Contesting Futures_ America in the 1960s

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FIGURE 29.1 In Aaron Shikler’s of[cial portrait of
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
(1970), the president stands with arms
folded, apparently deep in thought. The portrait was painted seven years after Kennedy’s death, at the request of his
widow, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. It depicts the president with his head down, because Shikler did not wish to
paint the dead man’s eyes.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
29.1 The Kennedy Promise
29.2 Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
29.3 The Civil Rights Movement Marches On
29.4 Challenging the Status Quo
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29
Contesting Futures: America in the
1960s

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Download
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29.1 The Kennedy Promise
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Assess Kennedy’s Cold War strategy
• Describe Kennedy’s contribution to the civil rights movement
FIGURE 29.2
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784 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s PDF Download
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FIGURE 29.3 John F. Kennedy and [rst lady Jacqueline, shown here in the White House in 1962 (a) and watching
the America’s Cup race that same year (b), brought youth, glamour, and optimism to Washington, DC, and the nation.
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_.0E#
E-
E-()G!(G
E&-G
E
&LGG
29.1 • The Kennedy Promise 785

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-1
GEG
E#E
0_GG
E$*7?<9G(-!
(#E
KENNEDY THE COLD WARRIOR
&G
GGE&G
MGN2
E!G.
4"_G&
Q!8?E:RG_
7?<?E/GLA
G_AE$
GG
/!C.C
EGG
A
E
FIGURE 29.4 On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the [rst American to travel into space, as millions across the
country watched the television coverage of his Mercury-Redstone mission, including Vice President Johnson,
President Kennedy, and Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House. (credit: National Archives and Records
Administration)
/.`G&E*
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786 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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LE/0.
E
&LG7=G7?<7G
E#G&
.GE#
GE/A
E/E
/++&E/
_0.E/G.
00E.EE/G
*7:G0E.E_A
E/0..Q!8?E;RE
FIGURE 29.5 This low-level U.S. Navy photograph of San Cristobal, Cuba, clearly shows one of the sites built to
launch intermediate-range missiles at the United States (a). As the date indicates, it was taken on the last day of the
Cuban Missile Crisis. Following the crisis, Kennedy met with the reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban missions
(b). credit a: modi[cation of work by National Archives and Records Administration; credit b: modi[cation of work by
Central Intelligence Agency)
29.1 • The Kennedy Promise 787

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-3
**88G&.)&E#
 naval quarantine .E
MNMGNG
.0LE0E.EG
G&2
#.E
/.E-0.G&
GE
G-&.
LE*
*8<G&-&L
E**8=G&LGE)G
G&L0E.E/G
.E
/0..0L
EA
G_E$G
EMNG
2(G7?<9G&&'/
/G LE
Vietnam
0.E$
$GG1L1(
#(GE+#.E/!L
.2 .
0E$7?;6G/1
_!1(E
$7?;:G1_!G
E#(1()E$.G1
!GG!AGA)
E"G`
7?;<G_E
.7?;;G-1E#
7?;<.#(E
-_#(LG
)1.
.1_E7?<6G)1)'!Q)'!R
.E/0.G
#(GGGA2
.1E#GLG
GGG.)'!)
1E
2&_GLE 
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8?E<RE)7?<9G0E.E1G
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788 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-4
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FIGURE 29.6 Following the French retreat from Indochina, the United States stepped in to prevent what it believed
was a building Communist threat in the region. Under President Kennedy’s leadership, the United States sent
thousands of military advisors to Vietnam. (credit: Abbie Rowe)
TENTATIVE STEPS TOWARD CIVIL RIGHTS
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E$_.7?<8E
&E!G
%(G&LG
0(7?<8GQ!8?E=RE/
0E.E)"*G(G0E.E(
-GGE
29.1 • The Kennedy Promise 789
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-5
FIGURE 29.7 Escorted by a U.S. marshal and the assistant attorney general for civil rights, James Meredith (center)
enters the University of Mississippi over the riotous protests of White southerners. Meredith later attempted a
“March against Fear” in 1966 to protest the inability of southern African Americans to vote. His walk ended when a
passing motorist shot and wounded him. (credit: Library of Congress)
!0G1(
%#G7?<9G&
GG
E&H
'%L7?<:-E
TRAGEDY IN DALLAS

(G&
.E*)87G7?<9G
'%/E/G&L
E.G&+#
E
/_&/.
HG'#*GG
Q!8?E>RE/GG
*%-G
E
FIGURE 29.8 Lee Harvey Oswald (center) was arrested at the Texas Theatre in Dallas a few hours after shooting
President Kennedy.
790 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-6
G&G
G*L&LG
E/
G'%G&LGA_ 2G
0E.E.GE/2
'#*E/
LGE)
GG*
&*AE
29.2 Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe the major accomplishments of Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
• Identify the legal advances made in the area of civil rights
• Explain how Lyndon Johnson deepened the American commitment in Vietnam
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%!E&
E%
 Great Society 
0.GMNE
THE GREAT SOCIETY
$(7?<:G0(G'%
".Q!8?E?RE2 A)
%GE
G%
E
FIGURE 29.9 In a speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on May 22, 1964 (a), President Johnson
announced some of his goals for the Great Society. These included rebuilding cities, preserving the natural
environment, and improving education. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in his
hometown of Johnson City, Texas, alongside his childhood schoolteacher, Kate Deadrich Loney (b). (credit a:
modi[cation of work by Cecil Stoughton)
*7?<; .
29.2 • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 791
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-7
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AE/G%
GG
GE_%L
0.E+`&LG%
) ) 
#GE/+7?<=
GAA_+G+
.Q+.R)+-Q)+-R7?=6E
$7?<;G%$)G
7?86
  E/
0.
E_
%G
'
E
2".G%L
0.E/ war on povertyGGE
/7?<;#0
E/(
E
/ *Q *R7?<:
_E/*_ *Q* *RG_+&LA
A..G%)4G
E1.
G
+E/+G* *G
G
E/#.GA
G* *#G
G27?<?E
/ *A
Q!8?E76RE *
E*G0.G
$E* *L--.
)-G)G
E
792 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-8
FIGURE 29.10 President Johnson visits a poor family in Appalachia in 1964. Government initiatives designed to
combat poverty helped rural communities like this one by providing low-interest loans and housing. (credit: Cecil
Stoughton)
/%GL
G..7?<;E/
(GA_E
(GG
_GE/
A
__E/G(
E
JOHNSON’S COMMITMENT TO CIVIL RIGHTS
/".LE
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GE-G%AG&
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#-._E%G
G`
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GG
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29.2 • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 793
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-9
FIGURE 29.11 African American marchers in Selma, Alabama, were attacked by state police of[cers in 1965, and
the resulting “Bloody Sunday” helped create support for the civil rights movement among northern White people.
(credit: Library of Congress)
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FIGURE 29.12 The Voting Rights Act (a) was signed into law on August 6, 1965, in the presence of major [gures of
the civil rights movement, including Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. (b).
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GG.-()0E.E_
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$7?<;GA0E.E)1E/G
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E!.L-1Q-1)RG
"220._E
7?<<G-1)E%GG
0.G)7?<=G2
E
CLICK AND EXPLORE
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E
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E
29.2 • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 795

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-11
FIGURE 29.13 During the 1968 Tet Offensive, North Vietnamese and South Communist rebel armies known as Viet
Cong attacked South Vietnamese and U.S. targets throughout Vietnam (a), with Saigon as the focus (b). Tet, the
lunar New Year, was an important holiday in Vietnam and temporary cease[res usually took place at this time.
(credit a: modi[cation of work by Central Intelligence Agency)
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GE/*
%L
E$(7?<>G:66G6660E.E1G%
)E
$%GE(
E( 
(G1G
)#%G
E(L)#-&
E%G1
G7?<>E
THE END OF THE GREAT SOCIETY
+L1".EG
G%
E%".
E#1GG
0.
E
1".EG
G%LG
E/
_1E)AG
796 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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GG_
2A
EGA2E
".%
G_LE%LG
E2
2G
E/((.._
G
EG
G%E
GG
MN
CE/
%0._
QRE
29.3 The Civil Rights Movement Marches On
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the strategies of the African American civil rights movement in the 1960s
• Discuss the rise and philosophy of Black Power
• Identify achievements of the Mexican American civil rights movement in the 1960s
7?<6GG
2G
E#G0
.E$G
E
G
7?<6E(`
E
CHANGE FROM THE BOTTOM UP
!
E 
(G
.E$G
"G)G)+`2
_E/G
2GM
NE('&%EL
"7?;>GG
E
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29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 797
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-13
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FIGURE 29.14 Businesses such as this one were among those that became targets of activists protesting
segregation. Segregated businesses could be found throughout the United States; this one was located in Ohio.
(credit: Library of Congress)
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%E2
GAGG
E/ Freedom Riders _-#G
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(G
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798 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-14
FIGURE 29.15 Civil rights activists Bayard Rustin, Andrew Young, Rep. William Fitts Ryan, James Farmer, and John
Lewis (l to r) in a newspaper photograph from 1965.
FREE BY ’63 (OR ’64 OR ’65)
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29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 799
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-15
FIGURE 29.16 During the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (a), a huge crowd gathered on the National
Mall (b) to hear the speakers. Although thousands attended, many of the march’s organizers had hoped that enough
people would come to Washington to shut down the city.
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Letter from a Birmingham Jail
By 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. had become one of the most prominent leaders of the civil rights movement, and
he continued to espouse nonviolent civil disobedience as a way of registering African American resistance
against unfair, discriminatory, and racist laws and behaviors. While the campaign in Birmingham began with an
African American boycott of White businesses to end discrimination in employment practices and public
segregation, it became a [ght over free speech when King was arrested for violating a local injunction against
demonstrations. King wrote his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” in response to an op-ed by eight White Alabama
clergymen who complained about the SCLC’s [ery tactics and argued that social change needed to be pursued
gradually. The letter criticizes those who did not support the cause of civil rights:
“In spite of my shattered dreams of the past, I came to Birmingham with the hope that the white religious
leadership in the community would see the justice of our cause and, with deep moral concern, serve as the
channel through which our just grievances could get to the power structure. I had hoped that each of you would
understand. But again I have been disappointed. I have heard numerous religious leaders of the South call upon
their worshippers to comply with a desegregation decision because it is the law, but I have longed to hear White
ministers say follow this decree because integration is morally right and the Negro is your brother. In the midst of
blatant injustices inflicted upon the Negro, I have watched white churches stand on the sideline and merely
mouth pious irrelevancies and sanctimonious trivialities. In the midst of a mighty struggle to rid our nation of
racial and economic injustice, I have heard so many ministers say, “Those are social issues with which the
DEFINING AMERICAN
800 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-16
Gospel has no real concern,” and I have watched so many churches commit themselves to a completely other-
worldly religion which made a strange distinction between body and soul, the sacred and the secular.”
Since its publication, the “Letter” has become one of the most cogent, impassioned, and succinct statements of
the aspirations of the civil rights movement and the frustration over the glacial pace of progress in achieving
justice and equality for all Americans.
What civil rights tactics raised the objections of the White clergymen King addressed in his letter? Why?
.
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G_E
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('&G%E(G/G7?<>E&
E$GH
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E*:G&
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H
E
FIGURE 29.17 Many businesses, such as those in this neighborhood at the intersection of 7th and N Streets in NW,
Washington, DC, were destroyed in riots that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
BLACK FRUSTRATION, BLACK POWER
/('&%EL
29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 801

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-17
0.A7?<6E7?<:7?<>G98?
8;=E$7?<:G#
E$7?<;G_2G
'E/GG
GAG'
)"E(7?<<7?<=E
!E".G
GG
G)2G
E$G
G
_EG
E
CLICK AND EXPLORE
2M/+'EEN 7?<;2- QFUUEUU7;2-R 
E
2
 Black PowerE+E*
.G.)G
&/E!G+
2AG7?86
("E'"G Black separatismG
2E$
G.)L2E#.)7?<=
+QRE
'G)$G7?96G
E$7?<6G(3G('Q!8?E7>RE/
)$2
2E$G7?<9G(3G
)$G (G2
MNE-G
E
802 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-18
FIGURE 29.18 Stokely Carmichael (a), one of the most famous and outspoken advocates of Black Power, is
surrounded by members of the media after speaking at Michigan State University in 1967. Malcolm X (b) was raised
in a family influenced by Marcus Garvey and persecuted for its outspoken support of civil rights. While serving a stint
in prison for armed robbery, he was introduced to and committed himself to the Nation of Islam. (credit b:
modi[cation of work by Library of Congress)
$7?<:GG(3)$*A
0GGMEN#
A2G_
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.(3)
+E
The New Negro
In a roundtable conversation in October 1961, Malcolm X suggested that a “New Negro” was coming to the fore.
The term and concept of a “New Negro” arose during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and was revived
during the civil rights movements of the 1960s.
““I think there is a new so-called Negro. We don’t recognize the term ‘Negro’ but I really believe that there’s a
new so-called Negro here in America. He not only is impatient. Not only is he dissatis[ed, not only is he
disillusioned, but he’s getting very angry. And whereas the so-called Negro in the past was willing to sit around
and wait for someone else to change his condition or correct his condition, there’s a growing tendency on the part
of a vast number of so-called Negroes today to take action themselves, not to sit and wait for someone else to
correct the situation. This, in my opinion, is primarily what has produced this new Negro. He is not willing to wait.
He thinks that what he wants is right, what he wants is just, and since these things are just and right, it’s wrong to
sit around and wait for someone else to correct a nasty condition when they get ready.””
In what ways were Martin Luther King, Jr. and the members of SNCC “New Negroes?”
0.)$G+
DEFINING AMERICAN
29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 803
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-19
2E/++G7?<<
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G
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/A+`
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+GC7?<?GE
+E/7?<6
+ Black PrideE%.E-M
$N7>;>G7?<6G
AE+
GGA
GGGG2E*

./
G
7?<?GQ!8?E7?RE
FIGURE 29.19 When the Jackson Five appeared on
Soul Train
, each of the [ve brothers sported a large afro, a
symbol of Black Pride in the 1960s and 70s.
/7?<6E0G
AGE*
G
E1I-$E$7?;>G-('
2E1E/G
EG
E0G'
'0EG
Loving v. Virginia

.G7?<=A
7:E/'GA
EG
AE
THE MEXICAN AMERICAN FIGHT FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
/
0.E#G

804 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-20
7?<6E'G(
E$7?:=G
(E2
G0E.E
)#E$7?;:G

E 
G(
#E/
G0E.E.
!0.E
/A_(_
Q!8?E86R#_E$7?<8G
#)!2Q)!2RE$7?<;G!
!'$G
E2)!2G
0!2E2G
G
E$7?<<G.G
E('&G%EGMEN/
7?=6E#G
GE
FIGURE 29.20 Cesar Chavez was influenced by the nonviolent philosophy of Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi. In
1968, he emulated Gandhi by engaging in a hunger strike.
/+( Chicano MovementE+
(G
(GG
(A27>:>E*G-MN
"G%7?<;GGG
(E!'-0G
(E G-'i/
)(HA++L(
27?<=E
29.4 Challenging the Status Quo
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe the goals and activities of SDS, the Free Speech Movement, and the antiwar movement
• Explain the rise, goals, and activities of the women’s movement
7?<6G2
7?;6E#GQ7?:<7?<:R
E/GAG
29.4 • Challenging the Status Quo 805
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-21
A
1G_
E
THE NEW LEFT
7?<6GA0E.EH7?<6G
99E(GG=6
G>9G>6
E AAE7?<6G
^>;G
H7?<?G=?AAG97
E(G
E
(GG`G
M_NE$G
G_G
E/
&LGE/G
MN_E
/)'G7?<6
+E)'LG
G1E
*)'..Q..RE*7?<6G
.._0(GE$
G Port Huron StatementG/#7?<8G_L
_E$
GGA
0.E
CLICK AND EXPLORE
- +#. QFUUEEEEU
UUUUU78>R /#E
..
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806 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-22
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EGE
FIGURE 29.21 Students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison protested the war in Vietnam in 1965. Their actions
were typical of many on college campuses across the country during the 1960s. (credit: “Yarnalgo”/Flickr)
Blue Jeans: The Uniform of Nonconformist Radicalism
Overwhelmingly, young cultural warriors and social activists of the 1960s, trying to escape the shackles of what
they perceived to be limits on their freedoms, adopted blue jeans as the uniform of their generation. Originally
worn by manual laborers because of their near-indestructibility, blue jeans were commonly associated with
cowboys, the quintessential icon of American independence. During the 1930s, jeans were adopted by a broader
customer base as a result of the popularity of cowboy movies and dude ranch vacations. After World War II, Levi
Strauss, their original manufacturer, began to market them east of the Mississippi, and competitors such as
Wrangler and Lee fought for a share of the market. In the 1950s, youths testing the limits of middle-class
conformity adopted them in imitation of movie stars like James Dean. By the 1960s, jeans became even more
closely associated with youthful rebellion against tradition, a symbol available to everyone, rich and poor, Black
and White, men and women.
What other styles and behaviors of the 1960s expressed nonconformity, and how?
WOMEN’S RIGHTS
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AMERICANA
29.4 • Challenging the Status Quo 807

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1G`E/
.)G#(&GL
M*+2.)EN.
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QRE
FIGURE 29.22 Early members of NOW discuss the problems faced by American women. Betty Friedan is second
from the left. (credit: Smithsonian Institution Archives)
808 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .

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".G
IE/G.+A#G
)4I_I
E/
(E
(G
IE
(E

..!G_G
GE
29.4 • Challenging the Status Quo 809
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-25
Key Terms
Black Power 
2
Black Pride 
GG
2
Black separatism 2
GG2
A
counterinsurgency &

Jexible response 
GGG
Great Society '%L0.

naval quarantine &L.(
Port Huron Statement ..
GG
Title VII -7?<:

war on poverty '%L0.
_GG
Summary
29.1 The Kennedy Promise
/&2#GG
_E&MNG
LGL
E!GG&
CG(G1G
.1E/&L
G
G'%G&LE
29.2 Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
'%_L
0.E#
GGG
E#G%L
1GG
".E
29.3 The Civil Rights Movement Marches On
/_7?<6E2
-7?<:G1-7?<;G-7?<>G
*- G.'G.)G
GE
AGGGE
810 29 • Key Terms
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-26
LGGG
".GG
7?<>('&G%E(A7?<6
+G
2E/(G
G_E/(
(LGG
E
29.4 Challenging the Status Quo
7?<6GE$`
G_
E..)*2
G
E(G
_E
Review Questions
1E /&.
DDDDDDDDE
E 
E 
E 
E 
2E &DDDDDDDDE
E 
E 
E  _0.
E 
3E 2&P
4E DDDDDDDD%LE
E (
E ..
E (
E !
5E (1DDDDDDDDE
E &.
E +
E /"
E /*
6E #%P
29 • Review Questions 811

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-27
7E /"G)G7?<6
DDDDDDDDE
E 
E 
E A
E A
8E /(
DDDDDDDDE
E +
E )$
E .)
E *-
9E 2%G7?<;P
E -'/
E #
E '$
E -"
10E #+
('&G%EP
11E 2
12P
E 
E !)+
E ..
E 4+
12E 2

)*2P
E 
E  -
E A
E 
13E $P
Critical Thinking Questions
14E 7?<6E2
P$GP2
P
15E 
L7?<6E2P2
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16E $GCGG
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P
17E 27?<6_P2P
812 29 • Critical Thinking Questions
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18E 0.12E2
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29 • Critical Thinking Questions 813
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814 29 • Critical Thinking Questions
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s PDF
FIGURE 29.1 In Aaron Shikler’s of[cial portrait of
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
(1970), the president stands with arms
folded, apparently deep in thought. The portrait was painted seven years after Kennedy’s death, at the request of his
widow, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. It depicts the president with his head down, because Shikler did not wish to
paint the dead man’s eyes.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
29.1 The Kennedy Promise
29.2 Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
29.3 The Civil Rights Movement Marches On
29.4 Challenging the Status Quo
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EE/
EG
E/
0.`
EGL1
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

E&LG'E%G
)E&L
29
Contesting Futures: America in the
1960s

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Download
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29.1 The Kennedy Promise
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Assess Kennedy’s Cold War strategy
• Describe Kennedy’s contribution to the civil rights movement
FIGURE 29.2
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THE NEW FRONTIER
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_E#%EM%N
_G!2#G
784 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s PDF Download
EM%N&G%!&GL
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FIGURE 29.3 John F. Kennedy and [rst lady Jacqueline, shown here in the White House in 1962 (a) and watching
the America’s Cup race that same year (b), brought youth, glamour, and optimism to Washington, DC, and the nation.
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E
CLICK AND EXPLORE
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&E/
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E$G&
7>>>G)6E67AE
# F969)L87?E&L
_0E.EE
&0.EM
HGNE#
_.0E#
E-
E-()G!(G
E&-G
E
&LGG
29.1 • The Kennedy Promise 785

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-1
GEG
E#E
0_GG
E$*7?<9G(-!
(#E
KENNEDY THE COLD WARRIOR
&G
GGE&G
MGN2
E!G.
4"_G&
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7?<?E/GLA
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FIGURE 29.4 On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the [rst American to travel into space, as millions across the
country watched the television coverage of his Mercury-Redstone mission, including Vice President Johnson,
President Kennedy, and Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House. (credit: National Archives and Records
Administration)
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786 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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!E$%7?;?G
!GE/
GA.
G$Q$R_
E-0E.EG
!GLG$E
+GG$G
LE/0.
E
&LG7=G7?<7G
E#G&
.GE#
GE/A
E/E
/++&E/
_0.E/G.
00E.EE/G
*7:G0E.E_A
E/0..Q!8?E;RE
FIGURE 29.5 This low-level U.S. Navy photograph of San Cristobal, Cuba, clearly shows one of the sites built to
launch intermediate-range missiles at the United States (a). As the date indicates, it was taken on the last day of the
Cuban Missile Crisis. Following the crisis, Kennedy met with the reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban missions
(b). credit a: modi[cation of work by National Archives and Records Administration; credit b: modi[cation of work by
Central Intelligence Agency)
29.1 • The Kennedy Promise 787

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-3
**88G&.)&E#
 naval quarantine .E
MNMGNG
.0LE0E.EG
G&2
#.E
/.E-0.G&
GE
G-&.
LE*
*8<G&-&L
E**8=G&LGE)G
G&L0E.E/G
.E
/0..0L
EA
G_E$G
EMNG
2(G7?<9G&&'/
/G LE
Vietnam
0.E$
$GG1L1(
#(GE+#.E/!L
.2 .
0E$7?;6G/1
_!1(E
$7?;:G1_!G
E#(1()E$.G1
!GG!AGA)
E"G`
7?;<G_E
.7?;;G-1E#
7?;<.#(E
-_#(LG
)1.
.1_E7?<6G)1)'!Q)'!R
.E/0.G
#(GGGA2
.1E#GLG
GGG.)'!)
1E
2&_GLE 
G&Q!
8?E<RE)7?<9G0E.E1G
L`
788 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-4
)1)'!E&LG
).1_0E.E_
E
FIGURE 29.6 Following the French retreat from Indochina, the United States stepped in to prevent what it believed
was a building Communist threat in the region. Under President Kennedy’s leadership, the United States sent
thousands of military advisors to Vietnam. (credit: Abbie Rowe)
TENTATIVE STEPS TOWARD CIVIL RIGHTS
2G0E.E1G&
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7?<6E
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('&G%EGG
E'GG2
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#E&
2
7?<:E
GAG
E L-7?<6G
_G&
G
E*+/L
-G L_E&GG
.#G!G
E$_.7?<8E
&E!G
%(G&LG
0(7?<8GQ!8?E=RE/
0E.E)"*G(G0E.E(
-GGE
29.1 • The Kennedy Promise 789
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-5
FIGURE 29.7 Escorted by a U.S. marshal and the assistant attorney general for civil rights, James Meredith (center)
enters the University of Mississippi over the riotous protests of White southerners. Meredith later attempted a
“March against Fear” in 1966 to protest the inability of southern African Americans to vote. His walk ended when a
passing motorist shot and wounded him. (credit: Library of Congress)
!0G1(
%#G7?<9G&
GG
E&H
'%L7?<:-E
TRAGEDY IN DALLAS

(G&
.E*)87G7?<9G
'%/E/G&L
E.G&+#
E
/_&/.
HG'#*GG
Q!8?E>RE/GG
*%-G
E
FIGURE 29.8 Lee Harvey Oswald (center) was arrested at the Texas Theatre in Dallas a few hours after shooting
President Kennedy.
790 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-6
G&G
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E/
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0E.E.GE/2
'#*E/
LGE)
GG*
&*AE
29.2 Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe the major accomplishments of Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
• Identify the legal advances made in the area of civil rights
• Explain how Lyndon Johnson deepened the American commitment in Vietnam
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%!E&
E%
 Great Society 
0.GMNE
THE GREAT SOCIETY
$(7?<:G0(G'%
".Q!8?E?RE2 A)
%GE
G%
E
FIGURE 29.9 In a speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on May 22, 1964 (a), President Johnson
announced some of his goals for the Great Society. These included rebuilding cities, preserving the natural
environment, and improving education. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in his
hometown of Johnson City, Texas, alongside his childhood schoolteacher, Kate Deadrich Loney (b). (credit a:
modi[cation of work by Cecil Stoughton)
*7?<; .
29.2 • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 791
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-7
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E 
E/G
^7G
E/ # GG
AGG
E
%E
GG
MNGE!
AE/G%
GG
GE_%L
0.E+`&LG%
) ) 
#GE/+7?<=
GAA_+G+
.Q+.R)+-Q)+-R7?=6E
$7?<;G%$)G
7?86
  E/
0.
E_
%G
'
E
2".G%L
0.E/ war on povertyGGE
/7?<;#0
E/(
E
/ *Q *R7?<:
_E/*_ *Q* *RG_+&LA
A..G%)4G
E1.
G
+E/+G* *G
G
E/#.GA
G* *#G
G27?<?E
/ *A
Q!8?E76RE *
E*G0.G
$E* *L--.
)-G)G
E
792 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-8
FIGURE 29.10 President Johnson visits a poor family in Appalachia in 1964. Government initiatives designed to
combat poverty helped rural communities like this one by providing low-interest loans and housing. (credit: Cecil
Stoughton)
/%GL
G..7?<;E/
(GA_E
(GG
_GE/
A
__E/G(
E
JOHNSON’S COMMITMENT TO CIVIL RIGHTS
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_E+E*GE
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29.2 • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 793
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-9
FIGURE 29.11 African American marchers in Selma, Alabama, were attacked by state police of[cers in 1965, and
the resulting “Bloody Sunday” helped create support for the civil rights movement among northern White people.
(credit: Library of Congress)
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E#G1-7?<;G
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E!
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E%L_-7?<>G
GGGE
FIGURE 29.12 The Voting Rights Act (a) was signed into law on August 6, 1965, in the presence of major [gures of
the civil rights movement, including Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. (b).
INCREASED COMMITMENT IN VIETNAM
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794 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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2LGG%7?<>G)1
.GA_E
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.Q!8?E79RE$_G0E.E.1
E
29.2 • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 795

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-11
FIGURE 29.13 During the 1968 Tet Offensive, North Vietnamese and South Communist rebel armies known as Viet
Cong attacked South Vietnamese and U.S. targets throughout Vietnam (a), with Saigon as the focus (b). Tet, the
lunar New Year, was an important holiday in Vietnam and temporary cease[res usually took place at this time.
(credit a: modi[cation of work by Central Intelligence Agency)
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GE/*
%L
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)E
$%GE(
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(G1G
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E(L)#-&
E%G1
G7?<>E
THE END OF THE GREAT SOCIETY
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E
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_1E)AG
796 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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GG_
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EGA2E
".%
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2G
E/((.._
G
EG
G%E
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MN
CE/
%0._
QRE
29.3 The Civil Rights Movement Marches On
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the strategies of the African American civil rights movement in the 1960s
• Discuss the rise and philosophy of Black Power
• Identify achievements of the Mexican American civil rights movement in the 1960s
7?<6GG
2G
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.E$G
E
G
7?<6E(`
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CHANGE FROM THE BOTTOM UP
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29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 797
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-13
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FIGURE 29.14 Businesses such as this one were among those that became targets of activists protesting
segregation. Segregated businesses could be found throughout the United States; this one was located in Ohio.
(credit: Library of Congress)
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%E2
GAGG
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798 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-14
FIGURE 29.15 Civil rights activists Bayard Rustin, Andrew Young, Rep. William Fitts Ryan, James Farmer, and John
Lewis (l to r) in a newspaper photograph from 1965.
FREE BY ’63 (OR ’64 OR ’65)
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Q)RE/G
AE(2
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_EG0E.E"G-
&G/G
GE&IG
E2
G-FM_AE_A

E#GEN
+A(2%
!G7?<9G'L 
+E$+&E/
AA /(G
(E'()(Q!
8?E7<RG('&G%EE$M$#GN&
0.GE/
E#G
2.GE
29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 799
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-15
FIGURE 29.16 During the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (a), a huge crowd gathered on the National
Mall (b) to hear the speakers. Although thousands attended, many of the march’s organizers had hoped that enough
people would come to Washington to shut down the city.
*G
2%E
$7?<9G.'Q.'R('&G%E
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Letter from a Birmingham Jail
By 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. had become one of the most prominent leaders of the civil rights movement, and
he continued to espouse nonviolent civil disobedience as a way of registering African American resistance
against unfair, discriminatory, and racist laws and behaviors. While the campaign in Birmingham began with an
African American boycott of White businesses to end discrimination in employment practices and public
segregation, it became a [ght over free speech when King was arrested for violating a local injunction against
demonstrations. King wrote his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” in response to an op-ed by eight White Alabama
clergymen who complained about the SCLC’s [ery tactics and argued that social change needed to be pursued
gradually. The letter criticizes those who did not support the cause of civil rights:
“In spite of my shattered dreams of the past, I came to Birmingham with the hope that the white religious
leadership in the community would see the justice of our cause and, with deep moral concern, serve as the
channel through which our just grievances could get to the power structure. I had hoped that each of you would
understand. But again I have been disappointed. I have heard numerous religious leaders of the South call upon
their worshippers to comply with a desegregation decision because it is the law, but I have longed to hear White
ministers say follow this decree because integration is morally right and the Negro is your brother. In the midst of
blatant injustices inflicted upon the Negro, I have watched white churches stand on the sideline and merely
mouth pious irrelevancies and sanctimonious trivialities. In the midst of a mighty struggle to rid our nation of
racial and economic injustice, I have heard so many ministers say, “Those are social issues with which the
DEFINING AMERICAN
800 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-16
Gospel has no real concern,” and I have watched so many churches commit themselves to a completely other-
worldly religion which made a strange distinction between body and soul, the sacred and the secular.”
Since its publication, the “Letter” has become one of the most cogent, impassioned, and succinct statements of
the aspirations of the civil rights movement and the frustration over the glacial pace of progress in achieving
justice and equality for all Americans.
What civil rights tactics raised the objections of the White clergymen King addressed in his letter? Why?
.
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E
FIGURE 29.17 Many businesses, such as those in this neighborhood at the intersection of 7th and N Streets in NW,
Washington, DC, were destroyed in riots that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
BLACK FRUSTRATION, BLACK POWER
/('&%EL
29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 801

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-17
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G.)L2E#.)7?<=
+QRE
'G)$G7?96G
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)$G (G2
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802 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-18
FIGURE 29.18 Stokely Carmichael (a), one of the most famous and outspoken advocates of Black Power, is
surrounded by members of the media after speaking at Michigan State University in 1967. Malcolm X (b) was raised
in a family influenced by Marcus Garvey and persecuted for its outspoken support of civil rights. While serving a stint
in prison for armed robbery, he was introduced to and committed himself to the Nation of Islam. (credit b:
modi[cation of work by Library of Congress)
$7?<:GG(3)$*A
0GGMEN#
A2G_
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.(3)
+E
The New Negro
In a roundtable conversation in October 1961, Malcolm X suggested that a “New Negro” was coming to the fore.
The term and concept of a “New Negro” arose during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and was revived
during the civil rights movements of the 1960s.
““I think there is a new so-called Negro. We don’t recognize the term ‘Negro’ but I really believe that there’s a
new so-called Negro here in America. He not only is impatient. Not only is he dissatis[ed, not only is he
disillusioned, but he’s getting very angry. And whereas the so-called Negro in the past was willing to sit around
and wait for someone else to change his condition or correct his condition, there’s a growing tendency on the part
of a vast number of so-called Negroes today to take action themselves, not to sit and wait for someone else to
correct the situation. This, in my opinion, is primarily what has produced this new Negro. He is not willing to wait.
He thinks that what he wants is right, what he wants is just, and since these things are just and right, it’s wrong to
sit around and wait for someone else to correct a nasty condition when they get ready.””
In what ways were Martin Luther King, Jr. and the members of SNCC “New Negroes?”
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DEFINING AMERICAN
29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 803
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-19
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2EG(GG
GG
/++E/+
G
E/A
GG
'GG$E
/A+`
) "-*Q) "-*RG
)4G*$
+GC7?<?GE
+E/7?<6
+ Black PrideE%.E-M
$N7>;>G7?<6G
AE+
GGA
GGGG2E*

./
G
7?<?GQ!8?E7?RE
FIGURE 29.19 When the Jackson Five appeared on
Soul Train
, each of the [ve brothers sported a large afro, a
symbol of Black Pride in the 1960s and 70s.
/7?<6E0G
AGE*
G
E1I-$E$7?;>G-('
2E1E/G
EG
E0G'
'0EG
Loving v. Virginia

.G7?<=A
7:E/'GA
EG
AE
THE MEXICAN AMERICAN FIGHT FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
/
0.E#G

804 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-20
7?<6E'G(
E$7?:=G
(E2
G0E.E
)#E$7?;:G

E 
G(
#E/
G0E.E.
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/A_(_
Q!8?E86R#_E$7?<8G
#)!2Q)!2RE$7?<;G!
!'$G
E2)!2G
0!2E2G
G
E$7?<<G.G
E('&G%EGMEN/
7?=6E#G
GE
FIGURE 29.20 Cesar Chavez was influenced by the nonviolent philosophy of Indian nationalist Mahatma Gandhi. In
1968, he emulated Gandhi by engaging in a hunger strike.
/+( Chicano MovementE+
(G
(GG
(A27>:>E*G-MN
"G%7?<;GGG
(E!'-0G
(E G-'i/
)(HA++L(
27?<=E
29.4 Challenging the Status Quo
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe the goals and activities of SDS, the Free Speech Movement, and the antiwar movement
• Explain the rise, goals, and activities of the women’s movement
7?<6G2
7?;6E#GQ7?:<7?<:R
E/GAG
29.4 • Challenging the Status Quo 805
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-21
A
1G_
E
THE NEW LEFT
7?<6GA0E.EH7?<6G
99E(GG=6
G>9G>6
E AAE7?<6G
^>;G
H7?<?G=?AAG97
E(G
E
(GG`G
M_NE$G
G_G
E/
&LGE/G
MN_E
/)'G7?<6
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806 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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FIGURE 29.21 Students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison protested the war in Vietnam in 1965. Their actions
were typical of many on college campuses across the country during the 1960s. (credit: “Yarnalgo”/Flickr)
Blue Jeans: The Uniform of Nonconformist Radicalism
Overwhelmingly, young cultural warriors and social activists of the 1960s, trying to escape the shackles of what
they perceived to be limits on their freedoms, adopted blue jeans as the uniform of their generation. Originally
worn by manual laborers because of their near-indestructibility, blue jeans were commonly associated with
cowboys, the quintessential icon of American independence. During the 1930s, jeans were adopted by a broader
customer base as a result of the popularity of cowboy movies and dude ranch vacations. After World War II, Levi
Strauss, their original manufacturer, began to market them east of the Mississippi, and competitors such as
Wrangler and Lee fought for a share of the market. In the 1950s, youths testing the limits of middle-class
conformity adopted them in imitation of movie stars like James Dean. By the 1960s, jeans became even more
closely associated with youthful rebellion against tradition, a symbol available to everyone, rich and poor, Black
and White, men and women.
What other styles and behaviors of the 1960s expressed nonconformity, and how?
WOMEN’S RIGHTS
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AMERICANA
29.4 • Challenging the Status Quo 807

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QRE
FIGURE 29.22 Early members of NOW discuss the problems faced by American women. Betty Friedan is second
from the left. (credit: Smithsonian Institution Archives)
808 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .

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LCE/
)J2EJQ
ER/(
LGAGGGGM
EN)GGMGJ
IE
*_AGG
E!G
'#%
`IG
E(E$7?=6G
AI_GAAG
A2GIE/G
IE
".G
IE/G.+A#G
)4I_I
E/
(E
(G
IE
(E

..!G_G
GE
29.4 • Challenging the Status Quo 809
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-25
Key Terms
Black Power 
2
Black Pride 
GG
2
Black separatism 2
GG2
A
counterinsurgency &

Jexible response 
GGG
Great Society '%L0.

naval quarantine &L.(
Port Huron Statement ..
GG
Title VII -7?<:

war on poverty '%L0.
_GG
Summary
29.1 The Kennedy Promise
/&2#GG
_E&MNG
LGL
E!GG&
CG(G1G
.1E/&L
G
G'%G&LE
29.2 Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
'%_L
0.E#
GGG
E#G%L
1GG
".E
29.3 The Civil Rights Movement Marches On
/_7?<6E2
-7?<:G1-7?<;G-7?<>G
*- G.'G.)G
GE
AGGGE
810 29 • Key Terms
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-26
LGGG
".GG
7?<>('&G%E(A7?<6
+G
2E/(G
G_E/(
(LGG
E
29.4 Challenging the Status Quo
7?<6GE$`
G_
E..)*2
G
E(G
_E
Review Questions
1E /&.
DDDDDDDDE
E 
E 
E 
E 
2E &DDDDDDDDE
E 
E 
E  _0.
E 
3E 2&P
4E DDDDDDDD%LE
E (
E ..
E (
E !
5E (1DDDDDDDDE
E &.
E +
E /"
E /*
6E #%P
29 • Review Questions 811

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-27
7E /"G)G7?<6
DDDDDDDDE
E 
E 
E A
E A
8E /(
DDDDDDDDE
E +
E )$
E .)
E *-
9E 2%G7?<;P
E -'/
E #
E '$
E -"
10E #+
('&G%EP
11E 2
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E 
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12E 2
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E  -
E A
E 
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Critical Thinking Questions
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16E $GCGG
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812 29 • Critical Thinking Questions
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18E 0.12E2
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29 • Critical Thinking Questions 813
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814 29 • Critical Thinking Questions
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s PDF
FIGURE 29.1 In Aaron Shikler’s of[cial portrait of
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
(1970), the president stands with arms
folded, apparently deep in thought. The portrait was painted seven years after Kennedy’s death, at the request of his
widow, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. It depicts the president with his head down, because Shikler did not wish to
paint the dead man’s eyes.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
29.1 The Kennedy Promise
29.2 Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
29.3 The Civil Rights Movement Marches On
29.4 Challenging the Status Quo
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
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)E&L
29
Contesting Futures: America in the
1960s

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Download
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29.1 The Kennedy Promise
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Assess Kennedy’s Cold War strategy
• Describe Kennedy’s contribution to the civil rights movement
FIGURE 29.2
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THE NEW FRONTIER
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_G!2#G
784 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s PDF Download
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FIGURE 29.3 John F. Kennedy and [rst lady Jacqueline, shown here in the White House in 1962 (a) and watching
the America’s Cup race that same year (b), brought youth, glamour, and optimism to Washington, DC, and the nation.
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89G7?<6G-1+-(E)E.
HE-)G
&
E
CLICK AND EXPLORE
1_ &A) QFUUEUU7;%!&)R %!&
+'(E
&GE(-G
`+E G0
2G2-G+E(
&E/
&.G'E%G+/.G
E$G&
7>>>G)6E67AE
# F969)L87?E&L
_0E.EE
&0.EM
HGNE#
_.0E#
E-
E-()G!(G
E&-G
E
&LGG
29.1 • The Kennedy Promise 785

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-1
GEG
E#E
0_GG
E$*7?<9G(-!
(#E
KENNEDY THE COLD WARRIOR
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FIGURE 29.4 On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the [rst American to travel into space, as millions across the
country watched the television coverage of his Mercury-Redstone mission, including Vice President Johnson,
President Kennedy, and Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House. (credit: National Archives and Records
Administration)
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2E
786 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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E*`"G0E.E
.! counterinsurgencyC
E(&LGG
0.G
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Cuba
&L_
!E$%7?;?G
!GE/
GA.
G$Q$R_
E-0E.EG
!GLG$E
+GG$G
LE/0.
E
&LG7=G7?<7G
E#G&
.GE#
GE/A
E/E
/++&E/
_0.E/G.
00E.EE/G
*7:G0E.E_A
E/0..Q!8?E;RE
FIGURE 29.5 This low-level U.S. Navy photograph of San Cristobal, Cuba, clearly shows one of the sites built to
launch intermediate-range missiles at the United States (a). As the date indicates, it was taken on the last day of the
Cuban Missile Crisis. Following the crisis, Kennedy met with the reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban missions
(b). credit a: modi[cation of work by National Archives and Records Administration; credit b: modi[cation of work by
Central Intelligence Agency)
29.1 • The Kennedy Promise 787

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-3
**88G&.)&E#
 naval quarantine .E
MNMGNG
.0LE0E.EG
G&2
#.E
/.E-0.G&
GE
G-&.
LE*
*8<G&-&L
E**8=G&LGE)G
G&L0E.E/G
.E
/0..0L
EA
G_E$G
EMNG
2(G7?<9G&&'/
/G LE
Vietnam
0.E$
$GG1L1(
#(GE+#.E/!L
.2 .
0E$7?;6G/1
_!1(E
$7?;:G1_!G
E#(1()E$.G1
!GG!AGA)
E"G`
7?;<G_E
.7?;;G-1E#
7?;<.#(E
-_#(LG
)1.
.1_E7?<6G)1)'!Q)'!R
.E/0.G
#(GGGA2
.1E#GLG
GGG.)'!)
1E
2&_GLE 
G&Q!
8?E<RE)7?<9G0E.E1G
L`
788 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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)1)'!E&LG
).1_0E.E_
E
FIGURE 29.6 Following the French retreat from Indochina, the United States stepped in to prevent what it believed
was a building Communist threat in the region. Under President Kennedy’s leadership, the United States sent
thousands of military advisors to Vietnam. (credit: Abbie Rowe)
TENTATIVE STEPS TOWARD CIVIL RIGHTS
2G0E.E1G&
LE-
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7?<6E
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('&G%EGG
E'GG2
G&_E
#E&
2
7?<:E
GAG
E L-7?<6G
_G&
G
E*+/L
-G L_E&GG
.#G!G
E$_.7?<8E
&E!G
%(G&LG
0(7?<8GQ!8?E=RE/
0E.E)"*G(G0E.E(
-GGE
29.1 • The Kennedy Promise 789
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-5
FIGURE 29.7 Escorted by a U.S. marshal and the assistant attorney general for civil rights, James Meredith (center)
enters the University of Mississippi over the riotous protests of White southerners. Meredith later attempted a
“March against Fear” in 1966 to protest the inability of southern African Americans to vote. His walk ended when a
passing motorist shot and wounded him. (credit: Library of Congress)
!0G1(
%#G7?<9G&
GG
E&H
'%L7?<:-E
TRAGEDY IN DALLAS

(G&
.E*)87G7?<9G
'%/E/G&L
E.G&+#
E
/_&/.
HG'#*GG
Q!8?E>RE/GG
*%-G
E
FIGURE 29.8 Lee Harvey Oswald (center) was arrested at the Texas Theatre in Dallas a few hours after shooting
President Kennedy.
790 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-6
G&G
G*L&LG
E/
G'%G&LGA_ 2G
0E.E.GE/2
'#*E/
LGE)
GG*
&*AE
29.2 Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe the major accomplishments of Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
• Identify the legal advances made in the area of civil rights
• Explain how Lyndon Johnson deepened the American commitment in Vietnam
*)8=G7?<9G_G+%
%!E&
E%
 Great Society 
0.GMNE
THE GREAT SOCIETY
$(7?<:G0(G'%
".Q!8?E?RE2 A)
%GE
G%
E
FIGURE 29.9 In a speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on May 22, 1964 (a), President Johnson
announced some of his goals for the Great Society. These included rebuilding cities, preserving the natural
environment, and improving education. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in his
hometown of Johnson City, Texas, alongside his childhood schoolteacher, Kate Deadrich Loney (b). (credit a:
modi[cation of work by Cecil Stoughton)
*7?<; .
29.2 • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 791
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-7
Q!8?E?RE%GG
E 
E/G
^7G
E/ # GG
AGG
E
%E
GG
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AE/G%
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E
2".G%L
0.E/ war on povertyGGE
/7?<;#0
E/(
E
/ *Q *R7?<:
_E/*_ *Q* *RG_+&LA
A..G%)4G
E1.
G
+E/+G* *G
G
E/#.GA
G* *#G
G27?<?E
/ *A
Q!8?E76RE *
E*G0.G
$E* *L--.
)-G)G
E
792 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-8
FIGURE 29.10 President Johnson visits a poor family in Appalachia in 1964. Government initiatives designed to
combat poverty helped rural communities like this one by providing low-interest loans and housing. (credit: Cecil
Stoughton)
/%GL
G..7?<;E/
(GA_E
(GG
_GE/
A
__E/G(
E
JOHNSON’S COMMITMENT TO CIVIL RIGHTS
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#-._E%G
G`
_E/-7?<:GAG
GG
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GGGGG 
*E
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%7?<:G/A!GG_
_E+E*GE
2G
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(GM.N +
GQ!8?E77RE$2
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29.2 • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 793
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-9
FIGURE 29.11 African American marchers in Selma, Alabama, were attacked by state police of[cers in 1965, and
the resulting “Bloody Sunday” helped create support for the civil rights movement among northern White people.
(credit: Library of Congress)
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E#G1-7?<;G
Q!8?E78RE'
E!
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FIGURE 29.12 The Voting Rights Act (a) was signed into law on August 6, 1965, in the presence of major [gures of
the civil rights movement, including Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. (b).
INCREASED COMMITMENT IN VIETNAM
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794 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .
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0.G)7?<=G2
E
CLICK AND EXPLORE
/L1G ."E-L
QFUUEUU7;11R `
E
2LGG%7?<>G)1
.GA_E
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.Q!8?E79RE$_G0E.E.1
E
29.2 • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 795

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-11
FIGURE 29.13 During the 1968 Tet Offensive, North Vietnamese and South Communist rebel armies known as Viet
Cong attacked South Vietnamese and U.S. targets throughout Vietnam (a), with Saigon as the focus (b). Tet, the
lunar New Year, was an important holiday in Vietnam and temporary cease[res usually took place at this time.
(credit a: modi[cation of work by Central Intelligence Agency)
)1A0E.E
G0.G
GE/*
%L
E$(7?<>G:66G6660E.E1G%
)E
$%GE(
E( 
(G1G
)#%G
E(L)#-&
E%G1
G7?<>E
THE END OF THE GREAT SOCIETY
+L1".EG
G%
E%".
E#1GG
0.
E
1".EG
G%LG
E/
_1E)AG
796 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
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Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-12
GG_
2A
EGA2E
".%
G_LE%LG
E2
2G
E/((.._
G
EG
G%E
GG
MN
CE/
%0._
QRE
29.3 The Civil Rights Movement Marches On
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the strategies of the African American civil rights movement in the 1960s
• Discuss the rise and philosophy of Black Power
• Identify achievements of the Mexican American civil rights movement in the 1960s
7?<6GG
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29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 797
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-13
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FIGURE 29.14 Businesses such as this one were among those that became targets of activists protesting
segregation. Segregated businesses could be found throughout the United States; this one was located in Ohio.
(credit: Library of Congress)
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R
E#
GE
MN
EG7?<6G .)
Q.)R E2G
AE/
AEM.AN
GMAN_GMAEN
.7?<7MN- Q*- R
.)E/2
0E.E.
E2GG(:G
%E2
GAGG
E/ Freedom Riders _-#G
.G%'G.)
Q!8?E7;RE/"G
_E/G
&&&E/
(G
%E
798 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-14
FIGURE 29.15 Civil rights activists Bayard Rustin, Andrew Young, Rep. William Fitts Ryan, James Farmer, and John
Lewis (l to r) in a newspaper photograph from 1965.
FREE BY ’63 (OR ’64 OR ’65)
/!-
A7?<6E/'L
+M!L<9NE
G
`E
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E/IG
E/G"-$
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Q)RE/G
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GG
_EG0E.E"G-
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E2
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
E#GEN
+A(2%
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+E$+&E/
AA /(G
(E'()(Q!
8?E7<RG('&G%EE$M$#GN&
0.GE/
E#G
2.GE
29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 799
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-15
FIGURE 29.16 During the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (a), a huge crowd gathered on the National
Mall (b) to hear the speakers. Although thousands attended, many of the march’s organizers had hoped that enough
people would come to Washington to shut down the city.
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Letter from a Birmingham Jail
By 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. had become one of the most prominent leaders of the civil rights movement, and
he continued to espouse nonviolent civil disobedience as a way of registering African American resistance
against unfair, discriminatory, and racist laws and behaviors. While the campaign in Birmingham began with an
African American boycott of White businesses to end discrimination in employment practices and public
segregation, it became a [ght over free speech when King was arrested for violating a local injunction against
demonstrations. King wrote his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” in response to an op-ed by eight White Alabama
clergymen who complained about the SCLC’s [ery tactics and argued that social change needed to be pursued
gradually. The letter criticizes those who did not support the cause of civil rights:
“In spite of my shattered dreams of the past, I came to Birmingham with the hope that the white religious
leadership in the community would see the justice of our cause and, with deep moral concern, serve as the
channel through which our just grievances could get to the power structure. I had hoped that each of you would
understand. But again I have been disappointed. I have heard numerous religious leaders of the South call upon
their worshippers to comply with a desegregation decision because it is the law, but I have longed to hear White
ministers say follow this decree because integration is morally right and the Negro is your brother. In the midst of
blatant injustices inflicted upon the Negro, I have watched white churches stand on the sideline and merely
mouth pious irrelevancies and sanctimonious trivialities. In the midst of a mighty struggle to rid our nation of
racial and economic injustice, I have heard so many ministers say, “Those are social issues with which the
DEFINING AMERICAN
800 29 • Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s
Access for free at .
Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-16
Gospel has no real concern,” and I have watched so many churches commit themselves to a completely other-
worldly religion which made a strange distinction between body and soul, the sacred and the secular.”
Since its publication, the “Letter” has become one of the most cogent, impassioned, and succinct statements of
the aspirations of the civil rights movement and the frustration over the glacial pace of progress in achieving
justice and equality for all Americans.
What civil rights tactics raised the objections of the White clergymen King addressed in his letter? Why?
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('&G%E(G/G7?<>E&
E$GH

E*:G&
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H
E
FIGURE 29.17 Many businesses, such as those in this neighborhood at the intersection of 7th and N Streets in NW,
Washington, DC, were destroyed in riots that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
BLACK FRUSTRATION, BLACK POWER
/('&%EL
29.3 • The Civil Rights Movement Marches On 801

Contesting_Futures__America_in_the_1960s Image-17
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CLICK AND EXPLORE
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