7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 7 - Chapter 15 Aztec and Inca Empires

CHAPTER We Aimee am Lad California Standards Science Students compare and contrast the geographic , political , nomic , religious , and social structures of the and Andean civilizations . Analysis Skills Students use maps to identify cultural features of hoods , cities , states , and countries . Arts Writing Use a range of appropriate strategies ( suspense naming of specific narrative action , including movement , gestures , and expressions ) Reading Students describe and connect the essential ideas , arguments , and perspectives ofthe text by using their knowledge of text structure , organization , and purpose . FOCUS ON WRITING A Lively Dialogue imagine that a child your age from , the capital of the Aztec Empire , met a child from , the capital of the Inca Empire , and became friends . What might the children say to each other ?

As you read this chapter , you gather material to write a dialogue between the two children in which they talk about their lives . 406 CHAPTER their capital at . CHAPTER EVENTS WORLD EVENTS 1331 The Hundred Years War between France and England begins .

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expand the Inca Empire . 1433 China emperor ends ocean exploration and , Africa . I 502 Moctezuma becomes emperor of the Aztecs . conquer . HOLT History Impact video series Watch the video to stand the impact of Mayan achievements on math astronomy . What You Will learn In this chapter you will learn about the ' accomplishments of the Aztec and Inca empires . The ruins of the Inca city hu , shown here , lie high in the Andes Mountains . Martin Luther announces his 1537 Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire . Theses . THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES 401

Beers Economics Geography Politics Religion Focus on Themes This chapter describes the political systems they used to govern their two of the greatest empires in the Americas , the nations and the and technological Aztec and Inca empires . You will read about the advancements they made . Finally , you will see development of these civilizations , including how both empires were defeated and conquered daily lives there . You will also learn about by invaders from across the sea . Main Ideas and Their Support Focus on Reading You know that if you take the legs out from Af under a table it will fall flat to the floor . In just the same way , a main car ) i ?

the idea will fall flat without details to support it . Imp Understanding a Writer Support for Ideas A writer can support main ideas with several kinds of details . These details might be facts , brief stories , examples , definitions , or comments from experts on the subject . Notice the types of details the writer uses to support the main idea in the passage below . The Incas are known for their massive ' is stated buildings and forts made of huge , stone blocks . Workers cut the blocks so , th , Ve to use Id This IS an example of the way the Incas cut the stone for their buildings and forts . them together . Inca masonry , or stonework , was of Such high quality that even today The of masonry helps tie this it is nearly impossible to fit a knife blade between the stones . in fact , many Inca buildings in are still being used . This about the building helps explain why the Incas would be known for they lasted a long time . From Chapter 430 408 CHAPTER 15

ELA Reading Students describe and essential ideas , arguments , and perspectives ofthe text by using their knowledge of text structure , organization , and purpose . You Try It ! The following passage is from the chapter you are about to read . As you read it , try to identify the writer proposition and the details that support it . Through the Aztecs efforts , From became the greatest city hi the Americas . It had huge temples , market , clean streets , and a palace . The Europeans in the city were stunned by what they saw . These great towns and pyramids and buildings rising from the water , all made of stone , seemed like an enchanted vision . ltwas all so that I do not know how to describe the first glimpse of things never heard of , seen , or dreamed of Diaz del Castillo , from The Conquest of New Spain At its height , was one of the world largest cities , with some people . After you read the passage , answer the following questions . Which sentence best states the main idea of the passage ?

a . The first Europeans were stunned by what they saw . It had huge temples , a busy market , and a great palace . Through the Aztecs efforts , became the greatest city in the Americas . Which of the following is a fact used to support the main idea ?

a . At its height , was one of the world largest cities . These great towns . seemed like an enchanted . The quotation in the passage by Diaz del Castillo is an example of a ( fact . an expert . example . a Chapter 15 Section causeways ( 411 ) conquistadors ( 413 ) Hernan ( 413 ) Moctezuma ( 473 ) Section codex ( 420 ) Section ( llamas ( 425 ) 425 ) Francisco Pizarro ( 425 ) Section masonry ( 430 ) Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic words that are frequently used in school assignments and . In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words motive ( 413 ) distribute ( 425 ) As you read Chapter look tails thatthe Writer used to support main ideas . What types of details do you see ?

THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES 409 You Will Learn ' were The Aztec Empire Main You live in a village in southeast Mexico that is ruled by The Aztecs built an empire the powerful Aztec Empire . Each year your village must through warfare and trade , and mated an impressive send many baskets of corn to the emperor . You have to dig capital city in gold for him , too . One day some strangers arrive by sea . They tell . Hernan conquered the Ame Empire . you they want to overthrow the emperor They ask for your help . Should you help the strangers ?

Why or why not ?

The Big Idea The Aztecs built a great empire in central Mexico but were by the Spanish in 1521 . BUILDING BACKGROUND The Aztecs ruled a large empire In . Each village they conquered had to contribute to the ( ys Aztec economy . This system helped create a very powerful empire , but onethat lasted only about a century . ii . 413 Moctezuma , The Aztecs Build an Empire The first Aztecs were farmers from northern Mexico . Around the they migrated south . When they arrived in central Mexico , they found that other tribes had taken all the good farmland . All that was left for the Aztecs was a swampy island in the middle of Lake ( To , the Aztecs hired themselves out as skilled . War , Tribute , and Trade War was a key factor in the Aztecs rise to power . The Aztec ! warriors conquered many towns . In addition , the Aztecs HE 711 study the locations times made alliances , or partnerships , to build their empire . For landforms , and climates of Mexico , example , in the late the Aztecs formed a secret alliance , A with two other cities on Lake . With their allies help , and their effects on Mayan , Aztec , and lncan economies , trade , and they defeated the other towns around the lake . developmental Urban The Aztecs made people they conquered pay tribute . Tribute Explain how and where each is a payment to a more powerful ruler or country . Conquered Am . tribes had to pay the Aztecs with goods such as cotton , gold , or lncan empires were defeated by the . food . This system was the basis of the Aztec economy . CHAPTER 15

The Aztecs also controlled a huge trade network . Most towns in the empire had a market where local farmers and sans brought their goods to trade . One enormous market near the capital drew buyers and sellers from all over the Aztec Empire . Merchants carried luxury goods such as gems and rare foods to sell there . Because these merchants dealt with people in many parts of the empire , the emperors used them as spies . These spy merchants reported trouble building in the empire . War , tribute , and trade made the Aztecs rich . As they grew rich , they grew even stronger and conquered more people . By the early they ruled the most ful state in . Place What bodies of water bordered the Aztec Empire ?

SKILLS . Location Which cities were located on Lake ?

built on an island in lake . Aztecs capital , was Nowhere was the Aztec Empire power and wealth more visible than in its capital , To build this amazing city , the Aztecs had to overcome many geographical challenges . The city island location made travel and trade difficult . To make it easier to get to and from their city , the Aztecs built three wide causeways roads across water or wet connect the island to the shore . The causeways were made of rocks covered with dirt . was surrounded by water , but the water was undrinkable . As a result , the Aztecs built a stone aqueduct , or nel , to bring fresh water to the city . THE TODAY On the site of workers the lake to build Mexico City , the modern capital of Mexico . THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES 411

History ' The Great Temple stood at the heart of the city . On top of the temple were two blue shrine for the rain god and a red shrine for the sun god . uninhabited island into one of the largest and grandest cities in the world . the first Europeans to visit were stunned . At the time , the Aztec capital was about times bigger than London . Gold , silver , cloaks , and precious stones were among the many items sold at the market . Aztec farmers grew crops on floating gardens called .

The city island location also limited land available for farming . To Create more land for farming , they built dens called ( They made the gardens by putting soil on rafts anchored to trees in the water . The surrounded a central island that was the heart of the city . Through the Aztecs efforts , became the greatest city in the Americas . It had huge temples , a busy market , clean streets , and a palace . The Europeans in the city were stunned by what they saw . These great towns and pyramids and ings rising from the water , all made of stone , seemed like an enchanted vision . It was all so wonderful that I do not know how to describe this glimpse of things never heard of , seen , or dreamed of before . del Castillo , from The Conquest ofNew Spain At its height , was one of the worlds largest cities , with some people . But the arrival of Europeans soon destroyed both the city and the rest of the Aztec Empire . Finding Main Ideas What was one key factor in the Aztecs rise to power ?

BIOGRAPHIES men had after he burned the ships ?

After arriving on the coast of Mexico . Cortes . In the end they conquered the Aztecs , partly due to leadership and determination to gold . Conquers the Aztecs In the late Spanish explorers and arrived in the Americas . The soldiers , or conquistadors ( came to explore new lands , search for gold , and spread their Catholic religion . and Moctezuma A small group of conquistadors led by ( reached Mexico in 1519 . They were looking for gold . Hearing of this arrival , the Aztec or , Moctezuma II ( believed to be a god . According to an Aztec legend , the god ( was to return to Mexico in 1519 . resembled the description from the legend . Thinking that the god had returned , Moctezuma sent gifts , including gold . With getting more gold his motive , marched to the Aztec capital . When he got there Moctezuma welcomed him , but took the emperor prisoner . Enraged , the Aztecs attacked and drove the Spanish out . In the confusion Moctezuma was killed . and his men came back , though , with many Indian allies . In 1521 they conquered . Moctezuma ACADEMIC VOCABULARY motive reason for doing something Moctezuma ruled the Aztec Empire Hernan burned his ships so his at its height , but he also men could return home . They had to its downfall . The tribute he no choice but to stay and fight with demanded from neighboring tribes made the Aztecs unpopular . In addition , his belief that Cortes was allowed to capture him and eventually conquer the empire . Drawing What choices do you think Summarizing How did Moctezuma contribute to the downfall of the Aztec Empire ?

THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES 413 Section Assessment a . Define What is a causeway ?

Where Causes of the Defeat of the Aztecs How did a few conquistadors defeat a empire ?

Four factors were vital in the Spanish victory alliances , weapons and horses , geography , and disease . First , alliances in the region helped the Spanish forces . One important ally was an American Indian woman named ( also known as . She was a guide and interpreter for . With her help , he made alliances with tribes who did not like losing battles and paying tribute to the Aztecs . The allies gave the Spaniards supplies , information , and warriors to help defeat the Aztecs . The Spaniards also had better weapons . The Aztecs could match their armor , cannons , and swords . In addition to these weapons , the Spaniards brought horses to Mexico . The Aztecs had never seen horses and at first were of them . The third factor , geography , gave the Spanish another advantage . They blocked causeways , bridges , and waterways . This cut off drinking water and other supplies . Thousands of Aztecs died from starvation . Reviewing Ideas , and People , critical Thinking . Evaluating Draw a diagram like the one shown . On each The factor in the Spanish success was disease . Unknowingly , the Spanish had brought deadly diseases such as smallpox to the Americas . These new diseases swept through Aztec communities . Many Aztecs became very weak or died from the diseases because they did have strength to defend themselves . Together , these four factors gave the Spanish forces a tremendous advantage and weakened the Aztecs . When the Spanish conquered , the Aztec Empire came to an end . Summarizing What four factors helped the Spanish defeat the Aztecs ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Aztecs i built a powerful empire and established a great capital city on a swampy island in central Mexico . A few hundred years later their empire ended in defeat by Spanish conquistadors . In the next tion you will learn about life and society in the Aztec Empire before it was defeated by the Spanish . Online Quiz KEYWORD , Aztec Empire did the Aztecs build causeways ?

Explain How did the Aztecs adapt to their island location ?

Elaborate How might location have been both a benefit and a hindrance to the Aztecs ?

a . Identify Who was the ruler of the Aztecs when and the conquistadors arrived in Mexico ?

Make Generalizations How and why did allies help conquer the Aztec Empire ?

Evaluate Judge Moctezuma decisions as the Aztec leader . level of the pyramid , list a factor that led to the growth of a strong Aztec Empire . List the factor you think was most important on the top level and the least important on the bottom . Explain your choices . FOCUS ON WRITING . Thinking about the Aztec Empire Think about things in this section that you could include in your dialogue . For example , how might an Aztec describe to a new friend ?

What do and other features of the city look like ?

414 CHAPTER 15 Would you have helped a conqueror take control of your people ?

Cortes spoke in Spanish when did she live ?

to his original interpreter , who also spoke Mayan . Where did she live ?

the Aztec Empire The original interpreter What did she do ?

became Companion and interpreter . the message She played a major role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire . i for . Why is she important ?

was from a noble Aztec family but was sold into slavery as a the message from child . While enslaved , learned the Mayan Mayan into , language . After she was given to , the Aztec language . knowledge of languages helped him make deals with . spoke the Aztecs enemies . to the Aztecs and the However , because helped the Spanish Aztecs enemies . defeat the native Aztecs , today many Mexicans consider her a traitor . Some Mexicans use the word to describe someone who betrays his or her own people . Drawing inferences Why do you think helped the Spanish ratherthan the Aztecs ?

In this drawing makes a treaty with the Aztecs . is standing by his side interpreting .

SECTION What You Will Learn . Aztec society was divided by social roles and by class . Aztec religion required human sacrifice for keeping the gods happy . The Aztecs had many achievements in science , art , and language . The Big Idea The Aztecs developed plex social , religious , artistic , and scientific systems in their empire . Key Term codex , 420 roles of people in each society , including class structures , family life , religious beliefs and practices , and slavery . Describe the artistic and oral traditions and architecture in the three civilizations . Describe the achievements in astronomy and , including the development of the calendar and the knowledge of seasonal the civilizations agricultural systems . 415 CHAPTER 15 Aztec Life and Society If YOU were there You belong to an important family of Aztec artisans . You make fine gold jewelry and ornaments for the emperor and his nobles . Your brother wants to break this family tradition and become a warrior . Your family is upset by this news . Your brother asks what you think of his plans . Aztec Society What will you tell your brother ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Most Aztec children grew up to be what their parents were . The artisan family described above would enjoy many privileges of the upper class . Warriors played an tant role in Aztec society , so many young men wanted to be warriors . People in Aztec society had clearly roles . These roles , along with social class , determined how Aztec men and women lived . Aztec society was organized into groups called ( A calpulli was a community of families that QUICK People in Aztec Society Kings Aztec kings ruled the empire and lived in luxury . Nobles Nobles served as important , such as tax and judges .

shared land , schools , and a temple . Each elected a leader who took orders from the king . Kings and Nobles The king was the most important person in Aztec society . He lived in a great palace that had gardens , a zoo , and an aviary full of beautiful birds . Some servants attended to his every need . Of these vants , 300 did nothing but tend to the mals in the zoo , and 300 more tended to the birds in the aviary ! Other servants fed and entertained the emperor . The king was in charge of law , trade and tribute , and warfare . These were huge responsibilities , and the king could have managed them without people to help . These people , including tax collectors and judges , were Aztec nobles . Noble positions were passed down from fathers to their sons . As a result , young nobles went to special schools to learn the responsibilities they would face as government officials , military leaders , or priests . Priests and Warriors Just below the king and his nobles were priests and warriors . Priests in particular had a great over Aztecs lives . They had many duties in society , including Priests Warriors Priests performed many important duties . such as keeping calendars . to conquer and capture victims for ' sacrifice . THE GRANGER ' Warriors fought other peoples Primary Source BOOK An Aztec Festival The Aztecs often used the occasion of the crowning of a new king to remind the leaders of their conquered territories just who the true masters were . An observer in recalled one such event The intentions of the Mexicans Aztecs , in preparing a festival . was to make known their king , and to ensure that their enemies . should be terrorized and with fear and that they should know , by the . wealth of jewels and other presents , given away at the , how great was the abundance of Mexico , its valor and its excellence . Finally , all was based on ostentation extravagance and vain glory , with the object of being feared , as the owners of all the riches of the earth and of its finest provinces . To this end they ordered these feasts and ceremonies so splendidly . Diego Duran , from Historia de La India de Nuevo de la Fume ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES Do you think Fray Diego Duran admired the Aztecs ?

Why or why not ?

keeping calendars and deciding when to plant crops or perform ceremonies , passing down Aztec history and stories to keep their tradition alive , performing various religious ceremonies , including human . Merchants Aztec merchants traded goods like food , clothing , and tools . THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES

Aztec warriors also had many duties . They fought to capture victims for religious . Partly because they played this role in religious life , warriors had many privileges and were highly respected . Warriors were also respected for the wealth they brought to the empire . They fought to conquer new lands and people , bringing more tribute and trade goods to enrich the Aztec civilization . Merchants and Artisans Not really members of the upper class , chants and artisans fell just below priests and warriors in Aztec society . Merchants gathered goods from all over ca and sold them in the main market . By controlling trade in the empire , they became very rich . Many used their wealth to build large , impressive houses and to send their sons to special schools . Like merchants , most artisans were also rich and important . They made goods like beautiful feather headdresses and gold jewelry that they could sell at high prices . Many of the richest artisans lived in . Other artisans , who lived outside the capital and made items for everyday use , lived more like the lower class . Artisans from other tribes often sent crafts to the Aztecs as tribute . People in Society ( continued ) Artisans Skilled artisans made a wide variety of goods that people needed . Farmers Most Aztecs , were farmers who lived in 418 CHAPTER 15 Farmers and Slaves Farmers and slaves were in the lower class of Aztec society . However , some people could improve their lives and positions by becoming warriors in the army or studying at special schools . Most of the empire people were farmers who grew maize , beans , and a few other crops . Farmers did not own their land , and they were very poor . They had to pay so much in tribute that they often found it tough to survive . Farmers lived outside in huts made of sticks and mud and wore rough capes . No one in the Aztec Empire suffered as much as slaves did . Most of the slaves had been captured in battle or couldn pay their debts . Slaves had little to look forward to . Most were sold as laborers to nobles or merchants . Slaves who disobeyed orders were sacrificed to the gods . Summarizing of people were in the upper class in Aztec society ?

Aztec Religion The Aztecs believed gods ruled all parts of life . Their gods powers could be seen in nature , such as in trees or storms , and in great people , such as kings or ancestors . Slaves Prisoners of war became slaves . They were forced to work or were sacrificed .

Like other Mesoamericans , the Aztecs always tried to please their gods . They believed was necessary to keep the gods strong and the world safe . Aztecs made their greatest number of to the war god ( and the rain god ( The Aztecs believed the former made the sun rise every day , and the latter made the rain fall . Without them , their crops would die , and they would have no food . To prevent this , Aztec priests led bloody ceremonies on the top of the Great Temple in . These priests cut selves to give their blood to the gods . Priests also human victims to their gods . Many of the victims for these were warriors from other tribes who had been captured in battle . Priests would these victims to feed their gods human hearts and blood , which they thought would make the gods strong . Aztec priests as many as victims a year in religious ceremonies . Finding Main Ideas Why was human sacrifice part of Aztec religion ?

Science , Art , and Language The Aztecs valued learning and art . Aztec achievements , artistic traditions , and language contributed to their culture . Achievements The Aztecs made several advances in ence . Many of these they accomplished by building on the achievements of the peoples they conquered . The Aztec system of tribute and their large trading network allowed them to learn skills from people all over the empire . For example , they learned how to build their gardens called from neighboring tribes . Aztec Gods The Aztecs worshipped hundreds of gods . Two of most important were and , who are shown below . was the Aztec god of rain . The Aztecs believed he made the rain fall . A mask of Halo decorates this vessel . was the Aztec god of war . The Aztecs believed he made the sun rise . The eyes of this statue of are made of shell and obsidian .

Aztec Arts ceremonies . What are some features art that you can see in these pictures ?

Ceremonial Mask This mask represented the god . It is made of turquoise , shell , and wood . FOCUS ON READING What information supports the main idea of this section ?

The Aztecs also studied astronomy and created a calendar much like the Maya one . The calendar helped the Aztecs choose the best days for ceremonies , for battles , or for planting and harvesting crops . The Aztecs also knew many different uses for plants . For example , they knew of more than 100 plants that could be used as medicines . Artistic Traditions In addition to their achievements in ence , the Aztecs had a rich artistic tion that included architecture , sculpture , and jewelry . Both the architecture and the sculpture made use of stone . Workers built bridges and lined canals with stone . ters and stonecutters built huge shaped stone temples . Hundreds of such temples stood in . Talented Aztec artisans used turquoise mosaics to decorate knife handles and masks . Artisans also used gold and ful feathers to make jewelry . Aztec women wove cloth from cotton and other and embroidered it with colorful designs . 420 CHAPTER 15 Ceremonial Jewelry This serpent was probably worn during ceremonies . The man above is wearing it on his Writing and Literature The Aztecs had a complex writing tem . They kept written historical records in books made of separate pages . Another name for this type of ancient book is a codex ( Many pages of Aztec books were made of bark or animal skins . In addition to their written records , the Aztecs had a strong oral tradition . They considered speeches very important , and they also enjoyed riddles . These were some popular Aztec riddles at the time when the Spaniards arrived What is a little with popcorn ?

Someone is sure to guess our riddle it is the sky . What is a mountainside that has a spring of water in it ?

Our de , from Florentine Codex Knowing the answers to riddles showed that one had paid attention in school . Stories about ancestors and gods formed another part of the Aztec oral tradition . The Aztecs told these stories to their children , passing them down from one generation

Aztec Calendar This modern drawing shows the Aztec dar with brightly painted colors . to the next . After the Spanish conquered the Aztec Empire , these stories were ' The Aztec ten down . Much of what historians know Empire had mi 509131 an about the Aztecs they learned from these religion , and strong written stories . and artistic traditions . In the next tion you will learn about another empire Summarizing What was of the Inca one purpose of the Aztec oral tradition ! the vast area that it included . Section Assessment , Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People . Critical thinking a . Describe How was it decided when the ' categorizing Copy the Aztecs should plant crops or hold ceremonies ?

graphic organizer on the . Rate Who do you think had the most difficult right , write the names of social role in Aztec society ?

Why ?

the different social groups a . Identify What did the Aztecs feed their gods ?

in Aztec society in each . Explain Why did the Aztecs think human of the empty boxes . fice was important ?

a . Identify What might you find in an Aztec codex ?

Make Inferences Why do you think the Aztecs . Describing Aztec Society To which social class used so much stone in their art and building ?

do you want the Aztec child in your dialogue to Develop Make up a riddle like the Aztecs would belong ?

Make a list of details about Aztec social have had in their oral tradition . structure , religion , and culture that he or she might describe to a friend . THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES 421 What You Will Learn . The rise of the Inca Empire was due to conquest and the achievements of the Inca people . Pizarro conquered the Incas and took control of the region . The Incas built a huge empire in South America , but they were conquered by the Spanish . Key Terms and People , 423 , 424 llamas , 425 , 425 Francisco Pizarro , 425 IE locations , landforms , and climates of Mexico , Central America , and South America and their effects on Mayan , Aztec , and lncan economies , trade , and development of urban societies . Explain how and where each empire arose and howthe Aztec and lncan empires were defeated by the Spanish . 422 CHAPTER is The Inca Empire If YOU were there You live in the Andes Mountains , where you raise llamas . You weave their wool into warm cloth . Last year , soldiers from the powerful Empire took over your village and took your leaders away . Now you have new they have totally different rules ! They say you must all learn to speak a new language and send much of your woven cloth to the Inca ruler How do you feel about living in the Inca Empire ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND The Incas built their empire by taking like the one in the paragraph you just read . They brought many changes to the villages they conquered . The Rise of the Inca Empire The Aztecs arose in , in what is now Mexico . In South America another great empire arose . That empire belonged to the Incas . However , South America was the home of several before the Incas built their empire . These tions provided a foundation for the Incas . The Incas borrowed from the and cultural achievements , such as farming techniques and skills , of these cultures . The Incas lived in a region of high plains and mountains .

Civilizations Around 900 , complex civilizations began to develop in what is now Peru . These included the ( culture in the highlands , and the Nazca , and ( cultures on the coast . Each of these cultures learned to adapt to its environment . In doing so they made advances . For example , in the steep mountains , people made terraces for farming . On the coast they developed systems so they could farm in the desert . As a result , farming could support large populations both the highlands and on the coast . These early cultures also built some of South Americas first cities . In these cities people developed crafts such as textiles , pottery , and gold jewelry . Because the ies were also religious centers , religious symbols often appeared in the crafts . The of these early civilizations set the stage for the Inca civilization . The Early Incas The Incas began as a small tribe in the Andes . Their capital was ( In the a ruler named ( led the Incas to expand their territory . He gained territory through agreements with other tribes or conquest . BIOGRAPHY Died became the Inca ruler in about 1438 . Under his rule the Inca Empire began a period of great expansion . whose name means He who remakes the world , had the Inca capital at rebuilt . He also established an official Inca religion . The Inca Empire , 1530 I GEOGRAPHY SKILLS I Place About how many miles did the Inca Empire stretch from north to south ?

ATLANTIC OCEAN Preserving Food Did you know that astronauts have something in common with the Incas ?

Both groups have made use of foods . The Incas learned how to potatoes so they would last for a long time without spoiling . First , they left the potatoes on the ground overnight in the cold Andean weather to freeze . Then they stomped on the potatoes to squeeze out the water . Next . they soaked the potatoes in water for a few weeks . Finally , they dried them in the sun . The result was a very light potato that was easy to carry and could last for several years . The Incas kept potatoes in storehouses in until they needed them . The potatoes lasted a long time . They were also easy to like the astronauts food in space and the food in your pantry . ANALYSIS ( ANALYZING INFORMATION How do you think the Incas potatoes might be different from frozen potatoes available today ?

later Inca leaders continued to expand their territory . By the early the Inca Empire was huge , as the map on the page shows . It stretched from what is now northern Ecuador to central Chile and included coastal deserts , snowy , fertile valleys , and thick forests . Around 12 million people lived in the Inca Empire . To rule this empire , the Incas formed a strong central government . Central Government and Language The Incas did want the people they to have too much power . So they made the leaders of conquered areas move out of their villages . Then they brought in new leaders who were loyal to the Inca government . The Incas also made the children of conquered leaders travel to the capital to learn about Inca government and religion . 424 CHAPTER 15 After awhile , the children went back to rule their villages , where they taught people the Inca way of life . The Incas knew that to control their empire they had to communicate with the people . But the people spoke many ferent languages . To unify their empire , the Incas established an official language , All ness had to be done in that language . Although the Inca had no written , they kept records with cords called ( Knots in the cords numbers . Different colors stood for information about crops , land , and other important topics . Economy The Inca government also controlled the economy . Instead of taxes , Incas had to pay their govemment in labor .

This labor tax system was called the ( Under the , the government told each household what work to do . Most Incas were farmers . They grew crops such as maize and peanuts in valleys where the climate was warm . In the cooler mountains they grew potatoes . In the highest mountains , people raised mals such as llamas ( animals that are related to camels but native to South America , for meat and wool . As part of the mita , people also had to work for the government . Farmers worked on farms in addition to their own farms . Villagers produced cloth and grain for the army . Other Incas worked in mines , served in the army , or built roads to pay their labor tax . There were no merchants or markets the Inca Empire . Instead , government officials would distribute goods collected through the . Leftover goods were stored in the capital for emergencies . But their organized government could protect the Incas from a new Spanish . Summarizing How did the Incas control government and language ?

BIOGRAPHIES The Spaniards used this as a reason to attack . to accept Christianity ?

was the last Inca king . religious book to convince him he should accept held the book to his ear and listened to it . When the book did speak , he threw it on the ground . Drawing Why do you think refused Pizarro Conquers the Incas A civil war began in the Empire around 1530 . After the Inca ruler died his two sons , and ( fought to become the new ruler . won the war , but fierce had weakened the Inca army . The Capture of the King On his way to be crowned , got news that a group of Spaniards had come to Peru . They were conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro . Stories about the amazed . One Inca reported They and their horses were supposed to nourish feed themselves on gold and silver . All day and all night the Spaniards talked to their books and papers . They were all dressed alike and talked together like brothers and ate at the same Inca , quoted in Letter to a King by After he had heard of the Spaniards arrival , agreed to meet Pizarro . At that meeting , the Spaniards told to convert to Christianity . When he refused , they attacked . They captured and killed thousands of Inca soldiers . founded Lima , the capital of modern Peru . Inca city of , became Peru capital ?

ACADEMIC distribute to divide among a group of people Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro organized He was brave and popular with the tions to explore the west coast of Inca army , but he didn rule for long . South America . His first two trips A Spanish friar offered a were mostly unsuccessful . But on his third trip , Pizarro luck changed . With only about 180 men , he conquered the Inca Empire , which had been weakened by disease and civil war . In 1535 Pizarro Drawing inferences Why do you think Lima , and not the THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES 425

but in 1537 the Spaniards defeated the last of the Incas and gained control over the entire region . The fall of the Inca Empire was similar to the fall of the Aztec Empire . Both empires had internal problems when the Spanish arrived . and Pizarro captured the leaders of each empire . Guns and horses gave the Spanish a great military advantage . Disease weakened native peoples . After defeating both the Aztecs and Incas , the Spanish ruled their lands for about the next 300 years . Identifying Cause and Effect What events led to the end ofthe Inca Empire ?

The Capture of Spanish Control To win his freedom , asked his people to a room with gold and silver for Pizarro . The people rushed to bring jewelry , statues , and other objects . Melted down , the precious metals may have totaled 24 tons . However , the Spaniards killed SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Inca Empire strong central government helped it control a huge area . But it could not survive the challenge posed by the Spanish . In the next section you will read about life and society in the Inca Empire at its height , before it was anyway . Some Incas fought the Spaniards , by the Spanish . Online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas . Terms , and People 53 , Critical Thinking . Sequencing Draw a time line like the one below . Use it to identify three key dates and events in the history of the Inca Empire . a . Identify What were two things the central Inca government controlled ?

Explain How did civilizations adapt to their environment ?

Evaluate Do you think the mita system was a good government policy ?

Why or why not ?

a . Recall When did the Spanish gain full control over the entire Inca region ?

Compare How was the end of the Inca Empire similar to the end of the Aztec Empire ?

Predict Predict what might have happened if had told Pizarro he accepted Christianity . Thinking about the Inca Empire Think about how you will describe the Inca Empire in your dialogue . Write down some notes about Inca language , government , food , and economy . I 426 CHAPTER 15 I I

Inca Life and Society If YOU were there You are an Inca noble . One day , you travel with the king and the army to take over new lands for the empire . There is a bloody battle , and you win a major victory You want to make sure that later generations know about this important event , but your language has no written form . How will you pass on your knowledge of history ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Certain people in the Inca Empire were responsible sure Inca history , legends , and customs got passed down to the next generation . To do this , they sang songs and wrote about everything from great battles to daily life . I , Society and Daily Life Inca society had two main social upper class and a lower class . The Incas from made up the upper class . As they conquered new lands , the conquered people became Inca subjects and joined the lower class . Daily Life for the Upper Class The king , priests , and government made up the Inca upper class . While most noble men worked for the government , women from noble families had household duties such as ing and making clothes . They also took care of children . Sons of families went to school in . They studied , religion , history , and law to prepare for lives as government or religious officials . families had many privileges . They lived in stone houses in and wore the best clothes . They did have to pay the labor tax , and they often had servants . Still , as part of the Inca government , they had a duty to make sure that people in the empire had what they needed . SECTION What You Will Learn . Forthe Incas , position in society affected daily life . The Incas made great achievements in building , art , and oral literature . Many kinds of people made up Inca society in an empire known for grand architecture and plex oral literature . Key Term masonry , 430 IE Study the roles of people in each society , including class structures , family life , warfare , religious beliefs and practices , and slavery . Describe the artistic and oral traditions and architecture in the three civilizations . 421

History Machu Machu was a royal retreat for the Inca Daily Life for the Lower Class Most Incas were farmers , artisans , or vants . There were no slaves in Inca society . men and women farmed on government lands , served in the army , worked in mines , and built roads . Parents taught their children how to work , so most children did go to school . rulers . Built amid sacred mountain peaks , the city is an amazing engineering accomplishment . Its massive stone walls , steep staircases , and level fields were built so well that many remain today , more than 500 years later . This narrow gate was the only entrance into Machu . Inca farmers grew corn . potatoes , and plants used for medicine in outside the city walls . But some carefully chosen young girls did go to school to learn weaving , cooking , and religion . Then they were sent to serve the king or work in the temple in . Incas lived outside in small houses . By law they had to wear plain clothes . Also , they couldnt own more goods than they needed . Scholars believe the Incas held festivals like this one in honor of the sun .

Religion The Inca Empire had an religion . When the Incas conquered new territories , they taught this religion to the conquered peoples . But the people could still worship their own gods , too . As a result , the many groups of people who made up the empire worshipped many different gods . into the city . This unique building had a bathroom , private garden . and guard area . Scholars think this is where the Inca ruler may have lived . rock brought water The sun god was important to Inca religion . As the sun set earlier each day in the winter , at Machu priests formed a ceremony to tie down the sun and keep it from disappearing completely . The Incas believed their kings were related to the sun god . As a result , the Incas thought their kings never really died . 45 ANALYSIS i ( What features of Inca technology can ( 126

Inca Arts Inca arts included beautiful tiles and gold and silver objects . many gold and silver have been lost , some Inca textiles have survived for hundreds of years . this llama is made of silver . Inca artisans made many silver offerings to the gods . The Incas are famous for their textiles , which featured bright colors and detailed designs . Inca artists made cloth from cotton and from the wool of llamas . In fact , priests brought mummies of former kings to many ceremonies . People gave these royal mummies food and gifts . Some Inca rulers even asked them for advice . Inca ceremonies often included . But unlike the Maya and the Aztecs , the Incas rarely humans . They usually llamas , cloth , or food . Incas outside worshipped their gods at local sacred places . The Incas believed certain mountaintops , rocks , and springs had magical powers . Incas formed at these places as well as at the temple in . Contrasting How was daily life and Incas ?

Building , Art , and Oral Literature The Incas had strong traditions of building , art , and storytelling . Many of their creations still exist today . 430 CHAPTER 15 Building The Incas are known for their massive buildings and forts made of huge , stone blocks . Workers cut the blocks so that they did have to use cement to hold them together . Inca masonry , or stonework , was of such high quality that even today it is nearly impossible to a knife blade between the stones . In fact , many Inca buildings in are still being used . The Incas also built a system of very good roads in their empire . Two major highways that ran the length of the empire formed the basis of the system . Roads paved with stone crossed mountains and deserts . With these roads and rope bridges spanning rivers and canyons , the Incas connected all parts of the empire . Art The Incas produced works of art as well . Artisans made gold and silver jewelry and offerings to the gods . They even created a

Inca artisans also worked in gold . They made many beautiful objects such as this mask . ANALYSIS , ANALYZING VISUALS What are some features at Inca art that you can see in these pictures ?

of corn out of gold and silver in a temple courtyard . Each cob , leaf , and stalk was individually crafted . Incas also made the best tiles in the Americas . Archaeologists have found brightly colored Inca textiles that are still in excellent condition . Section Assessment Oral Literature While archaeologists have found many Inca artifacts , there are no written records about the empire produced before the Spanish conquest . Instead , Incas passed down stories and songs orally . Incas sang about daily life and military victories . cial learned long poems about Inca legends and history . After the conquistadors came , some Incas learned how to speak and write in Spanish . They wrote about Inca legends and history . We know about the Incas from these records and from the stories that vive in the songs , dances , and religious practices of people in the region today . READING CHECK Drawing How Inca road system have helped strengthen the empire ?

PREVIEW The Aztec and Inca empires had some similarities in their rise and fall and in their culture . In the next chapter you will learn about the European explorations that caused the end of these two empires in the Americas . om Online Quiz KEYWORD 507 CHIS Reviewing . and People IE , a . Identify Who were members of the Inca upper class ?

Explain How were Inca government and religion related ?

Elaborate Why do you think Inca law outlined what clothes people of various classes could wear ?

a . Describe What was impressive about Inca masonry ?

Draw Conclusions Were Inca oral traditions successful in preserving information ?

Why or why not ?

Predict Why do you think the Incas wanted to connect all parts of their empire with roads ?

Categorizing Draw a chart like the one below . Use it to categorize different aspects of daily life among and Incas . Upper class Lower class I I Work School Clothing and shelter Religion FOCUS ON WRITING . Describing Inca Society From what social class is the Inca child in your dialogue ?

Make some notes about his or her daily life . 431 ) History and Geography Inca roads were more than just they were engineering marvels . The Incas built roads across almost every kind of terrain imaginable coasts , deserts , forests , grasslands , plains , and mountains . In doing so , they overcame the geography of their rugged empire . Although the Incas had no wheeled vehicles , they relied on their roads for transportation , communication , and government administration . The roads symbolized the power of the Inca government . 13 Ice The Incas vast empire was connected by a road network of about miles of roads . 500 300 432 CHAPTER Many roads were just three to six feet wide , but that was wide enough for people on foot and for llamas , which the Incas used as pack animals . Inca engineers built rope bridges to cross the valleys of the Andes Mountains . Rope bridges could stretch more than 200 feet across high gorges .

' I Machu ' Inca roads stretched from sea level to nearly feet in elevation . Roads often followed natural features , such as valleys , and the coastline . Since the Incas had no wheeled vehicles , some of their roads had steps cut into the hillsides for people and animals . The Incas were expert stone workers . They cut huge blocks of stones and fit them together so they did need . Important messages were carried by official runners . Each would run about two miles and then pass the message on to the next runner . Using this system , the Incas could send a message ISO miles in one day . mum SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS . What are some features of Inca can see inthe illustration ?

What challenges did the Incas face in building their roads ?

THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES 433 Social Studies Skills Critical Thinking Participation Analysis countries . Study Interpreting Culture Maps Understand the Skill A culture map is a special type of political map . As you already know , political maps show human features of an area , such as boundaries , settlements , and roads . The human features on a culture map are cultural features , such as the languages spoken , major religions , or groups of people . Culture maps are one of several different types of political maps that historians often use . The ability to interpret them is an important skill for understanding history . Learn the Skill The guidelines for interpreting a culture map are similar to those for understanding any map . Use map basics . Read the title to identify the subject . Note the labels , legend , and scale . Pay particular attention to special symbols for cultural features . Be sure you understand what these symbols represent . Study the map as a whole . Note the location of the cultural symbols and features . Ask yourself how they relate to the rest of the map . Connect the on the map to any written information on the subject . Practice and Apply the Skill Apply the guidelines to the map on this page . Use them to answer the questions here . I . What makes this map a culture map ?

Where did the Aztecs live ?

What people lived to the north of the Aztecs ?

What other peoples lived in the lake area ?

What was the main culture in the town of ?

Analysis Students use Identity cultural features of , cities , states , and A Peoples of . Home of the Aztecs Other settlements People or culture group 10 Miles 10 Kilometers . How does this map help you better understand the Aztec Empire ?

434 CHAPTER 15 Standards Review Visual Summary Use the visual summary below to help you review the main ideas of the chapter . Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms . and People Match each numbered with the correct lettered vocabulary term . codex Francisco Pizarro masonry conquistadors Moctezuma II Hernan Cortes causeways llamas members of the camel family that Incas raised for a type of ancient book leader who expanded Inca Empire raised paths across water or wet ground led Spanish in defeat of Aztec Empire . Spanish soldiers who came to the Americas to explore new lands , search for gold , and spread their religion stonework . Inca leader captured by the Spanish language of the Inca Empire 10 . Aztec leader at the fall of the Aztec Empire led Spanish in defeat of Inca Empire Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION I ( Pages 410414 ) a Describe What was like ?

Where was it located ?

Draw Conclusions What factor do you think played the biggest role in the Aztecs defeat ?

Defend your answer . Elaborate How did an Aztec religious belief play a role in the Spaniards conquest of the Aztecs ?

THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES 435 ( Pages ) EEE , a . Identify What were the four basic classes of Aztec society ?

Analyze What was the connection between warfare and Aztec religious ceremonies ?

Elaborate How did Aztec art and architecture make use of natural materials ?

SECTION wages ) HE a . Recall Who was , and what did he accomplish ?

Make Inferences What problems did the Incas overcome to rule their huge empire ?

Predict What might have happened if and had settled their argument peacefully ?

SECTION ( Pages ) 51 . a . Describe What were some important features of Inca masonry ?

of the Inca road system ?

Contrast How did daily life differ for the Inca upper class and for the Inca lower class ?

Elaborate Why do scholars have to depend on archaeological evidence and documents ten in Spanish for information on Inca tion ?

How may our knowledge of Inca life have been affected ?

Using the Internet 16 . Activity Making Diagrams In this chapter , you learned about the rise and fall of the Spanish , Aztec , and Inca empires . What you may not know is that the rise and fall of empires is a pattern that occurs again and again across history . Enter the activity keyword . Then create a diagram that shows the factors that cause empires to form as well as the factors that cause them to decline . What sort of diagram would best represent the forces in the rise and fall of empires ?

436 CHAPTER 15 Reviewing Themes . Politics What were the similarities between the rise of the Aztec Empire and the rise of the Inca Empire ?

18 . Science and Technology What methods did Aztec and Inca builders develop to overcome geographical challenges ?

Reading Skills Understanding Proposition and Support For each sentence below , note in what ways you could support the proposition . 19 . The Aztecs had great skills in architecture and engineering . 20 . The Incas had a highly structured government . Social Studies Skills 21 . Understanding Cultural Maps Look in the ter at the maps of the Aztec and Inca empires . Why do you think the Aztec Empire include all the land from ula to ?

How would physical features have affected the Inca rulers ability to rule their empire ?

22 . Writing a Lively Dialogue Review the notes you taken about life in the Aztec and Inca empires . Think about what life would have been like for children in each place . Then write a dialogue in which the children describe and compare their lives . To make your dialogue more interesting and lively , imagine what each child personality is like . Use clear , sensory details to create a rich picture of each child life . You may also want to describe the facial expressions each child might make while he or she is talking .

Standards Assessment ! Head 980 question , and Write me El Aztec and Inca cultures differed in all of the letter of the best response . following areas except A in the worship of many different gods . in the practice of slavery . in trade within the empire . in the practice of human sacrifice . I Use the map to answer the following question . Which people had a writing system in addition to a rich oral literature ?

A both the Inca and the Aztec onlythe Inca only neither the Inca nor the Aztec Connecting with Past Learnings Aztec warriors were highly honored The Aztec and empires are bers of society . Their status was most like on this map by that oi warriors in which society that you A for the Inca and tor the Aztec . Grade ?

the Aztec and for the Inca . A for the Inca and for the Aztec . tor the Aztec and for the Inca . Spartan The following factors all helped the Spanish ' to conquer the Aztecs and Incas except a YE ?

OI ' i , YOU learned A rev er was mean related to the sun god . This is most like the greater numbers of soldiers . beliefs of the superior weapons . A existing problems within the empires . Nazca which statement best compares or Macs agriculture in the Aztec and Inca Ma empires ?

A The Aztecs farmed on terraces and the Incas grew crops on . The Incas had to adapt to their environment while the Aztecs did not . Most people in both the Aztec and Inca empires were farmers . Both Aztecs and Incas raised llamas . THE AZTEC AND INCA EMPIRES 431

. Writing , Workshop Assignment ii Write a persuasive essay supporting your opinion on one of the following topics I The Aztecs or the Incas built the most advanced early American empire . I Cortes was or was not a villain . Using Expert Opinions Experts are people who have researched and studied a particular topic . You can find their statements in this textbook or other books on the Aztecs or the Incas . Because these experts have studied the topic , their opinions are considered to be reliable . Readers are likely to find their opinions convincing . Writing Write persuasive compositions . A Writer Framework Introduction I Startwith a question , a quotation , or a surprising fact I State the topic and your opinion on it . 438 Opinions about Historical Events ven though history is mostly about facts , people can disagree about what those facts mean . When we agree about the meaning of historical events , we often use persuasive arguments to convince others to agree with our opinion . Stating Your Opinion Persuasion begins with an opinion . Choose one of the topics suggested in the assignment , and write a statement of your opinion . Here is an example was a traitor to her people . Building a Good Argument In persuasion , an argument has nothing to do with anger or . Instead , an argument is logical proof to support an opinion . Logical proof starts with reasons , which tell why you have an opinion . For each reason , you need , examples , or expert opinions . opinion The Incas built the greatest early American empire . Reason They established central control over the empire . Evidence They created an official language , fact Organizing Your Reasons Organizing your reasons by order of importance can help you suade your readers . Start with the least important reason and build to the most convincing one . Your readers will probably remember that reason . Write Here is a framework you can use to write your first draft . Body Conclusion I Include three reasons to support I Summarize your reasons . I Restate your opinion in different I Support each reason with evidence . words . I Organize your reasons in order of I Close by making a connection to a importance , most important last . historical or current event

. Evaluate and Revise Evaluating Use these questions to discover ways to improve your first draft . Evaluation Questions for a Persuasive Essay I Does the introduction identify your I Does your conclusion restate your topic and clearly state your opinion ?

opinion in different words ?

I Do you provide at least three I Does your conclusion summarize sons to support your opinion ?

your supporting reasons ?

I Do you include facts , examples , or I Do you end by making a connection expert opinions to support each to another historical or current reason ?

event ?

I Do you start a new paragraph with each reason ?

Revising Look for sentences that begin with There is , There are , or It is . These sentences have delayed or lost subjects that can weaken your writing . A delayed subject comes too late . A lost subject does not appear at all . Delayed There are many historians who say that the Aztecs had a strong tradition . The subject is historians . Beginning the sentence with There are weakens its focus . Better Many historians say the Aztecs had a strong scientific tradition . Lost It is believed that the Incas passed down stories orally . The subject is lost , so we do know who believes this . Better Archaeologists believe the Incas passed down stories orally . Proofread and Publish Proofreading When you use expert opinions to support your opinion , you will probably include a direct quotation . Check to see whether you have enclosed any direct quotation in quotation marks . Publishing Get together with a group of students who have different opinions on the same topic . Make a list of all the reasons you have to support your opinion . Discuss the different opinions and then take a vote to see whether the discussion changed opinion about the topic . Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies in this workshop to write a persuasive essay . the difference between a fact and an opinion is important for both writers and readers of persuasive essays . I Facts are statements that can be proven true or false . The Aztecs developed a calendar . I Opinions are statements of personal belief and can not be proven . was a better city than any European city at the time . CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS 439