system , and economics . Discuss the importance of the tion ofTexas and California sion to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850 . 326 CHAPTER 10 IE role slavery issue as raised by the The California Gold Rush If YOU were there You are a bank clerk in New England in early 1849 . Local newspaper headlines are shouting exciting news Gold is Discovered in California ! Thousands Are on Their Way West . You enjoy ing a steady job . However , some of your friends are planning to go West , and you are being influenced by their excitement . Your friends are even buying pickaxes and other mining equipment . They urge you to go West with them . Would you go west to seek your fortune in California ?
Why ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Atthe end ofthe War , the United States gained control of Mexican territories in the West , including all ofthe state of California . American ments in California increased slowly at first . Then , the discovery of gold population growth and an economic boom . Discovery of Gold Brings Settlers In the 18305 and 18405 , Americans who wanted to move to nia started up the Oregon Trail . At the Snake River in Idaho , the trail split . People bound for California took the southern route , which became known as the California Trail . This path ran through the Sierra Nevada mountain range . American emigrants and traders on the California Trail tried to cross these mountains before the seasons first snows . Although many Americans traveled along the California Trail , few actually settled in California . American merchants were usually more interested in trading goods made in factories than in settlements . They traded for gold and silver coins , hides , and tallow ( animal fat used to make soap and candles ) from . California became a meeting ground for traders from Mexico and the United States . Before the War , California population consisted mostly of Mexicans and Native Americans . When Mexico
controlled California , Mexican officials did not want many Americans to settle there . er , in 1839 they did give Swiss immigrant John Sutter permission to start a colony . Sutter Fort , located near the Sacramento River , soon became a popular rest stop for many American emigrants . These new arrivals praised Sutter hospitality and . By the some Anglo Californians were publishing newspaper advertisements and guidebooks encouraging other settlers to move West . lhe Donner party was a group of ern travelers who went to California but were stranded in the Sierra Nevada Mountains ing winter . The party began its journey West in the spring of 1846 . Trying to a cut , the group left the main trail and got lost . When the Donner party reached the Sierra Nevada Mountains , they became trapped by heavy snows . They were stuck and had almost no food . A rescue party found the starving and freezing group in February 1847 . Of the nal 87 travelers , 42 had died . Gold Fever Gold in California In January 1848 , Sutter sent a carpenter named James Marshall to build a sawmill beside a nearby river . While working near Sutter Mill , Marshall glanced at the ground . I reached my hand down and picked it up it made my heart thump , for I was certain it was Sutter and Marshall agreed to keep the discovery a secret . However , when they ined the work site the next day , they met a Native American worker holding a nugget and shouting , Oro gold ! Sutter workers soon quit to search for gold . Stories of the discovery rapidly spread across the country . President Polk added to the national excitement by firming the California gold strike in his well message to Congress in December 1848 . In 1849 about came to California , hoping to strike it rich . These migrants to California were called . As one Iowa woman who Gold fever brought people , like this miner , to California in 1849 alone . One nia newspaper captured the excitement the whole country , from San to Los les , and from the sea shore to the base of the Sierra , resounds with the cry of gold , GOLD , GOLD ! while the is left half planted , the house half built , and everything neglected but the manufacture of shovels and Below is a piece ofjewelry made from nuggets found in . Why was everything neglected except for the manufacture of shovels and pickaxes ?
EXPANDING WEST 321 Staking a Claim left to gold recalled , At that time the gold fever was contagious , and few , old or young , escaped the malady sickness Nearly 80 percent of the were Americans , while the rest came from all over the world . Most braved long and often dangerous journeys to reach California . Many easterners , Europeans , and Asians arrived via sea routes . Midwestern usually traveled west in wagon trains . Most niners arrived in San Francisco . This port town became a convenient trade center and stopping point for travelers . As a result , its population grew from around 800 in March 1848 to more than by 1850 . Staking a Claim Few of the had any previous experience . The work was and . The would prospect , or search for gold , along the banks of streams or in shallow surface 328 CHAPTER 10 mines . The early worked an area that ran for 70 miles along rivers in northern California . The person to arrive at a site would stake a Early miners frequently banded together to prospect for gold . The miners agreed that each would keep a share of whatever gold was discovered . When one group abandoned a claim , more recent als often took it over , hoping for success . Sometimes , two or more groups arrived in an area at the same time . In the early rush days , before courts were established , this competition often led to . violent disputes arose over ing claims . Mining methods varied according to the location . The most popular method , placer ( mining , was done along rivers and streams . Placer miners used pans or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel . To reach gold deposits buried in
opportunity than they had in the east . why might people leave their homes and long distances in search of gold ?
the hills , miners had to dig shafts and tunnels . These tasks were usually pursued by mining companies , rather than by individuals . In 1853 California yearly gold tion peaked at more than 60 million . vidual success stories inspired many miners . One lucky man found two and a half pounds of gold after only 15 minutes of work . Two African American miners found a rich gold deposit that became known as Negro Hill in honor of their discovery . The vast ity of miners , however , did not become rich . Alonzo Delano commented that the lean , meager thin , and begone sorrowful miner . daily be seen at almost every point in the upper Life in the Mining Camps Mining camps sprang up wherever enough people gathered to look for gold . These camps had colorful names , such as town or Poker Flat . Miners in the camps came from many cultures and backgrounds . Most miners were young , unmarried men in search of ture . Only around percent of immigrants were women or children . The hardworking women generally made good money by cooking meals , washing clothes , and operating . One such woman , Catherine , recalled her first home in California . We were glad to settle down and go keeping in a shed that was built in a day of ber purchased with the fee For neighbors , we had a real live never have received more respectful attention than I did from these neighbors . quoted in , edited by Linda Monk husband was a lawyer . He that he could make more money practicing law than he could panning for gold . He was one of many people who made a good living supplying miners with food , clothing , equipment , and other services . Miners paid high prices for basic necessities because the large amounts of gold in tion caused severe in California . A loaf of bread , for example , might cost cents in the East , but it would sell for 50 to 75 cents in San Francisco . Eggs sometimes sold for a piece . Some settlers took full advantage of these conditions for free enterprise . Biddy Mason and her family , for instance , had arrived in California as slaves . A Georgia slaveholder had brought them during the years . Mason quickly discovered that most opposed slavery , particularly in the gold mines . She and her family gained their freedom and moved to the small village of Los Angeles . There she saved money until she could chase some land . Over time , Mason property increased in value from 250 to . She became one of the wealthiest landowners in California , a community leader , and a known supporter of charities . EXPANDING WEST 329
THE IMPACT TODAY Westward Movement in the United States . Causes Americans believe in the idea destiny . The United States acquires vast new lands in the West . Pathfinders open trails to new territories . Gold is discovered in California . Effects Native Americans are forced off lands . Americans travel west to settle new areas . The United States stretches to the Pacific Ocean . California experiences a population boom . Immigrants to California The lure of gold in California attracted ers from around the world . Many were from countries that had seen few immigrants to the United States in the past . They were drawn to California by the lure of wealth . For example , the nation most . populous State . an economic ar in eastern China caused many Chinese men to leave China for America . Most hoped to great wealth , and then return home to China . These immigrants were known in Chinese as gam , or travelers to Gold Between 1849 and 1853 about Chinese men moved to California . From far and near we came and were pleased , wrote merchant Lai in 1855 . Chinese immigrants soon discovered that many Americans did not welcome them , however . In 1852 , California placed a high monthly tax on all foreign miners . Chinese miners had no choice but to pay this tax if they wanted to prospect for gold in California . Some Chinese workers were the targets of violent attacks . If the Chinese 330 CHAPTER 10 miners dared to protest the attacks , the legal system favored Americans over immigrants . Despite such treatment , many Chinese immigrants still worked in the gold mines . Some looked for other jobs . Others opened their own businesses . A newspaper reported Chinese working as ploughmen , men , placer miners , woolen spinners and weavers , domestic servants , cigar makers , and In 1849 alone , about immigrants arrived in California not only from China but also from Europe , Mexico , and South America . Like most American , these new arrivals intended to return home after they had made their fortunes . er , many decided to stay . Some began . For example , Levi Strauss , a German immigrant , earned a fortune by making tough denim pants for miners . categorizing of people came to California during the gold rush ?
Impact on California During the Spanish and Mexican periods of settlement , California population grew slowly . The arrival of the changed this dramatically . Population Boom California population explosion made it eligible for statehood only two years after being acquired by the United States . In 1850 California became the state . However , fast population growth had consequences for many and California Native Americans . One early observer of the gold rush described why . The Yankee regarded every man but his own kind as an interloper trespasser , who had no right to come to California and pick up the gold of free and enlightened citizens ! Kelly , quoted in The Other Californians , by Robert and Alan
San Francisco Grows San Francisco boomed in the early years of the gold rush . What factors led to San . co population growth ?
Economic Growth In addition to rapid population growth , a of new businesses and industries formed California economy . Gold mining remained an important part of the early economy . But Californians soon covered other ways to make a living . ing and ranching , for example , became industries for those willing to do the hard labor . California faced an obstacle to growth , though . The state was isolated from the rest of the country . It was difficult to bring in and ship out goods . The answer to the isolation problem was to bring the railroad all the way to California . Californians would have to wait almost 20 years for that . Completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 at last gave Californians the means to grow a ger economy . Analyzing Information What political effect resulted from rapid population growth ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Americans moved West to create new lives and seize new opportunities . In the next chapter you will learn about the Industrial Revolution in America . San Francisco Population , Population ( in thousands ) 1848 Year 1849 online KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em , a . Recall Why was Sutter Mill important ?
Summarize What types of people participated in the California gold rush , and how did they take part in it ?
Elaborate What are some possible problems caused by the arrival of so many new settlers to California ?
a . Describe How did some people hope to solve the problem of California isolation from the rest of the country ?
Draw inferences What effect did California rapid population growth have on and Native Americans ?
Evaluate Overall , do you think that the gold rush had a positive or negative effect on California ?
Explain . Critical Thinking . Evaluating Copy the web diagram below . Use it to show how the discovery of gold changed California . Discovery of Gold FOCUS ON WRITING . Describing the California Gold Rush As you read this section , take note of significant events and effects of the gold rush . Consider also how your film can convey the excitement of that time in American history . Section Assessment EXPANDING WEST 331
I In the , a new . Washington dream began to shape Territory the American destiny . I , Manifest destiny was the belief that the i ' United States should extend all the way to , the Pacific Ocean . By 1850 , that dream had i . become a reality . In 1845 , the United States ' annexed Texas . In 1848 , it acquired Oregon A A and the huge Mexican Cession . By 1853 , with the Purchase , the United . States had taken the basic shape it still ' I Utah has today . America Population , 1850 million Ethnic Groups , 1850 I Fever I African American The discovery of I Native American gold in California in 1848 set off a I Asian I Meme Amman headed toward California . San Francisco , located on an excellent natural port , grew quickly as a result . Religions , 1850 Texas annexation , 1845 Claim recognized in Oregon Treaty , 1848 Mexican Cession , 1848 Purchase , 1853 150 300 Miles 150 300 Kilometers
Water Rights Water was critical in the dry West . Bitter disputes arose over who had the water rights to streams . Gold Rush miners developed a simple system whoever used the water first owned the rights to it . In other parts of the West , the community as a whole had a right to use the water source . A ' Destiny With the belief that the United States was destined to spread across the continent , called manifest destiny , settlers headed West to tame new lands . Supporters of manifest destiny believed it was God will that the United States should expand and spread democracy across North America . A . The ROCKY Mountains The Rocky Mountains were a gigantic obstacle to settlers on their way West . Pathfinders like John Fremont traveled widely in the region , making maps and noting possible trails . The South Pass , through which the Oregon Trail ran , was one of the few easy ways through the great chain of mountains . ATLANTIC OCEAN Claimed by Texas Mexico . INTERPRETING MAPS . Movement Why did San Francisco grow so rapidly ?
Interaction Why was water so important in the West ?
A Tropic of Cancer Social Studies Skills Analysis Critical Thinking Participation I Students use a variety of maps and documents AA to identify physical and cultural features . I I Interpreting Maps Expansion Note the map other features . Maps often tain labels and other information in addition to Maps show features on Earth surface . These can what is explained in the legend or key , be physical features , such as mountains and rivers , or human features , such as roads and settlements . Historical maps show an area as it was in the past . Practice the Skill Some show how a nation boundaries changed over time . Interpreting maps can answer questions the map below to answer the about history as Well as geography questions about the expansion of the United States . I . The addition of which territory almost doubled the size of the United States ?
Learn the Ski . What was the smallest expansion of ders , and when did it take place ?
Follow these steps to gain information from a map . According to the map , when did California Read the title to determine what the map is become part of the United States ?
th ' a Ou an Covers . What choice of overland routes did a traveler Study the legend or key to understand what the have for getting to California ?
colors or symbols on the map mean . Note the map scale , which is used to measure distances . What physical obstacles does the map show such a traveler would face ?
Growth of the United States to 1853 United States , 1733 Louisiana Purchase , 1803 Red River Basin , 1818 Spanish Cession , 1819 Texas Annexation , 1845 Oregon Country , 1846 Mexican Cession , 1848 Purchase , 1853 Disputed Territory 300 600 Miles 300 600 Kilometers 334 CHAPTER 10
Visual Summary Use the visual summary below to help you review the main ideas of the chapter . Expansion Fort established . Pioneers begin traveling West on the Oregon Trail . United States annexes Texas . Mexican War begins . United States wins the Mexican War and Mexican Cession . Oregon becomes a territory . California gold rush begins . Purchase establishes the southwestern border . Standards Review Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Identify the correct term or person from the chapter that best each of the following descriptions . Mexican priest who led a rebellion for from Spain . Spanish colonists in California . A group of pioneers who were stranded in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and struggled to vive the winter . Agents hired by the Mexican government to attract settlers to Texas . The belief that the United States was meant to expand across the continent to the Ocean . Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of day Saints . Fur traders and trappers who lived west of the Rocky Mountains and in the Northwest . Mexican ruler who fought to keep Texas from gaining independence . Swiss immigrant who received permission from Mexico to start a colony in California 10 . Western trail from Missouri to New Mexico that was an important route for trade between American and Mexican merchants Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION ( Pages ) a . Identify What different groups of people traveled West ?
Draw Conclusions Why did Brigham Young move the Mormon community to Utah ?
Predict What are some possible problems that might result from American settlement in the West ?
EXPANDING WEST 335 ' ION ( Pages ) Em , 11 . Summarize the selection at the bottom of . Who were Stephen Austin and Column me in 0119 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna ?
Conclusions Why did settlers in Texas against Mexican 111197 Interpreting Maps Expansion Use the Social In what ways was the Texas struggle Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the for independence similar to that of the United question about the map below . States ?
Pages ) Em . a . Recall Why were some Americans opposed to the annexation of new territories ?
Draw Conclusions What economic and cultural did Native Americans and Mexican Americans have on American settlers in the Mexican Cession ?
Predict What are some possible problems the acquisition of so much territory might cause the United States ?
Pages ) 1153 , a . Identify What roles did women and immigrants in the Tush ?
18 . According to the map , place the following in . Make Inferences Why were most the order in which they were acquired by the settlers young , unmarried men ?
United States . Predict What effects might the Oregon Country Mexican Cession . gold rush have on future Purchase Texas annexation Reviewing Themes ' What did economics in . Writing an Outline for a Documentary Film the Oi 80 West ?
Look back through all your notes , and choose . Geography What were the main trails to the one topic from this chapter that you think West , and what areas did they pass through ?
would make good documentary . Your outline should be organized by scene ( no . than scenes ) in chronological order . Reading Skills . For each scene , give the following information Summarizing Use the Reading Skills taught in this main idea of scene , costumes and images to be chapter to answer the question about the reading used , audio to be used , and length of scene . As selection below , you plan , remember that the audience will be students your own age . The war ended after Scott took Mexico City . In February 1848 , the United States and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe , which ended the war and forced Mexico to tum over much of its northern territory to the United States . 323 ) 336 CHAPTER 10
Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the letter of the best response . Use the map below to answer question . 300 , 300 The part of the United States that was once claimed by Britain , Spain , and Russia is shown on the map by the letter AW . CY . In general , what position did take toward the Mexican War ?
A They supported the war because they wanted independence from Mexico . They supported the war because they wanted to become citizens . They opposed the war because they feared it might bring an end to slavery . They opposed the war because they did not want to lose control of California . I What was the main reason John Jacob Astor founded Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1811 ?
A Plenty of freshwater and saltwater fish were available for residents to eat . The soil there was rich and good for farming . Trappers could use the river to bring furs from the mountains to trade . The location offered easy protection from attacks by Native Americans or the French . I The main attraction of Texas for many cans in the and was the A freedom to practice the Catholic faith . availability of cheap or free land . desire to become citizens of Mexico . Mexican rebellion against Spain . Which of the following was to the War ?
A Mexican foods and festivals became more important to American culture . Prosperity of Mexican landowners in the west increased under rule . Mexican Americans introduced new ideas and equipment to the United States . The size of the United States increased by about 25 percent . Connecting with Past Learnings In a previous chapter you learned that tans traveled to the Americas in search of religious freedom . Which group had similar motives for its migration to the West ?
A mountain men Mormons In Grade you learned of explorers who raced to find wealth during the Age of Exploration . Which group below was most similar to these explorers ?
A the Donner party Mexican Americans EXPANDING WEST 331 Writing Workshop . Cause and causes or the effects of the War of 1812 . try to make sense of an event by considering why the event happened and what resulted from it . Exploring causes and effects can provide a deeper standing of historical events and how they are connected to one another . Using a organize , Identifying Causes and Effects A cause is an action or a situation that makes something else Use a graphic organizer like thisto Organize your pen . What happens is called an effect . For example , if you stay up too Cause late watching ( cause ) you might find yourself nodding off in class i ( effect ) Often an event or situation will have several causes as well as Cause several effects . In those cases , we may look at the order in which the causes or effects occurred , or we may look at their relative importance . Event or Situation . i Researching and Organizing Effect For this paper , you will write about the causes or the effects of the event War of 1812 . Gather information from the chapter in this act book , an encyclopedia , or another source recommended by your teacher . I Look for two or three reasons ( causes ) why the War of 1812 ( the A event or situation ) occurred . Writing Students Write I At the same time , consider the war as a cause . Look for two or narrative , expository , persuasive , and three effects of the descriptive essays of at least 500 to Then choose whether to write about the causes or the effects . 700 words . Write You can use this framework to help you write your first draft . A Writer Framework Introduction Body Conclusion I Begin with a quote or interesting fact I causes or effects in I Summarize your ideas event . chronological ( time ) order or order causes orthe effects ofthe event I Identify the event you will discuss . Of The War . The War of 1812 I Explain each cause or effect in its Identify whetheryou will be own paragraph . providing support discussing the causes orthe effects . With facts and 338 UNIT
. Evaluate and Revise Evaluating Drawing clear , logical connections is the key to writing about causes and effects . Use these questions to evaluate and revise your paper . Evaluation Questions for an Explanation of Causes or Effects I Does the introduction begin with an I Do facts and examples help to interesting quotation ?
explain each cause or effect and I Does the introduction identify the CONNECT Wail ?
event the war and the causes or I Are the causes or effects organized events to be discussed ?
chronological order or order of importance ?
I Does the conclusion summarize the causes or effects and their importance ?
I Is each cause or effect explained in its own paragraph ?
Revising Make sure the connections between the war and its causes or effects are clear by sharing your paper with a classmate . If your classmate is confused , add background information . If he or she disagrees with your conclusions , add evidence or rethink your reasoning . Proofread and Publish Proofreading Some transitional words and phrases need to be set off from the sentence with commas . Here are two examples I The Louisiana Territory was a huge region of land . As a result , the size of the United States almost doubled when the land was purchased . I Jefferson wanted to know more about the land he had purchased . Therefore , he asked Congress to fund an expedition . Check your paper to see if you need to add commas after or around any transitional words or phrases . Publishing Get together with a classmate and share causes effects . pare your lists to see whether you have identified different causes or effects . Share your with your class . Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies outlined in this workshop to write your explanation of the causes or effects of the War of 1812 . Recognizing False In planning , be careful to avoid false relationships . The fact that one thing happened before or after another does mean one . the Madison was elected in 1808 , just four years before the War of 1812 , does not mean his election caused the War of Using Transitions Here are some transitional words and phrases that show cause or effect relationships because , as a result , therefore , for , since , so , consequently , for this reason THE NEW REPUBLIC 339