Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests, 1763-1774
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Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , FIGURE The Bostonians Paying the , or Feathering ( 1774 ) attributed to Philip ( depicts the most publicized tarring and feathering incident of the American Revolution . The victim is John Malcolm , a customs loyal to the British crown , CHAPTER OUTLINE Confronting the National De The Aftermath of the French and Indian War The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty The Acts and Colonial Protest The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts Disaffection The First Continental Congress and American Identity INTRODUCTION The Bostonians Paying the , or ' ing ' shows Patriots tarring and feathering the ner of Cus , John Malcolm , a sea captain , army , and staunch Loyalist . The print shows the Boston Tea Party , a protest against the Tea Act of 1773 , and the Liberty Tree , an elm tree near Boston Common that became a rallying point against the Stamp Act of 1765 . When the crowd threatened to hang Malcolm if he did not renounce his position as a royal customs , he reluctantly agreed and the protestors allowed him to go home . The scene represents the . toward those who supported al author and illustrates the high tide of unrest in the colonies after the British government imposed a series of imperial reform measures during the years . The government formerly la oversight of the colonies ended as the of the British Empire put these new reforms in place . The British hoped to gain greater control over colonial trade and frontier settlement as
112 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , well as to reduce the administrative cost of the colonies and the enormous debt left by the French and Indian War . Each step the British took , however , generated a backlash . Over time , imperial reforms pushed many colonists toward separation from the British Empire . Confronting the National Debt The Aftermath of the French and Indian War LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end ofthis section , you will be able to Discuss the status of Great Britain North American colonies in the years directly French and Indian War Describe the size and scope of the British debt at the end of the French and Indian War Explain how the British Parliament responded to the debt crisis Outline the purpose of the Proclamation Line , the Sugar Act , and the Currency Act Sugar Act reduces tax on , Coercive Acts molasses and First strengthens Continental compliance Congress 1764 1774 1763 1765 1767 1770 1773 Proclamation Stamp Act Boston Tea Act Line establishes Stamp Act Revenue Act Massacre Patriots dump boundary Congress tea into restricting Boston Harbor westward in Boston settlement Tea Party FIGURE ( credit 1765 of work bythe United Kingdom Government ) Great Britain had much to celebrate in 1763 . The long and costly war with France had ended , and Great Britain had emerged victorious . British subjects on both sides of the Atlantic celebrated the strength of the British Empire . Colonial pride ran high to live under the British Constitution and to have defeated the hated French Catholic menace brought great joy to British Protestants everywhere in the Empire . From Maine to Georgia , British colonists joyously celebrated the victory and sang the refrain of Rule , Britannia ! Britannia , rule the waves ! Britons never , never , never shall be slaves ! Despite the celebratory mood , the victory over France also produced major problems within the British Empire , problems that would have serious consequences for British colonists in the Americas . During the war , many Native American tribes had sided with the French , who supplied them with guns . After the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the French and Indian War ( or the Seven Years War ) British colonists had to defend the frontier , where French colonists and their tribal allies remained a powerful force . The most organized resistance , Pontiac Rebellion , highlighted tensions the settlers increasingly interpreted in racial terms . The massive debt the war generated at home , however , proved to be the most serious issue facing Great Britain . The frontier had to be secure in order to prevent another costly war . Greater enforcement of imperial trade laws had to be put into place . Parliament had to ways to raise revenue to pay off the crippling debt from the war . Everyone would have to contribute their expected share , including the British subjects across the Atlantic . Access for free at .
Confronting the National Debt The Aftermath of the French and Indian War 113 PROBLEMS ON THE AMERICAN FRONTIER With the end of the French and Indian War , Great Britain claimed a vast new expanse of territory , at least on paper . Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris , the French territory known as New France had ceased to exist . British territorial holdings now extended from Canada to Florida , and British military focus shifted to maintaining peace in the king newly enlarged lands . However , much of the land in the American British Empire remained under the control of powerful native , which made any claims of British mastery beyond the Atlantic coastal settlements hollow . Great Britain maintained ten thousand troops in North America after the war ended in 1763 to defend the borders and repel any attack by their imperial rivals . British colonists , eager for fresh land , poured over the Appalachian Mountains to stake claims . The western frontier had long been a middle ground where different imperial powers ( British , French , Spanish ) had interacted and compromised with native peoples . That era of accommodation in the middle ground came to an end after the French and Indian War . Virginians ( including George Washington ) and other colonists had already raised tensions in the with their quest for land . Virginia landowners in particular eagerly looked to diversify their holdings beyond tobacco , which had stagnated in price and ed the fertility of the lands along the Chesapeake Bay . They invested heavily in the newly available land . This westward movement brought the settlers into as never before with Native American tribes , such as the Shawnee , and Delaware , who increasingly held their ground against any urther intrusion by White settlers . The treaty that ended the war between France and Great Britain proved to be a blow to native peoples , who had viewed the as an opportunity to gain additional trade goods from both sic es . With the French defeat , many Native Americans who had sided with France lost a valued trading partner as well as bargaining power over the British . Settlers encroachment on their land , as well as the increased British military presence , changed the situation on the frontier dramatically . After the war , British troops took over the former French forts but failed to court favor with the local tribes by distributing ample gifts , as the Trench had done . They also reduced the amount of gunpowder and ammunition they sold to the Americans , worsening relationships further . Native Americans resistance to colonists drew upon the teachings of Delaware ( pro and the leadership of Ottawa war chief Pontiac . was a spiritual leader who preached a doctrine of shunning European culture and expelling Europeans from native lands . beliefs united Na ive Americans from many villages . In a alliance that came to be known as Pontiac Rebe ion , Pontiac led a loose coalition of these native tribes against the colonists and the British army . Pontiac started bringing his coalition together as early as 1761 , urging Native Americans to drive the Europeans out and make war upon them . The began in earnest in 1763 , when Pontiac and several hundred , and laid siege to Fort Detroit . At the same time , and laid siege to Fort Pitt . Over the next year , the war spread along the backcountry from Virginia to Pennsylvania . Pontiac Rebellion ( also known as Pontiac War ) triggered violence on both sides . Firsthand reports of Native American attacks tell of murder , scalping , dismemberment , and burning at the stake . These stories incited a deep racial hatred among colonists against all Native Americans . The actions of a group settlers from Paxton ( or ) Pennsylvania , in December 1763 , illustrates the deadly situation on the frontier . Forming a mob known as the Paxton Boys , these frontiersmen attacked a nearby group of of the tribe . The had lived peacefully with local settlers , but the Paxton Boys viewed all Native Americans as savages and they brutally murdered the six they found at home and burned their houses . When Governor John Penn put the remaining fourteen in protective custody in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , the Paxton Boys broke into the building and killed and scalped the they found there Figure . Although Governor Penn offered a reward for the capture of any Paxton Boys involved in the murders , no one ever the attackers . Some colonists reacted to the incident with outrage . Benjamin Franklin described the Paxton Boys as the barbarous Men who
114 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , committed the atrocious act , in of Government , of all Laws human and divine , and to the eternal Disgrace of their Country and Colour , stating that the Wickedness can not be covered , the Guilt will lie on the whole Land , till Justice is done on the Murderers . The blood of the innocent will cry to heaven for vengeance . Yet , as the inability to bring the perpetrators to justice clearly indicates , the Paxton Boys had many more supporters than critics . FIGURE This lithograph depicts the massacre of in 1763 at Lancaster , Pennsylvania , where they had been placed in protective custody . None of the attackers , members of the Paxton Boys , were ever . CLICK AND EXPLORE Visit Explore ( paxton ) to read the full text of Benjamin Benjamin Franklin , An Account of the Paxton Boys Murder of the Indians , 1764 . Pontiac Rebellion and the Paxton Boys actions were examples of early American race wars , in which both sides saw themselves as inherently different from the other and believed the other needed to be eradicated . The prophet message , which he said he received in a vision from the Master of Life , was Wherefore do you suffer the whites to dwell upon your lands ?
Drive them away wage war against them . Pontiac echoed this idea in a meeting , exhorting tribes to join together against the British It is important for us , my brothers , that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us . In his letter suggesting gifts to the natives of blankets , Field Marshal Jeffrey Amherst said , You will do well to inoculate the Indians by means of blankets , as well as every other method that can serve to extirpate this execrable race . Pontiac Rebellion came to an end in 1766 , when it became clear that the French , whom Pontiac had hoped would side with his forces , would not be returning . The repercussions , however , would last much longer . Race relations between Native Americans and White people remained poisoned on the frontier . Well aware of the problems on the frontier , the British government took steps to try to prevent bloodshed and another costly war . At the beginning of Pontiac uprising , the British issued the Proclamation of 1763 , which forbade White settlement west of the Proclamation Line , a borderline running along the spine of the Appalachian Mountains ( Figure . The Proclamation Line aimed to forestall further on the frontier , the clear of tension in British North America . British colonists who had hoped to move west after the war chafed at this restriction , believing the war had been fought and won to ensure the right to settle west . The Proclamation Line therefore came as a setback to their vision of westward expansion . Access for free at .
Confronting the National Debt The Aftermath of the French and Indian War Line at 1763 . us a an DEL rum mu FIGURE This map shows the status ofthe American colonies in 1763 , after the end of the French and Indian War . Although Great Britain won control of the territory east of the Mississippi , the Proclamation Line of 1763 prohibited British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains . credit of work by the National Atlas of the United States ) THE BRITISH NATIONAL DEBT Great Britain newly enlarged empire meant a greater burden , and the mushrooming debt from the war was a major cause of concern . The war nearly doubled the British national debt , from million in 1756 to million in 1763 . Interest payments alone consumed over half the national budget , and the continuing military presence in North America was a constant drain . The Empire needed more revenue to replenish its dwindling coffers . Those in Great Britain believed that British subjects in North America , as the major of Great Britain war for global supremacy , should certainly shoulder their share of the burden . The British government began increasing revenues by raising taxes at home , even as various interest groups lobbied to keep their taxes low . Powerful members of the aristocracy , well represented in Parliament , successfully convinced Prime Minister John Stuart , third earl of Bute , to refrain from raising taxes on land . The greater tax burden , therefore , fell on the lower classes in the form of increased import duties , which raised the prices of imported goods such as sugar and tobacco . George succeeded Bute as prime minister in 1763 . determined to curtail government spending and make sure that , as subjects of the British Empire , the American colonists did their part to pay down the massive debt . IMPERIAL REFORMS The new era of greater British interest in the American colonies through imperial reforms picked up in pace in the . In 1764 , Prime Minister introduced the Currency Act of 1764 , prohibiting the colonies from printing additional paper money and requiring colonists to pay British merchants in gold and silver instead of the colonial paper money already in circulation . The Currency Act aimed to standardize the currency used in Atlantic trade , a logical reform designed to help stabilize the Empire economy . This rule brought American economic activity under greater British control . Colonists relied on their own paper currency to conduct trade and , with gold and silver in short supply , they found their tight . Not surprisingly , they grumbled about the new imperial currency regulations . also pushed Parliament to pass the Sugar Act of 1764 , which actually lowered duties on British molasses by half , from six pence per gallon to three . designed this measure to address the problem of rampant colonial smuggling with the French sugar islands in the West Indies . The act attempted to make it easier for colonial traders , especially New England mariners who routinely engaged in illegal trade , to comply with the imperial law . 115
116 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , To give teeth to the 1764 Sugar Act , the law enforcement provisions . Prior to the 1764 act , colonial violations of the Navigation Acts had been tried in local courts , where sympathetic colonial juries refused to convict merchants on trial . However , the Sugar Act required violators to be tried in courts . These tribunals , which settled disputes that occurred at sea , operated without juries . Some colonists saw this feature of the 1764 act as dangerous . They argued that trial had long been honored as a basic right of Englishmen under the British Constitution . To deprive defendants of a jury , they contended , meant reducing British subjects to political slavery . In the British Atlantic world , some colonists perceived this loss of liberty as parallel to the enslavement of Africans . As loyal British subjects , colonists in America cherished their Constitution , an unwritten system of government that they celebrated as the best political system in the world . The British Constitution prescribed the roles of the King , the House , and the House of Commons . Each entity provided a check and balance against the worst tendencies of the others . If the King had too much power , the result would be tyranny . If the Lords had too much power , the result would be oligarchy . If the Commons had the balance of power , democracy or mob rule would prevail . The British Constitution promised representation of the will of British subjects , and without such representation , even the indirect tax of the Sugar Act was considered a threat to the settlers rights as British subjects . Furthermore , some American colonists felt the colonies were on equal political footing with Great Britain . The Sugar Act meant they were secondary , mere adjuncts to the Empire . All subjects of the British crown knew they had liberties under the constitution . The Sugar Act suggested that some in Parliament labored to deprive them of what made them uniquely British . The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end ofthis section , you will be able to Explain the purpose ofthe 1765 Stamp Act Describe the colonial responses to the Stamp Act In 1765 , the British Parliament moved beyond the efforts during the previous two years to better regulate westward expansion and trade by putting in place the Stamp Act . As a direct tax on the colonists , the Stamp Act imposed an internal tax on almost every type of printed paper colonists used , including newspapers , legal documents , and playing cards . While the architects of the Stamp Act saw the measure as a way to defray the costs of the British Empire , it nonetheless gave rise to the major colonial protest against British imperial control as expressed in the famous slogan no taxation without representation . The Stamp Act reinforced the sense among some colonists that Parliament was not treating them as equals of their peers across the Atlantic . THE STAMP ACT AND THE QUARTERING ACT Prime Minister , author of the Sugar Act of 1764 , introduced the Stamp Act in the early spring of 1765 . Under this act , anyone who used or purchased anything printed on paper had to buy a revenue stamp Figure ) for it . In the same year , 1765 , Parliament also passed the Quartering Act , a law that attempted to solve the problems of stationing troops in North America . The Parliament understood the Stamp Act and the Quartering Act as an assertion of their power to control colonial policy . Access for free at .
The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty 117 , 41 ' 53 . FIGURE Underthe Stamp Act , anyone who used or purchased anything printed on paper had to buy a revenue stamp for it . Image ( a ) shows a partial proof sheet of stamps . Image ( provides a of a penny stamp . credit a of work by the United Kingdom Government credit of work by the United Kingdom Government ) The Stamp Act signaled a shift in British policy after the French and Indian War . Before the Stamp Act , the colonists had paid taxes to their colonial governments or indirectly through higher prices , not directly to the Crown appointed governors . This was a liberty of representative legislatures of the colonial governments . The passage of the Stamp Act meant that starting on November , 1765 , the colonists would contribute per percent of the total the upkeep of the ten thousand British soldiers in North America Figure . Because the Stamp Act raised constitutional issues , it triggered the serious protest against British imperial policy .
118 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , no ) Am I II . uf the ! A XII . An an for and Sum Dalia , in we , of huh and In . um , and rix an ! mum nun er Qua Paulina In an ( mic and oi uh Colonics and , as Mum of ma , muons . um mum . or mums . an new . nu Ina . If . no I . oi the ' 13 ) FIGURE The announcement of the Stamp Act , seen in this newspaper publication ( a ) raised numerous concerns among colonists in America . Protests against British imperial policy took many forms , such as this mock stamp ( whose text reads An Emblem of the Effects ofthe STAMP . the Fatal STAMP . Parliament also asserted its prerogative in 1765 with the Quartering Act . The Quartering Act of 1765 addressed the problem of housing British soldiers stationed in the American colonies . It required that they be provided with barracks or places to stay in public houses , and that if extra housing were necessary , then troops could be stationed in barns and other uninhabited private buildings . In addition , the costs of the troops food and lodging fell to the colonists . Since the time of James II , who ruled from 1685 to 1688 , many British subjects had mistrusted the presence of a standing army during peacetime , and having to pay for the soldiers lodging and food was especially burdensome . Widespread evasion and disregard for the law occurred in almost all the colonies , but the issue was especially contentious in New York , the headquarters of British forces . When hundred troops arrived in New York in 1766 , the New York Assembly refused to follow the Quartering Act . COLONIAL PROTEST GENTRY , MERCHANTS , AND THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS For many British living in America , the Stamp Act raised many concerns . As a direct tax , it appeared to be an measure , one that deprived freeborn British subjects of their liberty , a concept they broadly to various rights and privileges they enjoyed as British subjects , including the right to representation . According to the unwritten British Constitution , only representatives for whom British subjects voted could tax hem . Parliament was in charge of taxation , and although it was a representative body , the colonies did not have actual ( or direct ) representation in it . Parliamentary members who supported the Stamp Act argued that the colonists had virtual representation , because the architects of the British Empire knew best how to maximize returns from its possessions overseas . However , this argument did not satisfy the protesters , who viewed as having the same right as all British subjects to avoid taxation without their consent . With no representation in the House of Commons , where bills of taxation originated , they felt themselves deprived of his inherent right . The British government ( new the colonists might object to the Stamp Act expansion of parliamentary power , but Parliament believed he relationship of the colonies to the Empire was one of dependence , not equality . However , the Stamp Act lad the unintended and ironic consequence of drawing colonists from very different Access for free at .
The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty 119 areas and viewpoints together in protest . In Massachusetts , for instance , James Otis , a lawyer and defender of British liberty , became the leading voice for the idea that Taxation without representation is tyranny . In the Virginia House of Burgesses , and slaveholder Patrick Henry introduced the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions , which denounced the Stamp Act and the British crown in language so strong that some conservative Virginians accused him of treason ( Figure . Henry replied that Virginians were subject only to taxes that they their . In short , there could be no taxation without representation . FIGURE Patrick Henry Before the Virginia House of Burgesses ( 1851 ) painted by Peter , offers a romanticized depiction of Henry speech denouncing the Stamp Act of 1765 . Supporters and opponents alike debated the stark language of the speech , which quickly became legendary . The colonists had never before formed a political front , so and Parliament did not fear true revolt . However , this was to change in 1765 . In response to the Stamp Act , the Massachusetts Assembly sent letters to the other colonies , asking them to attend a meeting , or congress , to discuss how to respond to the act . Many American colonists from very different colonies found common cause in their opposition to the Stamp Act . Representatives from nine colonial legislatures met in New York in the fall of 1765 to reach a consensus . Could Parliament impose taxation without representation ?
The members of this congress , known as the Stamp Act Congress , said no . These nine representatives had a vested interest in repealing the tax . Not only did it weaken their businesses and the colonial economy , but it also threatened their liberty under the British Constitution . They drafted a rebuttal to the Stamp Act , making clear that they desired only to protect their liberty as loyal subjects of the Crown . The document , called the Declaration of Rights and Grievances , outlined the unconstitutionality of taxation without representation and trials without juries . Meanwhile , popular protest was also gaining force . CLICK AND EXPLORE Browse the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society ( I to examine digitized primary sources of the documents that paved the way to the for liberty . MOBILIZATION POPULAR PROTEST AGAINST THE STAMP ACT The Stamp Act Congress was a gathering of landowning , educated White men who represented the political elite of the colonies and was the colonial equivalent of the British landed aristocracy . While these gentry were drafting their grievances during the Stamp Act Congress , other colonists showed their distaste for the new act by boycotting British goods and protesting in the streets . Two groups , the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty , led the popular resistance to the Stamp Act . Both groups considered themselves British patriots
120 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , defending their liberty , just as their forebears had done in the time of James II . Forming in Boston in the summer of 1765 , the Sons of Liberty were artisans , shopkeepers , and merchants willing to adopt extralegal means of protest Before the act had even gone into effect , the Sons of Liberty began protesting . On August 14 , they took aim at Andrew Oliver , who had been named the Massachusetts Distributor of Stamps . After hanging Oliver in is , using a crudely made as a representation of unruly crowd stoned and ransacked his house , beheading the and burning the remains . Such a brutal response shocked the royal governmental , who hid until the violence had spent itself . Andrew Oliver resigned the next day . By that time , the mob had moved on to the home of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson who , because of his support of Parliament actions , was considered an enemy of English liberty . The Sons of Liberty barricaded Hutchinson in his home and demanded that he renounce the Stamp Act he refused , and the protesters looted and burned his house . Furthermore , the Sons ( also called True Sons or Sons to make clear their commitment to liberty and distinguish them from the likes of Hutchinson ) continued to lead violent protests with the goal of securing the resignation of all appointed stamp collectors ( Figure . FIGURE With this broadside of December 17 , 1765 , the Sons of Liberty call for the resignation of Andrew Oliver , the Massachusetts Distributor of Stamps . Starting in early 1766 , the Daughters of Liberty protested the Stamp Act by refusing to buy British goods and encouraging others to do the same They avoided British tea , opting to make their own teas with local herbs and berries . They built a a creating homespun cloth instead of buying British linen women held spinning bees , at which they competed to see who could spin the most and the linen . An entry in The Boston Chronicle of April , 1766 , states that on March 12 , in Providence , Rhode Island , 18 Daughters of Liberty , young ladies of good reputation , assembled at the house of Doctor Ephraim Bowen , in this town . There they exhibited a example of industry , by spinning from sunrise until dark , and displayed a spirit for saving their sinking country rarely to be found among persons of more age and At dinner , they cheerfully agreed to omit tea , to render their conduct consistent . Besides this instance of their patriotism , before they separated , they unanimously resolved that the Stamp Act was unconstitutional , that they would purchase no more British manufactures unless it be repealed , and that they would not even admit the addresses of any gentlemen should they have the opportunity , without they determined to oppose its execution to the last extremity , if the occasion The Daughters movement broadened the protest against the Stamp Act , giving women a new and active role in the political dissent of the time . Women were responsible for purchasing goods for the home , so by exercising the power of the purse , they could wield more power than they had in the past . Although they could not vote , they could mobilize others and make a difference in the political landscape . From a local movement , the protests of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty soon spread until there was a chapter in every colony . The Daughters of Liberty promoted the boycott on British goods while the Sons enforced it , threatening retaliation against anyone who bought imported goods or used stamped paper . In the Access for free at .
The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty protest against the Stamp Act , wealthy , lettered political like John Adams supported the goals of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty , even if they did not engage in the Sons violent actions . These men , who were lawyers , printers , and merchants , ran a propaganda campaign parallel to the Sons campaign of violence . In newspapers and pamphlets throughout the colonies , they published article after article outlining the reasons the Stamp Act was unconstitutional and urging peaceful protest . They condemned violent actions but did not have the protesters arrested a degree of cooperation prevailed , despite the groups different economic backgrounds . Certainly , all the protesters saw themselves as acting in the best British tradition , standing up against the corruption ( especially the extinguishing of their right to representation ) that threatened their liberty Figure . IU ' 11 . NA nu . II . III . FIGURE This 1766 illustration shows a funeral procession for the Stamp Act . Reverend William Scott leads the procession of politicians who had supported the act , while a dog urinates on his leg . George , pictured fourth in line , carries a small . What point do you think this cartoon is tryingto make ?
THE DECLARATORY ACT Back in Great Britain , news of the colonists reactions worsened an already volatile political situation . imperial reforms had brought about increased domestic taxes and his unpopularity led to his dismissal by King George 111 . While many in Parliament still wanted such reforms , British merchants argued strongly for their repeal . These merchants had no interest in the philosophy behind the colonists desire for liberty rather , their motive was that the of British goods by North American colonists was hurting their business . Many of the British at home were also appalled by the colonists violent reaction to the Stamp Act . Other Britons cheered what they saw as the manly defense of liberty by their counterparts in the colonies . In March 1766 , the new prime minister , Lord , compelled Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act . Colonists celebrated what they saw as a victory for their British liberty in Boston , merchant John Hancock treated the entire town to drinks . However , to appease opponents of the repeal , who feared that it would weaken parliamentary power over the American colonists , also proposed the Declaratory Act . This stated in no uncertain terms that Parliament power was supreme and that any laws the colonies may have passed to govern and tax themselves were null and void if they ran counter to parliamentary law .
122 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , CLICK AND EXPLORE Visit ' to read the full text of the Declaratory Act , in which Parliament asserted the supremacy of parliamentary power . The Acts and Colonial Protest LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section , you will be able to Describe the purpose of the 1767 Acts Explain why many colonists protested the 1767 Acts and the consequences of their actions Colonists joy over the repeal of the Stamp Act and what they saw as their defense of liberty did not last long . The Declaratory Act of 1766 had articulated Great Britain supreme authority over the colonies , and Parliament soon began exercising that authority . In 1767 , with the passage of the Acts , a tax on consumer goods in British North America , colonists believed their liberty as loyal British subjects had come under assault for a second time . THE ACTS Lord tenure as prime minister was not long ( Rich landowners feared that if he were not taxing the colonies , Parliament would raise their taxes instead , them to the interests of merchants and colonists . George III duly dismissed . William Pitt , also sympathetic to the colonists , succeeded him . However , Pitt was old and ill with gout . His chancellor of the exchequer , Charles ( Figure ) whosejob was to manage the Empire , took on many of his duties . Primary among these was raising the needed revenue from the colonies . FIGURE Charles , chancellor of the exchequer , shown here in a 1765 painting by Joshua Reynolds , instituted the Revenue Act of 1767 in orderto raise money to support the British military presence in the colonies . act was to deal with the unruly New York Assembly , which had voted not to pay for supplies Access for free at .
The Acts and Colonial Protest 123 for the garrison of British soldiers that the Quartering Act required . In response , proposed the Restraining Act of 1767 , which disbanded the New York Assembly until it agreed to pay for the garrison supplies , which it eventually agreed to do . The Revenue Act of 1767 placed duties on various consumer items like paper , paint , lead , tea , and glass . These British goods had to be imported , since the colonies did not have the manufacturing base to produce them . hoped the new duties would not anger the colonists because they were external taxes , not internal ones like the Stamp Act . In 1766 , in arguing before Parliament for the repeal of the Stamp Act , Benjamin Franklin had stated , I never heard any objection to the right duties to regulate commerce but a right to lay internal taxes was never supposed to be in parliament , as we are not represented The Indemnity Act of 1767 exempted tea produced by the British East India Company from taxation when it was imported into Great Britain . When the tea was to the colonies , however , the colonists had to pay taxes on it because of the Revenue Act . Some critics of Parliament on both sides of the Atlantic saw this tax policy as an example of corrupt politicians giving preferable treatment to corporate interests , creating a monopoly . The sense that corruption had become entrenched in Parliament only increased colonists alarm . In fact , the revenue collected from these duties was only nominally intended to support the British army in America . It actually paid the salaries of some royally appointed judges , governors , and other officials whom the colonial assemblies had traditionally paid . Thanks to the Revenue Act of 1767 , however , these no longer relied on colonial leadership for payment . This change gave them a measure of independence from the assemblies , so they could implement parliamentary acts without fear that their pay would be withheld in retaliation . The Revenue Act thus appeared to sever the relationship between governors and assemblies , drawing royal closer to the British government and further away from the colonial legislatures . The Revenue Act also gave the customs board greater powers to counteract smuggling . It granted writs of assistance , search customs commissioners who suspected the presence of contraband goods , which also opened the door to a new level of bribery and trickery on the of colonial America . Furthermore , to ensure compliance , introduced the Commissioners of Customs Act of 1767 , which created an American Board of Customs to enforce trade laws . Customs enforcement had been based in Great Britain , but rules were difficult to implement at such a distance , and smuggling was rampant . The new customs board was based in Boston and would severely curtail smuggling in this large colonial seaport . also orchestrated the Court Act , which established three more courts , in Boston , Philadelphia , and Charleston , to try violators of customs regulations without a jury . Before this , the only colonial court had been in Halifax , Nova Scotia , but with three local courts , smugglers could be tried more efficiently . Since the judges of these courts were paid a percentage of the worth of the goods they recovered , leniency was rare . All told , the Acts resulted in higher taxes and stronger British power to enforce them . Four years after the end of the French and Indian War , the Empire continued to search for solutions to its debt problem and the growing sense that the colonies needed to be brought under control . REACTIONS THE MOVEMENT Like the Stamp Act , the Acts produced controversy and protest in the American colonies . For a second time , many colonists resented what they perceived as an effort to tax them without representation and thus to deprive them of their liberty . The fact that the revenue the Acts raised would pay royal governors only made the situation worse , because it took control away from colonial legislatures that otherwise had the power to set and withhold a royal governor salary . The Restraining Act , which had been intended to isolate New York without angering the other colonies , had the opposite effect , showing the rest of the colonies
124 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , how far beyond the British Constitution some members of Parliament were willing to go . The Acts generated a number of protest writings , including Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer by John Dickinson . In this pamphlet , which circulated widely in the colonies , Dickinson conceded that the Empire could regulate trade but argued that Parliament could not impose either internal taxes , like stamps , on goods or external taxes , like customs duties , on imports . AMERICANA Address to the Ladies Verse from The Boston and Advertiser This verse , which ran in a Boston newspaper in November 1767 , highlights how women were encouraged to take political action by boycotting British goods . Notice that the writer especially encourages women to avoid British tea ( Bohea and Green Hyson ) and linen , and to manufacture their own homespun cloth . Building on the protest of the 1765 Stamp Act by the Daughters of Liberty , the movement of mobilized women as political actors . Young ladies in town , and those that live round , Let a friend at this season advise you Since money so scarce , and times growing worse Strange things may soon hap and surprize you First then , throw aside your high top knots of pride Wear none but your own country linnen of economy boast , let your pride be the most What , if homespun they say is not quite so gay As brocades , yet be not in a passion , For when once it is known this is much wore in town , One and all will cry out , tis the fashion ! And as one , all agree that you not married be To such as will wear London Fact ry But at first sight refuse , such you do As encourage our own ry . No more Ribbons wear , nor in rich dress appear , Love your country much betterthan things , Begin without passion , twill soon be the fashion To grace your smooth locks with a twine string . Throw aside your Bohea , and your Green Hyson Tea , And all things with a new fashion duty Procure a good store of the choice , soon be enough here to suit ye These do without fear and to all you appear Fair , charming , true , lovely , and cleaver Tho the times remain darkish , young men may be sparkish . And love you much strongerthan ever . In Massachusetts in 1768 , Samuel Adams wrote a letter that became known as the Massachusetts Circular . Sent by the Massachusetts House of Representatives to the other colonial legislatures , the letter laid out the unconstitutionality of taxation without representation and encouraged the other colonies to again protest the taxes by boycotting British goods . Adams wrote , It is , moreover , the Massachusetts House of Representatives humble opinion , which they express with the greatest deference to the wisdom of the Parliament , that the acts made there , imposing duties on the people of this province , with the sole and express purpose of raising a Access for free at .
The Acts and Colonial Protest 125 revenue , are infringements of their natural and constitutional rights because , as they are not represented in the Parliament , his Majesty Commons in Britain , by those acts , grant their property without their consent . Note that even in this letter of protest , the humble and submissive tone shows the Massachusetts continued deference to parliamentary authority . Even in that hotbed of political protest , it is a clear expression of allegiance and the hope for a restoration of natural and constitutional rights . Great Britain response to this threat of disobedience served only to unite the colonies further . The colonies initial response to the Massachusetts Circular was lukewarm at best . However , back in Great Britain , the secretary of state for the that Massachusetts retract the letter , promising that any colonial assemblies that endorsed it would be dissolved . This threat had the effect of pushing the other colonies to Massachusetts side . Even the city of Philadelphia , which had originally opposed the Circular , came around . The Daughters of Liberty once again supported and promoted the boycott of British goods . Women resumed spinning bees and again found substitutes for British tea and other goods . Many colonial merchants signed agreements , and the Daughters of Liberty urged colonial women to shop only with those merchants . The Sons of Liberty used newspapers and circulars to call out by name those merchants who refused to sign such agreements sometimes they were threatened by violence . For instance , a broadside from reads WILLIAM JACKSON , an IMPORTER at the BRAZEN HEAD , North Side of the , and Opposite the , in , BOSTON It is desired that the SONS and DAUGHTERS of LIBERTY , would not buy any one thing of him , for in so doing they will bring disgrace upon themselves , and their Posterity , for ever and ever , AMEN . The boycott in turned the purchase of consumer goods into a political gesture . It mattered what you consumed . Indeed , the very clothes you wore indicated whether you were a defender of liberty in homespun or a protector of parliamentary rights in British attire . CLICK AND EXPLORE For examples of the types of luxury items that many American colonists favored , visit the National Humanities Center to see pictures and documents relating to home interiors of the wealthy . TROUBLE IN BOSTON The Massachusetts Circular got Parliament attention , and in 1768 , Lord sent four thousand British troops to Boston to deal with the unrest and put down any potential rebellion there . The troops were a constant reminder of the assertion of British power over the colonies , an illustration of an unequal relationship between members of the same empire . As an added aggravation , British soldiers moonlighted as dockworkers , creating competition for employment . Boston labor system had traditionally been closed , born laborers over outsiders , and jobs were scarce . Many Bostonians , led by the Sons of Liberty , mounted a campaign of harassment against British troops . The Sons also helped protect the smuggling actions of the merchants smuggling was crucial for the colonists ability to maintain their boycott of British goods .
126 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , John Hancock was one of Boston most successful merchants and prominent citizens . While he maintained too high a to work actively with the Sons of Liberty , he was known to support their aims , if not their means of achieving them . He was also one of the many prominent merchants who had made their fortunes by smuggling , which was rampant in the colonial seaports . In 1768 , customs seized the Liberty , one of his ships , and violence erupted . Led by the Sons of Liberty , Bostonians rioted against customs , attacking the customs house and chasing out the , who ran to safety at Castle William , a British fort on a Boston harbor island . British soldiers crushed the riots , but over the next few years , clashes between British and Bostonians became common . Con turned deadly on March , 1770 , in a confrontation that came to be known as the Boston Massacre . On that night , a crowd of Bostonians from many walks of life started snowballs , rocks , and sticks at the soldiers guarding the customs house . In the resulting , some soldiers , goaded by the mob who the soldiers as lobster backs ( the reference to lobster equated the soldiers with bottom feeders , aquatic animals that feed on the lowest organisms in the food chain ) into the crowd , killing peo ole . Crispus , the man , though no one cou have known it then , the casualty in the war for of and African descent . The bloodshed illustrated the level of hostility that had developed as a result of Boston occupation by British troops , the competition for scarce jobs between Bostonians and the British soldiers stationed in he city , and the larger question of Far efforts to tax the colonies . The Sons of Liberty immediately seized on the event , characterizing he British soldiers as murderers and their victims as martyrs . Paul Revere , a silversmith and member of the Sons of Liberty , circulated an engraving tha showed a line of grim redcoats ruthlessly into a crowd of unarmed , civilians . Among colonists who resisted British power , this view of the massacre con their fears of a tyrannous government using its armies to curb the freedom of British subjects . But to others , the attacking mob was equally to blame for pelting the British with rocks and insulting them . It was not only British Loyalists who condemned the unruly mob . John Adams , one of the city strongest supporters of peaceful protest against Parliament , represented the British soldiers at their murder trial . Adams argued that the mob lawlessness required the soldiers response , and that without law and order , a society was nothing . He argued further that the soldiers were the tools of a much broader program , which transformed a street brawl into the injustice of imperial policy . Of the eight soldiers on trial , the jury acquitted six , convicting the other two of the reduced charge of manslaughter . Adams argued Facts are stubborn things and whatever may be our wishes , our inclinations , or the dictates of our passions , they can not alter the state of facts and evidence nor is the law less stable than the fact if an assault was made to endanger their lives , the law is clear , they had a right to kill in their own defense if it was not so severe as to endanger their lives , yet if they were assaulted at all , struck and abused by blows of any sort , by , cinders , clubs , or sticks of any kind this was a provocation , for which the law reduces the offence of killing , down to manslaughter , in consideration of those passions in our nature , which can not be eradicated . To your candour and justice I submit the prisoners and their cause . AMERICANA Propaganda and the Sons of Liberty Long after the British soldiers had been tried and punished , the Sons of Liberty maintained a relentless propaganda campaign against British oppression . Many of them were printers or , and they were able to use public media to sway others to their cause . Shortly after the incident outside the customs house , Paul Revere created The bloody massacre perpetrated in King Street Boston on March 1770 by a party ofthe . Figure , based on an image by engraver Henry Pelham . The represents only the protesters point of the ruthlessness of the British soldiers and the helplessness of the crowd of Access for free at .
The Acts and Colonial Protest 127 civilians . Notice the subtle details Revere uses to help convince the viewer of the civilians innocence and the soldiers cruelty . Although eyewitnesses said the crowd started the by throwing snowballs and rocks , in the engraving they are innocently standing by . Revere also depicts the crowd as well dressed and , when in fact they were laborers and probably looked quite a bit rougher . FIGURE The Sons of Liberty circulated this sensationalized version of the events of March , in order to promote the rightness of their cause . The verses below the image begin as follows Unhappy Boston ! see thy Sons deplore , Thy hallowed Walks besmeared with guiltless Gore . Newspaper articles and pamphlets that the Sons of Liberty circulated implied that the massacre was a planned murder . In the Boston Gazette on March 12 , 1770 , an article describes the soldiers as striking . It goes on to discuss this version of the events On hearing the noise , one Samuel Atwood came up to see what was the matter and entering the alley from dock square , heard the latter part ofthe combat and when the boys had dispersed he met the ten or twelve soldiers aforesaid rushing down the alley towards the square and asked them if they intended to murder people ?
They answered Yes , by God , root and branch ! With that one of them struck Atwood with a club which was repeated by another and being unarmed , he turned to go off and received a wound on the left shoulder which reached the bone and gave him much pain . What do you think most people in the United States think of when they consider the Boston Massacre ?
How does the propaganda of the Sons of Liberty still affect the way we think of this event ?
PARTIAL REPEAL As it turned out , the Boston Massacre occurred after Parliament had partially repealed the Acts . By the late , the American boycott of British goods had drastically reduced British trade . Once again , merchants who lost money because of the boycott strongly pressured Parliament to loosen its restrictions on the colonies and break the movement . Charles died suddenly in 1767 and was replaced by Lord North , who was inclined to look for a more workable solution with the colonists . North convinced Parliament to drop all the duties except the tax on tea . The administrative and enforcement provisions under the American Board of Customs Commissioners and the in place . To those who had protested the Acts for several years , the partial repeal appeared to be a major victory . For a second time , colonists had rescued liberty from an unconstitutional parliamentary measure . The hated British troops in Boston departed . The consumption of British goods skyrocketed after the partial repeal , an indication of the American colonists desire for the items linking them to the Empire .
128 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end ofthis section , you will be able to Describe the environment in the colonies in the early Explain the purpose ofthe Tea Act of 1773 and discuss colonial reactions to it Identify and describe the Coercive Acts The Tea Act of 1773 triggered a reaction with far more consequences than either the 1765 Stamp Act or the 1767 Acts . Colonists who had joined in protest against those earlier acts renewed their efforts in 1773 . They understood that Parliament had again asserted its right to impose taxes without representation , and they feared the Tea Act was designed to seduce them into conceding this important principle by lowering the price of tea to the point that colonists might abandon their scruples . They also deeply resented the East India Company monopoly on the sale of tea in the American colonies this resentment sprang from the knowledge that some members of Parliament had invested heavily in the company . SMOLDERING RESENTMENT Even after the partial repeal of the duties , however , suspicion of Parliament intentions remained high . This was especially true in port cities like Boston and New York , where British customs agents were a daily irritant and reminder of British power . In public houses and squares , people met and discussed politics . Philosopher John Locke Two Treatises of Government , published almost a century earlier , political thought about the role of government to protect life , liberty , and property . The Sons of Liberty issued propaganda ensuring that colonists remained aware when Parliament overreached itself . Violence continued to break out on occasion , as in 1772 , when Rhode Island colonists boarded and burned the British revenue ship in Bay ( Figure . Colonists had attacked or burned British customs ships in the past , but after the Affair , the British government convened a Royal Commission of Inquiry . This Commission had the authority to remove the colonists , who were charged with treason , to Great Britain for trial . Some colonial protestors saw this new ability as another example of the overreach of British power . FIGURE This 1883 engraving , which appeared in Harper New Monthly Magazine , depicts the burning of the . This attack provoked the British government to convene a Royal Commission of Inquiry some regarded the Access for free at .
The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts 129 Commission as an example of excessive British power and control over the colonies . Samuel Adams , along with Joseph Warren and James Otis , the Boston Committee of Correspondence , which functioned as a form of shadow government , to address the fear of British overreach . Soon towns all over Massachusetts had formed their own committees , and many other colonies followed suit . These committees , which had between seven and eight thousand members in all , enemies of the movement and communicated the news of the day . Sometimes they provided a version of events that differed from royal interpretations , and slowly , the committees began to supplant royal governments as sources of information . They later formed the backbone of communication among the colonies in the rebellion against the Tea Act , and eventually in the revolt against the British crown . THE TEA ACT OF 1773 Parliament did not enact the Tea Act of 1773 in order to punish the colonists , assert parliamentary power , or even raise revenues . Rather , the act was a straightforward order of economic protectionism for a British tea , the East India Company , that was on the verge of bankruptcy . In the colonies , tea was the one remaining consumer good subject to the hated duties . Protest leaders and their followers still avoided British tea , drinking smuggled Dutch tea as a sign of patriotism . The Tea Act of 1773 gave the British East India Company the ability to export its tea directly to the colonies without paying import or export duties and without using middlemen in either Great Britain or the colonies . Even with the tax , the act would allow the East India Company to sell its tea at lower prices than the smuggled Dutch tea , thus undercutting the smuggling trade . This act was unwelcome to those in British North America who had grown displeased with the pattern of imperial measures . By granting a monopoly to the East India Company , the act not only cut out colonial merchants who would otherwise sell the tea themselves it also reduced their from smuggled foreign tea . These merchants were among the most powerful and people in the colonies , so their dissatisfaction carried some weight . Moreover , because the tea tax that the Acts imposed remained in place , tea had intense power to symbolize the idea of no taxation without representation . COLONIAL PROTEST THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEA The 1773 act reignited the worst fears among the colonists . To the Sons and Daughters of Liberty and those who followed them , the act appeared to be proof positive that a handful of corrupt members of Parliament were violating the British Constitution . Veterans of the protest movement had grown accustomed to interpreting British actions in the worst possible light , so the 1773 act appeared to be part of a large conspiracy against liberty . As they had done to protest earlier acts and taxes , colonists responded to the Tea Act with a boycott . The Committees helped to coordinate resistance in all of the colonial port cities , so up and down the East Coast , British ships were unable to come to shore and unload their wares . In Charlestown , Boston , Philadelphia , and New York , the equivalent of millions of dollars worth of tea was held hostage , either locked in storage warehouses or rotting in the holds of ships as they were forced to sail back to Great Britain . In Boston , Thomas Hutchinson , now the royal governor of Massachusetts , vowed that radicals like Samuel Adams would not keep the ships from unloading their cargo . He urged the merchants who would have accepted the tea from the ships to stand their ground and receive the tea once it had been unloaded . When the Dartmouth sailed into Boston Harbor in November 1773 , it had twenty days to unload its cargo of tea and pay the duty before it had to return to Great Britain . Two more ships , the the Beaver , followed soon after . Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty tried to keep the captains of the ships from paying the duties and posted groups around the ships to make sure the tea would not be unloaded . On December 16 , just as the Dartmouth deadline approached , townspeople gathered at the Old South
130 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , Meeting House determined to take action . From this gathering , a group of Sons of Liberty and their followers approached the three ships . Some were disguised as Mohawks . Protected by a crowd of spectators , they systematically dumped all the tea into the harbor , destroying goods worth almost million in today dollars , a very loss . This act soon inspired further acts of resistance up and down the East Coast . However , not all colonists , and not even all Patriots , supported the dumping of the tea . The wholesale destruction of property shocked people on both sides of the Atlantic . CLICK AND EXPLORE To learn more about the Boston Tea Party , explore the extensive resources in the Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum collection ( of articles , photos , and video . At the museum itself , you can board replicas of the Eleanor and the Beaver and experience a recreation of the dumping of the tea . PARLIAMENT RESPONDS THE COERCIVE ACTS In London , response to the destruction of the tea was swift and strong . The violent destruction infuriated King George III and the prime minister , Lord North Figure , who insisted the loss be repaid . Though some American merchants put forward a proposal for restitution , the Massachusetts Assembly refused to make payments . Massachusetts resistance to British authority united different factions in Great Britain against the colonies . North had lost patience with the unruly British subjects in Boston . He declared The Americans have tarred and feathered your subjects , plundered your merchants , burnt your ships , denied all obedience to your laws and authority yet so clement and so long forbearing has our conduct been that it is incumbent on us now to take a different course . Whatever may be the consequences , we must risk something if we do not , all is over . Both Parliament and the king agreed that Massachusetts should be forced to both pay for the tea and yield to British authority . FIGURE Lord North , seen here in Portrait of Frederick North , Lord North ( painted by Nathaniel Dance , was prime minister at the time ofthe destruction of the tea and insisted that Massachusetts make good on the loss . In early 1774 , leaders in Parliament responded with a set of four measures designed to punish Massachusetts , commonly known at the Coercive Acts . The Boston Port Act shut down Boston Harbor until the East India Company was repaid . The Massachusetts Government Act placed the colonial government under the direct control of crown and made traditional town meetings subject to the governor approval . The Administration of Justice Act allowed the royal governor to unilaterally move any trial of a crown out of Massachusetts , a change designed to prevent hostile Massachusetts juries from deciding these cases . This act was especially infuriating to John Adams and others who emphasized the rule of law . They saw Access for free at .
Disaffection The First Continental Congress and American Identity this part of the Coercive Acts as striking at the heart of fair and equitable justice . Finally , the Quartering Act encompassed all the colonies and allowed British troops to be housed in occupied buildings . At the same time , Parliament also passed the Quebec Act , which expanded the boundaries of Quebec westward and extended religious tolerance to Roman Catholics in the province . For many Protestant colonists , especially in New England , this forced tolerance of Catholicism was the most objectionable provision of the act . Additionally , expanding the boundaries of Quebec raised troubling questions for many colonists who eyed the West , hoping to expand the boundaries of their provinces . The Quebec Act appeared gratuitous , a slap in the face to colonists already angered by the Coercive Acts . American Patriots renamed the Coercive and Quebec measures the Intolerable Acts . Some in London also thought the acts went too far see the cartoon The Able Doctor , or America Swallowing the Bitter Draught Figure for one British view of what Parliament was doing to the colonies . Meanwhile , punishments designed to hurt only one colony ( Massachusetts , in this case ) had the effect of mobilizing all the colonies to its side . The Committees of Correspondence had already been active in coordinating an approach to the Tea Act . Now the talk would turn to these new , intolerable assaults on the colonists rights as British subjects . mi , Um , FIGURE The artist of Able Doctor , or America Swallowing the Bitter ( London Magazine , May , 1774 ) targets select members of Parliament as the perpetrators of a devilish scheme to overturn the constitution this is why Mother Britannia weeps . Note that this cartoon came from a British ion Great Britain was not united in support of Parliament policies toward the American colonies . Disaffection The First Continental Congress and American Identity LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end ofthis section , you will be able to Describe the state of affairs between the colonies and the home government in 1774 Explain the purpose and results of the First Continental Congress loss of affection toward the home reached new levels by 1774 . Many colonists viewed the Intolerable Acts as a turning point they now felt they had to take action . The result was the First Continental Congress , a direct challenge to Lord North and British authority in the colonies . Still , it would be a mistake to assume there was a groundswell of support for separating from the British Empire and creating a new , independent nation . Strong ties still bound the Empire together , and colonists did not agree about the proper response . Loyalists tended to be property holders , established residents who feared the loss of their property . To them the protests seemed to promise nothing but mob rule , and the violence and disorder they provoked were shocking . On both sides of the Atlantic , opinions varied . After the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774 , the Committees of Correspondence and the Sons of Liberty went straight to work , spreading warnings about how the acts would affect the liberty of all colonists , not just urban merchants and laborers . The Massachusetts Government Act had shut down the colonial government 131
132 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests , there , but colonists began meeting in extralegal assemblies . One of these assemblies , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress , passed the Suffolk Resolves in September 1774 , which laid out a plan of resistance to the Intolerable Acts . Meanwhile , the First Continental Congress was convening to discuss how to respond to the acts themselves . The First Continental Congress was made up of elected representatives of twelve of the thirteen American colonies . Georgia royal governor blocked the move to send representatives from that colony , an indication of the continued strength of the royal government despite the crisis . The representatives met in Philadelphia from September through October 26 , 1774 , and at they did not agree at all about the appropriate response to the Intolerable Acts . Joseph Galloway of Pennsylvania argued for a conciliatory approach he proposed that an elected Grand Council in America , like the Parliament in Great Britain , should be paired with a royally appointed President General , who would represent the authority of the Crown . More radical factions argued for a move toward separation from the Crown . In the end , Paul Revere rode from Massachusetts to Philadelphia with the Suffolk Resolves , which became the basis of the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress . In the Declaration and Resolves , adopted on October 14 , the colonists demanded the repeal of all repressive acts passed since 1773 and agreed to a , and pact against all British goods until the acts were repealed . In the Petition of Congress to the King on October 24 , the delegates adopted a further recommendation of the Suffolk Resolves and proposed that the colonies raise and regulate their own militias . The representatives at the First Continental Congress created a Continental Association to ensure that the full boycott was enforced across all the colonies . The Continental Association served as an umbrella group for colonial and local committees of observation and inspection . By taking these steps , the First Continental Congress established a governing network in opposition to royal authority . CLICK AND EXPLORE Visit the Massachusetts Historical Society ( to see a digitized copy and read the transcript of the First Continental Congress petition to King George . DEFINING AMERICAN The First List of Activities In her book Toward A More Perfect Union Virtue and the Formation ofAmerican Republics , historian Ann Fairfax explores actions the delegates to the First Continental Congress took during the weeks they were together . Along with their efforts to bring about the repeal of the Intolerable Acts , the delegates also banned certain activities they believed would undermine their against what they saw as British corruption . In particular , the delegates prohibited horse races , the theater , and elaborate funerals . The reasons for these prohibitions provide insight into the state of affairs in 1774 . Both horse races and encouraged gambling and , for the delegates , gambling threatened to prevent the unity of action and purpose they desired . In addition , cockfighting appeared immoral and corrupt because the roosters were with razors and fought to the death Figure . Access for free at .
Disaffection The First Continental Congress and American Identity 133 FIGURE , as depicted in The Cockpit ( 1759 ) by British artist and engraver William Hogarth , were among the entertainments the First Continental Congress sought to outlaw , considering them . The ban on the theater aimed to do away with another corrupt British practice . Critics had long believed that theatrical performances drained money from working people . Moreover , they argued , learned to lie and deceive from what they saw on stage . The delegates felt banning the theater would demonstrate their resolve to act honestly and without pretence in their against corruption . Finally , mourning practices often required lavish spending on luxury items and even the employment of professional mourners who , for a price , would shed tears at the grave . Prohibiting these practices reflected the idea that luxury bred corruption , and the First Continental Congress wanted to demonstrate that the colonists would do without British vices . Congress emphasized the need to be frugal and when confronted with corruption . The First Continental Congress banned all four races , the theater , and elaborate entrusted the Continental Association with enforcement . Rejecting what they saw as corruption coming from Great Britain , the delegates were also identifying themselves as standing apart from their British relatives . They cast themselves as virtuous defenders of liberty against a corrupt Parliament . In the Declaration and Resolves and the Petition of Congress to the King , the delegates to the First Continental Congress refer to George III as Most Gracious Sovereign and to themselves as inhabitants of the English colonies in North America or inhabitants of British America , indicating that they still considered themselves British subjects of the king , not American citizens . At the same time , however , they were slowly moving away from British authority , creating their own de facto government in the First Continental Congress . One of the provisions of the Congress was that it meet again in one year to mark its progress the Congress was becoming an elected government .
134 Key Terms Key Terms Boston Massacre a confrontation between a crowd of Bostonians and British soldiers on March , 1770 , which resulted in the deaths of people , including Crispus , the casualty in the war for independence Coercive Acts four acts ( Administration of Justice Act , Massachusetts Government Act , Port Act , Quartering Act ) that Lord North passed to punish Massachusetts for destroying the tea and refusing to pay for the damage Committees of Correspondence colonial extralegal shadow governments that convened to coordinate plans of resistance against the British Daughters of Liberty British colonial women who led a movement against British goods direct tax a tax that consumers pay directly , rather than through merchants higher prices indirect tax a tax imposed on businesses , rather than directly on consumers Intolerable Acts the name American Patriots gave to the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act Loyalists colonists in America who were to Great Britain Massachusetts Circular a letter penned Son of Liberty Samuel Adams that laid out the unconstitutionality of taxation without representation and encouraged the other colonies to boycott British goods no taxation without representation the , articulated in the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions , that the colonists needed to be represented in Parliament if they were to be taxed movement a widespread colonial boycott of British goods Proclamation Line a line along the Appa Mountains , imposed by the Proclamation of 1763 , west of which British colonists could not settle Sons of Liberty artisans , shopkeepers , and merchants who opposed the Stamp Act and considered themselves British patriots Suffolk Resolves a Massachusetts plan resistance to the Intolerable Acts that formed the basis of the eventual plan adopted by the First Continental Congress for resisting the British , including the arming of militias and the adoption of a widespread , and agreement courts British royal cour without juries that settled disputes occurring at sea Summary Confronting the National Debt The Aftermath ofthe French and Indian War The British Empire had gained supremacy in North America with its victory over the French in 1763 . Almost all of the North American territory east of the Mississippi fell under Great Britain control , and British leaders took this opportunity to try to create a more coherent and empire after decades of lax oversight . Victory over the French had proved very costly , and the British government attempted to better regulate their expanded empire in North America . The initial steps the British took in 1763 and 1764 raised suspicions among some colonists about the intent of the home government . These suspicions would grow and swell over the coming years . The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty Though Parliament designed the 1765 Stamp Act to deal with the crisis in the Empire , it had unintended consequences . Outrage over the act created a degree of unity among otherwise unconnected American colonists , giving them a chance to act together both politically and socially . The crisis of the Stamp Act allowed colonists to loudly proclaim their identity as defenders of British liberty . With the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766 , subjects of the king celebrated what they viewed as a victory . Access for free at .
Review Questions 135 The Acts and Colonial Protest Like the Stamp Act in 1765 , the Acts led many colonists to work together against what they perceived to be an unconstitutional measure , generating the second major crisis in British Colonial America . The experience of resisting the Acts provided another shared experience among colonists from diverse regions and backgrounds , while the partial repeal convinced many that liberty had once again been defended . Nonetheless , Great Britain debt crisis still had not been solved . The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts The colonial rejection of the Tea Act , especially the destruction of the tea in Boston Harbor , recast the long argument between British colonists and the home government as an intolerable conspiracy against liberty and an excessive overreach of parliamentary power . The Coercive Acts were punitive in nature , awakening the worst fears of otherwise loyal members of the British Empire in America . Disaffection The First Continental Congress and American Identity The First Continental Congress , which comprised elected representatives from twelve of the thirteen American colonies , represented a direct challenge to British authority . In its Declaration and Resolves , colonists demanded the repeal of all repressive acts passed since 1773 . The delegates also recommended that the colonies raise militias , lest the British respond to the Congress proposed boycott of British goods with force . While the colonists still considered themselves British subjects , they were slowly retreating from British authority , creating their own de facto government via the First Continental Congress . Review Questions . Which of the following was a cause of the British National Debt in 1763 ' drought in Great Britain he French and Indian War he continued British military presence in the American colonies and . Wha was the main purpose of the Sugar Act of 1764 ?
raised taxes on sugar . raised taxes on molasses . strengthened enforcement of molasses smuggling laws . required colonists to purchase only sugar distilled in Great Britain . 90 ?
Wha did British colonists so onerous about the acts that Prime Minister passed ?
Which of the following was nota goal of the Stamp Act ?
gain control over the colonists raise revenue for British troops stationed in the colonies raise revenue to pay off British debt from the French and Indian War declare null and void any laws the colonies had passed to govern and tax themselves . For which of the following activities were the Sons of Liberty responsible ?
he Stamp Act Congress he hanging and beheading of a stamp commissioner in he massacre of in Pennsylvania he introduction of the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions 136 Critical Thinking Questions . Which of the following was notone of the goals of the Acts ?
higher taxes greater colonial unity greater British control over the colonies reduced power of the colonial governments . Which event was most responsible for the colonies endorsement of Samuel Adams Massachusetts Circular ?
the Duties the Indemnity Act the Boston Massacre Lord threat to dissolve the colonial assemblies that endorsed the letter . What factors contributed to the Boston Massacre ?
Which of the following is true of the affair ?
Colonists believed that the British response represented an overreach of power . It was the first time colonists attacked a revenue ship . It was the occasion of the first death in the war for independence . The ship owner , John Hancock , was a respectable Boston merchant . 10 . What was the purpose of the Tea Act of 1773 ?
to punish the colonists for their boycotting of British tea to raise revenue to offset the British national debt to help revive the struggling East India Company to pay the salaries of royal appointees 11 . What was the of the Committees of Correspondence ?
12 . Which of the following was decided at the First Continental Congress ?
to declare war on Great Britain to boycott all British goods and prepare for possible military action to offer a conciliatory treaty to Great Britain to pay for the tea that was dumped in Boston Harbor 13 . Which colony provided the basis for the Declarations and Resolves ?
Massachusetts Philadelphia Rhode Island New York Critical Thinking Questions 14 . Was reconciliation between the American colonies and Great Britain possible in 1774 ?
Why or why not ?
15 . Look again at the painting that opened this chapter The Bostonians Paying the , or Tarring and Feathering ( Figure . How does this painting represent the relationship between Great Britain and the American colonies in the years from 1763 to 1774 ?
16 . Why did the colonists react so much more strongly to the Stamp Act than to the Sugar Act ?
How did the principles that the Stamp Act raised continue to provide points of contention between colonists and the British government ?
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17 . 18 . Critical Thinking Questions 137 History is with unintended consequences . How do the British government attempts to control and regulate the colonies during this tumultuous era provide a case in point ?
How did the aims of the British measure up against the results of their actions ?
What evidence indicates that colonists continued to think of themselves as British subjects throughout this era ?
What evidence suggests that colonists were beginning to forge a separate , collective American identity ?
How would you explain this shift ?
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