7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 6 - Chapter 12 Reformation of Christianity

coil California Standards Science Students analyze the historical developments ofthe Reformation . Arts Writing Develop the topic with supporting details and precise verbs , nouns , and paint a visual image in the mind ofthe reader . Reading Assess the adequacy , accuracy , and ness of the author evidence to support claims and assertions . FOCUS ON WRITING A Book Jacket You work at a publishing company , and you ve been asked to design a for a book about the Reformation . As you read this chapter , consider which main ideas and important details you should include in the description on the back page , which image you might pick for the front , and what you should call the book . 324 CHAPTER 12 rat li The Spanish Inquisition begins . The Empire begins in Persia .

HOLT Impact video series Watch the video to stand the impact of the Renaissance and Reformation . What You Will Learn In this chapter you will learn about the Reformation of Christianity in Europe . The Reformation began in the town of berg , Germany . In this photo , churchgoers there celebrate Reformation Day services . Martin Luther Thousands of The Thirty French Protestants Years War Church die in the Saint , ends the i in his Bartholomew Day Holy Roman Theses . massacre . Empire . 1609 Spanish Francis Drake . The Tokugawa Galileo uses conquistadors stops in ' conquerthe California on ruling Japan . i to study ' Inca Empire . planets . I I the world . i

. Economics Geography Politics Religion and I Culture Focus on Themes Look at the title of this Christian religion was reshaped and put into new chapter Do you see the word reformation ?

That forms . As you read , you will meet the leaders of word comes the word reform , which means to that reformation and will see how the reformation reshape or to put into a new form . That is what you affected different societies and cultures will read about in this chapter how and why the throughout the world . Online Research FOCUS on Reading Researching history topics on the World Wide ?

Web can lead to valuable information . However , just because car , tion is on the Web does mean it is valuable ! Inter active Evaluating Web Sites As you conduct research on the Web , ber to evaluate the Web sites you use . The checklist below can help you determine if the site is worth your time . Evaluating Resources Name of site URL Date of access Rate each item below on a scale of I to I No Some Yes I . Authority a . Authors are clearly identified by name . Contact information is provided for authors . Authors qualifications are clearly stated . Information on when site was last updated is easy to find . Copyrighted material is clearly labeled as such . II . Content a . Title on home page explains what site is about . Information is useful to your project . Information at site could be verified through additional research . Graphics are helpful , not just decorative . Design and Technical Elements a . Pages are readable and are easy to navigate . Links work and lead to more useful information . IV . overall , this site will be useful In my research . 326 CHAPTER 12

ELA Reading Assess the adequacy , accuracy , and ness of the author evidence to support claims and assertions , noting instances of bias and . You Try It ! Imagine that the text below is the home page for a Web site about Martin Luther , one of the figures you will learn about in this chapter . Examine the text and then answer the questions below . Smith Martin Luther Page by Professor John Smith , Here I stand I can do no other . God help me ! Luther Welcome to my web site about Martin Luther , one of the most important individuals in the entire history of Christianity . I been teaching about Luther for nearly 30 years , and in that time I learned a great deal about the man that I wanted to share with people . For a biography of Martin Luther , click . For information about his teachings , click To read Luther writings in , German , or English , click the appropriate link . For photos of important sites in his life , click . For links to other professors sites and to the American Lutheran church , click here . Page last updated October 31 , 2004 After you read the passage , answer the following questions . Who is the author of the site ?

Does the author seem qualified to write a Web page about Martin Luther ?

What information about Luther is contained on the site ?

Do you think that information could be useful ?

Why or why not ?

To what other sites does this page link ?

What might this tell you about the site ?

What other information is included on the page ?

Overall , do you think this site could be useful for history students ?

and People Section Reformation ( 323 ) indulgence ( 329 ) purgatory ( 329 ) Martin Luther ( 330 ) Protestants ( 331 ) John Calvin ( King Henry VIII ( 333 ) Section Catholic Reformation ( Ignatius of ( 336 ) Jesuits ( 336 ) Francis Xavier ( 338 ) Section ( 342 ) Edict of Nantes ( 343 ) Thirty Years War ( 344 ) congregation ( 345 ) federalism ( 345 ) Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic the words that are frequently used in school assignments and . in this chapter , you will learn the academic words method ( 329 ) agreement ( 344 ) As you read chapter think about topics that might be interesting to research further online . How could you judge the quality oftha sites you found if you did more research ?

THE RE ORMATION or CHRISTIANITY 321 SECTION What You Will Learn . Main Ideas . The Catholic Church faced challengers who were upset with the behavior of Catholic clergy and with church practices . Martin Luther urged reform in the Catholic Church , but he eventually broke away from the church . Other reformers built on the ideas of early reformers to create their own churches . The Big Idea Unsatisfied with the Roman Catholic Church , religious reformers broke away to form their own churches . Key Terms and People Reformation , 328 indulgence , 329 purgatory , 329 Martin Luther , 330 Protestants , 331 John Calvin , King Henry , 333 ! List the causes for the internal turmoil in and weakening of the Catholic church ( tax policies , selling of . Describe the theological , cal , and economic ideas of the major during the Reformation ( Erasmus , Martin Luther , John Calvin , William ) 328 CHAPTER 12 The Protestant Reformation If YOU were there You live in a town in Germany in the 15005 . The Catholic Church has a lot of influence there . Often , church clash with local nobles over political issues . The church also makes the nobles pay taxes . Lately , a local priest has been criticizing the way many church leaders act He wants to make changes . How do you think the nobles will respond to him ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Bythe early Renaissance ideas had caused many Europeans to lives with a more critical eye . They thought their lives could be changed for the better . One religion . i , The Catholic Church Faces Challengers By the late Renaissance some people had begun to complain about problems in the Catholic Church . They called on church leaders to erase corruption and to focus on religion . Eventually , their calls led to a reform movement of Western Christianity called the Reformation ( Unpopular Church Practices The reformers who wanted to change and improve the church had many complaints . Their complaints criticized the behavior of priests , bishops , and popes , as well as church practices . Some reformers thought and bishops were very religious anymore . They claimed that many priests did even know basic church teachings . Others felt that the pope was too involved in politics , neglecting his religious duties . These people found it difficult to see the pope as their spiritual leader . Other reformers had no problems with the clergy , but they thought the church had grown too rich . During the Middle Ages the Roman Catholic Church had become one of the richest

ART German woodcuts Many German reformers used woodcut illustrations to spread their ideas among people who could read Woodcuts were cheap and easy to print , which made them an easy way to spread ideas visually . The two woodcuts on this page attacked the pope by comparing him to Jesus . in a holy place . no How does the artist comparison show his opinion about the pope ?

institutions in Europe . The church used a number of methods to raise money , and it had been able to stay rich because it have to pay any taxes . For many people the worst problems were the methods the church used to raise money . One common method the church used to raise money was the sale of indulgences , a relaxation of penalties for sins people had committed . According to the church some reduced the punishment that a son would receive for sins in purgatory . In Catholic teachings , purgatory was a place where souls went before they went to heaven . In purgatory the souls were ished for the sins that they had committed in life . Once they had paid for these sins , the souls went to heaven . The idea that people could reduce the time that their souls would spend in purgatory by paying for indulgences enraged many Christians . They thought the church was letting ple buy their way into heaven . Jesus drives lenders out of the temple . He taught that money didn belong I The pope sells indulgences in a church . He is ing money from a holy place but is having it brought in . The Call for Reform The unpopular practices of the church weakened its in many lives . By the early scholars in ern Europe were calling for reforms . One of the first people to seek reforms in the church was the Dutch priest and writer Erasmus . Erasmus thought that the church problems were caused by lazy clergy . He complained that church ignored their duties to lead easy lives Whatever work may be called for . is passed along . but if there any splendor or sure being given out , that our church leaders are willing to take on . And . no class of men live more comfortably or with less trouble . Erasmus . from The Praise Erasmus wanted to reform the church from within . His ideas , though , inspired later reformers who chose to break from the church completely . Analyzing What were some complaints that people had with the church ?

THE REFORMATION OF CHRISTIANITY ACADEMIC VOCABULARY method a way of doing something 329 Martin Luther Urges Reform On October 31 , 1517 , a priest named Martin Luther added his voice to the call for reform . He nailed a list of complaints about the church to the door of a church in ( in the man state of Saxony . Luther list is called the Theses ( Thanks to the newly invented printing press , ies of Luther complaints spread to boring German states . The Theses criticized the church and many of its practices , ly the sale of indulgences . The Theses also outlined many of Luther own beliefs . For example , he did think people needed to do charity work or give money to the church . According to Luther , as long as people believed in God and lived by the Bible , their souls would be saved . 330 CHAPTER 12 A Break from the Church Luther complaints angered many man bishops . They sent a copy of the Theses to Pope Leo , who also became outraged by Luther actions . He called Luther a heretic and him . In addition , ruler , the Holy Roman Emperor , ordered Luther to appear before a diet , or council of nobles and church , in the German city of Worms ( Although many of the nobles who attended the council supported Luther , the emperor did not . He declared Luther an outlaw and ordered him to leave the empire . But one noble secretly supported Luther . He got Luther out of Worms and to a castle where he helped Luther hide from the emperor . Luther remained in hiding for more than a year . when Martin Luther nailed his Theses to a door in , Germany , the began . Soon . others unhappy with practices also began to the . BIOGRAPHY Martin Luther Martin Luther is credited with starting the tion , but he never wanted to leave the Catholic Church . He just wanted to correct what he saw as the church mistakes . After he was , Luther began to depart more and more from church teachings . For example , although the Roman Catholic Church did let priests get married , Luther married a former nun in . Still , as an old man Luther regretted that his actions had caused a split in the church .

Luther ideas eventually led to a split in the Roman Catholic Church . Those who sided with Luther and protested against the church became known as Protestants ( Those also followed Luther teachings were known as Lutherans . Luther Teachings Luther thought anyone could have a direct relationship with God . They did need priests to talk to God for them . This idea is called the priesthood of all believers . The priesthood of all believers the traditional structure of the church . To Luther , this was a . People beliefs should be based on , he argued , but on the Bible . He thought that people should live as the Bible , not priests or the pope , said . Primary Source HISTORIC DOCUMENT Luther Theses In , nailing documents to the church door was a common way of sharing ideas with the community . The Theses Martin Luther posted , however , created far more debate than other such documents . The items listed here , selected from . list , argued against the sale of indulgences . Luther thought the Luther thought buying indulgences was useless . that only grant forgiveness . To help people understand how God wanted them to live , Luther translated the Bible New Testament into German , his native language . For the time many Europeans who did know Greek or in could read the Bible for themselves . In addition to translating the Bible , Luther wrote pamphlets , essays , and songs about his ideas , many of them in German . Many German nobles liked ideas . They particularly supported Luther position that the clergy should not with politics . Because these nobles allowed the people who lived on their lands to become Lutheran , the Lutheran Church soon became the dominant church in most of northern Germany . READING CHECK Summarizing Whatwere Martin Luther main religious teachings ?

THE TODAY Many of the songs Luther wrote are still sung in tant churches around the ' The pope will not , and can not , remit forgive other punishments than those which he has imposed by his own decree ruling or according to the canons laws . 21 ) Therefore , those preachers of indulgences err make a mistake who say that , by the Pope indulgence . a man may be exempt from all punishments , and be saved . 30 ) Nobody is sure of having repented been sorry ' sincerely enough much less can he be sure of having received perfect remission of ( 43 ) Christians should be taught that he who gives to the poor , or lends to a needy man , does better than buying indulgences . through indulgences . though the commissary . 52 ) It is a vain and false thing to hope to be saved the pope to pledge his own soul therefore . Luther , from the Theses ANALYSIS ( ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES Why did Martin Luther argue against the sale oi indulgences ?

THE REFORMATION or 331 Modem Reformers During the Reformation the ideas and actions of single individuals had sweeping effects on European society . Since that time many other individuals have risen up and called for social changes . In the 19605 a man named Cesar Chavez organized a strike of farm workers in California , refusing to return to work until the workers received fair treatment . At about the same time . Martin Luther King worked to gain equal rights for African Americans . Even today are working to fight injustice and corruption around the world . For example , a woman named San is fighting to bring democracy to her country , Burma . ANALYSIS SKI LI , I ANALYZING INFORMATION How have people like Cesar Chavez , Martin Luther King and San continued the traditions of protest and reform ?

Other Reformers row on Even before Luther died in 1546 , other ! reformers across Europe had begun to low his example . Some of them also broke you away from the Catholic Church to form Wanted 10 learn Churches of their own . more about reformers ?

William Another important reformer was William ( an English professor . Like Luther he thought that everyone should be able to read and interpret the Bible . This belief went against the ings of the Catholic Church , in which only clergy could interpret the Bible . decided to translate the Bible into English . This upset the English clergy , who tried to arrest him . the country and continued his translation . He sent copies of his Bible back to England . work angered Catholic ties , who had him executed . 332 CHAPTER 12 John Calvin A more reformer than was John Calvin . One of Calvin main teachings was , the idea that God knew who would be saved even before they were born . Nothing people did during their lives would change plan . However , Calvin also taught that it was important to live a good life and obey God laws . In 1541 the people of Geneva , made Calvin their religious and political leader . He and his followers , called Calvinists , passed laws to make people live according to Calvin teachings . Since vin followers believed that people were generally sinful , they banned many forms of entertainment , such as playing cards and dancing . They thought these activities people from religion . Calvin hoped to make Geneva an example of a good ' Christian city for the rest of the world .

Hen ry VIII In England the major of the mation was King Henry VIII . Because he had no sons and his wife could have any more children , Henry asked the pope to end his marriage . Henry wanted to get married again so that he could have a son to whom he could leave his throne . The pope refused Henry request . ous and hurt , Henry decided that he want to obey the pope anymore . In 1534 he declared himself the head of a new church , called the Church of England , or Anglican Church . Unlike Luther and Calvin , Henry made his break from the Catholic Church for personal reasons rather than religious ones . As a result , he didn change many church practices . Many rituals and beliefs of the Church of England stayed very much like those of the Catholic Church . Henry break from the church , however , opened the door for other Protestant beliefs to take hold in England . CHECK Comparing and Calvin ideas similarto Luther ?

Section I Assessment ) Recall What were three complaints I in the early 15005 ?

ing the Bible differ from Catholics ideas ?

him a Reformation figure ?

life in Geneva ?

away from the Catholic Church ?

Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People HE . Critical Thinking people had about the Roman Catholic Church . a . Identify What was Martin Luther list of about the Roman Catholic Church called ?

Contrast How did Luther ideas about . a . Describe did King Henry VIII do that makes Summarize How did John Calvin ideas affect Predict How might William life have been different if he had lived after Henry VIII broke BIOGRAPHY John Calvin Calvin was probably the most influential of the Reformation after Luther . Through his writings and , Calvin spread basic Reformation ideas such as the right of the common people to make church policy . Unlike many other religious leaders , Calvin did think that the pursuit of would keep businesspeople from being saved . This idea would eventually help lead to the growth of Capitalism . Making Why might ideas have been businesspeople ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The religious landscape of Europe changed cally in the . The Catholic Church now had many rivals . In Section you will learn how Catholic leaders made some changes in their religion to keep their in Europe . Quiz , KEYWORD . 507 . Comparing and Contrasting Draw a Venn I diagram like the one here . Use it to compare and contrast Luther , Both Cam and ideas about reforming the church . Finding Key Details The main idea of this tion might be stated , unpopular Catholic Church practices led some reformers to start their own churches . Write this main idea in your notebook . What key details in this section support this idea ?

Write them in your notebook as well . I I THE REFORMATION or CHRISTIANITY 333 SECTION You Will Learn Main Ideas . The influence of the church created a Catholic culture in Spain . Catholic reforms emerged in response to the Reformation . Missionaries worked to spread Catholic teachings . Catholic leaders worked to reform the Catholic Church and spread Catholic teachings . Key Terms and People Catholic Reformation , 334 Ignatius of , 336 Jesuits , 336 Francis Xavier , 338 ! Analyze howthe Reformation revitalized the Catholic movement , St Ignatius of end the Jesuits , the Council of Trent ) Understand the institution and impact of missionaries on Christianity and the diffusion of Christianity from Europe to other parts of the world in the medieval and early modern ods locate missions on a world map . Describe the Golden Age of cooperation between Jews and in medieval Spain that promoted creativity in art , literature , and science , including howthat cooperation was terminated bythe religious tion of individuals and groups , the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain in ) 334 CHAPTER 12 church and the forces that fostered the . The Catholic Reformation If YOU were there You live in a small port city in Portugal in the 15005 . Your parents are fishers , but you have always dreamed of seeing more of the world . One day you learn that several missionaries are planning to set sail for India and Japan . Every sailor knows that the voyage will be long and dangerous . The people in those countries may welcome the attack them . As a result , the captain is paying well for new crew members . Will you join the crew of the missionaries ship ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND As Protestant ideas northern Europe , Catholic leaders realized that people were unhappy with the clergy and with church policies . They looked for ways to restore people faith in the church . Catholic Culture in Spain The effort to reform the Catholic Church from within is called the Catholic Reformation , or the . Through the late and Catholic Reformation leaders worked to strengthen the Catholic Church and to stop the spread of Protestantism in Europe . Many of the leaders of the Catholic Reformation came from southern Europe , especially from Spain . Spain rulers , nobles , and clergy were used to defending the Catholic Church . They had been to make Catholicism the only religion in their kingdoms for hundreds of years . The Growth of Roman Catholic Spain For centuries the region we now call Spain had been home to three religions . In many areas Christians , Muslims , and Jews all lived and worked together . Because they cooperated and against each other , people of all three religions prospered .

They made some important advancements in art , literature , philosophy , and science this was referred to as the Golden Age . Eventually , the Roman Catholic rulers decided to force the Muslims out of Spain . For hundreds of years religious wars tore up the Spanish countryside . Finally , in 1492 the king and queen of Spain ed the last of the Spanish Muslims . They ordered all Muslims and Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave their kingdom . The Spanish Inquisition To enforce their decision , the Spanish ordered the Spanish Inquisition to and punish any Muslims or Jews left in Spain . The Inquisition was ruthless in carrying out this duty . Its members hunted down and punished converted Muslims and Jews who were suspected of keeping their old beliefs . After a time the Inquisition began to turn its attention to Christians as well as to Muslims and Jews . Catholic officials wanted to be sure that everyone in Spain belonged to the Catholic Church . They ordered the Inquisition to seek out , such as Protestants , whose ideas from the church . Once the Inquisition had punished all Muslims , Jews , and Protestants , the Church in Spain had no opposition . By the late and the Spanish church was very strong . As a result , the ideas of the Reformation did not become as popular in Spain as they did elsewhere . In fact , the Spanish clergy were among the first to back against the Protestant Reformation . Summarizing How did the Roman Catholic Church in Spain gain power ?

The Surrender of Granada In 1492 the last Muslim stronghold in Spain , Granada , fell . This painting from the 18005 shows Granada Muslim ruler surrendering to Spain Catholic leaders .

The Catholic Church Reforms TODAY The Jesuit Order runs Catholic schools and universities all around the world . Catholic Reforms By the Catholic leaders in Europe were responding to the criticisms of Protestants . They responded in many ways . Some reformers created new religious orders . Others tried to change church icy . Still others tried to stop the spread of Protestant teachings in Catholic areas . New Religious Orders Catholic reformers created many new orders in southern Europe in the . These orders had different rules and customs . But they all shared one important wanted to win back support for the Catholic Church from people who had turned away . The first new order was founded in 1534 by a Spanish noble , Ignatius ( of . This new order was the Society 336 CHAPTER 12 BIOGRAPHY Saint Ignatius of 1491 Ignatius of came from a noble Spanish family . As a young man he became a knight In 1521 he was wounded in battle and spent several months in bed . During that time he became very religious . When he founded the Jesuits , used his military experience . He took the title of general and insisted that his lowers were well trained , like soldiers . He thought this would make them better able to against the spread of Protestantism . of Jesus , or the Jesuits . The Jesuits were a religious order created to serve the pope and the church . Ignatius had been a dier , and the organization of the Jesuits this background . Jesuits tried to be as disciplined as soldiers in their religious duties . As the Jesuits leader , Ignatius took the title of general , and he referred to the Jesuits as soldiers . One of the Jesuits goals was to teach people about Catholic ideas . They hoped that a strong Catholic education would turn people against Protestant ideas . Another order was created in 1535 in Italy by Angela ( Called the Order , it was created to teach girls rather than boys . Like the its , the Ursulines thought Catholic cation was the key to strengthening the Catholic Church and limiting the impact of Protestant teachings .

1545 is banned . Angela founded the The of Trent met Order . Her goal was to teach young between and 1563 ' in women about official Catholic to clarify church areas they oversee . teachings and to give aid and help ings that had been to people in need . by Protestants . The I The ideas of Luther , Calvin , key role and other Reformation I the leaders are rejected . Church in Europe . The Council of Trent The Council of Trent endorsed The new religious orders were one response to reform , but many Catholic leaders felt that more change was needed . They decided to call together a council of church leaders . Held in Trent , Italy , this council was called the Council of Trent . At this meeting , clergy from across Europe came together to cuss , debate , and eventually reform teachings . The Council of Trent actually met three times between 1545 and 1563 . The made in these meetings led to major reforms in the Roman Catholic Church . The council restated the importance of the clergy in interpreting the Bible , but it ated new rules that clergy had to follow . For example , the council ordered bishops to actually live in the areas they oversaw . Before this decision some bishops had lived far from the churches they ran . I The selling of indulgences teaching and instituted reform of practice . From this point on , there was a clear distinction between Catholic and Protestant beliefs and practices . The Fight against Protestants Some Catholic Reformation leaders ed to be more direct in their against Protestants . They thought Protestants were heretics who should be punished . To lead the against Protestants , the pope created religious courts to ish any Protestants found in Italy . He also issued a list of books considered ous for people to read , including many by Protestant leaders . People reading books on this list could be excommunicated . Finding Main Ideas What . were the goals of Catholic Reformation leaders ?

THE REFORMATION OF CHRISTIANITY 337 PACIFIC OCEAN Missionaries Spread Catholic Teachings Rather than change the church , many Catholics decided to dedicate their lives to helping it grow . They became missionaries . Their goal was to take Catholic teachings to people around the world . Many also hoped to win back to the Catholic Church . Missionary work was not a new idea . Christians had been sending missionaries into areas for hundreds of years . As early as the a group of Catholic missionaries had traveled as far as China . During the Catholic Reformation , however , Catholic missionary activity increased greatly . Some Protestant groups also sent out missionaries during this time , but they were generally outnumbered by Catholic missionaries . Many of the new Catholic ies were Jesuits . Jesuit priests went to Africa and Asia to teach people about the Church . In addition , some Jesuits with explorers to America to convert the native peoples there . Probably the most important ary of the period was the Jesuit priest Francis Xavier ( He traveled throughout Asia in the , bringing to parts of India and Japan . As a result of his efforts , some people in those regions became Catholics . 338 CHAPTER 12 Catholic priests from Europe set up missions in the Americas like this one in California . ATLANTIC OCEAN European missionary voyages Spanish Portuguese French Mission or church center ' Founded in Founded ' Founded in Jesuit missionary area 750 Miles 750 Around the world Catholic ies baptized millions of people . Through their efforts the effects of the Catholic ormation reached far beyond Europe . Finding Main Ideas What were the goals of Catholic missionaries ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Catholic ers responded to the Reformation in Europe . In the next section you will see what happened when Catholics and Protestants began to interact .

Jesuit missionaries brought Catholicism ' to parts of India . This painting shows a Japanese man who converted to Christianity . PACIFIC OCEAN IC OCEAN EN . INTERPRETING MAPS From which Catholic missionaries come ! Movement To which continents did Catholic missionaries travel ?

Online Quiz Section Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People , a . Define What was the Catholic ' Reformation ?

organizer i et one ow . In irst ox , write Explain why was the Catholic church Stronger the main oause of the Catholic Reformation . In the in Spain than in many other parts of Europe ?

third box , list three effects of church reform . a . Identify What religious order did Ignatius of . create ?

Summarize How did the Catholic Church try to the spread of Protestant ideas ?

Evaluate which was ' Finding the Main Idea You already wrote a list of way to reform the Catholic Church , new religious imponant details to Support a main idea Now the ' the Trent ?

Why ?

main idea of this section . Write a sentence that states . Recall Where did Catholic missionaries travel ?

the main idea . Then write the details that support it . THE REFORMATION or CHRISTIANITY 339 I .

SECTION What You Will Learn Main Ideas . Religious division occurred within Europe and the Americas . Religious wars broke out between Protestants and Catholics . Social changes were a result of the Reformation . The Reformation changed religion in Europe and led to political and cultural conflicts . Key Terms , 342 Edict of Nantes , 343 Thirty Years War , 344 congregation , 345 federalism , 345 Explain Protestants new practices of church and the influence of those practices on the development of democratic practices and ideas of federalism . Identify and locate the pean regions that remained Catholic and those that became Protestant and explain how the division affected the distribution of religions in the New World . 340 CHAPTER 12 Effects of the Reformation If YOU were there You live in central Europe in the 16005 . As far back as you can remember , the countryside has been at war over religion . There have been riots and bloodshed . People have even been killed in the streets of your town . Now your parents have had enough of . They have decided to move the whole family to one of the American colonies , far across the ocean . How do you feel about moving to America ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND The Protestant and Catholic tions led to religious changes in Europe . These religious changes had other consequences as well . In some places violence broke out . in other places people shifted their attitudes about life and the world . Such changes drove some people to leave their homes for new lands , like those in America . i . Religious Division At the beginning of the nearly all of Europe was Catholic . As you can see on the map , however , that situation had changed dramatically 100 years later . By 1600 , nearly all of southern Europe was still Catholic . But the majority of people in northern Europe had become Protestant . Division within Europe In many European countries , like Spain , nearly everyone shared the same religion . In Spain most people were Catholic . In ern countries such as England , Scotland , Norway , and Sweden , most people were Protestant . In the Holy Roman Empire each prince chose the religion for his territory . As a result , the empire became a patchwork of small kingdoms , some Catholic and some Protestant . Keeping peace between kingdoms with ent religions was often a difficult task .

Division in the Americas When explorers and missionaries set out from Europe for other parts of the world , they took their religions with them . In this way , the distribution of religions in Europe shaped religious patterns around the world . For example , some parts of the Americas were settled by Catholic tries such as Spain , France , and Portugal . These areas , including parts of Canada Religions in Europe , GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS . Region In which part of Europe were most people Protestant ?

Place How were Catholic and Protestant areas arranged in the Holy Roman Empire ?

and most of Mexico , Central America , and South America , became Catholic . In , places settled by Protestants from England and other the 13 colonies that became the United mostly Protestant . CHECK Finding Main Ideas Which areas of Europe stayed Catholic after the Reformation ?

Protestant I Roman Catholic I Roman Catholic with Protestant minorities 250 Miles Eastern Orthodox Muslim Boundary of the Holy Roman Empire Religious Wars Disagreements about religion and violence often went hand in hand . During the ormation , this violence was sometimes tied to political concerns . For example , man peasants rebelled against their rulers in 1534 after reading Luther Bible . It says that all people are equal , and the peasants wanted equal rights . They began a revolt that was soon defeated . In most places , though , religious between Catholics and Protestants , not politics , led to and violence . France Although most people in France remained Catholic , some became Protestants . French Protestants were called ( A series of between Religious Wars in Europe 1511 Martin Luther posts his Theses . The Reformation begins . Catholics and led to years of bloody war . The began when the French king , who was Catholic , decided to get rid of all the Protestants in France . To accomplish this he banned all Protestant religions in France and punished or exiled any Protestants he found . The king efforts to eliminate increased tensions , but violence did break out until 1562 . In that year a Catholic noble attacked and killed a group of Protestants in northwestern France . The attack infuriated Protestants throughout France . Angry Protestants rose up in arms against both the noble and France monarchy . After about a year of ing , both sides agreed to stop . As a gesture of peace the king allowed to remain in France , but only in tain towns . King Henry VIII of England breaks away from the Catholic Church and founds the Anglican Church . 342 CHAPTER 12 ii i

The peace did last for long , though . Fighting soon resumed , and the war on and off for almost 20 years . The worst incident of the war was the Bartholomew Day Massacre . It took place on August 24 , 1572 , which Catholics called Bartholomew Day . In one night Catholic rioters killed about in Paris . In the days that followed , riots broke out all over France . The war between French Catholics and Protestants ended in 1598 . In that year King Henry was raised a the Edict of Nantes ( granting religious freedom in most of France . It allowed Protestants to live and worship anywhere except in Paris and a few other cities . Henry law stopped the war , but resentment between Catholics and Protestants continued . The Holy Roman Empire Religious wars caused even more tion in the Holy Roman Empire than in France . Major violence there broke out in 1618 when unhappy Protestants threw two Catholic officials out of a window in the city of Prague ( Their action was a response to a new policy issued by the king of part of the empire . The king had decided to make everyone in his kingdom become Catholic . To enforce his decision , he closed all Protestant churches in Bohemia . The king decision upset many . In Prague , unhappy Protestants overthrew their Catholic ruler and replaced him with a Protestant one . Their action did not resolve anything , however . Instead , it added to the religious in the Holy Roman Empire . READING TIME LINES How much time passed between the beginning ofthe and the sum of the Thirty Years War ! THE REFORMATION or CHRISTIANITY 343

ACADEMIC agreement a decision reached by two or more people Their revolt quickly spread into other parts of the empire . This rebellion began what is known as the Thirty Years War , a long series of wars that involved many of the countries of Europe . The war quickly became too much for the Holy Roman Emperor to handle . He sought help from other Catholic tries , including Spain . As the grew worse , the Protestants also looked for help . Some of their allies were even Protestant . For example , the Catholic king of France agreed to help them because he did like the Holy Roman Emperor . Although it began as a religious conflict , the Thirty Years War grew beyond religious issues . Countries fought each other over political rivalries , for control of territory , and about trade rights . Protestant After 30 years of , Europe ers were ready for the war to end . This was especially true in the German states of the Holy Roman Empire , where most of the had taken place . In 1648 leaders worked out a peace agreement . The agreement they created , the Treaty of , allowed rulers to determine whether their countries would be Catholic or Protestant . The treaty also introduced political changes in Europe . One important change affected the Holy Roman Empire . The states of Germany became dent , with no single ruler over them , and the Holy Roman Empire no longer existed . Cause and How did Europe change Thirty Years War ?

painting from the shows a tant church in France . Members of a tion like this one would elect leaders and make the Reformation I Religious conflicts spread across Europe . I Church leaders reform the Catholic Church . I Missionaries spread around the world . I Northern Europe becomes largely Protestant . I Local Protestant churches practice .

Social Changes The religious changes of the Reformation and the political turmoil that followed set other changes in motion . People began to question the role of government and the role of science in their lives . Before the Reformation most Europeans had no in governing the Catholic Church . They simply followed the ings of their priests and bishops . Many Protestant churches did have priests , bishops , or other clergy . Instead , each congregation , or church assembly , made its own rules and elected leaders to make decisions for them . People began to think that their own ideas , not just the ideas of the clergy , were important . Once people began to govern their churches they also began to want political power . In some places congregations began to rule their towns , not just their churches . In Scotland , England , and some English colonies in America , congregations met to decide how their towns would be run . These town meetings were an early form of , in which people rule themselves . As time passed , some congregations gained more power . Their decisions came to affect more aspects of people lives or to control events in larger areas . The power of these congregations did replace national governments , but national rulers began to share some power with local governments . The sharing of power between local and a strong central government is called federalism . New Views of the World Once people began to think that their own ideas were important , they began to raise questions . They wanted to know more about the natural physical world around them . In addition , more and more people refused to accept information about the world based on someone else ity . They didn care if the person was a writer from ancient Greece or a religious leader . The desire to investigate , to things out on their own , led people to turn increasingly to science . Summarizing How did the Reformation change European society ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The tion caused great changes in Europe , and not just in religion . In the next chapter you will learn how the ideas of the mation paved the way for the growth of science and the Revolution . Section Assessment . om Online Quiz KEYWORD 507 Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People IE a . Recall Where did more Protestants live , in northern I or southern Europe ?

Evaluate Why do you think the more influence in southern Europe ?

ic Church had a . Identify Where did the Thirty Years War begin ?

Explain What started the wars of religion in France ?

a . Identify What were two areas of society that changed as a result of the Reformation ?

Sequence How did the Reformation lead to the growth of federalism ?

Critical . Identifying Cause and Effect Draw a series of boxes like the ones shown here . In the Religious first box , identify the cause of religious conflict in Europe . In the last box , list two effects of that con FOCUS ON WRITING . Choosing Important Details Once again , write the main idea and supporting details of the section in your book . Then look over your notes to choose the most . important and intriguing details for the book jacket Put a check mark next to the details you think you include . i THE REFORMATION OF 345 I

Social Studies Skills Analysis Critical Thinking Understanding Graphs Understand the Skill Graphs are drawings that display data in a clear , visual form . There are three main types of graphs . Line graphs show changes in something over time . Bar graphs compare quantities within a category . Some bar graphs may illustrate changes over time as well . Circle graphs , also called pie graphs , represent the parts that make up a whole of something . Each piece of the circle , or pie , shows what proportion that part is of the whole . Graphs let you see relationships more quickly and easily than tables or written explanations do . The ability to read and interpret graphs will help you to better understand and use statistical tion in history . Learn the Skill Use the following guidelines to understand and interpret data presented in a graph . Read the graph title to identify the subject . Note the kind of graph . This will give you clues about its purpose . Study the graph parts and read its labels . Note the subjects or categories that are graphed . Also note the units of measure . If the graph uses ferent colors , determine what each means . Analyze the data . Note any increases or decreases in quantities . Look for trends or changes over time . Determine any other relationships in the data that is graphed . 346 CHAPTER 12 Participation Percentage of Catholics and Protestants , 2004 ES I Catholic Percentage of population Ix A 00 ) Practice and Apply the Skill The Reformation brought changes to Christianity in Europe . The effects of these changes can still be seen there today . Interpret the graph to answer the following questions . I . What kind of graph is this ?

What is the purpose of the graph ?

What percentage of the population in France is Catholic ?

In what country are there more Protestants than Catholics ?

Visual ' the main ideas of the chapter . Unhappy with the Catholic Church , reformers in Europe began to break away and form Protestant churches . Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms . and People Choose the letter of the answer that each statement below . I . The movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church that created many new religions was the a . Council of Trent . Catholic Reformation . Thirty Years War . Protestant Reformation . The man who began the Reformation by nailing complaints about the church to a church door was Martin Luther . Francis Xavier . John Calvin . King Henry VIII . People who disagreed with and broke away from the Catholic Church during the tion were called indulgences . congregations . Jesuits . Protestants . Standards Review The Protestant Reformation led to efforts to reform the Catholic Church . Use the visual summary below to help you review The split in the church changed the religious map of Europe . Documents that were believed to reduce the time a person soul would spend in purgatory were called . indulgences . missionaries . Protestants . The founder of the Jesuit Order was Martin Luther . John Calvin . Francis Xavier . Ignatius of . Comprehension and Critical Thinking I ( Pages ) EB a . Describe What were some of the complaints that people had about the Catholic Church in the 15005 ?

Analyze How did Martin Luther teachings affect the beliefs of many people in northern Europe ?

THE or CHRISTIANITY 341 SECTION I ( continued ) Reading Predict How did William and King . Onl ne Research Each below two Henry VIII affect people for hundreds of Well sites you could use the . Yea ?

which Web site is likely to be a more valuable and ( Pages 334439 ) Em ' a . Identify Who were Ignatius of , Angela What happened to Martin Luther after he and Francis ?

nailed his Theses to the church Analyze Why was Spain a leader in the door ?

Catholic ?

a movie studio Web site for a movie about Evaluate Why might a historian say that the Martin Luther life Protestant Reformation actually helped spread an online encyclopedia Catholicism around the world ?

What happened during the Thirty Years War ?

a Web site with an excerpt from a book by a university professor about the war a museum Web site for an exhibit about the Holy Roman Empire SECTION ( Pages ) a . Recall By the , which parts of Europe were mostly Catholic ?

Which parts were mostly Protestant ?

Compare and Contrast How were the wars in France and the Holy Roman Empire similar ?

How were they different ?

Elaborate How did the Reformation affect other aspects of daily life in Europe and the 14 . Understanding Graphs What kind of graph English colonies in America ?

line , bar , or circle ) would you create to show how the number of Protestants in the lands rose and fell during the 16005 ?

Explain Reviewing Themes Your . Society and Culture What were two religious effects of the Reformation ?

Focus ON , lo . Religion Do you think the increased or decreased most people interest in ?

300 ladle BY HOW religion ?

Why ?

chosen details about events and people you want to include on your book jacket . Write I sentences about tlhe . Include the Internet enough detail to hoo your readers and make them want to read the book . Once you ve Activity Researching If YOU walked the summary think of a catchy title for down the narrow Streets in before the book and an image for the front cover . Luther nailed up his list of complaints , you might have heard an indulgence salesman say When a coin into the coin box rings , a soul from Purgatory soon will Luther and other Reformation leaders put indulgence sellers on the unemployment line . Enter the keyword above . Then write a of a Reformation leader that outlines his life and his impact on the Reformation . 348 CHAPTER 12

Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question , and write the letter of the best response . I Use the map to answer the following question . Which letter on the map shows the area of Europe where most people remained Catholic after the Reformation ?

AW CY a The Reformation had all of the following effects in Europe except A an increased interest in science . wars between Catholics and Protestants . the growth of federalism . the creation of a Holy Roman Empire . Reformers found fault with all of the ing practices of the Catholic Church except A the selling of indulgences . the Bible appearing only in Latin . lazy or corrupt clergy . the building of monasteries . One result of the Catholic Reformation in Europe was A missionary activity that spread faith around the world . the founding of the Anglican Church and other Protestant faiths . the cooperation of European Muslims and Jews to advance the arts and sciences . the elimination of the papacy . Which person is generally credited with starting the Reformation ?

A Erasmus Martin Luther John Calvin King Henry VIII Connecting with Past Learnings Earlier , you learned that a missionary named Patrick introduced Christianity to Ireland . Which of the following figures played a similar role in other pans of the world ?

A Francis Xavier King Henry VIII Ignatius of King Charles In many places in Europe in the , Protestants were persecuted for their beliefs . Another group that you have studied that were persecuted for what they believed were A Egyptians under Alexander the Great . Hindus in India . Christians in the Roman Empire . Buddhists in China . THE REFORMATION OF CHRISTIANITY 349