US History Textbook 8th Grade Chapter 1 Early Exploration and Settlement
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CHAPTER CHAPTER I California Standards Science Students compare and contrast the geographic , political , economic , religious , and social structures of the and Andean civilizations . Students analyze political and economic change in the sixteenth , seventeenth , and eighteenth centuries ( the Age of Exploration , the Enlightenment , and the Age of Reason ) Analysis Skills Students frame questions that can be answered by historical study and research . Arts Writing Relate a clear , coherent incident , event , or situation by using details . Reading Students recognize specialized vocabulary . FOCUS ON WRITING Writing a Letter In this chapter , you learn about many different groups of people struggling to make a home for themselves in the Americas . Imagine that one of these is a French trader named Jacques working in America in the early . After you read this chapter , you write a letter from Jacques to his family in France . You tell them about life and people in early America . migrate to the Americas . 5000 Communities in Mexico cultivate corn .
HOL i History Impact series Watch the video to stand the impact of the global economy . What You Will Learn The ships of explorer Christopher Columbus sail again in the form of these replicas . Columbus discovered land where Europeans did not expect land to be . The news excited Europe and set off ' the great Age of Exploration . The Americas and ' the never be the same again . In this chapter you will learn about the earliest people in North America and the Europeans who colonized it . 1588 England defeat 432 ofthe Spanish Armada The prompts other European 509 The Roman is completed in explore the Republic is established . Athens . Americas . soo 2600 The Great Christopher Pyramid is built at Giza , Columbus and his crew Egypt , Americas on the pharaoh Khufu . October . EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT .
Reading Social Studies Economics Focus on Themes This chapter explains the discovery and early development of and North America . You will read about early explorers from Europe , learn about the early settlements , and discover why the Spanish , the by Beers Politics Religion and culture Geography English , and the French all wanted a part of this new land . As you read the chapter , you will see how geography affected exploration and will learn about the economic issues that influenced growth and settlements . Specialized Vocabulary of Social Studies Focus on Reading If you flipped through the pages of this book , would you expect to see anything about square roots ?
How about Petri dishes or hypotheses ?
Of course you would . Those are terms you only see in math I Specialized Vocabulary Words that are used in only one field are called specialized vocabulary . Like most subjects , social studies has its own specialized I vocabulary . The charts below list some terms you may encounter as you read this book . and science books . Terms that deal with time politics Decade a period of 10 years Century a period of 100 years Era a long period marked by great events , developments , or figures a term used to identify dates that occurred long ago , before the birth of Jesus Christ , the founder of Christianity it means before dates get smaller as time passes , so the larger the number the earlier the date . AD a term used to identify dates that occurred after Jesus birth it comes from a Latin phrase that means in the year of our Unlike dates , AD dates get larger as time passes , so the larger the number the later the date . another way to refer to dates it stands for before the common era CE another way to refer to AD dates it stands for common era Terms that deal with government and society the art of creating government policies economics the study of the creation and use of goods and services movement a series of actions that bring about or try to bring about a change in society campaign an effort to win a political office , or a series of military actions colony a territory settled and controlled by a country CHAPTER I
ELA Reading Students determine the meaning of specialized vocabulary . You Try It ! The following passage shows you how some specialized vocabulary is defined in context . Migration to the Americas Different environments the From development of Native American societies groups that share a culture . Culture is a group set of common values and traditions . These include language , government , and family relationships . Like all societies , Native American groups changed over time . They learned to Cate , or breed , wild plants and animals . Using the clues to understand meaning . Find the word societies . The phrase after the dash is the definition . Often in this book , specialized vocabulary words are defined after a dash . So be on the lookout for dashes . The word domesticate is defined in the fifth sentence . The clue to finding this definition is the comma followed by the word or . Look at what the comma does in that sentence They learned to domesticate or breed wild plants . They learned to domesticate , or breed , wild plants . Without the comma , the sentence is saying that Native American groups did two things to wild and breed . But with the comma before the word or , you understand that breed is the definition of . In the first and second sentences , you see a term that is in face print . You should recognize that word from seeing it on the section opener . The definition is highlighted . Why do you think some specialized vocabulary words are in boldface print while others are not ?
As you read Chapter , keep track of the specialized learn in your notebook . EARL EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT and Section ( migration ( environments ( societies ( culture ( totems ( 10 ) Iroquois League ( II ) Section capital ( 13 ) companies ( 13 ) Christopher Columbus ( 15 ) Ferdinand Magellan ( 17 ) Northwest Passage ( 17 ) Columbian Exchange ( 18 ) Section conquistadors ( Hernan ( 20 ) Moctezuma ( Francisco Pizarro ( Serra ( 22 ) encomienda system ( de Las Casas ( 23 ) plantations ( 23 ) Section Protestant Reformation ( 25 ) Protestants ( 25 ) printing press ( Spanish Armada ( 25 ) inflation ( charter ( 27 ) Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic the words that are frequently used in school assignments and . In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words method ( develop ( 10 )
SECTION What You Will Learn . Climate changes allowed people to migrate to the Americas . Early societies existed in and North America . Cultures in North America were influenced by the environment . The Big Idea Native American societies developed across and North America . Key Terms and People , migration , environments , societies , culture , totems , 10 Iroquois League , 11 IE Study the locations , landforms , and climates of Mexico , Central America , and South America and their effects on Mayan , Aztec , and lncan economies , trade , and development of urban societies . CHAPTER I The Earliest Americans If YOU were there You live in North America near the end of the Ice Age , about years ago . For weeks , your group has been following a herd of elk across a marshy landscape . This trip has taken you far from your usual hunting grounds . The air is warmer here . There are thick grasses and bushes full of berries . You decide to camp here for the perhaps settle down . How would staying change your way of life ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The first settlers in the Americas probably came in small groups from Asia of years . they moved into nearly every region of North and South America . They encountered many of land and climate . A Migration to the Americas Many scientists believe that people first arrived in North America during the last Ice Age . At the start of the Ice Age , Earth climate grew colder . Large amounts of water froze into huge , moving ice sheets called glaciers . As a result , ocean levels dropped more than 300 feet lower than they are today . When the water level fell , a land bridge appeared between northeastern Asia and Alaska . Geographers call this the Bering Land Bridge . Although no one knows exactly when or how people crossed into North ca , evidence suggests that people called crossed this bridge into Alaska between and . This movement of people or animals from one region to place over a long time . The are thought to have traveled into Canada , the United States , and Mexico in search of animals to hunt . Over time , their descendants went as far as the tip of South America . Indians were who lived by hunting animals and gathering wild plants .
Jinn . A Migrations of Early Peoples , When the Ice Age ended about 8000 , Earth mate changed . Rising temperatures melted glaciers . The oceans rose , covering the Bering Land Bridge with water . As late as 1000 , people continued to come to North America in small boats . The warmer climate at the end of the Ice Age created many new environments , or climates and landscapes that surround living things . Short grasses replaced the taller grasses that had fed giant animals such as the mammoth . Large herds of smaller animals such as buffalo and deer ate the new short grasses . Indians adapted to the changes by hunting these animals . Different environments the development of Native American societies that share a culture . Culture is a group set of common values and traditions . These include language , and family relationships . Like all societies , Native American groups changed over time . They learned to cate , or breed , wild plants and animals . Maize , amen ?
or corn , was one of the most important crops . SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Early farming societies began in ( Central America ) and South America . Finding Main Ideas How did changes in the climate lead to the arrival ofthe first people in the Americas ?
LA EET Kernels of maize Mayan pyramid , Guatemala . Movement In direction did these early people migrate ?
Interaction What natural features affected the route people took from Alaska to southern North America ?
EARLY EXP ORATION AND ACADEMIC VOCABULARY method a way of doing something CHAPTER Mesoamerican and North American Societies Some of the earliest American civilizations developed in , also called America . The society was one of the first . and South America The society developed along the Mexican Gulf coast between about 1200 and 400 . priests created complex number and calendar systems . They also developed a method of writing using glyphs , or symbols that represent ideas . The Maya civilization thrived in eastern from about AD 300 to 900 . The Maya built large stone temples , aces , and bridges . They created calendars and studied mathematics and astronomy . About AD 1200 , Aztec invaders came south and occupied the central valley of Mexico . At the same time , the Inca of South America created their own civilization in the Andes Mountains . Eventually , the Inca Empire stretched from Ecuador to central Chile . North American Societies Although less populated than South ica and , North America had several farming cultures . One of these , the Anasazi ( lived in the Four Comers region , where Arizona , Colorado , New Mexico , and Utah meet . The , another farming culture , lived along the Mississippi , Ohio , and lower Missouri River valleys . They supported their large populations with agriculture and trade . They built large burial mounds to honor their dead . The lived along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers . They , too , farmed , traded , and built large burial mounds . Summarizing What early societies existed in and North America ?
Ceremonial mask , Subarctic culture area Cultures in North America Researchers use culture geographic locations that help them describe ancient Native American . North America is divided into several culture areas . Far North The Far North of North America is divided into the Arctic and Subarctic culture areas . Both regions have long , cold winters and short summers . Few plants grow in the Arctic because the ground is always frozen beneath a thin , top layer of soil . The Inuit peoples adapted to these harsh conditions in northern Alaska and Canada . The lived in western Alaska . The two groups shared many cultural features , including . Both survived by and by ing large mammals . They also depended on dogs for many tasks , such as hunting and pulling sleds . South of the Arctic lies the Subarctic , home to groups such as the and peoples . While following the seasonal migrations of the deer , they lived in temporary shelters made of animal skins . At other times they lived in villages made up of log houses .
. Native American Culture Great Basin . Northwest Coast California Plateau Southwest Great Plains Southeast 250 500 Miles 500 Kilometers 250 pipe , Northeast culture area carving , Great Plains culture area Mo , A ' Amp . I , have To comma , Cod I , Inc . Region Why did some culture areas have ' fewer groups of people than other culture Human figure . areas did ?
What ' served as boundaries between culture areas ?
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY develop the process of growing or improving 10 CHAPTER Coast Unlike the Far North , the Coast had a mild climate . The area had a rich supply of game animals , sea life , and wild plants . These resources allowed large populations to develop without the need for farming . People in the Northwest like the and the Chinook built wooden houses and carved images of ancestor or animal tall , wooden poles . People showed their wealth and earned social standing by holding special events called . At these gatherings hosts gave away most of their belongings to gain respect . California Farther south along the coast was the region . Native Americans living in this area had many food sources available round , so farming was not necessary . One major plant food was acorns , which were ground into a . People in the California region also and hunted deer and other game . Most Native Americans here lived in isolated groups of families . Each of these groups had a small population of only 50 to 300 people . Among these Native American groups , including the , and , more than 100 different languages were spoken . houses were arranged in one Iroquois village . Why do you think a fence was placed around the longhouses ?
West and Southwest The West and Southwest of the United States received less rain than the Coast and California regions did . To survive , Native Americans , hunted , and gathered plants . Groups in the West ( which is divided into the Great Basin and Plateau regions ) and Southwest included the Modoc and Nez . Native Americans of the West adapted to the drier climate by gathering seeds , ging roots , and trapping small animals for food . Most groups in this region , including the Paiute , Shoshone , and Ute , spoke the same language . Native Americans of the Southwest also adapted to a dry climate . Southwestern ture groups included the Apache , Navajo , and Pueblo . The Pueblo irrigated their land to grow crops . Pueblo religion focused on two key areas of Pueblo and maize . The Apache hunted game and raided the villages of the Pueblo and others . Great Plains The huge Great Plains region stretches south from Canada into Texas . This culture area is bordered by the Mississippi Valley on the east and the Rocky Mountains on the west . The Plains were mainly grassland , on which millions of buffalo and other game grazed
in herds . Groups like the and the Pawnee grew beans , maize , and squash . Like some other Native American groups , Pawnee society was matrilineal . This means that people traced their ancestry through their mothers , not their fathers . People on the southern Plains hunted buffalo on foot and gathered berries , nuts , and vegetables . The , Blackfoot , and Comanche lived on the borders of the Plains . Hunters from these groups killed buffalo by chasing the animals over steep cliffs , driving them into corrals , or trapping them with a ring of . East Eastern North America was rich in sources for food and shelter . Most southeastern groups , including the Cherokee , Creek , and , lived in farming villages governed by village councils . The Algonquian and Iroquois people were the two main groups of the Northeast . peoples , whose territory extended to the Far North region , survived by hunting and gathering plants . Those in the south farmed , hunted , gathered plants , and . To the east of the Algonquian lived the Iroquois . The Iroquois were farmers , ers , and traders . They lived in longhouses , or rectangular homes made from logs and bark that housed to 10 families . The Iroquois also developed the Iroquois League . This political confederation was established by the , Mohawk , Onondaga , and Seneca nations . The League waged war against and made peace with Iroquois peoples . Its goal was to strengthen the alliance against invasion . Women selected the male members of the League council . Women could overrule council decisions and could remove its members . The League helped the Iroquois become one of the most powerful peoples in North America . Generalizing How did the environment influence Native American cultures in North America ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you learned about the people in North and South America . In the next section you read about European exploration that led to the discovery of the Americas . ram Online Quiz Section I Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em a . Describe How did people migrate to the Americas ?
Analyze How did the warmer climate affect the environment in which lived ?
a . Identify What farming cultures existed in North America ?
Sequence In what order did Mesoamerican civilizations arise ?
a . Recall What was the Iroquois League ?
Draw Conclusions Why were Native Americans who practiced agriculture more likely than gatherers to establish permanent homes ?
the Far North , the Southwest , and the East affected the cultures of the Native Americans who lived in each area . Far North . Taking Notes on Native American Groups As you read this section , take notes on each group of Native Americans discussed . Make sure to note how they lived and what was unique about their cultures . Critical Thinking . Identifying Cause and Effect Using a chart like the one at right , show how the environments of EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT I I
SECTION What You Will Learn . Economic growth in Europe led to new ways of thinking . Trade with Africa and Asia led to a growing interest in exploration . Many European nations rushed to explore the Americas . The Columbian Exchange affected the Americas , Africa , Asia , and Europe . The Big Idea As trade routes developed across the globe , European explorers crossed the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas . Key Terms and People capital , 13 companies , 13 Christopher Columbus , 15 Ferdinand Magellan , 17 Northwest Passage , 17 Columbian Exchange , 18 Knowthe great ages , the locations of the routes , and the influence of cartography in the development of a new European worldview . Discuss the exchanges of plants , animals , technology , culture , and ideas among Europe , Africa , Asia , and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent . CHAPTER The Age of Exploration If YOU were there Everyone in your small coastal town in Spain is very excited . Three ships have arrived in the harbor Their captains plan to find a new route to the Indies , where spices come from ! They need sailors to join their crews , and some of your friends have signed on . The voyage sounds thrilling . But it also sounds dangerous . No one has made a trip like this before . Would you join the ship crew ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND Europeans had many reasons for exploring the world in the late . One was curiosity about unknown ofthe adventurous spirit ofthe Renaissance . Also , changes in trade and the economy encouraged merchants to take chances on overseas ventures . Economic Growth in Europe Europe wealth and population grew steadily during the late Ages . Then in the , Europe suffered a terrible blow when a deadly disease called the Black Death swept through Europe . Brought by merchants ships carrying infected rats from Central Asia , the disease killed millions of people . Eventually Europe ered from the Black Death and the shortage of workers it created . In the Europe had begun to experience the Commercial Revolution , a great change in the European economy . During this time , the way people did business changed dramatically . Many ies grew rich , often from specializing in certain crafts . For example , the Italian city of Florence became famous for dyeing cloth . Venice and many other cities also began dealing in rare goods brought from faraway lands . In this way they became rich trading centers . Wealth became more important in European society . More than ever before , increasing one wealth became the best way to gain greater status and power .
Trade in Venice Venice was a prosperous center of trade and business in when this picture was painted . The bridges of Venice were often lined with shops along both sides , where merchants sold cloth , jewelry , spices , and other goods from far away . People used small boats called gondolas to make their way through the canals . How does this painting show the wealth of Venice ?
Merchant families in Europe wanted Trade Africa and Asia ca th ge money or property a Much ofthe Many modem was made through trade . The greatest day banking came from trading with distant such as Africa and Asia . From Africa Oped during . the Commercial came gold , ivory , salt , and slaves . Salt was used to preserve foods . From Asia came silk and spices . Skilled European tailors used silk ' Like a check , the fabric to sew fancy clothing . Cooks used is used to earn more money . During the late the Medici ( ily of Florence opened banks that gave loans . The borrowers repaid these loans with extra money called interest , which earned more money for the bankers . The Medici and other bankers gained in Europe . I Merchants also created to aver 00 30 companies , or businesses in which a group ove , Trade on their routes of people invest together . The investors ' aV ' Goods usually traveled long overland routes to reach Europe . The Silk Road , for example , stretched thousands of miles westward from China . These journeys were very dangerous for traders because of harsh conditions and possible attacks from bandits . Still , many merchants risked the trip because they could earn huge . Each merchant raised the Analyzing How did economic price of the goods when selling to the next growth in Europe in the 12005 and lead to trader . By the time the goods arrived in changes in business ?
Europe , their prices had risen greatly . Id . share in the companies and losses . to Carry 90 Forming companies allowed investors to share all and also all es . Therefore , a single investor would lose less than he or she would as a sole owner of a company . EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT
Trade Routes , Christian world , Asian trade routes Italian trade routes . 1200 Islamic world , 1200 Muslim trade routes Dias route I I da Gama route 500 1000 Miles 500 1000 Kilometers CHAPTER Search for New Routes By 1400 many of the overland trade routes had become less reliable . At the same time , ship designs had improved . European merchants began to search for a sea route to Africa and Asia . They wanted direct access to the goods in these regions to increase their . They hoped to bypass merchants in Venice , who had a monopoly on , or sole economic trol of , the Asian products that reached the Mediterranean . Merchants elsewhere wanted to make their own money from the trade . Meanwhile , many educated Europeans had become interested in Asian cultures . Explorer Marco Polo book about his travels in Asia remained popular in Europe long after his death in 1324 . Many Europeans hoped to . GEOGRAPHY INTERPRETING MAPS . Movement According to the map , which traders had trade routes over the greatest area ?
features did most sea routes follow ?
learn more about Asia and spread ity . All of these factors encouraged ans to explore the Atlantic Ocean in search of new trade routes to Asia and Africa . Advances in Technology New technology also led to exploration . Sailors began to use tools such as the magnetic pass and the astrolabe . The astrolabe allowed navigators to learn their ship location by charting the position of the stars . Better charts and instruments let sailors travel the open sea without landmarks to guide them . Finding sea routes to Africa and Asia meant crossing the Atlantic Ocean . However , no one knew the actual size of the ocean . Some people claimed that more than
miles separated Europe from the European name for Asia . Traveling such a long distance seemed impossible . Portuguese Explorations Portugal became a leader in exploration in the early . Prince Henry , known as the gator , greatly helped Portugal efforts . Henry gathered together the finest mapmakers , ors , and shipbuilders . His designers developed the caravel , a small ship that moved quickly and handled well . Henry also paid for tions to explore the west coast of Africa . In 1488 Portuguese navigator Dias led an expedition southward along the African coast . A storm blew the ships around the southern tip of Africa . This point became known as the Cape of Good Hope . Dias ed to continue the voyage , but his men did not . Supplies were also low , so Dias returned to Portugal . King Manuel of Portugal sent another explorer , Vasco da Gama , on an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope . Da Gama left Lisbon in July 1497 and arrived in western India the next year . Two Muslim traders greeted da Gama when he sailed into the port of . They cried out in , A lucky venture , a lucky venture ! Plenty of rubies , plenty of emeralds ! You owe great thanks to God , for having brought you to a country holding such riches ! One of da Gama crew members wrote , We never expected to hear our language spoken so far away from The Portuguese soon learned that the Indians had been trading with Muslim and Italian merchants for many years . Da Gama made two more trips back to India . He governed a small Portuguese colony there . Portugal had won the European race for a sea route to the wealth of Asia . Finding Main Ideas What was the most important result of da explorations ?
Exploring the Americas Stories of fabulous kingdoms and wealth in the Indies captured the imagination of Christopher Columbus , a sailor from Genoa , Italy . Columbus was convinced that he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean . Christopher Columbus Sails West Columbus persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to pay for his across the Atlantic . Some of their advisers were against the plan because they thought the globe was larger than bus said it was . For this reason , the king and queen allowed Columbus to have only three ships . They ordered him to bring back any items of value and to claim for Spain any lands he explored . On August , 1492 , Columbus three ships set sail . The and the Pinta were caravels . Columbus sailed in the larger Santa Maria . The ships carried some 90 sailors and a year worth of supplies . They made a stop in the Canary Islands and then resumed their journey on September . After more than a month with no sight of land , the crew grew restless . Here the people could stand it no longer , and complained of the long voyage , wrote Columbus in his journal . The crew threatened to rebel , so Columbus promised that if they did not land soon , they would return to Spain . Just a few days later , the crew saw signs of and tree branches . Columbus promised a reward to him who sang out that he saw On October 12 , 1492 , a lookout cried , ending the journey from the Canary Islands . Columbus thought he had landed in Japan . He believed he had circled the world and found a western route to Asia . It would be some time before he realized that the royal advisers had been right , and that the world was bigger than he thought . EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT
i . i live European Exploration of . the Americas , I ! Dutch exploration English exploration French exploration Spanish exploration New Spain , 14924582 150 Hudson search for a Northwest Passage led him to the still bears his name . 300 Miles juju 150 300 ' I ' La Salle sailed down the Mississippi to its mouth and claimed for France all the land along the river and its tributaries . ATLANTIC OCEAN , Juan Ponce de Leon became the first pean in Florida when am he arrived in 1513 . Gulf of Mexico , oi Cuff , Caribbean Sea Spanish explorers boldly pushed overland into i ' North America interior . Mal SKILLS . INTERPRETING MAPS . Region Explorers from Great Lakes region ?
Region In what regions did Spanish explorers travel ?
I CHAPTER Two Cultures Meet The ships landed on an island in the Bahamas . Columbus called the island San Salvador , which means Holy Columbus also visited an island he called . There he met the ( He called these Native American people Indians because he believed that he had landed in the Indies . The lived in small , peaceful ing communities . In his journal , Columbus wrote that the were so generous . that no one would believe it who has not seen However , Columbus and his crew were interested in discovering gold , not in culture . After two months of ing and collecting exotic plants and animals , Columbus decided to return to Spain . In all , Columbus made three voyages to the West Indies . In 1504 he returned to Spain in poor health and out of favor with the Spanish throne . In 1506 he died . It would be years before Europeans realized the impact of Columbus travels on their world . Other Explorers Set Sail In 1501 Italian explorer ( led a Spanish to the coast of South America . A man mapmaker , or cartographer , labeled the continents across the ocean America in honor of . Europeans began using the names North America and South America . In a new settlement in Panama , explorer Vasco de Balboa ( day ) heard stories from local Indians about another ocean . Balboa set out to it . For weeks he and his men struggled through thick jungle and deadly swamps . In 1513 they reached the top of a mountain . From there Balboa saw a great blue ing as far as the eye could see . In 1519 a Portuguese captain , Ferdinand Magellan ( set out with a Spanish to sail to Asia across the ern Three years later , only one of his BIOGRAPHY Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus began his career at sea at age 14 , and he quickly became an experienced sailor He eventually ran his own ships and explored islands off the western coast of Africa for Portugal . While doing so , he learned much about sailing in the Atlantic Ocean . But he could not know just how large the ocean was . When he set off with support to cross the Atlantic . he and his crew sailed into the unknown . His bold explorations changed the world forever Summarizing What experiences helped Columbus prepare forthe journey across the Atlantic ?
ships returned to Spain . Magellan had been killed during the expedition , and only 18 members of the original crew survived . These sailors were the people to sail completely around the world , a journey . They had found the western route to Asia . Search for a Northwest Passage While Spain and Portugal were exploring Central and South America , other an nations turned to North America . They hoped to at Northwest Passage through North America that would let ships sail from the Atlantic to the . Jacques Cartier ( vAv ) a French sailor , led a major exploration of North America . He made two trips to Canada in 1534 and 1535 . He sailed into the Lawrence River and traveled all the way to Montreal . Some 70 years later , French sailor Samuel de explored the Lawrence River and visited the Great Lakes , led by Indian guides . founded a small colony on the Lawrence FOCUS ON READING Be sure to notice thatthe lighted definition of a vocabulary term is nearthe boldfaced term itself . EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 11
CHAPTER River that he named Quebec . His tions helped France claim much of Canada . The Dutch hired English captain Henry Hudson to enter the race to find a Northwest Passage . Hudson sailed to New York in 1609 . The following year , he reached a strait that he hoped would lead to the Ocean . Instead , it led into a huge bay , later named Hudson Bay . Neither Cartier , nor Hudson ever found a Northwest Passage . Their rations , however , increased European interest in North America . Finding Main Ideas Why did European explorers seek a Northwest Passage , and how successful were their efforts ?
New World ?
Movement What were some of the plants and animals that Europeans brought home from the . Interaction What introduction of new animal species have on the environment ?
Columbian Exchange Explorers brought plants , animals , and eases to the New World of the Americas . They also brought back plants and animals to the Old World , Africa , and Europe . This transfer of plants , animals , and diseases became known as the Columbian Exchange because it resulted from Columbus explorations . The Columbian Exchange changed the world . European explorers in North and South America found many plants and animals that were unlike any seen back home . Many of these plants , including corn , toes , potatoes , tobacco , and cocoa , proved Valuable .
Explorers introduced maize to Europe for use as animal food . Many Europeans began to cook with tomatoes , particularly in terranean countries . In the late some Europeans began to grow potatoes , which were from South America . Potatoes became a common food source for Europeans . Later , European settlers introduced potatoes to North America . Meanwhile , tobacco and cocoa became luxury items in Europe . Settlers and explorers also brought plants and animals to the American continents . European horses , cattle , and pigs soon ran wild . American Indians came to use these animals for transportation and to improve their diet . They also started to farm European grains such as wheat and barley . These grains grew well in cool climates . Europeans also introduced rice from West Africa . Without intending to do so , the ers also introduced deadly diseases . Measles , smallpox , and typhus were common in Europe . As a result , most adult Europeans had developed immunity , or natural resistance , to them . American Indians , however , had never been exposed to such diseases . They had no immunity to them . Many Native Americans became terribly sick after the encounters with Europeans took place . Section Assessment No one knows exactly how many Indians died from European diseases , but the loss of life was staggering . Hundreds of thousands of American Indians are believed to have died after catching these diseases . Spanish an Fernandez de Oviedo wrote in 1548 about the destruction of the American Indians of . Of the estimated million ican Indians who had lived on the island in 1492 , there are not now believed to be at the present time . hundred persons left There is still debate about whether any diseases traveled from the New World to the Old World . Although historians can not prove that any did , there was not a large decline in Europe , Asia , and Africa as in the Americas . Drawing inferences How did Europeans benefit from the Columbian Exchange ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you learned about the European ration that led to the discovery of the Americas . In the next section you read about the Spanish exploration of North and South America . KEYWORD in tom online Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People a . Describe How did companies work ?
Explain How did Europe economy change ?
a . Recall Why were Europeans eager to trade with Africa and Asia ?
Evaluate Do you think trading with Asia and Africa was worth the difficulty ?
Explain . a . Identify List the European explorers who journeyed to the Americas . Analyze How was Europe affected by Christopher Columbus expedition to the West ?
a . Describe What was the Columbian Exchange ?
Elaborate What item introduced to the cas in the Columbian Exchange do you think was most important ?
Why ?
Critical Thinking . Sequencing Using a chart like the one below , put the explorations in the section in the order in which they occurred . Year Explorer Lands Explored . Taking Notes on Early Explorers Take notes on each of the explorers discussed in this section . What countries did they come from ?
Why did they come ?
How did they interact with Native Americans ?
EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT What You Will Learn . Spanish armies explored and conquered much of the Americas . Spain used a variety of ways to govern its empire in the Americas . The Big Idea Spain established an empire in the Americas . Key Terms and People conquistadors , 20 , 20 Moctezuma II , 20 Francisco Pizarro , 21 Serra , 22 encomienda system , de Las Casas , 23 plantations , 23 IE Explain how and where each empire arose and how the Aztec and lncan empires were defeated by the Spanish . 20 CHAPTER Spanish Arne ica If YOU were there You live in , Mexico , in the early 15005 . You belong to a noble family who are advisers to the Aztec king . One day , word comes of strangers who have arrived in Mexico by ship . These strangers are on their way to the city to meet with the king . Many nobles think they are dangerous , but the king seems ready to greet them as friends . Would you think the king should trust the newcomers ?
BUILDING BACKGROUND The voyages ofthe Age of Exploration opened up new lands to Europeans . The Spanish and Portuguese tookthe lead in exploring these new lands . Forthe Spanish , one important goal was the gold and be found in the Americas . Soon their armies conquered two great Native American empires . The Spanish in the Americas Spanish conquistadors ( were soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas . The governor of Cuba , a Spanish colony , sent Conquistador to Mexico in 1519 . heard of a wealthy land to the west ruled by a king named Moctezuma ( Conquest of the Aztec Empire Moctezuma ruled the Aztec Empire . His capital , was a large city with temples and buildings on an island in the middle of a lake . The Aztec had thousands of warriors . In contrast , had only 508 soldiers , around 100 sailors , 16 horses , and some guns . hoped that his superior weapons would bring him victory . also received help from an Indian woman named ( and enemies of the Aztec . At first Moctezuma believed to be a god and welcomed him . then took Moctezuma prisoner and seized control of
. Later , however , while Cortes was away , the Aztec drove the Spanish from their city . Moctezuma died during the ing . Despite heavy losses , refused to accept defeat . He gathered thousands more allies and attacked again . When the ended , the city lay in ruins . Smallpox and other diseases brought by the Spanish quickened the fall of the Aztec Empire . Pizarro Conquest of the Inca Another conquistador , Francisco Pizarro ( heard rumors of the Inca ies in the Andes of South America . The Inca ruled over a large territory that stretched from Chile to Ecuador . But , like the Aztec , the Inca had no weapons to match the conquistadors swords and guns . The Spanish killed the Inca ruler , and by 1534 Pizarro and his American Indian allies had conquered the Inca Empire . The second great empire of the Americas had fallen . Other Spanish Explorers Many other Spanish explorers came to North America . In 1513 , Juan Ponce de Leon searched Florida in vain for a magical Fountain of Youth . de Soto traveled through Florida and North Carolina in 1539 . The next year , co Vasquez de Coronado began exploring an area stretching from New Mexico to Kansas without the cities of gold for which he was searching . In 1542 , Juan Rodriguez ( sailed miles along the coast of what is now California . failed to wealth , but his journey gave Spain a claim to the coast of North America . Contrasting How did the expeditions of and Pizarro those of other Spanish explorers in the Americas ?
EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 21 LINKING To TODAY Origins of Hispanics in the United States Today about 33 million people in the United States are of Hispanic origin . They account for more than 12 percent of the in Americans . Hispanic Americans trace their roots to various countries . ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING . To what country do the largest percentage of Hispanic Americans trace their roots ?
According to the graph , what percentage of Hispanic Americans trace their roots to Cuba and Puerto Rico ?
Spanish Empire Spain American colonies helped make it very wealthy . From 1503 to 1660 , Spanish THE IMPACT TODAY ROW Ca ' treasure carried 200 tons of gold and is . Commonly tons of silver from the former Aztec practiced and Inca empires to Spain . Mexico and Peru in Latin also grew food to help support Spain 80 in em ire percent of the population is catholic . Ruling New Spain Spain ruled its large American empire through a system of royal officials . At the top was the Council of the Indies , formed in 1524 to govern the Americas from Spain . The Council appointed two viceroys , or royal governors . The Viceroyalty of Peru governed most of South America . The Viceroyalty of New Spain governed Central America , Mexico , and the southern part of what is now the United States . Life in Spanish America The Spanish established three kinds of in New Spain . served as trading posts and sometimes as centers of government . Priests started missions to vert local American Indians to Catholicism . The Spanish also built , or military bases , to protect towns and missions . 22 CHAPTER Other Hispanic Cuba Puerto Rim 90 Central and South i The Catholic Church played an important part in ruling New Spain . The Spanish king commanded priests to teach the local people about Christianity . Some Native Americans combined Spanish customs with their own . Others rejected Spanish ideas completely . To connect some of the scattered of New Spain , Spanish settlers built El Camino Real , or the Royal This network of roads ran for hundreds of miles , from Mexico City to Santa Fe . The roads later stretched to settlements in California . The Spanish in California California was one of the last borderland areas settled by the Spanish . In 769 ary Serra ( traveled to California to spread Christianity . Serra founded San Francisco and eight other missions along the coast . Most ish settlers saw better opportunities in and Peru , however . By 1790 fewer than Spaniards had settled in California . Spain Effect on Native Americans To reward settlers for their service to the Crown , Spain established the encomienda ( system . It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work . In exchange , these
settlers were supposed to protect local American Indians and convert them to Christianity . Most Spanish treated the Indians like slaves . They forced them to grow crops , to work in mines , and to herd cattle . The ing conditions were hard , and many can Indians died . Some settlers spoke out against this poor treatment . de Las Casas was a Spanish priest who defended American Indians rights . So many Native Americans died of disease and exhaustion that , in 1501 , the Spanish started bringing enslaved Africans to New Spain . Thousands of slaves worked on plantations , large farms that grew just one kind of crop and made huge for their owners . The African slave trade despite protests . Analyzing How did the encomienda system strengthen Spanish rule ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you read about the Spanish exploration of the Americas . In the next section you learn about developments in Europe that led to colonies in North America . Primary Source BOOK Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies de Las Casas , a Catholic New Spain , encouraged better treatment of American Indians . When they Spaniards have slain all those who fought for their lives or to escape the tortures they would have to endure , that is to say , when they have slain all the native rulers and young men ( since the Spaniards usually spare only the women and children , who are subjected to the hardest and bitterest servitude slavery ever by man or beast ) they enslave any survivors . With these infernal devilish methods of tyranny they base and weaken countless numbers of those pitiful Indian nations . de Las Casas , from the Devastation of the Indie I ANALYZING POINTS OF VIEW How did Las Casas view of the treatment of Indian groups differ from the views of other Spaniards ?
go ram online Quiz KEYWORD Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People a . Identify Who was Moctezuma ?
Analyze How was able to conquer the Aztec Empire ?
Predict How might Juan explorations affect later settlements in California ?
Summarize What types of settlements did the Spanish create in New Spain ?
Analyze How did the encomienda system affect American Indians ?
Spanish America govern ment religion labor . Taking Notes on the Spanish Empire Think about the section you just read . What can you tell Jacques French family about the Aztec and the Spanish ?
Jot down some dates about people , places , and events . Critical Thinking . Categorizing Using a chart like the one on the right , identify and describe the impact Spain had on the Americas . EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 23 The Race for Empires What You Will Learn If were there . The people of your village in France have always belonged to the ' The led same church . But now , in the , your village is divided . You to Europe in the and a few other families are a minority . You no longer feel safe . on pain an . England Settlement Word comes that the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in America of North America . welcomes people of every religion . You would like to leave , but . European nations raced to . establish empires in your parents are unwilling to leave their little farm . How would you persuade your family to emigrate ?
The Big Idea Other European nations Spain in the Americas BUILDING BACKGROUND During the arguments over religion threw much of Europe into turmoil . In some places religious Key Terms conflicts and political rivalries led to wars . At the same Protestant Reformation 25 time , several European nations were also competing for land and Protestants 25 influence overseas . Political and religious conflicts in Europe priming press , 25 affected settlements in the Americas . Spanish Armada , 25 inflation , charter , Protestant Reformation On October 31 , 1517 , a priest named Martin Luther nailed an tant paper to the door of Castle Church in , Germany . The paper listed Theses , or Viewpoints , about the Church . Luther charged that the church was too wealthy . He also thought the church abused its power . Key Events in European History IE Know the great ages , the locations ofthe routes , and the influence of in the development of a new European worldview . Johann develops his printing press . 24 CHAPTER
Martin Luther became well known for protesting the policies of the Catholic Church . His actions led to the Protestant Reformation . This religious movement began as an effort to reform the Catholic Church and spread through German towns in the and then to other parts of Europe . The reformers became known as Protestants because they protested the Catholic Church practices . Many Protestants believed that the Bible intended religion to be simple . They disagreed with many of the Catholic Church rules . They also thought the pope had too much power . The printing press machine that duces printed spread the ideas of the Reformation . Protestants printed large numbers of Bibles as well as short essays explaining their ideas . This let more people read and think about the Bible on their own , rather than relying on the teachings of a priest . between Catholics and took place throughout Europe , often leading to civil war . During the late French Catholics fought French Protestants , known as ( Many eventually emigrated to the in search of religious freedom . In 1534 King Henry VIII founded the Church of England , or the Anglican Church . By making himself the head of the church , Henry the authority of the pope and angered Catholics . Identifying Cause and Effect What major religious change occurred in Europe , and what effect did it have ?
Martin Luther nails his Theses to the door of a church in . Germany . Conflict between Spain and England In the late King Philip II used great wealth to lead a tion against the Protestant movement . Standing in his way was English queen Elizabeth I and her sea dogs . Sea dogs were sailors who raided Spanish treasure ships . The most successful sea dog was the daring Sir Francis Drake . Philip was angered by English attacks and began gathering the Spanish Armada , a huge of about 130 ships and some ors and soldiers . The Spanish Armada was launched to invade England and overthrow Queen Elizabeth and the Anglican Church . In July 1588 , however , the much smaller English defeated the Armada in a huge battle . The Armada defeat shocked the ish . In addition to the naval defeat , economy was in trouble . The gold and silver that Spain received from the Americas caused high . is a rise in the price of goods caused by an increase in the amount of money in use . Economic problems , combined with England defeat of the Spanish Armada , led countries such as England , France , and the Netherlands to challenge Spanish power overseas . I Analyzing What led to the decline of the Spanish Empire ?
The English defeat the Spanish Armada . The loss greatly weakens Spain , allowing other European countries to claim land in North America .
Disputed by Britain France Disputed by Britain Spain 250 500 Miles 250 500 Kilometers Gull af , new European Empires In the late the French began ing out from the Lawrence River . Calling their North American territory New France , French fur traders , explorers , and ies were all on the move . In the French missionaries reported stories about a beautiful river , large , broad , and In 1673 explorer Louis ( and missionary Jacques set out to this great river , the Mississippi . They reached it and traveled down it as far as Arkansas . Nine years later de La Salle followed the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico . He claimed the Mississippi Valley for King Louis XIV of France . To honor the king , Ia Salle named the region Louisiana . 26 CHAPTER . Interaction Which two empires occupied the most territory in North America ?
Place How did geography affect the location of most European settlements ?
Starting in the early , the French built new outposts . These included Detroit on the Great and Saint and New Orleans along the Mississippi River . Most towns in the French territory were small . By 1688 there were only about French in New France . Its small population and the value of the fur trade led French settlers to ally and trade with local American Indians . Because of their close trading relationships , the French treated American Indians with more respect than did some other European settlers . Many French settlers learned American Indian languages and adopted their ways of life . In time , these close relationships would aid the French in claiming large amounts of land in their North American empire .
New and New Sweden The Dutch , who had merchant around the world , came to America in search of trade . Explorer Henry Hudson voyage to North America gave the Dutch a claim to the land between the Delaware and Hudson ers . He called it New . In 1624 the newly formed Dutch West India Company sent about 30 families to settle in New erland . Two years later Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island from local American ans and founded the town of New dam . To attract colonists , the Dutch practiced religious toleration . Minuit also helped Swedish settlers found New Sweden along the Delaware River . Swedish settlers were among the in North America to build log cabins . Like the Dutch and French , they traded with Native Americans and trapped animals for fur . The Swedish settlement was small , but the Dutch felt that it threatened Dutch lands and fur trading . The two sides fought a series of . Finally the governor of New , Peter Stuyvesant ( conquered New Sweden in 1655 . English Settlement In the late England decided to start its own American colony in order to lish a presence in the New World . Sir ter Raleigh received a charter , a document giving permission to start a colony . He sent an expedition that landed in Virginia and North Carolina . Raleigh named the entire area Virginia . In 1585 Raleigh sent another group to found a colony on Roanoke Island . The English colonists found life hard . They fought with local American Indians and had trouble and growing food . In 1586 , Sir Francis Drake arrived and offered to take the ing settlers home to England . John White resettled the Roanoke colony in the spring of 1587 . White granddaughter , Virginia Dare , was the English Colonist born North America . White went back to England to get more supplies , but when he returned he found the colony buildings deserted . No one is certain what happened to the colony , though the name of a Native American group was carved into a nearby tree . Drawing Conclusions Were the first colonies in North America ful ?
Why or why not ?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you learned about events in Europe that led to settlements in North America . In the next chapter you will learn more about English colonies in North America . go him ( on Section Assessment ' KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People a . Identify What was the Protestant Reformation ?
Explain What role did the printing press play in the Protestant Reformation ?
a . Explain Why did Spain try to invade England ?
Make inferences How did the defeat of the Spanish Armada affect European settlement of North America ?
a . Identify In which parts of North America did the French settle ?
Summarize What problems did the Dutch , Swedish , and English experience ?
Evaluate Which of the European empires in North America do you think was most successful ?
Why ?
Critical Thinking . Summarizing Using a diagram like the one below , list the European nations that established colonies in North America during the and 16005 . Include the location of these colonies . North America . Taking Notes on the French Empire and Other Settlements What would you include in Jacques letter about the French , Dutch , Swedish , and English people who settled in America . Why did they come ?
What did they want and need in their new home ?
EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 21 Social Studies Skills Critical A a Thinking Define the Skill One of the most valuable ways that people gain knowledge is by asking effective questions . An tive question is one that obtains the kind of mation the person asking the question desires . The ability to frame , or construct , effective questions is an important life skill as well as a key to gaining a better understanding of history . Asking effective historical questions will aid you in studying history and in conducting historical research . Learn the Skill Effective questions are , and directly related to the topic . When we do not obtain the information we want or need , often it is because we have asked the wrong questions . Asking effective questions is not as easy as it seems . It requires thought and preparation . The following guidelines will help you in framing effective tions about history and other topics as well . Determine exactly what you want to know . Decide what questions to ask and write them down . Having written questions is very tant . They will help guide your study or research and keep you focused on your topic and goal . Review each of your questions to make sure it is , and directly related to your topic . Rewrite any questions that are vague , too broad , or biased . Questions that are vague or too broad are likely to produce information not directly related to what 28 CHAPTER Participation Students frame can be answered by historical study and research . Framing Historical Questions you want to know . For example , if you wanted to know more about trade and the voyages of tion that are discussed in Chapter , What were the voyages of exploration ?
may not be a good tion to ask . This question is too broad . Its answer would not give you the information you want . Asking Why was trade the most important cause of the voyages of exploration ?
would not be an effective question either . This question is biased because it assumes trade was the main reason for the voyages , when that might not have been true . Good historical investigation assumes nothing that is not known to be fact . A more effective question , which would get the information you want , is Were trade and the voyages of exploration connected , and , if so , in what ways ?
Do you see now why wording is so important in asking effective questions and why you should write out and review your questions beforehand ?
Practice the Skill Reread the information about and the Aztec on pages , then complete the activities below . Suppose you wanted to learn more about defeat of the Aztec . Decide whether each of the following would be an effective question to ask about this topic . Explain why or why not . a . What happened when the Aztec and the Spanish met ?
Why did other Indians betray the Aztec ?
What resources did have that helped him conquer the Aztec ?
Frame questions that would be effective in helping you to learn more about this topic .
Visual Summary the main ideas of the chapter Early Exploration and Settlement Effects Destruction of Native American empires ' Columbian Exchange Colonies in the Americas Slavery in the Americas Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Complete each sentence by in the blank with the correct term or person . I . The first voyage to sail completely around the world was headed by are people who survive by eating animals that they have caught or plants they have collected . Sir Walter Raleigh founded the colony of after receiving a , or a grant to set up a colony , from the queen of England . Large farms that specialize in growing one type of crop for , or , were common in Spanish America . One of the most important European ers was , who was the first person to claim lands in the Americas for Spain . Standards Review Use the visual summary below to help you review Causes Competition between nations Desire for wealth Spread of Christianity Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION ( Pages ) a . Describe How did the first people migrate to the Americas ?
Compare and Contrast In what ways were societies in North America similar to and different from those and South America ?
Elaborate In which culture area of North America would you have preferred to live ?
Why ?
SECTION ( Pages ) a . Recall Why was Columbus discovery important ?
Analyze What factors led Europeans to begin their voyages of exploration ?
Evaluate In your opinion , did the Columbian Exchange improve or worsen life in the Americas ?
Explain your answer . EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 29 ( Pages ) a . Identify What territories in the Americas did Spain control ?
Analyze What factors enabled the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs and Incas ?
Evaluate Why was the encomienda system important to Spanish settlers ?
Pages ) a . Describe What were the results of the defeat of the Spanish Armada ?
Contrast How did French settlements in the Americas differ from the English settlements ?
Predict What problems might arise between the different empires that had established ments in North America ?
Reviewing Themes . Geography How did changes in climate lead to migration to the Americas ?
II . Economics In what way were the voyages of exploration motivated by the wish for money ?
Religion What role did religion play in the between England and Spain ?
I . om Using the Internet . Activity Compare and Contrast What causes large groups of people to migrate ?
Factors that why people migrate can be labeled as push and Poor climate and lack of resources was one of the things that pushed to North America . This activity will help you understand factors of migration . Enter the activity keyword , then compare and contrast factors involved in tion with the factors immigration to the United States today . Create an illustrated chart to display your research . 30 Reading Skills Understanding Specialized Vocabulary Use the ing Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question about the reading selection below . Merchant families in Europe wanted to get or property that is used to earn more money . 13 ) What is the of the word capital according to the sentence above ?
Social Studies Skills Framing Historical Questions Use the Social Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the question about the reading selection below . The lived in small , peaceful farming communities . In his journal , Columbus wrote that the were so generous . that no one would believe it who has not seen However , Columbus and his crew were interested in discovering gold , not in culture . 17 ) I . Which question is answered by the above passage ?
a . What kind of clothing did the wear ?
In what kind of towns did the live ?
Did Columbus and his crew discover gold ?
Did Columbus and the fight each other ?
Writing Your Letter First , review your notes and decide how Jacques feels about all the different groups of people who live in America . ber that he has Native American friends , but he also takes advantage of America opportunities . Then write a letter from Jacques to his family in France . Tell his family about some of the people Jacques has met in America , as well as some of the interesting things that are happening . End with a sentence about Jacques hopes and fears for the future of the Americas and its people .
Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question and write the letter of the best response . I came to get gold , not to till the soil like a Which person would have been most likely to have made such a statement ?
A Spanish conquistador Hernan Aztec ruler Moctezuma II French missionary Jacques Spanish priest de Las Casas Before the arrival of the first Europeans , the most advanced Native American societies were located in what is now A California . the eastern United States . the American Southwest . Mexico . I All of the following established colonies in North America except A the Portuguese . the Dutch . the English . the French . I Which of the following the process known as the Columbian Exchange ?
A Christopher Columbus sailed west to reach Asia and encountered the Americas . Corn and tomatoes were introduced to Europe from America . Asian goods moved long distances along the Silk Road to reach Europe . Advances in technology allowed sailors to better navigate on the open seas . How did the Reformation in Europe affect European settlement of the Americas ?
A It caused Spain to abandon its New World colonies . It resulted in Protestants conquering Mexico . It created religious tensions in Europe that some people fled to America to escape . It led to freedom of worship in most European colonies in the Americas . Connecting with Past Learnings Indians in Spain encomienda system in the Americas were most similar to the A skilled European tailors who used silk fabric . serfs on manors in medieval Europe . samurai who served masters in feudal Japan . heretics persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition . In Grade you learned about inventions that aided explorers . The compass , which helped Europeans make the voyages that brought them into contact with Native American peoples , was first developed A in Italy during the Renaissance . by Islamic scholars in North Africa . by the Polish scientist Copernicus . in early China . EARLY EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT 31