US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 10 Expanding West Part 1
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10 ) Weed California Standards Science Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the 1800 to the and the challenges they faced . Students analyze the early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals of the Declaration of . Analysis Skills Students use a variety of maps and documents to identify physical and cultural features of neighborhoods , cities , states , and countries . Arts Writing Employ narrative and descriptive strategies . Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . FOCUS ON WRITING Outline for a Documentary Film Many documentary films have been made about the history of the United States , but there is always room for one more . In this chapter you will read about the westward expansion of the United States , a period filled with excitement and challenge . Then you will create an outline for a documentary film to be used in history classes . 1811 John Jacob Astor founds the post Astoria on the Columbia River . 304 CHAPTER 10
' History Impact series Watch the video to stand the impact of the California gold rush . I ' What Will Learn In this chapter you will learn about how the United States expanded west . The country acquired vast amounts of territory in a short time . Lured by land and gold , hundreds of , sands of Americans followed trails west in search of a better life . However , many lies , like the one pictured here , had already lived in California for generations . The United States and The United States Great Britain agreeto declares war discovered in . California on Country . January 24 . 1848 Gold is Mexico wins its revolt China gives Great Commodore Matthew independence unsuccessfully against the Britain control ofthe Perry negotiates from Spain . Mexican government . island of Hong Kong . Japan . EXPANDING WEST 305
Reading Social Studies Politics Religion society Economics Geography ' Focus on Themes In this chapter , you will the United States . Finally , you will read about the read about the American people as they continued California Gold Rush that brought thousands of their westward expansion . You will read about the people west . As you read each section , you will famous Oregon and Santa Fe trails , Texas fight for see how economic issues affected the growth of independence from Mexico , and war with different geographic areas . Vocabulary in Context Focus on Reading In Chapter you learned how writers I In , to times give you clues to a word meaning in the same or a nearby ' I ' sentence . Those clues are usually definitions , in different words , or comparisons or contrasts . But what do you do if you do ' know the word and the writer doesn think to give you a direct clue ?
Using Broader Context Clues If the writer does give you one of those direct clues , you have to try to figure out the meaning of the word for yourself . Read the whole paragraph and look for information that will help you figure out the meaning . Look up the word in the dictionary to be sure of its meaning . Notice how a student used information from the whole paragraph to learn the meaning of two unknown words . In 1844 , the passed up Tyler and chose Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky as their presidential candidate . At ing annexation Clay changed his mind due to pressure from southern voters . The Democratic Party chose former Tennessee governor James Polk to oppose Clay . Both candidates strongly favored Texas and Oregon , but Polk was perceived as the expansionist candidate . 317 ) not sure about annexation . The southerners convinced Clay to be for it . Maybe ifl read some more . Oh , both presidential candidates favored acquiring Texas and Oregon . Maybe annexation means almost the same thing as acquiring . check the dictionary . The dictionary is to add or That close . Now what about expansionist ?
I know one meaning of expand is similar to add . An expansionist was probably someone who wanted to add to or expand the country . 306 CHAPTER 10 ELA Reading Use word meanings within the appropriate context . Chapter 10 You Try It ! Section The following passage is from the chapter you are about to read . John Jacob Astor ( 303 ) Read the passage and then answer the questions . mountain men ( Oregon Trail ( 309 Santa Fe Trail ( 310 ) Mormons ( 310 ) American Settlement mam Young , in the Mexican Cession Section The war ended after Scott took Mexico City . In 323 Father Miguel Hidalgo February 1848 , the United States and Mexico ' 312 ) signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which Ste Austin ( 313 ) officially ended the war and forced Mexico to Antonio de Sam Anna ( 373 turn over much of its northern territory to the Alamo ( 314 ) United States . Known as the Mexican Cession , Battle 53 this land included the states section of California , Nevada , and Utah . destiny ( 315 ) In exchange for this vast territory , James Polk ( 377 ) the United States agreed to pay Mexico ( Bear Flag Revolt ( 320 ) 15 ' In addition , the United States . I . I Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 323 ) assumed claims of more than million held Purchase ( 323 ) by American citizens against the Mexican government . John Su er ( 327 ) Donner party ( 327 ) 327 ) Refer to the passages to answer the following questions . 325 . Do you know what the word cession means ?
What clues in the first paragraph can help you figure out what the word might Academic Vocabulary mean ?
Use those clues to write a definition of cession . Success in school is related to knowing academic . Look cession up in a dictionary . How does your definition compare he are used to the in school assignments and . In this chapter , you will learn . In your experience , what does the word assume usually mean . he mowing academic . Do you think that meaning is the one used in the second ) graph ?
If not , what do you think assume means in this case ?
elements ( 319 ) Look assume up in a dictionary . Does one of its meanings match the one you came up with ?
As you read , use context clues to figure out the meanings of unfamiliar words . by looking the words up in a dictionary . EXPANDING WEST 301 SECTION What You Will Learn . During the early , Americans moved west of the Rocky Mountains to settle and trade . The Mormons traveled west in search of religious freedom . The Big Idea The American West attracted a variety of settlers . Key Terms and People John Jacob Astor , 308 mountain men , 308 Oregon Trail , 309 Santa Fe Trail , 311 Mormons , 311 Brigham Young , 311 ! IE Describe the purpose , challenges , and economic incentives associated with westward expansion , including the concepts of Manifest Destiny ( the Lewis and Clark expedition , accounts of the removal of Indians , the Cherokees Trail of Tears , settlement of the Great Plains ) and the territorial acquisitions that spanned numerous decades . 308 CHAPTER 10 Trails to the West If YOU were there You live in Ohio in 1840 . A few months ago , you and your family heard stories about a wonderful land in the Northwest , with kling rivers and fertile valleys . You all decide to pull up stakes and head West . You travel to Independence , Missouri , planning to join a wagon train on the Oregon Trail . In Missouri , you surprised to find hundreds of other people planning to make the trip . What would you expect your journey West to be like ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Many Americans inthe Era were restless , curious , and eagerto be on the move . The American West drew a variety of settlers . Some looked for wealth and adventure . Others , like this family on its way to the Northwest , dreamed of rich farmland and new homes . Americans Move West In the early , Americans pushed steadily westward , moving even beyond the territory of the United States . They traveled by canoe and , on horseback , and by wagon train . Some even walked much of the way . The rush to the West occurred , in part , because of a hat . The high hat , made of beaver fur , was popular in the United States and Europe . While acquiring fur for the hats , French , British , and American companies gradually killed off the beaver population in the East . Companies moved west in search of more beavers . Most of the Americans who traveled to the Rocky and the Northwest were fur traders and trappers . American merchant John Jacob Astor created one of the largest fur businesses , the American Fur Company . His company bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as mountain men . These adventurers were some of the first to explore and map the Rocky Mountains and lands west of them . Mountain men lived lonely and often dangerous lives . They trapped animals on their own , far from towns and settlements . Mountain men such as Smith , Manuel Lisa , Jim Bridger , and Jim
Trails Leading West Trails , Distances , and Travel Times miles , months ' Santa Fe miles , months ' Mormon miles , months on Spanish 700 miles , week Oregon miles , month Fort or trading post Jim was an African American fur per and explorer of the West in the early . as Los . PACIFIC OCEAN . GEOGRAPHY SKILLS , INTERPRETING MAPS . Movement Which travel ?
Interaction What difficulties do you on the trails faced ?
survived many hardships during their search for wealth and adventure . To vive on the frontier , mountain men adopted Native American customs and clothing . In addition , they often married Native American women . The Indian wives of trappers often worked hard to contribute to their success . Pioneer William Ashley saw that frequently bringing furs out of the Rocky Mountains was expensive . He asked his traders to stay in the mountains and meet once a year to trade and socialize . This practice helped make the fur trade more profitable . The yearly meeting was known as the rendezvous . At the rendezvous , mountain men and Native American trappers sold their fur to agents . It was thus tant to bring as many furs as possible . One per described the people at a typical rendezvous in 1837 . He saw Americans , Canadian French , some Europeans , and , of nearly every tribe in the Rocky The rendezvous was with celebrating and storytelling . At the same time , the ing was also about conducting business . ern artist Alfred Jacob Miller described how trade was begun in the rendezvous camp . The Fur Company great tent is raised the Indians erect their picturesque beautiful white the accumulated collected furs of the hunting season are brought forth and the Company tent is a busy place . Jacob Miller , quoted in The Fur Trade of the American West , by David In 1811 , John Jacob Astor founded a trading post called Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River . Astoria was one of the American settlements in what became known as Oregon Country . American Indians pied the region , which was rich in forests , rivers , and wildlife . However , Britain , Russia , Spain , and the United States all claimed the land . The United States based its claim on EXPANDING WEST 309
The Oregon Trail Many settlers moving to Oregon try and other western areas followed the Oregon Trail , which stretched from places such as , Missouri , or Council Bluffs , Iowa , west into Oregon Country . The trail lowed the Platte and Sweetwater Rivers over the Plains . After it crossed the Rocky Mountains , the trail forked . The northern branch led to the Willamette Valley in gon . The other branch went to California and became known as the California Trail . Traveling the trail challenged the strength and determination of pioneer families . The journey usually began after the rainy son ended in late spring and lasted about six months . The cost , about 600 for a family of four , was high at a time when a typical worker usually made about per day . Mormon Pioneers This Mormon family left Iowa in 1856 and took the Mormon Trail to Utah . The children walked miles on this long and difficult journey . How many family members can you see in this photo ?
the exploration of merchant captain Robert Gray , who had reached the mouth of the Columbia River in 1792 . Recognizing the huge economic value of the Northwest , the United States made treaties in which Spain and Russia gave up their claims to various areas . The United States also signed treaties with Britain allowing both countries to occupy Oregon Country , the Columbia River , and its surrounding lands . By the , the era of American fur trading in the Northwest was drawing to a close . The demand for beaver furs had fallen because fashions changed . Too much trapping had also greatly reduced the ber of beavers . Some mountain men gave up their work and moved back east . Their daring stories , however , along with the ties made by the government , inspired other Americans to move West . Lured by rich resources and a mild climate , poured into Oregon Country in the . These new settlers soon replaced the tain men on the frontier . 310 CHAPTER 10 Young families made up most groups of . They gathered in wagon trains for the trip . There could be as few as 10 wagons or as many as several dozen in a wagon train . The wagons were pulled by oxen , mules , or horses . Pioneers often walked to save their animals strength . They kept up a tiring pace , traveling from dawn until dusk . Settler Jesse Applegate recalled the advice he received from an experienced Oregon pioneer el , travel , TRAVEL . Nothing is good that causes a moment Some pioneers brought small herds of cattle with them on the trail . They faced severe hardships , including shortages of food , supplies , and water . Rough weather and geographic barriers , such as rivers and mountains , sometimes forced large numbers of pioneers to abandon their wagons . In the early days of the Oregon Trail , many Native Americans helped the pioneers , acting as guides and messengers . They also traded goods for food . Although newspapers ed Native American massacres of pioneers , few settlers died during Indian attacks . The settlers who arrived safely in gon and California found generally healthy
and pleasant climates . By 1845 some settlers occupied the Willamette Valley . The Santa Fe Trail The Santa Fe Trail was another important path west . It led from Independence , to Santa Fe , New Mexico . It followed an ancient trading route used by Native Americans . American traders loaded their wagon trains with cloth and other goods to exchange for horses , mules , and silver from Mexican traders in Santa Fe . The long trip across blazing deserts and rough mountains was dangerous . But the lure of high encouraged traders to take to the trail . One trader reported a percent on his cargo . The government helped protect traders by sending troops to ensure that Native Americans were not a threat . Contrasting How were the Oregon and Santa Fe trails different ?
Mormons Travel West One large group of settlers traveled to the West in search of religious freedom . In 1830 a young man named Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Saints in western New York . The members of Joseph Smith church became known as Mormons . Smith told his followers that he had found and translated a set of golden lets containing religious teachings . The ings were called the Book of Mormon . Church membership grew rapidly . er , certain beliefs and practices caused Mormons to be persecuted . For example , beginning in the some Mormon men practiced practice in which one man is married to several women at the same time . This practice was outlawed by the church in 1890 . In the early Smith and his ing number of converts left New York . They formed new communities , in Ohio , then in Missouri , and in Illinois . All three communities eventually failed , and an mob murdered Smith in 1844 . Following Smith murder , Brigham Young became head of the Mormon Church . Young chose what is now Utah as the group new home , and thousands of took the Mormon Trail to the area near the Great Salt Lake , where they prospered . By 1860 there were about Mormons in Utah . Finding Main Ideas Why did Mormons move West ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Some of the Americans to move West were fur ers and trappers . Settlers soon followed . In the next section you will learn about the Texas Revolution . Section Assessment min turn I KEYWORD . Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People a . Identify What was the Oregon Trail ?
Elaborate Would you have chosen to leave your home to travel West ?
Why ?
a . Identify Who are the Mormons ?
Summarize What difficulties led Mormons to move to Utah ?
Critical Thinking categorizing Copy the chart below . Identify different trails to the West , describe the people who traveled along each trail , and explain their motives for traveling west . Trails Travelers Motives . Describing Trails West As you read this section , note important topics that you might want to cover in your documentary film . In addition , write down ideas about how you might present information about each topic . For example , will you use a narrator to tell the life story of Joseph Smith , or will you have actors present it dramatically ?
EXPANDING WEST 311 SECTION What You Will Learn . Many American settlers moved to Texas after Mexico achieved independence from Spain . Texans revolted against Mexican rule and established an independent nation . The Big Idea In 1836 , Texas gained its independence from Mexico . Key Terms and People Father Miguel Hidalgo , 312 , 312 Stephen Austin , Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna , 313 Alamo , 314 Battle of San , 314 IE Discuss Mexican ments and their locations , cultural traditions , attitudes toward slavery , system , and economics . Describe the Texas War for Independence and the American War , including territorial settlements , the aftermath of the wars , and the effects the wars had on the lives of Americans , including Mexican . 312 CHAPTER 10 The Texas Revolution If YOU were there You are the father of a large farm family in Missouri . There is not enough land for everyone , so you looking for another nity . One day , a Mexican government official comes to town . He is looking for people to settle in Texas . The Mexican government is offering generous tracts of land to colonists . However , you have to become a citizen of Mexico and follow Mexican laws . Would you decide to move your family to Texas ?
Why ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Spain controlled a vast amount tory in whatwould later American Southwest . The Spanish built missions and forts in Texas to establish control ofthat region . But the settlements were far apart , and conflicts with Native Americans Spanish settlers from moving to Texas . When Mexico became an independent republic , it actively looked for more settlers . American Settlers Move to Texas Mexico had a long , unprotected border that stretched from Texas to California . Mexico Spanish rulers worried constantly about attacks from neighbors . They also were concerned about threats from within Mexico . Their fears were justified . Mexicans moved to overthrow ish rule in the early . In September 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo , a Mexican priest , led a rebellion of about poor Indians and , or people of Indian and Spanish try . They hoped that if Mexico became independent from the ish monarchy , their lives would improve . Hidalgo revolt failed , but the rebellion he started grew . In 1821 Mexico became independent . In 1824 it adopted a republican constitution that declared rights for all Mexicans . The new can government hired , or agents , to bring settlers to Texas . They paid the agents in land .
Settling Texas Stephen Austin , shown at left , and other settlers were received land from the Mexican government for the purpose of bringing settlers to Texas . Their holdings were guaranteed with a contract like the one below . Why do you think the Mexican government wanted to attract settlers to Texas ?
In 1822 one young agent , Stephen Austin , started a colony on the lower do River . The 300 families became known as the Old Three Hundred . Austin successful colony attracted other agents , and American settlers to the region . In exchange for free land , settlers had to obey Mexican laws . But some settlers often explicitly ignored these laws . For example , despite the ban on slavery , many brought slaves . Concerned that it was losing control to the growing American population , Mexico responded . In 1830 , it banned further ment by Americans . Angry about the new law , many Texans began to think of gaining independence from Mexico . Meanwhile , Mexico had come under the rule of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna . He soon suspended Mexico can constitution and turned his attention to the growing unrest in Texas . Finding Main Ideas settlers move to Texas ?
Texans Revolt against Mexico In October 1835 the Mexican army tried to remove a cannon from the town of les , Texas . Rebels stood next to the cannon . Their read , Come and take In the following battle , the rebels won . The Texas Revolution , also known as the Texas War for ACADEMIC Independence , had begun . explicit fully Texas Independence ' On March , 1836 , Texans declared their independence from Mexico . The new of Texas was born . Both the declaration and the constitution that shortly followed were modeled after the documents . The Texas constitution , however , made slavery legal . Delegates to the new Texas government chose politician David Burnet as president and Lorenzo de as vice president . Another revolutionary , Sam Houston , was named to head the Texas . Austin went to the United States to seek money and troops . EXPANDING WEST 313
FOCUS ON READING Use this section to summarize the events of the battle at the Alamo . I ) Battle at the Alamo The Texans actions angered Santa Anna . He began assembling a force of thousands to stop the rebellion . A hastily created anny of Texas had been clashing with Mexican troops for months . Under Colonel Jim Travis , a small force took the town of San Antonio . It then occupied the Alamo , an abandoned mission near San Antonio that became an important battle site in the Texas Revolution . Volunteers from the United States , including frontiersman Davy Crockett and Colonel Jim Bowie , joined the Alamo defense . The rebels , numbering fewer than 200 , hoped to stall the huge Mexican force while a larger Texas army assembled . For almost two weeks , from February 23 to March , 1836 , the Texans held out . Travis managed to get a sage to other Texans through enemy lines I call on you in the name of Liberty , of , and everything dear to the American character , to come to our aid with all dispatch speed on Travis , from a letter written at the Alamo , 1836 Texas Before dawn on March , the Mexican army attacked . Despite heavy losses , the army overcame the Texans . All the ers of the Alamo were killed , though some civilians survived . Following a later battle , at , Santa Anna ordered the execution of 350 prisoners who had surrendered . Texans were enraged by the massacres . Battle of San Santa Anna now chased the untrained forces of Sam Houston . Outnumbered , the Texans east . Finally , they reorganized at the San River , near Galveston Bay . There , the Texans took a stand . Santa Anna was of victory , but he was careless in choosing the site for his camp . On the afternoon of April 21 , 1836 , while Mexican troops were resting , ton forces swarmed the camp , shouting , Remember the Alamo ! Remember The ended swiftly . Santa army was destroyed . In the Battle of San , the Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence . 314 DISPUTED TERRITORY Mexican army ) Mexican victory Texan army Texan victory 50 100 Miles 50 100 Kilometers Claimed by , Texas , UNITED STATES LOUISIANA ( 1812 )
An Independent Nation Sam Houston was the hero of the new independent nation of Texas . The republic created a new town named Houston and made it the capital . Voters elected Sam ton as president . Stephen Austin became secretary of state . To increase the population , Texas offered land grants . American settlers came from nearby southern states , often bringing slaves with them to help grow and harvest cotton . Most Texans hoped that the United States would annex , or take control of , Texas , ing it a state . The Congress also wanted to annex Texas . But President Andrew son refused . He was concemed that ting Texas as a slave state would upset the fragile balance of free and slave states . The president also did not want to have a war with Mexico over Texas . Finally , Jackson did recognize Texas as an independent nation . France did so in 1839 . Britain , which wanted to halt sion , recognized Texas in 1840 . The Mexican government , however , did not recognize Santa Anna forced over of Texas . In 1837 the republic organized the Texas Rangers to guard its long frontier from Mexican and Native American attacks . Finally , in 1844 Texas and Mexico signed a peace treaty . Finding Main Ideas What issues did the new nation of Texas face ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW American in Texas challenged the Mexican and won their independence . In the next section you will learn about the war between Mexico and the United States . online vi KEYWORD Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People , a . Identify What role did Stephen Austin play in the settlement of Texas ?
Make Why did Mexican officials want to bring more settlers to Texas ?
Evaluate Do you think Mexico requirements for foreign immigrants were reasonable or unreasonable ?
Explain . a . Describe What were the important battles in the War for Texas Independence ?
Why was each important ?
Make Why did Texas offer land grams to settlers ?
Predict What problems might the Republic of Texas face ?
Critical Thinking . Sequencing Copy the time line below . Use it to list tant events of the Texas Revolution . March 1836 . Explaining the Texas Revolution As you read this tion , make note of the most important players and events in the story of how Texas gained independence from Mexico . Consider also how you will present information about these people and events to your film audience . What words , images , and sounds will make the story of the revolution come alive for them ?
On March , 1836 , Texans fought and lost the Battle of the Alamo . A rallying cry for the Texans at the Battle of San was Remember the Alamo ! The single star of the flag represents the Republic of Texas , also called the Lone Star Republic . Why do you think Remember the Alamo ! was a rallying cry for Texas troops at San ?
EXPANDING WEST 315 What You Will Learn . believed that the nation had a manifest destiny to claim new lands in the West . As a result ofthe American War , the United States added territory in the Southwest . American settlement in the Mexican Cession produced conflict and a blending of cultures . The Big Idea The ideals of manifest destiny and the outcome of the American War led to sion to the Pacific Ocean . Key Terms and People manifest destiny , 316 James Polk , 317 , 319 , 319 Bear Flag Revolt , 320 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , 323 Purchase , 323 ! IE Describe the Texas Independence and the War , including territorial settlements , the aftermath of the wars , and the effects the wars had on the lives of Americans , ing Mexican . 316 CHAPTER 10 The American War If YOU were there Your family are , Spanish settlers who have lived in California for many years . You raise horses on your ranch . So far , you have gotten along with American settlers . But it has become clear that the American government wants to take over California . You hear that fighting has already started between American and Mexican troops . How might life change under American rule ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Mexican independence setthe stage for conflict and change in the West and Southwest . Atthe same time , American settlers continued to move westward , settling in the Mexican territories ofTexas and California . American ambitions led to clashes with Mexico and the people who already lived in Mexico territories . Manifest Destiny We have it in our power to start the world over again . Paine , from his pamphlet Common Sense ) Americans had always believed they could build a new , better society founded on democratic principles . In 1839 writer John Sullivan noted , We are the nation of human progress , and who will , what can , set limits to our onward march ?
Actually , there was one limit land . By the 18405 the United States had a booming economy and population . Barely 70 years old , the nation already needed more room for farms , ranches , and families . Americans looked West to what they saw as a vast wilderness , ready to be taken . Some people believed it was America manifest destiny , or obvious fate , to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean in order to spread democracy . Sullivan coined the term in 1845 . He wrote that it was America manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole continent which Providence God has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty .
Manifest Destiny John Gast painting American Progress shows the spirit of manifest destiny leading settlers westward . What in this painting shows how settlers traveled west ?
River is in the background as settlers push farther west . The woman represents America , moving west and bringing sunlight , settlers , and telegraph wires to the new lands . Native Americans and buffalo are pushed away by the approaching settlers . In the , manifest destiny was tied up with the slavery issue . If ica gained new territory , would slavery be allowed there ?
Presidents had to face the issue . Among them was John Tyler , a Whig who wanted to increase the power of the southern slave states by ing Texas . His fellow disagreed . In 1844 , the Whig Party passed up Tyler and chose Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky as its presidential candidate . At first ing annexation , Clay changed his mind due to pressure from southern politicians . The Democratic Party chose former Tennessee governor James Polk to oppose Clay . Both candidates strongly favored acquiring Texas and Oregon , but Polk was perceived as the expansionist candidate . Southerners feared the loss of Texas , a possible new slave state . Others worried that Texas might become an ally of Britain . These concerns helped Polk narrowly defeat Clay . Acquiring New Territory President Polk quickly set out to his campaign promise to annex Oregon and Texas . By the 18205 , Russia and Spain had given up their claims to Oregon Country . Britain and the United States had agreed to occupy the territory together . As more Americans settled there , they began to ask that Oregon become part of the United States . Polk wanted to protect these settlers interests . Some politicians noted that Oregon Country would provide a port for the growing trade with China . Meanwhile , Britain and the United States disagreed over how to draw the United Canadian border . American cried , forty or fight ! This slogan referred to north latitude , the line to which Americans wanted their northern territory to extend . Neither side really wanted a war , though . In 1846 Great Britain and the United States signed a treaty that gave the United States all Oregon land south of the lel . This treaty drew the border that still exists today . Oregon became an organized tory in February 1848 . Texas carne next . By March 1845 , Congress had approved annexation and EXPANDING WEST 311
needed only the support of the Republic of Texas . Americans continued to pour into Texas . Texas politicians hoped that ing the United States would help solve the republic and military problems . The Texas Congress approved annexation in June 1845 . Texas became part of the United States in December . This action angered the Mexican government , which considered Texas to be a stolen California under Mexico Although the annexation of Texas angered Mexico , it still had settlements in other areas of the Southwest to govern . New Mexico was the oldest settled area , with its capital at Santa Fe . Mexico also controlled Arizona , Nevada , and California . During early Spanish rule , the mission system had dominated much of the day Southwest . Over time , it had become less important there , especially in New , where settlers lived in small villages . In Ranch Life Spanish and Mexican vaqueros , or cowboys , were expert . They used their horses to herd cattle on the ranches of the Spanish Southwest . Leather chaps California , however , missions remained the focus of everyday life . Missions under later Spanish rule carried out huge farming and ranching operations using the labor of Native Americans . Some of the Indians came to the missions . Others were brought by force . Usually , they were not allowed to leave the mission once they had arrived . They had to adopt the clothing , food , and religion of the Spanish priests . Missions often sold their goods to local , or towns , that arose near the and . One wealthy California settler , Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , the early days . We were the pioneers of the coast , building towns and missions while General George Washington was carrying on the war of the Guadalupe , quoted in Eyewitnesses and Others After winning independence from Spain in 1821 , Mexico began to change old Spanish Vaqueros were known for their specially designed hats . protected riders from , Saddles like these were highly prized by vaqueros . CHAPTER 10 dust and scrapes . ANALYSIS ( ANALYZING What features of the are shown in this painting ?
policies toward California and Texas . In 1833 , for example , Mexico ended the sion system in California . Mission lands were broken up , and huge grants were given to some of the wealthiest California settlers , including Vallejo . They created vast , or ranches , with tens of thousands of acres of land . Vaqueros , or cowboys , managed the large herds of cattle and sheep . were so valuable that they were called California Hides were traded for household items and luxury goods with ship captains from the eastern United States . Some settlers also made wine and grew citrus fruits . Although they had been freed from the missions , for most California Indians the elements of life changed very little . They continued to herd animals and do much of the hard physical labor on ranches and farms . Some , however , ran away into the or to the nearby towns of San Diego and Los Angeles . The Because of the great distance between California and the center of Mexico ment , by the early California had only around colonists . These colonists , called , felt little connection to their faraway government . developed a lasting reputation for hospitality and skilled horse riding . In Two Years Before the Most , American novelist ard Dana wrote about his ters with culture . He described , for example , what happened after a served a feast to Dana and a friend . We took out some money and asked him how much we were to pay . He shook his head and crossed himself , saying that it was the Lord gave it to Henry Dana Two Years Before the Most In addition to traders and travelers , a small number of settlers also arrived from the United States . They were called by the . Although there were few BIOGRAPHY Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was born to an influential family in Monterey . He joined the Mexican army shortly after Mexico independence from Spain . He was soon put in charge of Mexico efforts to increase settlement in northern California . Vallejo eventually became the richest man in California , owning enormous amounts of land and livestock . He welcomed American rule of California , believing it would result in for . Vallejo served at the state constitutional convention as well as in the first state senate . Analyzing Why did Vallejo encourage American rule of California ?
Anglo settlers in California , their calls for independence increased tensions between Mexico and the United States . Drawing inferences How did manifest destiny affect Spanish and Mexican rule in California ! ACADEMIC elements the basic parts of an surroundings War Diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States became increasingly strained . involvement in California and Texas to this tension . Breaks Out Mexico had long insisted that its ern border lay along the River . The United States said the border was farther south , along the Rio Grande . In June 1845 President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to lead an army into the disputed region . Polk sent to Mexico City to try to settle the border dispute . EXPANDING WEST 319
came with an offer to buy New Mexico and California for 30 million . Mexican refused to speak to him . In March 1846 , General Taylor led his troops to the Rio Grande . He camped across from Mexican forces stationed near the town of , Mexico . In April , the Mexican commander told Taylor to withdraw from Mexican territory . Taylor refused . The two sides clashed , and several soldiers were killed . President Polk delivered the news to Congress . Mexico has passed the boundary ofthe United States , has invaded , and shed American blood upon the American soil The two nations are now at , from his address to , Polk war message was persuasive . Two days later , Congress declared war on Mexico . War Begins At the beginning of the war with Mexico , the Army had better weapons and ment . Yet it was greatly outnumbered and poorly prepared . The government put out a call for volunteers . About responded . Many were young men who thought the war would be a grand adventure in a foreign land . On the home front , many Americans supported the war . However , many thought the war was and able . Northern abolitionists also opposed the . They feared the spread of slavery into southwestern lands . While Americans debated the war , ing proceeded . General Taylor soldiers won battles south of the River . Taylor then crossed the Rio Grande and occupied , Mexico . While Taylor waited for more men , Polk ordered General Stephen to attack New Mexico . On August 18 , 1846 , took Santa Fe , the capital city , without a . He claimed the entire ince of New Mexico for the United States and marched west to California , where another with Mexico was already under way . 320 CHAPTER 10 The Bear Flag Revolt In 1846 , only about 500 Americans lived in the huge province of California , in contrast to about . Yet , in the spirit of manifest destiny , a small group of American settlers seized the town of Sonoma , north of San Francisco , on June 14 . Hostilities began between the two sides when the Americans took some horses that were intended for the Mexican militia . In what became known as the Bear Flag Revolt , the Americans declared California to be an independent nation . Above the town , the rebels hoisted a hastily made of a grizzly bear facing a red star . laughed at the made bear , thinking it looked more like a pig than a John , a Army captain , was leading a mapping expedition across the Sierra Nevada when he heard of the possible war with Mexico . went to Sonoma and quickly joined the American settlers in their revolt against the . Because war had already broken out between the United States and Mexico , actions were seen as beneficial to the American cause in the region . His stated goal , however , was Californian independence , not to annex California to the United States . During the revolt , several important were taken prisoner , including Mariano Vallejo . Vallejo and his brother were held at an lo settlement for two months without any formal charges being brought against them . Long after his release , Vallejo wrote a history of California that included an account of his time as a bear prisoner . But the bear was quick to fall . In July , naval forces came ashore in California and raised the stars and stripes . army arrived from the East . The towns of San Diego , Los Angeles , and San Francisco fell rapidly . In August , Navy Commodore Robert ton claimed California for the United States . Some continued to resist until early 1847 , when they surrendered .
) Map I War , The Bear Flag Revolt American settlers took over Sonoma , the regional quarters of the Mexican army . They captured Mexican general Mariano Vallejo OREGON and declared California a new country the California Republic . Bear Flag Revolt , June 1846 Fon UNORGANIZED San 33 at TERRITORY Fon Leavenworth ii Francisco ' Monterey 60 CA . a San Gabriel . Los Angeles San , 1846 DISPUTED TERRITORY Gila Rive , 90 I Resaca de la Palma , eV . May 1345 . 1345 30008 Vista . Gulf of End of the War Feb 1847 Mexico . I , fE , General Scott ic American forces I landed at , and defeated troops Amman in the Mexican ' Meme mes tress there . He then ?
Mexican marched inland . Mexico City , Fort 20 ' toward Mexico City . Scott capture of the Mexican capital led to as state boundaries ' 1847 Gordo , the end of the war . Ap ?
100 200 Kilometers i GEOGRAPHY A Map ( INTERPRETING MAPS KEYWORD 558 . Location What Mexican city did Scott forces attack in March 1847 ?
I . Movement Which commander led forces from Santa Fe to San Diego ?
War End In Mexico General Taylor got the he needed . He drove his forces deep into enemy lands . Santa Anna , thrown from after losing Texas , returned to power in Mexico in September 1846 . ly , he came after Taylor . The two armies clashed at Buena Vista in February 1847 . After a close battle with heavy casualties on both sides , the Mexican Army retreated . The next morning , the cry went up The enemy has ! The is ours ! Taylor success made him a war hero back home . The general popularity troubled ident Polk , and when Taylor progress stalled , Polk gave the command to General Scott . A beloved leader , he was known by his troops as Fuss and Feathers because of his strict military discipline . Scott sailed to the port of , the strongest fortress in Mexico . On March 29 , after an artillery attack , fell . 322 CHAPTER 10 American soldier Scott moved on to the goal , Mexico City , the capital . Taking a route similar to one lowed by Spanish conquistador Hernan in 1519 , the Americans pushed 200 or so miles inland . Santa Anna tried to stop the forces at Gordo in , but failed . By August 1847 , troops were at the edge of Mexico City . After a truce failed , Scott ordered a sive attack on Mexico City . Mexican soldiers and civilians fought battles in and around the capital . At a military school atop the steep , hill of , young Mexican cadets bravely defended their less position . At least one soldier jumped to his death rather than surrender to the invading forces . Finally , on September 14 , 184 , Mexico City fell . Santa Anna soon the country . Sequencing In chronological order , key War .
Battle of Buena Vista After the Battle of Buena Vista , the American army gained control of northern Mexico . At the beginning of the battle , Mexican forces outnumbered the Americans . But the Mexicans suffered more than twice as many casualties . Why was the Battle of Buena Vista a tuming point in the Me a ' war ?
Mexican soldier American Settlement in the Mexican Cession The war ended after Scott took Mexico City . In February 1848 , the United States and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which ended the war and forced Mexico to turn over much of its northern to the United States . Known as the ican Cession , this land included the day states of California , Nevada , and Utah . In addition , it included most of Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Colorado and Wyoming . The United States also won the area claimed by Texas north of the Rio Grande . The can Cession totaled more than square miles and increased the size of the United States by almost 25 percent . Agreements and Payments In exchange for this vast territory , the United States agreed to pay Mexico 15 million . In addition , the United States assumed claims of more than million held by American against the Mexican government . The treaty also addressed the status of Mexicans in the Mexican Cession . The treaty provided that they would be protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property , and secured in the free exercise of their The Senate passed the treaty in March 1848 . After the war with Mexico , some cans wanted to guarantee that any ern railroad to California would be built completely on American soil . James den , minister to Mexico , negotiated an important agreement with Mexico in December 1853 . Under the terms of the Purchase , the government paid Mexico 10 million . In exchange , the United States received the southern parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico . With this purchase , the existing boundary with Mexico was . Surge of American Settlers After the War , a of Americans moved to the Southwest . American newcomers struggled against longtime residents to control the land and other valuable resources , such as water and minerals . Most Mexicans , Mexican Americans , and Native Americans faced legal , economic , and social tion . As a result , they found it to protect their rights . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ised to protect Mexican American residents property rights . Yet differences between can and land laws led to great confusion . The government often made Mexican American landowners go to court to prove that they had titles to their land . Landowners had to pay their own travel costs as well as those of witnesses and interpreters . They also had to pay attorneys and interpreters fees . These legal battles often bankrupted owners . New settlers also tended to ignore Mexican legal concepts , such as community property or community water rights . EXPANDING WEST 323
Mexican Americans Today Today Mexican Americans are about percent of the population . More than 20 million Mexican Americans live in all 50 states . Many who live in the West are descended from people who lived there long before the region became part of the United States . PACIFIC OCEAN rue IMPACT TODAY 114 White settlers also battled with American Indians over property rights . In some areas , for example , new white settlers soon numbered southwestern Native Americans . The Anglo settlers often tried to take trol of valuable water resources and grazing Mexican American A A Population , 2000 OCEAN I ' I I 150 300 Miles 300 Kilometers GEOGRAPHY SKILLS Region In what region does the largest percentage of Mexican Americans live ?
INTERPRETING MAPS Names of as San Antonio , San Diego , and Santa Hispanic heritage . Other , such as and , are derived from Native can words . Communities throughout the Southwest regularly celebrated both Mexican lands . In addition , settlers rarely respected and American holidays . Indian holy places . Native American peoples Mexican and Native American an la de such as the Navajo and the Apache tried to ledge and traditions also shaped many local are still popular protect their land and livestock from the economies . Mexican Americans taught ' Indians and settlers alike attacked one Anglo settlers about mining in the DU WES . another to protect their interests . Cultural Encounters Despite , different cultures shaped one another in the Southwest . In settlements with large Mexican populations , laws were often printed in both English and Spanish . 324 CHAPTER 10 . Many ranching communities were first started by Mexican settlers . In addition , Mexican Americans introduced new types of saddles and other equipment to can ranchers . Adobe , developed by the Indians , was adopted from the Pueblo people by the Spanish . It is still commonly
used by American residents in New Mexico , Arizona , and California . Trade also changed the Southwest . For example , the Navajo created handwoven woolen blankets to sell to Americans . cans in turn brought manufactured goods and money to the Southwest . Due to exchanges like these , the economies of many Mexican American and Native American ties in the Southwest began to change . Water Rights In the East laws commonly required owners whose land bordered streams or ers to maintain a free of water . These to direct scarce water to fields . This need with the accepted eastern tradition of equal access to water . Brigham Young established a strict code regulating water rights for the Mormon munity . In any dispute over water use , the good of the community would outweigh the interests of individuals . Young approach stood as an example for modern water laws throughout the West . Summarizing What were some of the early important agreements between the United States and Mexico , and why were they significant ?
restrictions generally prevented ers from constructing dams because doing so would infringe upon the water rights of neighbors downstream . In the typically dry climate of the West , agriculture was not possible out irrigation . Dams and canals were required SUMMARY AND PREVIEW America ward expansion continued rapidly after the War . In the next section you will learn about the California gold rush . UM Online Quiz KEYWORD . Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em a . Define What was manifest destiny ?
Make inferences Why was westward expansion such an important issue in the election of 1844 ?
Evaluate Do you think California benefited from Mexican independence ?
Why or why not ?
a . Recall Why did the United States declare war on Mexico ?
Summarize What was General strategy for winning the war with Mexico ?
Elaborate Would you have sided with those who opposed the war with Mexico or with those who supported it ?
Why ?
a . Describe What conflicts did American settlers , Native Americans , and Mexican Americans in the Mexican Cession experience ?
Draw Conclusions Why were water rights so important in the American Southwest ?
Evaluate In your opinion , what was the most important effect of the annexation of the Mexican Cession ?
Critical Thinking Identifying Cause and Effect Copy the graphic organizer below onto your own sheet of paper . Use it to identify the causes and effects of the War . FOCUS ON WRITING I . Explaining the War How will you convey ideas , such as manifest destiny , in a film ?
How will you explain to your audience the War role in expansion of the United States ?
Consider these questions as you read this section . Ca uses Effects EXPANDING WEST 325