From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000

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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 PDF
FIGURE 31.1 This striking piece of graf[ti from the Berlin Wall (modi[ed), now housed in the Newseum in
Washington, DC, contains the name of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), a group formed in 1987 in
New York City to combat the spread of AIDS and the perception that AIDS was the product of immoral behavior.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
31.1 The Reagan Revolution
31.2 Political and Cultural Fusions
31.3 A New World Order
31.4 Bill Clinton and the New Economy
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31
From Cold War to Culture Wars,
1980-2000

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Download
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2E
31.1 The Reagan Revolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain Ronald Reagan’s attitude towards government
• Discuss the Reagan administration’s economic policies and their effects on the nation
FIGURE 31.2
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848 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 PDF Download
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FIGURE 31.3 In 1961, when Congress began to explore nationwide health insurance for the elderly under Social
Security, Reagan made a recording for the American Medical Association in which he denounced the idea—which
was later adopted as Medicare—as “socialized medicine.” Such a program, Reagan warned his listeners, was the [rst
step to the nation’s demise as a free society.
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REPUBLICANS BACK IN THE WHITE HOUSE
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7?<67?=6E/7?=6
G2GAG
E
1`G-2#
-.E*;87?>6G
7?:>E/G2G
31.1 • The Reagan Revolution 849

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-1
Q!97E:RE.2GA_
G^;6G666-LE
FIGURE 31.4 Ronald Reagan campaigns for the presidency with his wife Nancy in South Carolina in 1980. Reagan
won in all the Deep South states except Georgia, although he did not come from the South and his opponent Jimmy
Carter did.
REAGANOMICS
-L_
E#G Reaganomics G
AGE$`
'0.G-
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E'LG
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CE$GMAN
E-
`G-
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(G-G-LH
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GE$G-Q!97E;RE
FIGURE 31.5 Ronald Reagan outlines his plan for tax reduction legislation in July 1981. Data suggest that the
supply-side policies of the 1980s actually produced less investment, slightly slower growth, and a greater decline in
850 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-2
wages than the non–supply side policies of the 1990s.
-
E*M/"GNG
GGG
E$G-
MNGG
Q!97E<REE+G
L(7?>7G
GE*%8?G7?>7G -/
G8;E
FIGURE 31.6 President Ronald Reagan signs economic reform legislation at his ranch in California. Note the blue
jeans, denim jacket, and cowboy boots he wears.
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/G --+' QFUUEUU
7;-'R -L-)-E
-GE
GAG
1G_E#
!
Q!RGGGG(G..(
G_G
E$G7?>9G-
^7<;..GE
-`
EE+
 +G
EAG-
G7?>7G__
QLRE#
+/_*Q+/*R
GGE/
7?>6E
-L`
31.1 • The Reagan Revolution 851

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-3
G_E$`G
!-E$`G
E$-L__G
76G"E#_
G
E 7?>9
:E;E-L
_G;E9G^9E
^9E<7<8G666
^866G666GL7?>6G
E
/-GGG
AE2GE/
7?=6G
)
7?>:M 4EN
4GMQRGQRQRGN
GG`GGG
L7?<67?=6E0GG
GGE
GE$GG
%-GMNE
CLICK AND EXPLORE
-  QFUUEUU7;4R 
7?>6E
31.2 Political and Cultural Fusions
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Discuss the culture wars and political conflicts of the Reagan era
• Describe the Religious Right’s response to the issues of the Reagan era
--L7?>6
E(
_E
E-GGMNG

L)'7?<6E
GG
E
CREATING CONSERVATIVE POLICY
--L
E#
E(--
QR_
E/ Heritage FoundationGG
E
'7?=9^8;6G666%QR
852 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-4
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--_7?>6E%G
('
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2#E
CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIANS AND FAMILY VALUES
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0.Q!97E=RE
.E
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/=66
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/+/'
Q+'R

G
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G
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E
FIGURE 31.7 This fundraising card was used by Anita Bryant, singer and beauty pageant winner, to gather support
for Save Our Children Inc., a political coalition she formed in the late 1970s to overturn a Florida ordinance banning
discrimination based on sexual orientation. Many of the group’s strategies were soon embraced by the Moral
Majority.
G-
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-Q -R_GE2
-7?=<GG
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#G7?>6GG-L2
#E
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31.2 • Political and Cultural Fusions 853

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-5
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E
Phyllis Schlafly and the STOP ERA Movement
In 1972, after a large number of states jumped to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, most observers believed
its ultimate rati[cation by all the necessary states was all but certain. But, a decade later, the amendment died
without ever getting the necessary votes. There are many reasons it went down in defeat, but a major one was
Phyllis Schlafly.
On the surface, Schlafly’s life might suggest that she would naturally support the ERA. After all, she was a well-
educated, professional woman who sought advancement in her [eld and even aspired to high political of[ce. Yet
she is a fascinating historical character, precisely because her life and goals don’t conform to expected norms.
Schlafly’s attack on the ERA was unique in its method and effectiveness. Rather than attacking the amendment
directly as a gateway to unrestrained and immoral behavior as some had, she couched her opposition in language
that was sensitive to both privilege and class. Her instrument was the STOP ERA movement, with the acronym
STOP, standing for “Stop Taking our Privileges.” Schlafly argued that women enjoyed special privileges such as
gender-speci[c restrooms and exemption from the military draft. These, she claimed, would be lost should the
ERA be rati[ed. But she also claimed to stand up for the dignity of being a homemaker and lambasted the
feminist movement as elitist. In this, she was keenly aware of the power of class interests. Her organization
suggested that privileged women could afford to support the ERA. Working women and poor housewives,
however, would ultimately bear the brunt of the loss of protection it would bring. In the end, her tactics were
successful in achieving exactly what the movement’s name suggested; she stopped the ERA.
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854 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
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FIGURE 31.8 Tipper Gore, wife of then-senator (and later vice president) Al Gore, at the 1985 Senate hearings into
rating labels proposed by the PMRC, of which she was a cofounder.
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E$G--
MNE+-GG
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2GE
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GG
#$1U$.E'&GG7?>9G$.
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2.G0E.E!Q!RG)4. 
E*G
M.[GN
31.2 • Political and Cultural Fusions 855

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-7
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FIGURE 31.9 The pink triangle was originally used in Nazi concentration camps to identify those there for acts of
homosexuality. Reclaimed by gay activists in New York as a symbol of resistance and solidarity during the 1970s, it
was further transformed as a symbol of governmental inaction in the face of the AIDS epidemic during the 1980s.
THE WAR ON DRUGS AND THE ROAD TO MASS INCARCERATION
--_7?>7G0.AE2
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MNMwar on drugsEN
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856 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-8
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FIGURE 31.10 This graph of the number of people in jail, prison, and juvenile detention by decade in the United
States shows the huge increase in incarceration during the war on drugs that began in the 1980s, during the Reagan
administration. (Prisons are long-term state or federal facilities; jails are local, short-term facilities.)
31.3 A New World Order
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe the successes and failures of Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy
• Compare the policies of Ronald Reagan with those of George H. W. Bush
• Explain the causes and results of the Persian Gulf War
• Discuss the events that constituted the end of the Cold War
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SyndromeGG
`0E.EA7?=6E
31.3 • A New World Order 857
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-9
THE MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL AMERICA
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FIGURE 31.11 The suicide bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Beirut (a) on April 18, 1983, marked the [rst of a
number of attacks on U.S. targets in the region. Less than six months later, a truck bomb leveled the U.S. Marine
barracks at the Beirut airport (b), part of a coordinated attack that killed 299 U.S and French members of the
multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon.
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E
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858 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-10
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CLICK AND EXPLORE
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THE COLD WAR WAXES AND WANES
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E.
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_C.0L
7?=?E"
+G.E#
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"E/G
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7??<E$7?>=G
$A-)!Q$)!R/2#Q!97E78RE/
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31.3 • A New World Order 859

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-11
FIGURE 31.12 In the East Room of the White House, President Reagan and Soviet general secretary Mikhail
Gorbachev sign the 1987 INF Treaty, eliminating one category of nuclear weapons.
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AFRICAN AMERICAN VISIBILITY AND LEADERSHIP
27?;:
E 
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E/GE
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2I
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HE
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G
G_G
.'/G
E
860 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

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+0.#Q+0.#RGIG
.E#7?>:
+.I7?=8E
%IAG
7?>>E
%I7?>>IE#
2GE#
G
E2
GG
J-JE#_
G(G
IE
2G'!
+EG!_
_+;6E.
%.8678E
“NO NEW TAXES”
_2#G
((E2"#E
2EG-L-GG
'G
(E(G
-GE/
G-+2#E
-LG_
E-L
_G7?>?-_7?>6E
7?>>-CMF
NC__
E#GG
G-E$
*GG
*-7??6E/
_GM
NE/
31.3 • A New World Order 861
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-13
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MGNE
2GL.0-LE
LE/
.AGG
A E
$)7?>?GC
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2E2G 2`
E( "
E/
 "G+G#GGG-G
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  E
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E$%7??7G".-/G STARTG
8;EG
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E/2E
AMERICAN GLOBAL POWER IN THE WAKE OF THE COLD WAR
/2
+7?>?EG0E.E
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.0G( E$
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E
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AG)/*Q)/*R(
.G.G G$E
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E$&%7;G
E2_G_
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862 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-14
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FIGURE 31.13 George H. W. Bush greets U.S. troops stationed in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day in 1990. The
[rst troops were deployed there in August 1990, as part of Operation Desert Shield, which was intended to build
U.S. military strength in the area in preparation for an eventual military operation.
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GAE#A-
EG
LE/
.GGA
E
31.3 • A New World Order 863

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-15
+L
.E$7??7G%/(G_
.GGE/
G/G
E//GG
E/L_.%G
#G/  *
Q *RG
E/JEJ#
.._AA
E#GGFM$GEN$G
GG
 *;67??8E/`+
7??8E
31.4 Bill Clinton and the New Economy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain political partisanship, antigovernment movements, and economic developments during the Clinton
administration
• Discuss President Clinton’s foreign policy
• Explain how George W. Bush won the election of 2000
7??8G+"#E2ELE#
-G
.#*.E!G
/G) 
$'GA-E
THE ROAD TO THE WHITE HOUSE
/"#E2E2%E
7?:<#GE#
E2G-G
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E*2GGG+%!E
&E"0G
Q!97E7:RE
864 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-16
FIGURE 31.14 During his 1967 campaign for student council president at Georgetown University, Bill Clinton told
those who voted for him that he would invite them to the White House when he became president of the United
States. He kept his promise.
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7?>87??8GE
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:9G 9=6+
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7?78E/E
“IT’S THE ECONOMY, STUPID”
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7??9-E/7E8G
_AG?6E
_)!/Q)!/RG
0.GG(E/
G
7??8E#G
(G__E/
GE
_)!/7??9E/L
G:8;E
31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 865
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-17
LG
GE4G_E
$_^8?6
7??8^8968666E-
AGEG
LQ<=E=RE$`8E9
GA9E?8666E
(7??6
E$7??:G__2#
E7??6G
_E
Hope and Anxiety in the Information Age
While the roots of innovations like personal computers and the Internet go back to the 1960s and massive
Department of Defense spending, it was in the 1980s and 90s that these technologies became part of everyday
life. Like most technology-driven periods of transformation, the information age was greeted with a mixture of
hope and anxiety upon its arrival.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, computer manufacturers like Apple, Commodore, and Tandy began offering
fully assembled personal computers. (Previously, personal computing had been accessible only to those
adventurous enough to buy expensive kits that had to be assembled and programmed.) In short order,
computers became a fairly common sight in businesses and upper-middle-class homes (Figure 31.15). Soon,
computer owners, even young kids, were launching their own electronic bulletin board systems, small-scale
networks that used modems and phone lines, and sharing information in ways not dreamed of just decades
before. Computers, it seemed, held out the promise of a bright, new future for those who knew how to use them.
FIGURE 31.15 This ad for the Apple II appeared in
Byte
magazine in 1977.
Casting shadows over the bright dreams of a better tomorrow were fears that the development of computer
technology would create a dystopian future in which technology became the instrument of society’s undoing.
Film audiences watched a teenaged Matthew Broderick hacking into a government computer and starting a
nuclear war in
War Games
, Angelina Jolie being chased by a computer genius bent on world domination in
AMERICANA
866 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-18
Hackers
, and Sandra Bullock watching helplessly as her life is turned inside out by conspirators who manipulate
her virtual identity in
The Net
. Clearly, the idea of digital network connections as the root of our demise resonated
in this period of rapid technological change.
DOMESTIC ISSUES
$+G

GGEG
*G7<>E
Healthcare Reform
L
E2.L__G
E(
0.GE
G#G4'.G
/!)#-7??9E/7G9:8A#.
Q!97E7<RE
AE 
E'
HE
FIGURE 31.16 C. Everett Koop, who had served as surgeon general under Ronald Reagan and was a strong
advocate of healthcare reform, helped First Lady Hillary Clinton promote the Health Security Act in the fall of 1993.
/7??9H
(#$EG
E7??:
G-_E.
_E(M#N

LE/
E
/-G)"-MNG
31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 867

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-19
-#-G
Contract with AmericaG-E$_
-7??:
E
CLICK AND EXPLORE
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--GE
'GE/
_.7??:E
-+.
_A#)E/-
E*+-2*
-G7??<E/_
E
Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell
)G
G7??8G_A
E#G%7??9G_G
E$G
MLGLEN/
GG
E/_'"/,G
'"/,E

(Q*(R.7??<G
E*(_
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AE2GA
E)G*(E#
AE*GGE#

$.E# -
E#G_
E
.AA-G
!E2
2G7??:1'
GGE/
E+
E/
GG
12E/7??:_
GE
#G_
868 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-20
E
G.-
7??<E2:?9=?G_
!-EL
_ gender gap GE$7??8G
:;LL9>G7??<G;:
L9>E
Domestic Terrorism
/_
7??9G
2G/E/G
GAAE
E_
7?GAGG_
E(E
G
E*/(1G0E.EE(1*
.$GG
_.!E#
GG/)G
E
/G2G(1
+E(!*
Q!97E7=RE(<667<>G
E(1
E#)G(1%77G8667G
E%G.
77G8667E
FIGURE 31.17 The remains of automobiles stand in front of the bombed federal building in Oklahoma City in 1995
(a). More than three hundred nearby buildings were damaged by the blast, an attack perpetrated at least partly to
avenge the Waco siege (b) exactly two years earlier.
31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 869

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-21
CLINTON AND AMERICAN HEGEMONY
!G20E.EE.
GG0..0E
.0G0.G+
( GG
E#A20.
`E/
E
*( E$.7??9G2#G4
-G$G4G+'*G
*GA+$A"
.2Q!97E7>REG
$%E
FIGURE 31.18 Yitzhak Rabin (left) and Yasser Arafat (right), shown with Bill Clinton, signed the Oslo Accords at the
White House on September 13, 1993. Rabin was killed two years later by an Israeli who opposed the treaty.
( GE/
4F.GG#G
.G(G(E G
E$(7?>6G4G%/GE2
GGG
 G4E$7??7GG.G(
E$7??8G#E*.(
.A!-4E
G#4
..#E/
..
(E`G.GM
EN/`MNC(
.E/$/4
_E
)/*7??;G0E.E
.E/GG*E!G0
.G)/*G.A4
&E0)
-G4&%7???E
870 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-22
/E!G7??8G"#E2E
0E.E.G
0)E2.GG
G0)E$7??9G
G(!G(E
/E#G0E.E-
!HA
E/0.G.E
/.L0E.E7??:
-E$G/
G#E-G
7?<8G7??6E/
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>66G666
E
IMPEACHMENT
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E!G
!'_G
2#1!E*
2
7?=67?>6E&.G
G7??:E
2.G
E$(7??:G+%GG_
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%L7??>G
LE/('G2#
E'E/G
GG.
EG
'E
#GG'.
GE#
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31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 871
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-23
FIGURE 31.19 Floor proceedings in the U.S. Senate during the 1998 impeachment trial of Bill Clinton, who was
acquitted of both charges.
THE ELECTION OF 2000
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FIGURE 31.20 The map shows the results of the 2000 U.S. presidential election. While Bush won in the majority of
states, Gore dominated in the more populous ones, winning the popular vote overall.
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872 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-24
G"E!LG
&#GG
E2G!.G#
E2
GE"!.
#_E*)8<G
#!E"E
2!.G-0E.E
.G;B:E!LG
8=7 "L8<<GA0.E
31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 873
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-25
Key Terms
Contract with America _-
7??:
gender gap G

Green Party 7?>:
Heritage Foundation 

HIV/AIDS _7?>7G_

New Right G
G7?<67?=6
Operation Desert Storm 0E.E%7??7G
$$L&7??6
Reaganomics --LG

START 0..0
GG
Vietnam Syndrome 0E.E

war on drugs G

Summary
31.1 The Reagan Revolution
G--
2#E-L
E$
M-GN
LE_G
GE2-
`GG_
GE$G-L
L`CM4N7?>6CE
31.2 Political and Cultural Fusions
/7?>67??6E
E
`G- -G
E#$1U$.G`
GGG
GE$G_
#$1U$.E(GAA
A
E+H#
E
874 31 • Key Terms
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-26
31.3 A New World Order
2--`LG
2E 
0.M1.GNA
E/-L
$GG_E2
2G( G
"#E2E$&E
GA`
E
31.4 Bill Clinton and the New Economy
L+`A
--E-_
E+
A--EM)
GN_-
GCG
GGE)G
L-+
"8666E
Review Questions
1E -G--DDDDDDDDE
E 
E .
E 
E ##-
2E /_
DDDDDDDDE
E 
E 
E &
E A
3E 2--LP
4E 2-LP
E 
E `
E 
E 
5E 2+.`./*+ -_
-P
E  -
E  -_
E 
E  -A_
31 • Review Questions 875

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-27
6E 2((P
7E /-_.
)DDDDDDDDE
E A.
E .+
E 
E -!
8E /$+"2DDDDDDDDE
E %
E &
E .
E $
9E 2$AP
10E G0.G(
_DDDDDDDDE
E )!/
E )/*
E *.
E +
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Critical Thinking Questions
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876 31 • Critical Thinking Questions
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 PDF
FIGURE 31.1 This striking piece of graf[ti from the Berlin Wall (modi[ed), now housed in the Newseum in
Washington, DC, contains the name of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), a group formed in 1987 in
New York City to combat the spread of AIDS and the perception that AIDS was the product of immoral behavior.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
31.1 The Reagan Revolution
31.2 Political and Cultural Fusions
31.3 A New World Order
31.4 Bill Clinton and the New Economy
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31
From Cold War to Culture Wars,
1980-2000

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Download
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2E
31.1 The Reagan Revolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain Ronald Reagan’s attitude towards government
• Discuss the Reagan administration’s economic policies and their effects on the nation
FIGURE 31.2
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REAGAN’S EARLY CAREER

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848 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 PDF Download
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FIGURE 31.3 In 1961, when Congress began to explore nationwide health insurance for the elderly under Social
Security, Reagan made a recording for the American Medical Association in which he denounced the idea—which
was later adopted as Medicare—as “socialized medicine.” Such a program, Reagan warned his listeners, was the [rst
step to the nation’s demise as a free society.
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REPUBLICANS BACK IN THE WHITE HOUSE
-7?<>7?=<G-7?>6E#
"!
%7?=6 New RightE/
_
7?<67?=6E(G%!L((G
GGE-
GG
+E(AA
G_G
7?<67?=6E/7?=6
G2GAG
E
1`G-2#
-.E*;87?>6G
7?:>E/G2G
31.1 • The Reagan Revolution 849

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-1
Q!97E:RE.2GA_
G^;6G666-LE
FIGURE 31.4 Ronald Reagan campaigns for the presidency with his wife Nancy in South Carolina in 1980. Reagan
won in all the Deep South states except Georgia, although he did not come from the South and his opponent Jimmy
Carter did.
REAGANOMICS
-L_
E#G Reaganomics G
AGE$`
'0.G-
GGG
E'LG
E 
CE$GMAN
E-
`G-
E
(G-G-LH
G"#E2EGMN
-E2-96
__GE*_
GE$G-Q!97E;RE
FIGURE 31.5 Ronald Reagan outlines his plan for tax reduction legislation in July 1981. Data suggest that the
supply-side policies of the 1980s actually produced less investment, slightly slower growth, and a greater decline in
850 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-2
wages than the non–supply side policies of the 1990s.
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E*M/"GNG
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E$G-
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L(7?>7G
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G8;E
FIGURE 31.6 President Ronald Reagan signs economic reform legislation at his ranch in California. Note the blue
jeans, denim jacket, and cowboy boots he wears.
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^7<;..GE
-`
EE+
 +G
EAG-
G7?>7G__
QLRE#
+/_*Q+/*R
GGE/
7?>6E
-L`
31.1 • The Reagan Revolution 851

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-3
G_E$`G
!-E$`G
E$-L__G
76G"E#_
G
E 7?>9
:E;E-L
_G;E9G^9E
^9E<7<8G666
^866G666GL7?>6G
E
/-GGG
AE2GE/
7?=6G
)
7?>:M 4EN
4GMQRGQRQRGN
GG`GGG
L7?<67?=6E0GG
GGE
GE$GG
%-GMNE
CLICK AND EXPLORE
-  QFUUEUU7;4R 
7?>6E
31.2 Political and Cultural Fusions
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Discuss the culture wars and political conflicts of the Reagan era
• Describe the Religious Right’s response to the issues of the Reagan era
--L7?>6
E(
_E
E-GGMNG

L)'7?<6E
GG
E
CREATING CONSERVATIVE POLICY
--L
E#
E(--
QR_
E/ Heritage FoundationGG
E
'7?=9^8;6G666%QR
852 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-4
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--_7?>6E%G
('
_
E/-
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CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIANS AND FAMILY VALUES
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0.Q!97E=RE
.E
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/=66
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Q+'R
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G
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E
FIGURE 31.7 This fundraising card was used by Anita Bryant, singer and beauty pageant winner, to gather support
for Save Our Children Inc., a political coalition she formed in the late 1970s to overturn a Florida ordinance banning
discrimination based on sexual orientation. Many of the group’s strategies were soon embraced by the Moral
Majority.
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#E
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31.2 • Political and Cultural Fusions 853

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E
Phyllis Schlafly and the STOP ERA Movement
In 1972, after a large number of states jumped to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, most observers believed
its ultimate rati[cation by all the necessary states was all but certain. But, a decade later, the amendment died
without ever getting the necessary votes. There are many reasons it went down in defeat, but a major one was
Phyllis Schlafly.
On the surface, Schlafly’s life might suggest that she would naturally support the ERA. After all, she was a well-
educated, professional woman who sought advancement in her [eld and even aspired to high political of[ce. Yet
she is a fascinating historical character, precisely because her life and goals don’t conform to expected norms.
Schlafly’s attack on the ERA was unique in its method and effectiveness. Rather than attacking the amendment
directly as a gateway to unrestrained and immoral behavior as some had, she couched her opposition in language
that was sensitive to both privilege and class. Her instrument was the STOP ERA movement, with the acronym
STOP, standing for “Stop Taking our Privileges.” Schlafly argued that women enjoyed special privileges such as
gender-speci[c restrooms and exemption from the military draft. These, she claimed, would be lost should the
ERA be rati[ed. But she also claimed to stand up for the dignity of being a homemaker and lambasted the
feminist movement as elitist. In this, she was keenly aware of the power of class interests. Her organization
suggested that privileged women could afford to support the ERA. Working women and poor housewives,
however, would ultimately bear the brunt of the loss of protection it would bring. In the end, her tactics were
successful in achieving exactly what the movement’s name suggested; she stopped the ERA.
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854 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
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FIGURE 31.8 Tipper Gore, wife of then-senator (and later vice president) Al Gore, at the 1985 Senate hearings into
rating labels proposed by the PMRC, of which she was a cofounder.
CLICK AND EXPLORE
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31.2 • Political and Cultural Fusions 855

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-7
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FIGURE 31.9 The pink triangle was originally used in Nazi concentration camps to identify those there for acts of
homosexuality. Reclaimed by gay activists in New York as a symbol of resistance and solidarity during the 1970s, it
was further transformed as a symbol of governmental inaction in the face of the AIDS epidemic during the 1980s.
THE WAR ON DRUGS AND THE ROAD TO MASS INCARCERATION
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856 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-8
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FIGURE 31.10 This graph of the number of people in jail, prison, and juvenile detention by decade in the United
States shows the huge increase in incarceration during the war on drugs that began in the 1980s, during the Reagan
administration. (Prisons are long-term state or federal facilities; jails are local, short-term facilities.)
31.3 A New World Order
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe the successes and failures of Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy
• Compare the policies of Ronald Reagan with those of George H. W. Bush
• Explain the causes and results of the Persian Gulf War
• Discuss the events that constituted the end of the Cold War
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SyndromeGG
`0E.EA7?=6E
31.3 • A New World Order 857
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-9
THE MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL AMERICA
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FIGURE 31.11 The suicide bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Beirut (a) on April 18, 1983, marked the [rst of a
number of attacks on U.S. targets in the region. Less than six months later, a truck bomb leveled the U.S. Marine
barracks at the Beirut airport (b), part of a coordinated attack that killed 299 U.S and French members of the
multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon.
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858 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-10
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THE COLD WAR WAXES AND WANES
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_E
7?>:G-.E("
"..+E
-."
E/.
GC$
_C.0L
7?=?E"
+G.E#
GC
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"E/G
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7??<E$7?>=G
$A-)!Q$)!R/2#Q!97E78RE/
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31.3 • A New World Order 859

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-11
FIGURE 31.12 In the East Room of the White House, President Reagan and Soviet general secretary Mikhail
Gorbachev sign the 1987 INF Treaty, eliminating one category of nuclear weapons.
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4+-  QFUUEUU
7;2R 7?>=E."2G"
."MEN
AFRICAN AMERICAN VISIBILITY AND LEADERSHIP
27?;:
E 
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7?<:-E*

E/GE
/7?=6G-G9>
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G8>E#G
G_EG
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_E
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2I
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EG
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HE
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G
G_G
.'/G
E
860 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

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2E
`E/
%%G_E
+0.#Q+0.#RGIG
.E#7?>:
+.I7?=8E
%IAG
7?>>E
%I7?>>IE#
2GE#
G
E2
GG
J-JE#_
G(G
IE
2G'!
+EG!_
_+;6E.
%.8678E
“NO NEW TAXES”
_2#G
((E2"#E
2EG-L-GG
'G
(E(G
-GE/
G-+2#E
-LG_
E-L
_G7?>?-_7?>6E
7?>>-CMF
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E#GG
G-E$
*GG
*-7??6E/
_GM
NE/
31.3 • A New World Order 861
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-13
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2GL.0-LE
LE/
.AGG
A E
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2E2G 2`
E( "
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"-
E$%7??7G".-/G STARTG
8;EG
"LG+E
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E/2E
AMERICAN GLOBAL POWER IN THE WAKE OF THE COLD WAR
/2
+7?>?EG0E.E
()G$
+)G0E.E5G
0)E
.0G( E$
A$7?>67?>>G$_
EGG
$LE$LG.#GA
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$E2G$
G#A&7??6E_A
E
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AG)/*Q)/*R(
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862 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-14
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FIGURE 31.13 George H. W. Bush greets U.S. troops stationed in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day in 1990. The
[rst troops were deployed there in August 1990, as part of Operation Desert Shield, which was intended to build
U.S. military strength in the area in preparation for an eventual military operation.
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LGE0
-GE-GGA G
GAE#A-
EG
LE/
.GGA
E
31.3 • A New World Order 863

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-15
+L
.E$7??7G%/(G_
.GGE/
G/G
E//GG
E/L_.%G
#G/  *
Q *RG
E/JEJ#
.._AA
E#GGFM$GEN$G
GG
 *;67??8E/`+
7??8E
31.4 Bill Clinton and the New Economy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain political partisanship, antigovernment movements, and economic developments during the Clinton
administration
• Discuss President Clinton’s foreign policy
• Explain how George W. Bush won the election of 2000
7??8G+"#E2ELE#
-G
.#*.E!G
/G) 
$'GA-E
THE ROAD TO THE WHITE HOUSE
/"#E2E2%E
7?:<#GE#
E2G-G
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E*2GGG+%!E
&E"0G
Q!97E7:RE
864 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-16
FIGURE 31.14 During his 1967 campaign for student council president at Georgetown University, Bill Clinton told
those who voted for him that he would invite them to the White House when he became president of the United
States. He kept his promise.
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E
:9G 9=6+
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7?78E/E
“IT’S THE ECONOMY, STUPID”
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7??9-E/7E8G
_AG?6E
_)!/Q)!/RG
0.GG(E/
G
7??8E#G
(G__E/
GE
_)!/7??9E/L
G:8;E
31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 865
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-17
LG
GE4G_E
$_^8?6
7??8^8968666E-
AGEG
LQ<=E=RE$`8E9
GA9E?8666E
(7??6
E$7??:G__2#
E7??6G
_E
Hope and Anxiety in the Information Age
While the roots of innovations like personal computers and the Internet go back to the 1960s and massive
Department of Defense spending, it was in the 1980s and 90s that these technologies became part of everyday
life. Like most technology-driven periods of transformation, the information age was greeted with a mixture of
hope and anxiety upon its arrival.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, computer manufacturers like Apple, Commodore, and Tandy began offering
fully assembled personal computers. (Previously, personal computing had been accessible only to those
adventurous enough to buy expensive kits that had to be assembled and programmed.) In short order,
computers became a fairly common sight in businesses and upper-middle-class homes (Figure 31.15). Soon,
computer owners, even young kids, were launching their own electronic bulletin board systems, small-scale
networks that used modems and phone lines, and sharing information in ways not dreamed of just decades
before. Computers, it seemed, held out the promise of a bright, new future for those who knew how to use them.
FIGURE 31.15 This ad for the Apple II appeared in
Byte
magazine in 1977.
Casting shadows over the bright dreams of a better tomorrow were fears that the development of computer
technology would create a dystopian future in which technology became the instrument of society’s undoing.
Film audiences watched a teenaged Matthew Broderick hacking into a government computer and starting a
nuclear war in
War Games
, Angelina Jolie being chased by a computer genius bent on world domination in
AMERICANA
866 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-18
Hackers
, and Sandra Bullock watching helplessly as her life is turned inside out by conspirators who manipulate
her virtual identity in
The Net
. Clearly, the idea of digital network connections as the root of our demise resonated
in this period of rapid technological change.
DOMESTIC ISSUES
$+G

GGEG
*G7<>E
Healthcare Reform
L
E2.L__G
E(
0.GE
G#G4'.G
/!)#-7??9E/7G9:8A#.
Q!97E7<RE
AE 
E'
HE
FIGURE 31.16 C. Everett Koop, who had served as surgeon general under Ronald Reagan and was a strong
advocate of healthcare reform, helped First Lady Hillary Clinton promote the Health Security Act in the fall of 1993.
/7??9H
(#$EG
E7??:
G-_E.
_E(M#N

LE/
E
/-G)"-MNG
31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 867

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-19
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E
CLICK AND EXPLORE
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'GE/
_.7??:E
-+.
_A#)E/-
E*+-2*
-G7??<E/_
E
Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell
)G
G7??8G_A
E#G%7??9G_G
E$G
MLGLEN/
GG
E/_'"/,G
'"/,E

(Q*(R.7??<G
E*(_
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AE2GA
E)G*(E#
AE*GGE#

$.E# -
E#G_
E
.AA-G
!E2
2G7??:1'
GGE/
E+
E/
GG
12E/7??:_
GE
#G_
868 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-20
E
G.-
7??<E2:?9=?G_
!-EL
_ gender gap GE$7??8G
:;LL9>G7??<G;:
L9>E
Domestic Terrorism
/_
7??9G
2G/E/G
GAAE
E_
7?GAGG_
E(E
G
E*/(1G0E.EE(1*
.$GG
_.!E#
GG/)G
E
/G2G(1
+E(!*
Q!97E7=RE(<667<>G
E(1
E#)G(1%77G8667G
E%G.
77G8667E
FIGURE 31.17 The remains of automobiles stand in front of the bombed federal building in Oklahoma City in 1995
(a). More than three hundred nearby buildings were damaged by the blast, an attack perpetrated at least partly to
avenge the Waco siege (b) exactly two years earlier.
31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 869

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-21
CLINTON AND AMERICAN HEGEMONY
!G20E.EE.
GG0..0E
.0G0.G+
( GG
E#A20.
`E/
E
*( E$.7??9G2#G4
-G$G4G+'*G
*GA+$A"
.2Q!97E7>REG
$%E
FIGURE 31.18 Yitzhak Rabin (left) and Yasser Arafat (right), shown with Bill Clinton, signed the Oslo Accords at the
White House on September 13, 1993. Rabin was killed two years later by an Israeli who opposed the treaty.
( GE/
4F.GG#G
.G(G(E G
E$(7?>6G4G%/GE2
GGG
 G4E$7??7GG.G(
E$7??8G#E*.(
.A!-4E
G#4
..#E/
..
(E`G.GM
EN/`MNC(
.E/$/4
_E
)/*7??;G0E.E
.E/GG*E!G0
.G)/*G.A4
&E0)
-G4&%7???E
870 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-22
/E!G7??8G"#E2E
0E.E.G
0)E2.GG
G0)E$7??9G
G(!G(E
/E#G0E.E-
!HA
E/0.G.E
/.L0E.E7??:
-E$G/
G#E-G
7?<8G7??6E/
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>66G666
E
IMPEACHMENT
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E!G
!'_G
2#1!E*
2
7?=67?>6E&.G
G7??:E
2.G
E$(7??:G+%GG_
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%L7??>G
LE/('G2#
E'E/G
GG.
EG
'E
#GG'.
GE#
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31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 871
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-23
FIGURE 31.19 Floor proceedings in the U.S. Senate during the 1998 impeachment trial of Bill Clinton, who was
acquitted of both charges.
THE ELECTION OF 2000
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FIGURE 31.20 The map shows the results of the 2000 U.S. presidential election. While Bush won in the majority of
states, Gore dominated in the more populous ones, winning the popular vote overall.
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872 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-24
G"E!LG
&#GG
E2G!.G#
E2
GE"!.
#_E*)8<G
#!E"E
2!.G-0E.E
.G;B:E!LG
8=7 "L8<<GA0.E
31.4 • Bill Clinton and the New Economy 873
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-25
Key Terms
Contract with America _-
7??:
gender gap G

Green Party 7?>:
Heritage Foundation 

HIV/AIDS _7?>7G_

New Right G
G7?<67?=6
Operation Desert Storm 0E.E%7??7G
$$L&7??6
Reaganomics --LG

START 0..0
GG
Vietnam Syndrome 0E.E

war on drugs G

Summary
31.1 The Reagan Revolution
G--
2#E-L
E$
M-GN
LE_G
GE2-
`GG_
GE$G-L
L`CM4N7?>6CE
31.2 Political and Cultural Fusions
/7?>67??6E
E
`G- -G
E#$1U$.G`
GGG
GE$G_
#$1U$.E(GAA
A
E+H#
E
874 31 • Key Terms
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-26
31.3 A New World Order
2--`LG
2E 
0.M1.GNA
E/-L
$GG_E2
2G( G
"#E2E$&E
GA`
E
31.4 Bill Clinton and the New Economy
L+`A
--E-_
E+
A--EM)
GN_-
GCG
GGE)G
L-+
"8666E
Review Questions
1E -G--DDDDDDDDE
E 
E .
E 
E ##-
2E /_
DDDDDDDDE
E 
E 
E &
E A
3E 2--LP
4E 2-LP
E 
E `
E 
E 
5E 2+.`./*+ -_
-P
E  -
E  -_
E 
E  -A_
31 • Review Questions 875

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-27
6E 2((P
7E /-_.
)DDDDDDDDE
E A.
E .+
E 
E -!
8E /$+"2DDDDDDDDE
E %
E &
E .
E $
9E 2$AP
10E G0.G(
_DDDDDDDDE
E )!/
E )/*
E *.
E +
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Critical Thinking Questions
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876 31 • Critical Thinking Questions
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 PDF
FIGURE 31.1 This striking piece of graf[ti from the Berlin Wall (modi[ed), now housed in the Newseum in
Washington, DC, contains the name of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), a group formed in 1987 in
New York City to combat the spread of AIDS and the perception that AIDS was the product of immoral behavior.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
31.1 The Reagan Revolution
31.2 Political and Cultural Fusions
31.3 A New World Order
31.4 Bill Clinton and the New Economy
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31
From Cold War to Culture Wars,
1980-2000

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Download
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2E
31.1 The Reagan Revolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain Ronald Reagan’s attitude towards government
• Discuss the Reagan administration’s economic policies and their effects on the nation
FIGURE 31.2
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REAGAN’S EARLY CAREER

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848 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 PDF Download
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FIGURE 31.3 In 1961, when Congress began to explore nationwide health insurance for the elderly under Social
Security, Reagan made a recording for the American Medical Association in which he denounced the idea—which
was later adopted as Medicare—as “socialized medicine.” Such a program, Reagan warned his listeners, was the [rst
step to the nation’s demise as a free society.
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REPUBLICANS BACK IN THE WHITE HOUSE
-7?<>7?=<G-7?>6E#
"!
%7?=6 New RightE/
_
7?<67?=6E(G%!L((G
GGE-
GG
+E(AA
G_G
7?<67?=6E/7?=6
G2GAG
E
1`G-2#
-.E*;87?>6G
7?:>E/G2G
31.1 • The Reagan Revolution 849

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-1
Q!97E:RE.2GA_
G^;6G666-LE
FIGURE 31.4 Ronald Reagan campaigns for the presidency with his wife Nancy in South Carolina in 1980. Reagan
won in all the Deep South states except Georgia, although he did not come from the South and his opponent Jimmy
Carter did.
REAGANOMICS
-L_
E#G Reaganomics G
AGE$`
'0.G-
GGG
E'LG
E 
CE$GMAN
E-
`G-
E
(G-G-LH
G"#E2EGMN
-E2-96
__GE*_
GE$G-Q!97E;RE
FIGURE 31.5 Ronald Reagan outlines his plan for tax reduction legislation in July 1981. Data suggest that the
supply-side policies of the 1980s actually produced less investment, slightly slower growth, and a greater decline in
850 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-2
wages than the non–supply side policies of the 1990s.
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E*M/"GNG
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E$G-
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L(7?>7G
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G8;E
FIGURE 31.6 President Ronald Reagan signs economic reform legislation at his ranch in California. Note the blue
jeans, denim jacket, and cowboy boots he wears.
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^7<;..GE
-`
EE+
 +G
EAG-
G7?>7G__
QLRE#
+/_*Q+/*R
GGE/
7?>6E
-L`
31.1 • The Reagan Revolution 851

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-3
G_E$`G
!-E$`G
E$-L__G
76G"E#_
G
E 7?>9
:E;E-L
_G;E9G^9E
^9E<7<8G666
^866G666GL7?>6G
E
/-GGG
AE2GE/
7?=6G
)
7?>:M 4EN
4GMQRGQRQRGN
GG`GGG
L7?<67?=6E0GG
GGE
GE$GG
%-GMNE
CLICK AND EXPLORE
-  QFUUEUU7;4R 
7?>6E
31.2 Political and Cultural Fusions
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Discuss the culture wars and political conflicts of the Reagan era
• Describe the Religious Right’s response to the issues of the Reagan era
--L7?>6
E(
_E
E-GGMNG

L)'7?<6E
GG
E
CREATING CONSERVATIVE POLICY
--L
E#
E(--
QR_
E/ Heritage FoundationGG
E
'7?=9^8;6G666%QR
852 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-4
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--_7?>6E%G
('
_
E/-
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CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIANS AND FAMILY VALUES
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0.Q!97E=RE
.E
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/=66
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Q+'R
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G
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E
FIGURE 31.7 This fundraising card was used by Anita Bryant, singer and beauty pageant winner, to gather support
for Save Our Children Inc., a political coalition she formed in the late 1970s to overturn a Florida ordinance banning
discrimination based on sexual orientation. Many of the group’s strategies were soon embraced by the Moral
Majority.
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#E
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31.2 • Political and Cultural Fusions 853

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E
Phyllis Schlafly and the STOP ERA Movement
In 1972, after a large number of states jumped to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, most observers believed
its ultimate rati[cation by all the necessary states was all but certain. But, a decade later, the amendment died
without ever getting the necessary votes. There are many reasons it went down in defeat, but a major one was
Phyllis Schlafly.
On the surface, Schlafly’s life might suggest that she would naturally support the ERA. After all, she was a well-
educated, professional woman who sought advancement in her [eld and even aspired to high political of[ce. Yet
she is a fascinating historical character, precisely because her life and goals don’t conform to expected norms.
Schlafly’s attack on the ERA was unique in its method and effectiveness. Rather than attacking the amendment
directly as a gateway to unrestrained and immoral behavior as some had, she couched her opposition in language
that was sensitive to both privilege and class. Her instrument was the STOP ERA movement, with the acronym
STOP, standing for “Stop Taking our Privileges.” Schlafly argued that women enjoyed special privileges such as
gender-speci[c restrooms and exemption from the military draft. These, she claimed, would be lost should the
ERA be rati[ed. But she also claimed to stand up for the dignity of being a homemaker and lambasted the
feminist movement as elitist. In this, she was keenly aware of the power of class interests. Her organization
suggested that privileged women could afford to support the ERA. Working women and poor housewives,
however, would ultimately bear the brunt of the loss of protection it would bring. In the end, her tactics were
successful in achieving exactly what the movement’s name suggested; she stopped the ERA.
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854 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
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FIGURE 31.8 Tipper Gore, wife of then-senator (and later vice president) Al Gore, at the 1985 Senate hearings into
rating labels proposed by the PMRC, of which she was a cofounder.
CLICK AND EXPLORE
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31.2 • Political and Cultural Fusions 855

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-7
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FIGURE 31.9 The pink triangle was originally used in Nazi concentration camps to identify those there for acts of
homosexuality. Reclaimed by gay activists in New York as a symbol of resistance and solidarity during the 1970s, it
was further transformed as a symbol of governmental inaction in the face of the AIDS epidemic during the 1980s.
THE WAR ON DRUGS AND THE ROAD TO MASS INCARCERATION
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856 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-8
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FIGURE 31.10 This graph of the number of people in jail, prison, and juvenile detention by decade in the United
States shows the huge increase in incarceration during the war on drugs that began in the 1980s, during the Reagan
administration. (Prisons are long-term state or federal facilities; jails are local, short-term facilities.)
31.3 A New World Order
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe the successes and failures of Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy
• Compare the policies of Ronald Reagan with those of George H. W. Bush
• Explain the causes and results of the Persian Gulf War
• Discuss the events that constituted the end of the Cold War
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SyndromeGG
`0E.EA7?=6E
31.3 • A New World Order 857
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-9
THE MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL AMERICA
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FIGURE 31.11 The suicide bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Beirut (a) on April 18, 1983, marked the [rst of a
number of attacks on U.S. targets in the region. Less than six months later, a truck bomb leveled the U.S. Marine
barracks at the Beirut airport (b), part of a coordinated attack that killed 299 U.S and French members of the
multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon.
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858 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
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From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-10
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THE COLD WAR WAXES AND WANES
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_E
7?>:G-.E("
"..+E
-."
E/.
GC$
_C.0L
7?=?E"
+G.E#
GC
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"E/G
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7??<E$7?>=G
$A-)!Q$)!R/2#Q!97E78RE/
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31.3 • A New World Order 859

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-11
FIGURE 31.12 In the East Room of the White House, President Reagan and Soviet general secretary Mikhail
Gorbachev sign the 1987 INF Treaty, eliminating one category of nuclear weapons.
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4+-  QFUUEUU
7;2R 7?>=E."2G"
."MEN
AFRICAN AMERICAN VISIBILITY AND LEADERSHIP
27?;:
E 
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7?<:-E*

E/GE
/7?=6G-G9>
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G8>E#G
G_EG
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_E
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2I
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EG
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HE
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G
G_G
.'/G
E
860 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.

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2E
`E/
%%G_E
+0.#Q+0.#RGIG
.E#7?>:
+.I7?=8E
%IAG
7?>>E
%I7?>>IE#
2GE#
G
E2
GG
J-JE#_
G(G
IE
2G'!
+EG!_
_+;6E.
%.8678E
“NO NEW TAXES”
_2#G
((E2"#E
2EG-L-GG
'G
(E(G
-GE/
G-+2#E
-LG_
E-L
_G7?>?-_7?>6E
7?>>-CMF
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E#GG
G-E$
*GG
*-7??6E/
_GM
NE/
31.3 • A New World Order 861
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-13
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2GL.0-LE
LE/
.AGG
A E
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2E2G 2`
E( "
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"-
E$%7??7G".-/G STARTG
8;EG
"LG+E
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E/2E
AMERICAN GLOBAL POWER IN THE WAKE OF THE COLD WAR
/2
+7?>?EG0E.E
()G$
+)G0E.E5G
0)E
.0G( E$
A$7?>67?>>G$_
EGG
$LE$LG.#GA
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$E2G$
G#A&7??6E_A
E
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AG)/*Q)/*R(
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862 31 • From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000
Access for free at openstax.org.
From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-14
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FIGURE 31.13 George H. W. Bush greets U.S. troops stationed in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day in 1990. The
[rst troops were deployed there in August 1990, as part of Operation Desert Shield, which was intended to build
U.S. military strength in the area in preparation for an eventual military operation.
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GAE#A-
EG
LE/
.GGA
E
31.3 • A New World Order 863

From_Cold_War_to_Culture_Wars_1980-2000 Image-15
+L
.E$7??7G%/(G_
.GGE/
G/G
E//GG
E/L_.%G
#G/  *
Q *RG
E/J