7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 6 - Chapter 11 Renaissance

Chapter 13 The ! chapter II The Renaissance chapter The Reformation , of Christianity 292 .

As the Middle Ages drew to a close , Europe entered a new period of creativity and learning called the Renaissance . During the Renaissance , artists and scholars ered the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome . They hoped to build on the achievements of these classical civilizations . Some Renaissance scholars and thinkers clashed with church officials . These clashes led to a struggle in Christianity called the Reformation . Other thinkers , searching for the truth about nature and humanity , invented modern science . In the next three chapters , you will read about how these developments dramatically reshaped Europe and the world . Explore the Art in this scene , the young singer Francesca performs at a private gathering in Italy . What features of daily life can you see in this illustration ?

ca . Standards Science Students analyze the origins , accomplishments , and . graphic diffusion ofthe Renaissance . Analysis Skills Use maps to identify the migration of people and the growth of economic systems . Arts , Writing Describe the points in support of the proposition , employing evidence . Reading Use knowledge of Greek , Latin , and roots and affixes to understand vocabulary . FOCUS ON WRITING A Movie Proposal You have a great idea for a movie set during the Renaissance . To get your film made , you need to convince a studio that the period is interesting and exciting . As you read this chapter , look for people and ideas that you could include in your movie . CHAPTER EVENTS 294 CHAPTER 11 Marco Polo travels to China . 128 ! The kamikaze from a Mongol invasion .

. in I i A I It ' I I . I . History Impact video series Watch the video to understand the impact of the Renaissance and Reformation . What You Will Learn I I in this chapter you will learn how the Renaissance changed life in Europe . The Renaissance began in great trading cities like Venice , shown here . Venice is an , island city crisscrossed with canals , so its Dante completes The Divine Comedy . Michelangelo develops paints the ceiling his printing ofthe Sistine press . Chapel . I 368 The Ming The Sunni Ali Empire in West Africa . dynasty begins in China . Ottomans conquer Constantinople . streets are actually waterways . 595 Shakespeare writes Romeo and Juliet THE RENAISSANCE 295

. Economics Politics Religion Geography Focus on Themes This chapter takes you into geographical location , along with the invention Italy in the and 14005 . At that time scholars , of the printing press and the reopening of routes artists , and scientists built on classical Greek and between China and Europe made the Roman roots to make new advances in science and worldwide event with effects far beyond . technology and the arts . You will read how Greek and Latin Word Roots Focus Reading During the Renaissance Common roots The charts below list some Greek and Latin roots found in many English words . As you read the charts , try to think of words that include scientists and scholars became interested in the tory and languages of ancient Greece and Rome . Many of the words we use every day are based on each root . Then think about how the words ings are related to their roots . words spoken by people in these ancient civilizations . Common Latin Roots Common Creek Roots Root Meaning Sample words words audience , against antifreeze , audible antiwar . literature , star asteroid , literary astronaut repeat , time chronicle , redo chronology script , diagonal , manuscript between diameter small microfilm , microscope submarine , substandard across transport , translate Additional reading support can be found I ' the 296 CHAPTER

ELA Reading Use knowledge of Greek , Latin , and roots and affixes to understand vocabulary . You Try It ! Each of the following sentences is taken from the chapter you are about to read . After you read the sentences , answer the questions at the bottom of the page . Using Word Origins . In their luggage these scholars carried rare , precious works of literature . 305 ) Among the ideas that Italian scholars wanted to were subjects that the Greeks and Romans had studied . 306 ) Later astronomers built on this discovery to lay the foundation for modern astronomy . 310 ) Although church leaders fought strenuously against it , the Bible was eventually translated and printed . 313 ) Also , straight lines , such as on tiles , appear diagonal . 307 ) Answer the following questions about the underlined words . Use the Common Roots charts on the opposite page for help . Which of the underlined words has a root word that means writing ?

How does knowing the root word help you figure out what the word means ?

What does the root word mean ?

How does that help you figure out the meaning of astronomy ?

In the second sentence , what do you think revive means ?

How could this be related to the root . What the root word in translation ?

What does translation mean ?

How is that definition related to the meaning of the root word ?

What does the word diagonal mean ?

How is that meaning related to the meaning of . How many more words can you think of that use the roots in the charts on the previous page ?

Make a list and share it with your classmates . and Chapter 11 Section Marco Polo ( 299 ) interest ( 302 ) Cosimo de Medici ( 302 ) Renaissance ( Section humanism ( 304 Dante ( 306 ) Niccolo Machiavelli ( 306 ) perspective ( Michelangelo ( 308 ) Leonardo da Vinci ( 303 ) 310 ) Section Johann ( 313 ) Christian humanism ( 314 ) Erasmus ( Albrecht ( 315 ) Miguel de Cervantes ( 316 ) William Shakespeare ( 316 ) Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic words that are frequently used in school assignments and . In this chapter , you will loam the academic words classical ( 305 affect ( 310 ) As you read Chapter 11 , be on the out for words with Greek and Latin root words like those listed in the chart on the opposite page . Use the chart to help out mean . THE RENAISSANCE 291 I

Origins of the Renaissance mat Wi 193 ' If YOU were there Ideas You are a historian living in Florence , in the late . In . European trade with Asia your writing you describe the wonders of your city . But the place increased in the . Trade cities in my grew was very different only about 50 years before . At that time , the and competed , Black Death was sweeping through the city In fact , your own ' th . grandfather was killed by the terrible disease . Some of for arts and learning . the i the city other citizens also died from plague . Now , though . ii . ea Florence is known for its beauty , art , and learning . The , How did your city change so quickly ?

The growth of wealthy trading cities in Italy led to a new era called the Renaissance . BUILDING BACKGROUND By the late the Black Kay and People Marco Polo . 299 horrors had passed . in Europe the stage was set for great changes . 302 Europeans could worry less about dying and concentrate more on Cosimo de ' Medici , 302 living . They wanted to enjoy life , literature , and learning . increased trade with faraway lands would help spark new interest in these activities . Renaissance , 303 Trade with Asia It seems strange that the Black Death could have had any tive results , but that is what happened . You may remember that workers who survived could charge more money for their labor . In addition , the disease did damage farmland , buildings , ships , machines , or gold . People who survived could use these . HE of Florence in the early stages of . i the Renaissance and the growth things to raise more food or make new products . They did iust ! cities ( that . Europe economy began to grow again . Venice ) with emphasis on the cities . importance , the spread As more goods became available , prices went down . People ideas . could buy more of the things they wanted . Trade increased , and enacts oma new products appeared in the markets . Some of these goods ' i ancient ! came from India , China , and other lands to the east . How did between Europe and China , including , Mam andthe ese items mi es over ig mountains and of his routes . wide deserts ?

To learn more , we need to go back in time . 298 CHAPTER . ii The Silk Road Reopens The Chinese and Romans did business together from about AD to 200 . Products moved east and west along the Silk Road . This caravan route started in China and ended at the Mediterranean Sea . When the Roman Empire and the Han dynasty fell , soldiers no longer protected travelers between Europe and Asia . As a result , use of the Silk Road declined . Then in the 12005 the Mongols took over China . Routes of Marco Polo . Route to China Route to Venice 500 Miles 500 Kilometers a ' Qatar BIOGRAPHY Marco Polo Marco Polo was one of the greatest travelers in history . He went from Europe to China and spent 20 years living , working , They once again made the roads safer for travelers and traders . Among these ers were a remarkable man from Venice named Marco Polo and his family . Look at the map to follow the route of the Polo family trip . Part of the journey was along the old Silk Road . When the Polos arrived in China , they met with the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan . He invited them to stay in his court and even made Marco Polo a government . VIE GEOGRAPHY ( MAPS and traveling in Asia . when he returned to Venice . his friends and family did even recognize him . They thought he had been dead for many years . Location From what city did Marco Polo begin his journey ?

Movement How was his route to China different from his return route ?

THE RENAISSANCE The Polos saw many amazing things in China . For example , the Chinese used paper money in addition to the coins that Europeans used . The Polos were also by an unusual fuel source , which Marco later described It is a fact that throughout the province of China there is a sort of black stone . which is dug out of veins in the hillsides and burns like stones keep a going better than Polo , from A Description of the World This is the first known description of coal by a European . While his father and uncle stayed in China , Marco Polo visited India and Southeast Asia . He traveled as a messenger for the emperor . Marco Polo spent 20 years living and traveling in Asia . Eventually , the Polos returned to Venice . There a writer helped Marco Polo record his journey . At the time , many people did believe Polo stories . Some people thought he had never set foot in China ! Over the years his reputation grew , however . Polo description made many Europeans curious about Asia . As their curiosity grew , people began to demand goods from Asia . Trade between Asia and Europe increased . Italian merchants much of this trade . Finding Main Ideas What route did the Poles travel ?

Trade Cities in Italy By the 13003 four northern Italian cities had become trading , Genoa ) Milan ( and Venice . These cities bustled with ity . Shoppers there could buy beautiful things from Asia . Residents could meet strangers from faraway places and hear many languages on the streets . 300 CHAPTER 11 Ports and Craft Centers Italian cities played two very important roles in trade . One role was as ports on the Mediterranean Sea . Venice and Genoa were main port cities . Merchant ships brought spices and other luxuries from Asia into the cities harbors . From there , chants shipped the goods across Europe . The other role was as manufacturing centers . Cities specialized in certain crafts . Venice produced glass . Workers in Milan made weapons and silk . Florence was a center for weaving wool into cloth . All of this economic activity put more money in merchants pockets . Some Italian chant families became incredibly wealthy . Eventually , this wealth would help make Italy the focus of European culture . How did this happen ?

Milan This castle in Milan was built in the Moos . It shows the wealth and power of Italy trading cities . Genoa Genoa is on the Mediterranean . This location enabled Genoa to become rich through overseas trade .

Separate States and Rival Rulers Look at the map below . Notice that in the Italy was not a single country . Instead , it was made up of independent states . These states had different forms of government . For example , Venice was a republic , while the pope ruled the Papal States as a monarchy . In most big Italian cities , a single rich merchant family controlled the ment . This type of government was called a Major Trading A . in Renaissance Italy a ( The head of the family , the signore ( ruled the city . Under the signori , trade grew in Italy . In fact , the signori competed against each other to see whose city could grow richest from trade . They also competed for fame . Each one wanted to be known as powerful , wise , and devoted to his city . Summarizing Whatwere the four great trade cities of Italy in the 13003 ?

Venice grew rich from its sea trade . Venice is an island city . Like Genoa , Venice Florence was a banking and trade center . The city wealthy leaders used their money to the city with impressive buildings and art . SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Location what part of Italy are all four cities located ?

Papal States Venice so . 50 THE RENAISSANCE 301 Merchants traded goods from Europe and Asia in the city markets . records of their investments . THE TODAY Renaissance bankers in Florence developed a bookkeeping system that bankers still use today . 302 Florence In the 13005 , trade goods from Asia poured into Europe . Many of those items came through Italian ports . As a result , the chant families in these cities made money . As the families grew rich and powerful , they wanted everyone to see what their money could buy . Although these factors affected most big Italian cities , one out as an example of trade and wealth at this time . The Medici Family Although Florence wealth began with the wool trade , banking increased that wealth . Bankers in Florence kept money for merchants from all over Europe . The bankers made money by charging interest . Interest is a fee that borrowers pay for the use of someone else money . This fee is usually a certain percentage of the loan . CHAPTER I I Cloth was a major trade good in Florence . The greatest bankers in Florence were the Medici ( family . In the early they were Florence richest family , and by 1434 Cosimo de ' Medici ( moh day ) ruled the city . As ruler , Cosimo de ' Medici wanted Florence to be the most beautiful city in the world . He hired artists to decorate his palace . He also paid architects to redesign many of Florence buildings . Cosimo de ' Medici also valued tion . After all , his banks needed workers who could read , write , and understand math . To improve education , he also built libraries and collected books . During the time that the Medici family held power , Florence became the center of Italian art , literature , and culture . In other Italian cities , rich families tried to outdo the each in their support of the arts and learning .

architects and artists to create beautiful buildings like this famous church called the . Visitors to Florence helped spread Renaissance ideas throughout Europe . Beginning of the Renaissance This love of art and education was a key feature of a time we call the Renaissance ( The word Renaissance means rebirth and refers to the period that followed Europe Middle Ages . What was being reborn ?

Interest in Greek and Roman writings was revived . Also new was an emphasis on people as individuals . These ideas were very different from the ideas of the Middle Ages . Finding Main Ideas How did Florence help begin the Renaissance ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Changes in Italy led to the of an era called the Renaissance . In the next section you learn about the Italian ideas , people , and arts . I ANALYSIS SKILL VISUALS What can you see in this illustration that shows the wealth of Florence ?

Section Assessment Online Quiz KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas . terms . and People IE . a . Recall Vvhat road did Marco Polo travel to Asia ! Summarize How did the Polos affect trade with Asia ?

a . Identify What were the four major trade cities of Italy ?

Analyze How were these cities important economically ?

a . Identify What is one reason why education was important to Cosimo de ' Medici ?

Analyze How did Florence rise to fame ?

Critical Thinking . Sequencing Draw a graphic organizer like the one below . Use it to describe the results of increased trade with Asia . 00 Beginnings of the Renaissance . Choosing a Setting In this section , you read about the setting in which the Renaissance developed Italy in the and 13005 . How could you use this setting to make your movie interesting ?

THE RENAISSANCE 303 I I I The Italian Renaissance What YOU Learn . there . Main ideas You are an apprentice working in the studio of a famous painter During the Italian You admire him but think some of his ideas are . peop oun new , ways to see the , Most of the time , your Job is to paint the background of the Writers master pictures . Now , though , you have a painting of great works of literature . th ( man at and artists We your own . ou are I an want wor now among the the made it But the master says an artist should never put his name . Science and education made . advances during this time . on a Will you sign your painting ?

The Big Idea New ways of thinking created a rebirth ofthe arts and learning in ' BUILDING BACKGROUND The Renaissance period brought new wa kin this oun , le be value ( in . pe . humanism 304 individua and their personal was a big change . Dante , from the way people thought during the Middle Ages . Niccolo Machiavelli , perspective , Michelangelo . 08 New Ways to See the World Leonardo cla , 303 During the Middle Ages , most people in Europe had devoted themselves to le looked to the church for answers to problems in their lives , and most of Europe and thinkers were church . By the late , however , scholars had begun to study ' subjects besides religion . They studied history , literature , aV , public speaking , and art , subjects that emphasized the actions which the revival of classical learning and the , a new interest and abilities of humans . Together , these are called the in humanism a balance between humanities . The study of the humanities led to . a new way of intellect and religious . thinking and learning known as humanism . Detail advances made in Humanism and Religion understanding of human anatomy and The humanists of the Renaissance were no less religious than astronomy , by Dante , Leonardo da ' di peop had been before . Like the the Middle Ages , Johann they were devout Christians . At the same time , however , people here . William Shakespeare ) in the Renaissance were interested in ideas besides religion . 304 CHAPTER ii

People newfound interest in the humanities led them to respect those who could write , create , or speak well . As a result , talented writers and artists won great fame and honor . This too was a great change from the Middle Ages , when most people had worked only to glorify God . Rediscovering the Past The popularity of the humanities was due in large part to a new interest in ancient history . This interest had been caused by the rediscovery of many ancient writings that Europeans had thought to be lost . During the , Turks had conquered much of the Byzantine Empire . Scholars seeking to escape the Turks to Italy . In their luggage these scholars carried rare , precious works of literature . Many of the works they brought to Italy were ancient classical writings , such as works by Greek thinkers . You may remember some of their and , for example . Europeans had thought that these ancient writings were lost forever . Excited by their return , scholars then went looking for ancient texts in Latin . They discovered many Latin texts in monasteries , where the monks had preserved works by Roman writers . As Italian scholars read the ancient texts , they rediscovered the glories of Greece and Rome . As a result , they longed for a renewal of classical culture . Rebirth of Classical Ideas . I Both statues look as though ' the subject could start moving at any moment . these two statues were carved about years apart , yet they share many features . To the left is an Roman statue of the emperor Augustus . To the right is a statue of Moses by the Renaissance artist Michelangelo . Features of Renaissance Statues I Both figures are shown in realistic , lifelike poses . I Both statues show the human body in great detail . I Both wear clothing that appears to drape and fold like real cloth . ACADEMIC classical referring to the cultures of ancient Greece or Rome

Primary Source BOOK The Prince In The Prince , Machiavelli offers advice for rulers on how to stay in power In this famous passage , he explains why in his view it is better for rulers to be feared than to be loved A controversy has arisen about this whether it is better to be loved than feared , or vice versa . My view is that it is desirable to be both loved and feared but it is difficult to achieve both and , if one of them has to be lacking , it is much safer to be feared than loved . For love is sustained by a bond of gratitude which , because men are excessively , is broken whenever they see a chance to benefit themselves . But fear is sustained by a dread of punishment that is always effective . SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES Do you think that Machiavelli gave good advice in this passage ?

Why or why not ?

Focus on Among the ideas that Italian scholars wanted to revive were subjects that the . i Greeks and Romans had studied . These mean ! What subjects included grammar , speaking , other word on this page Mme poetry , and th ' and Latin same mot ?

humanities . Other ancient sources of inspiration for Renaissance artists and architects were all around . Roman ruins still stood in Italy . Fine classical statues were on display , and more were being found every day . Throughout the Renaissance , Italian artists studied these ancient statues . They tried to make their own works look like the works of the Romans and Greeks . In fact , some artists wanted their works to look ancient so badly that they buried their statues in the ground to make them look older ! EX Summarizing What sources inspired Renaissance artists and scholars ?

306 CHAPTER Italian Writers Many Italian writers contributed great works of literature to the Renaissance . The earliest was the politician and poet named Dante ( or simply Dante . Before Dante , most eval authors had written in Latin , the of the church . But Dante wrote in Italian , which was the common language of the people . By using Italian , Dante showed that he considered the language to be as good as Latin . Later ers continued to use common languages in their works of literature . Dante major work was The Divine Comedy . It describes an imaginary journey he took through the afterlife . On this ney , Dante meets people from his past as well as great from history . In fact , the Roman poet Virgil is one of the guides on the journey . In the course of his writing , Dante described many of the problems he saw in Italian society . A later Italian writer was also a cian . His name was Niccolo Machiavelli ( In 1513 Machiavelli wrote a short book called The Prince . It gave leaders advice on how they should rule . Machiavelli did care about theories or what should work . In his writings , he argued that rulers had to focus on the here and now , not theories , to be successful . He was only interested in what really in both war and peace . For example , Machiavelli thought that sometimes rulers had to be ruthless to keep order . In this way , Machiavelli serves as a good example of Renaissance interest in human behavior and society . READING CHECK Drawing Conclusions How did Dante and Machiavelli ideas of the Renaissance ?

Italian Art and Artists During the Renaissance Italian artists created some of the most beautiful ings and sculptures in the world . Rich and church leaders hired the artists to create these works . New techniques made their work come alive . New Methods for a New Era Renaissance ideas about the value of human life are in the art of the time . showed people more realistically than medieval artists had done . Renaissance artists studied the human body and drew what they saw . However , because artists often used classical statues as their guides , many of the human beings they drew were as perfect as Greek gods . Artists also used a new perspective , a method of showing a dimensional scene on a surface so that it looks real . Perspective uses various . For example , people in the ground are smaller than those in front . Also , straight lines , such as on tiles , appear diagonal . Colors could also show distance . So mountains in the background of a picture are a hazy blue . Great Artists In the work of the greatest Italian artists the people shown are clearly individuals . In this way , the art the Renaissance idea of the value of human beings . For example , the in the painting below by the artist Raphael have clear personalities . Renaissance art was very different from medieval art . Renaissance artists used new to make their paintings more realistic Renaissance Art How are these two paintings similar Artists In the Middle Ages did use , so their art Iooked . The people in this painting appear larger and have more detail than the mountains in the distance , creating a sense of depth . THE RENAISSANCE 301 I

A The Genius of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo was born in Vinci , a small town near Florence . He showed artistic talent at a young age . But no one could know that Leonardo would become one of the great geniuses of history . Anatomy Studies This page from one of Leonardo Art Leonardo was one ' the great artists . hum body His Mona Lisa is one at the most famous paintings in the world . GRANGER , NEW Sandro ( a painter from Florence , also showed respect for people . Many of his paintings show scenes from Roman myths . But he painted ancient gods , saints , angels , or detail . The work of Titian ( the artist of Venice , interest in the past . Like , he often painted scenes from classical myths . For churches , though , Titian painted colorful scenes from Christian teachings . Two Masters Of all the Italian Renaissance artists , two stand above the rest . Each is what we call a Renaissance who can do practically anything well . 308 CHAPTER II One of the greatest Italian artists was Michelangelo ( He had many talents . Michelangelo designed buildings , wrote poetry , carved sculptures , and painted . Perhaps his most famous work is a painting that covers the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican . The lar human in this immense ing remind the viewer of Greek or Roman statues . The true genius of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci . fact , some call him the greatest genius that has ever lived . In addition to being an expert painter , was a sculptor , architect , inventor , and engineer . He was even a town planner and mapmaker .

Both nature and technology fascinated Leonardo . Detailed drawings of plants , mals , and machines his sketchbooks . To make his art more real , Leonardo studied anatomy , or the structure of human bodies . He dissected corpses to see how bones and muscles worked . Yet Leonardo paintings also show human emotions . For example , people who see his Mona Lisa ca help wondering what made the lady smile . CHECK categorizing some ofthe great artists ofthe Italian Renaissance ?

Science and Education Many of the texts rediscovered in the 13005 dealt with science . For the time in centuries , Europeans could read works by ancient scientists . After reading these works , Renaissance scholars went on to make their own advances . Mathematics Some scholars thought mathematics could help them understand the universe . They studied ancient math texts and built upon Inventions A notebook page shows sketch of a wing . He sketched many ideas for machines that would let people . Above is a model of one of his ideas . ANALYSIS the ideas in them . In the process , they ated symbols we still use in math today . For example , they created symbols for the square root ( and for positive ( and negative ( numbers . Engineering and Architecture Advances in math led to advances in other of science . For example , engineers and architects used new mathematical formulas to strengthen buildings . One Renaissance architect who used these new ideas was Filippo ( He designed a huge dome for a cathedral in Florence . But ran into a problem , The dome that he wanted to build was so big that it would be too heavy for the cathedral walls to support . To solve the problem , he built the dome out of two thin , light layers instead of one thick , heavy one . Astronomy and Cartography Other Renaissance scientists wanted to know more about the sky and what was in it . They studied astronomy to learn about the sun , stars , and planets . THE RENAISSANCE 309 How do these illustrations show that Leonardo SKILL ' ANALYZING VISUALS was more than just an artist ?

In the Middle Ages , scientists had thought that the sun and stars revolved around the earth . They thought that the earth was the center of the universe . But Renaissance scientists learned that the earth moves around the sun . Later built on this discovery to lay the foundations for modern astronomy . Other scholars were less interested in the stars and more curious about the earth itself . They wanted to know the exact size ! lEi ' and shape of the earth and its lands . These or scholars used measurements and influence tions made by merchants and sailors to create better , more accurate maps . Changes in Education In time , these changes in literature , art , science , and technology would spread beyond Italy . For these changes to spread , rue however , required changes in education . TODAY During the Middle Ages , students had Manv American concentrated on religious subjects . During the Ren iss Ce student abo degrees inthe a ail ea humanities . the humanities as well . History was one Section Assessment a . Identify What are some basic ideas subject that received more attention . An early Renaissance scholar named ( wrote about the importance of knowing history inglorious age ! that scorns antiquity , its mother , to whom it owes every noble art . What can be said in defense of men of tion who ought not to be ignorant of antiquity ancient times and yet are plunged in . darkness and delusion ?

from a 1366 letter to ideas would affect education for many years to come . Education and new ways of spreading information would take the Renaissance far beyond Italy . Predicting you think Renaissance ideas would change as they spread to other countries ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW A great rebirth of art , literature , and learning began in Italy in the late . Renaissance ideas changed as they spread across Europe . Online Quit KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People EE , a . Identify Name one Renaissance achievement in each category of mathematics , architecture , of humanism ?

Summarize How did ancient texts and statues affect Renaissance scholars ?

a . Recall What set Dante apart from earlier Italian writers ?

Draw Conclusions why may a historian call Niccolo Machiavelli the first modern Italian ?

a . Identify What are three techniques for showing perspective ?

Summarize what are some characteristics of art by Raphael , and Titian ?

Evaluate which artist would you rather have met in real or Leonardo da ?

What is the reason for your choice ?

310 CHAPTER 11 Critical Thinking . Identifying Cause and . Thinking about Characters The Renaissance was astronomy , and cartography . How did the choice of school subjects change during the Renaissance ?

Effect Draw a graphic organizer like the one shown here . Use it to show how Turkish conquests east of Europe contributed to the growth of the Renaissance . full of great writers , artists , and scholars . How could you use the people you read about in this section to make your movie interesting ?

BIOGRAPHY Michelangelo 1498 Michelangelo is hired to carve a Why IS an Italian artist from the We of Jesus and popular today ?

Mary for the Vatican . He is asked to when did he live ?

We a Statue , the Where did he live ?

Michelangelo di was born in Florence , but he also lived and worked in Rome and Bologna . What did he do ?

Michelangelo created some of hires Michelangelo the most famous works of art in world history . Many to paint the ceiling of of these works he created for the Roman Catholic the Sistine Chapel . Church . Popes , bishops , and other Church officials , hired Michelangelo to decorate their churches with helps man the . brilliant statues and paintings . defense of Florence , which is under attack . Why is he important ?

Michelangelo represents the ideas of the Renaissance in many ways . He strove ' a for perfection in his works and considered them to ?

ruined if he found even the tiniest . In the end where he Peter Cathedral . his perfectionism paid off , for his art leaves people in awe today just as it did in the artist own time . Make Generalizations How was Michelangelo an example of the ideal Renaissance person ?

This painting by Michelangelo decorates part of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome . we 311 . A Je The Renaissance beyond Italy What You will Learn If were You are a student from Holland , studying law at , the university in Bologna , Italy Life in Renaissance Italy is so exciting ! You met artists and writers and learned so much about art and literature . You can hardly wait to tell people at home about everything you learned . But now a lawyer in Bologna has offered you a chance to stay and work in . Will you stay in Italy or return to Holland ?

Main Ideas . Paper , printing , and new universities led to the spread ofnew ideas . The ideas of the Northern naissance differed from those of the ltalian Renaissance . Literature beyond also thrived in the Renaissance . The Big Idea The Renaissance spread far BUILDING BACKGROUND By the late the Renaissance spirit was spreading from Italy to other parts of Europe . Artists , writers , and scholars came to study . Then they taught others what they had learned and brought paintings and sculptures from Italy back home . Along with works of art , they picked up new ideas . Soon , printing and books new ideas even more people . beyond Italy and changed in the process . Key and People Johann , 313 Christian humanism , 314 Erasmus , 314 Albrecht , 315 Miguel de Cervantes , 316 William Shakespeare , 316 Time Line Printing in Europe Printing has not developed in Europe yet . Books are copied by hand , usually by monks . I ! HE Describe the growth and effects of new ways of information , the ability to manufacture paper , translation of the Factories in Europe Bible into the vernacular , printing ) ef ( Detail advances made in ture , the arts , science , mathematics , cartography , engineering , and the understanding at human anatomy and astronomy ( by Dante , Leonardo da , Michelangelo di , Johann berg , William Shakespeare ) 312 CHAPTER

Spread of New Ideas Travelers and artists helped spread the Renaissance throughout Europe . But the development of printing was a giant step in spreading ideas . For the first time ever , thousands of people could read books and share ideas about them . Paper and Printing By the late 7005 had spread from China to the Middle East . From there it came to Europe . European factories were making paper by the 13005 . Because it was cheaper and easier to prepare , paper soon replaced the animal skins on which people had written before . Then in the a German man , Johann ( developed a printing press that used able type . That is , each letter was a rate piece . A worker could letters into a frame , spread ink on the letters , and press a sheet of paper against the letters . In this way , an entire page was printed at once . Then the worker could rearrange letters in the frame to create a new page . How much faster printing was than writing ! The first printed book was a Bible printed in the Latin language in about 1455 . Soon , some thinkers began to call for the Bible to be translated into common languages . Although church leaders fought strenuously against it , the Bible was tually and printed . Bibles were suddenly available to more people . Because the Bible was available to read , more people learned to read . Then , they wanted more education . New Universities Students from around Europe traveled to Italy to study at Italian universities . By the early most of the teachers in these universities were humanists . Students from northern Europe who studied with these teachers took Renaissance ideas back with them to their home countries . Over time , many of the new scholars became teachers in Europe universities . In addition , new universities opened in France , and the Netherlands . Because these schools were set up by humanists , Renaissance ideas about the value of people spread throughout Europe . A ( READING TIME LINES From where was introduced into Europe ?

In IMPACT TODAY The demand for more books led to improvements in printing and binding that have made modem banks cheap and easily available .

Although only men could attend , women also helped spread these ideas . Many noble families educated their daughters at home . They encouraged young women to study classical literature , philosophy , and the arts . Some educated women became powerful political . They married nobles from around Europe and encouraged the spread of Renaissance ideas in their husbands lands . Analyzing How did travel and marriage spread Renaissance ideas ?

The Northern Renaissance As humanism spread , scholars in northern Europe became more interested in history . Northern scholars , however , focused not on Greece and Rome but on the history of Christianity . The resulting combination of humanist and religious ideas is called Christian humanism . Many northern scholars felt that the church was corrupt and no longer true to the spirit of Jesus teachings anymore . They began to call for church reform . A Northern Scholar A Dutch priest named Erasmus ( was the most important of these scholars . In 1509 he published a book , The Praise of Folly , in which he criticized corrupt clergy . Erasmus also wanted to get rid of some church als that he considered meaningless . Instead of rituals , he emphasized devotion to God and the teachings of Jesus . Northern Renaissance Art Northern Europeans also changed some Renaissance ideas about art . For one thing , the humans in northern paintings look like Greek gods . Instead , they are realistic , with physical . 314 CHAPTER 11 Northern artists embraced realism in another way , too . They painted objects , from rocks to , so clearly that the objects do look like they were painted at all . They almost appear to be the real thing , glued to the painting . Biblical scenes and classical myths were the traditional subjects of Italian art . In contrast , northern artists ed scenes of daily life . For example , look at the painting below of hunters returning home . It was painted by Pieter ( the Elder , an artist from what is now Belgium . Some of other paintings show people working in fields , dancing , or eating . His son , called the Younger , later used his father ideas in his own works . Northern Renaissance Art

Albrecht ( was a famous northern artist from ny . Like ltalian artists , studied omy so he could paint people more . Like his fellow , showed objects in great detail . A lover of nature , drew even a patch of weeds so clearly that today scientists can identify the plant species . created religious paintings for churches . But he is most famous for his prints . A print is a work of art reproduced from an original . First , carved the image into either a metal sheet or a wooden block . Then he covered the image with ink and pressed a sheet of paper down onto it . The image transferred to the paper . sold his prints at fairs and markets . Among other great artists of the Northern Renaissance were two portrait ( and Jan Van ( van ) grew up in Switzerland but moved to England . There he painted a portrait of King Henry VIII . Among van works are many religious scenes . Van worked in oil paints , a new invention . The colors in his paintings seem to glow from within . Categorizing Who were some maior artists Northern Renaissance ?

Renaissance artists often painted realistic scenes from daily life . like Return of the Hunters , painted by Pieter in . created me Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse shown above in 1591 and 1598 . It is a print made from a detailed carving in a block of wood . What scenes of daily life can you see in painting ?

THE RENAISSANCE 315 316 Literature beyond Italy Writers in other countries besides Italy also included Renaissance ideas in their works . Like Dante , they wrote in the languages of their home countries . In Spain Miguel de Cervantes ( day ) wrote Don Quixote ( In this book Cervantes poked fun at romantic tales of the Middle Ages . His main ter is an old man who decides to become a knight , a decision that Cervantes mocks . At last when his wits were gone beyond repair , he ca me to conceive the strangest idea that to any madman in this world . It now appeared to him and necessary , in order to win a greater amount of honor for himself and serve his country at the same time , to become a and roam the world on horseback , in a suit of armor . de Cervantes , from Don Quixote , translated by Samuel Putnam Like many writers of his day , Cervantes thought his own time was much better than the Middle Ages . In France , too , writers poked fun at the ideas of the Middle Ages . The greatest of these French Renaissance writers was ( like many Renaissance , was a person of many trades . In addition to being a writer , he was a doctor and a priest . But it is for his writing that he is best known . wrote a series of novels about named Gargantua and . Through his characters actions , mocks the Values of the Middle Ages as well as events that had happened to him in his own life . Readers around the world consider William Shakespeare the greatest writer in the English language . Although he also wrote poems , Shakespeare is most famous

for his plays . Shakespeare wrote more than 30 comedies , tragedies , and histories . don audiences of the late and early packed the theatre to see them . Ever since , people have enjoyed the beauty of Shakespeare language and his standing of humanity . The following sage the Renaissance idea that each human being is important . Shakespeare compares people to the actors in a play who should be watched with great interest BIOGRAPHY William Shakespeare Many people consider William Shakespeare the greatest playwright of all time . His plays are still hugely popular around the world . Shakespeare was such an important writer that he even influenced the English language . He invented common phrases such as fair play and common words such as lonely In fact , Shakespeare is probably responsible for more than English words . All the world a stage , And all the men and women merely players . They have their exits and their entrances And one man in his time plays many parts , His acts being seven ages . Shakespeare , from As You Like II Act , Scene The works of Cervantes , and Shakespeare have been translated into AND PREVIEW The making Of Drawing How do you think Shakespeare invented new words and phrases ?

ens of languages . Through these the Printing and new mi tions , their Renaissance spirit lives on . helped Spread the Renaissance beyond Italy into lands where its ideas Comparing How does changed . In the next Chapter , you will the choice of language used by Cervantes and read about religious ideas that swept Shakespeare compare to that of Italian writers ?

through Europe at about the same time . Online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas . Terms , and People Em , Critical Thinking i a . Identify What two inventions helped . Summarizing Copy the chart below to describe spread the Renaissance beyond Italy ?

the works of Northern Renaissance artists . Add . Explain How did Johann machine rows as ' work ?

a . Describe What was Erasmus tion on church rituals ?

Contrast How did Christian humanism differ ' from the earlier form of humanism that developed . in Italy ?

Elaborate What is the connection between outlining a Plot This section introduced you to a humanism and painting people working in the whole new set of places and people you could use ' fields ?

for your movie . you use any of these places a . Compare What is one thing that Miguel de or people ?

Think back to the ideas you had after Cervantes and William Shakespeare had in reading the last two sections , and start to plan the man with Dante ?

story for your movie . Where will it be set ?

Who . Elaborate Why have Shakespeare works will be in it ?

Draw up a short , rough outline that remained popular around the world for centuries ?

explains the movie plot . THE RENAISSANCE 311 Literature in History GUIDED READING WORD HELP envious jealous entreat beg Romeo compares Juliet to the sun and claims that even the moon will be jealous of her beauty . To what else does he compare her in this speech ?

Reading Analyze characterization as delineated through a characters thoughts , words , speech patterns , and actions the narrator tion and the thoughts , words , and actions of other characters . 318 CHAPTER by William Shakespeare About the Reading Shakespeare plays spotlight an enormous range of human love , loss , and everything in between . Even though Romeo and Juliet ends in disaster , its message is a hopeful one . Its main characters , two members of waning families , meet at a party and fall instantly in love . In this scene , which takes place later that evening , a troubled Romeo spies on her balcony . Notice the words Romeo uses to describe beauty . Rom . But soft , what light through yonder window breaks ?

It is the east , and Juliet is the sun . Arise , fair sun , and kill the envious moon , Who is already sick and pale with grief That thou , her maid , art far more fair than she . Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven , Having some business , do entreat her eyes To twinkle in their spheres till they return . What if her eyes were there , they in her head ?

The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars , As daylight cloth a lamp her eyes in heaven Would through the airy region stream so bright That birds would sing and think it were not night . See how she leans her cheek upon her hand ! that I were a glove upon that hand , That I might touch that cheek ! Jul . Ay mel Rom . She speaks ! speak again , bright angel , for thou art As glorious to this night , being my head , As is a winged messenger of heaven Unto the wond ring eyes Of mortals that fall back to gaze on him , Romeo and

When he bestrides the lazy clouds , And sails upon the bosom of the air . Romeo , Romeo , wherefore art thou Romeo ?

wok HE Deny thy father and refuse thy name ' Or , if thou wilt not , be but sworn my love , doll remove And I no longer be a Capulet . counsel secret thoughts Rom . Aside . Shall I hear more , or shall I speak at this ?

Tis but thy name that is my enemy Thou art thyself , though not a Montague . Juliet is not asking Where Romeo is . She is asking why What Montague ?

It is nor hand nor foot , he is Romeo , Nor arm nor face , not any other part enemy . Belonging to a man . be some other name ! What in a name ?

That which we call a rose I Juliet says that she could By any other word would smell as sweet be with if he were So Romeo would , were he not Romeo call , from a Retain that dear perfection which he owes i , es she Without that title . Romeo , doff thy name , And for thy name , which is no part of thee , A Painting of Take all myself . Romeo and Juliet from the 18005 Rom . I take thee at thy word . Call me but love , and I be new baptized Henceforth I never will be Romeo . 1111 . What man art thou that thus bescreen in night So stumblest on my counsel ?

Rom . By a name I know not how to tell thee who I am . My name , dear saint , is hateful to myself , Because it is an enemy to thee Had I it written , I would tear the word . Jul . My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words Of thy tongue uttering , yet I know the sound . Art thou not Romeo , and a Montague ?

Rom . Neither , fair maid , if either thee dislike . CONNECTING LITERATURE HISTORY . Evaluating Renaissance humanists . Analyzing Medieval writings often focused believed that people can achieve great on religious topics . But the Renaissance goals if they are willing to work hard . How humanists believed that people could write do the characters of Romeo and Juliet about many different subjects without reflect this humanist idea ?

discussing religion . Based on this passage , what new topic did some humanist writers explore ?

319 Analysis Use . I , Socia Stu Ies I Critical Thinking Participation Analysis Study Understanding Transportation Maps Understand the Skill Many of the maps used in the study of history are maps . These maps are intended to illustrate relationships , developments , or events in history . Transportation maps are one type of map . They show routes of travel and trade . These maps help you understand about the movement of people , products , and ideas between places in the world . Learn the Skill Follow these steps to interpret a transportation map . Read the map title . This will tell you what . general information is shown on the map . Study the legend . Look for any symbols that relate to routes or methods of transportation . Note any lines or arrows on the map . These lines and arrows often indicate routes of movement . Study these carefully . Note their starting and ending points and where they pass in between . 100 200 Miles 100 Study the map as a whole . Read all the labels . Transportation maps can tell you a lot about the history of an area . For example , they can show how geography the areas development . Practice and Apply the Skill Interpret the map on this page and answer the following questions . I . How did location make it a trade center ?

With what cities did Constantinople trade ?

What means of transportation did these cities traders use ?

How would products coming across the Silk Road from Asia reach Venice ?

What means of transportation would be used ?

How does this map suggest the cultural , exchanges , and connections that existed between Europe and Asia ?

320 CHAPTER 11 Visual Summary the main ideas in this chapter . Reviewing Key Terms and People Match the I statement with the person or thing that might have made the statement . Cosimo de Medici Albrecht Leonardo da Vinci Marco Polo Erasmus Niccolo Machiavelli Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare humanism Michelangelo I wrote many comedies , tragedies , and histories in which I examined human . I am a group of ideas about the value of people and their . I traveled the Silk Road to China . I was a rich banker in Florence who paid for great works of . I wrote a political book called The Standards Review Use the visual summary below to help you review . I became famous for printed pictures that sold at markets and . painted the ceiling of the Sistine . I thought that the church should give up that don help . I wrote Don . I my notebooks with drawings of plants , animals , and machines . Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION ( Pages ) a . Identify Who was Marco Polo , and how did he affect trade ?

Compare How were the four great trading cities of northern Italy similar ?

Evaluate Did the Black Death help bring about the Renaissance ?

Why or why not ?

THE RENAISSANCE 321 ( Pages ) a . Describe What contributions did Dante and Niccolo Machiavelli make to the Renaissance ?

Compare What are some characteristics that Michelangelo and Leonardo da shared ?

Elaborate A historian has said that the Renaissance created something new from something old . What does this statement mean ?

SECTION ( Pages ) a . Recall What were two main ways that the Renaissance spread beyond Italy ?

Contrast How was Northern European art ferent from Italian art ?

Evaluate William Shakespeare is often called the greatest writer in the English language . Why is this 50 ?

Reading Skills Using Greek and Latin Roots Answer the following questions about the Greek and Latin roots of words from this chapter . Based on the of perspective , what do you think the Latin root means ?

Hint Think about other words that use this root , such as spectator and spectacles . to feel to hear to see to understand 15 . The in perspective means Based on this meaning , what do you think the word means ?

to spread through to disappear from to dissolve in to climb over 322 CHAPTER 11 Social Studies Skills Understanding Transportation Maps Use the map in Section of the Routes of Marco Polo to answer the lowing questions . 16 . What means of transportation would a trader use to get from Venice to Damascus ?

11 . How many miles was the route from to ?

Reviewing Themes . Geography How did the location of Italy port cities help them develop trade networks ?

19 . Science and Technology How did the ment of the printing press change daily life for many Europeans ?

Using the Internet 20 . Activity Supporting a Point of View The Renaissance was a time of great advances in literature , the arts , science , and math . Enter the activity keyword and learn about the important people and events of the Renaissance . Then ate a political cartoon about an event or person in the chapter . Pick the point of view of a porter or critic and use your cartoon to explain how they would have viewed your topic . FOCUS ON WRITING 21 . Writing Your Letter to a Movie Studio Now that you have outlined the plot for your movie , write a letter to the head of a studio to convince him or her to your movie . In two paragraphs , describe the plot of your movie and include details about the characters and setting . In your last paragraph , explain why you think people will be interested in a movie about the Renaissance . Remember that your audience is a busy executive . You need to use descriptive language to keep the studio head interested .

Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Head each question , and write the letter of the best response . I realize that women have accomplished many good things and that even if evil women have done evil , the benefits accrued gained . because of good the wise and literary ones . outweigh the evil . Therefore , I am amazed by the opinion of some men who claim they do not want their daughters , wives , or female relatives to be educated because their mores morals will be ruined as a result . de , from The Book of the City of Ladies , 1405 The content of this passage suggests that the person who wrote it was A a rich Italian merchant . Niccolo Machiavelli . of humanism . Marco Polo . Which person contribution was most important in spreading the ideas of the Renaissance beyond Italy ?

A Cosimo de Medici Johann Leonardo da Vinci Dante In general , the artists and architects of the Renaissance were financially supported by A rich families and church leaders . large European universities . the most powerful nations in Europe . the printing industry . All of the following helped lead to the Italian Renaissance directly or indirectly except A the Black Death . I the renewal of trade along the Silk Road . I the Medici family of Florence . the unification of Italy . Which influence was most important in inspiring the Renaissance ?

A ancient Greek and Roman culture early Christianity ancient Judaism early Chinese civilization Connecting with Past Learnings Italy in the Renaissance was not a unified country but several small independent states . Which culture that you studied in Grade had a similar structure ?

A ancient Greece during the Golden Age the Fertile Crescent during the Stone Age the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt Rome during the Pax Romana William Shakespeare was a great writer of plays . His contributions to world history and culture are similar to those of which person ?

A Asoka in India Confucius in China Sophocles in Greece Cicero in Rome 323