7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 5 - Chapter 9 Early Middle Ages

' I The Early Middle Ages The Later Middle Ages What You Will Learn When the Roman Empire collapsed , Europe lost its center of power and a new period of history began . That period , called the Middle Ages or medieval times , is the period between ancient and modern times . During the Middle Ages , Europe saw the a growth of empires and the development of new ways of governing . It saw a new nomic system and the spread of Christianity . It also saw long , difficult religious wars and early stirrings of democratic thought . In the next two chapters , you will learn about this period of dramatic struggle and great change . Explore the Art In this scene , French teenager Joan of Arc carries a religious flag as she leads an army into battle . What does the scene suggest about the struggles of the Middle Ages ?

CHAPTER Tribe Ages , California Standards Science Students analyze the geographic , political , economic , and social structures of the civilizations of Medieval Europe . Analysis Skills Analyze primary and secondary sources . Arts Writing Anticipate and address reader concerns and . Heading Students read and understand appropriate material . FOCUS ON WRITING Advertisement in the 9005 nobles needed knights , or warriors , to help protect their property As you read this chapter , imagine what it would be like to be one of those nobles . Then you will write a job ad seeking knights to help you defend your land . WORLD EVENTS 226 CHAPTER

613 Muhammad begins teaching people about Islam . The Vikings raid Europe . 194 Heian becomes the capital of Japan . 800 Charlemagne is crowned emperor of much of Europe . om sy ur ?

What You will Learn In this chapter you will learn about the social and economic systems in Europe ing a time called the Middle Ages . This photo shows ( Castle in Wales . Built in the late , the castle showed the power and provided defense from invasions . Feudalism is introduced into Britain . 1016 to Muslim invaders .

. Science and ' Society and Culture Focus on Themes In this chapter you will read will learn about the invaders who tried to conquer about Europe during the early Middle Ages . You will the land and see how the feudal system learn how the geography of the land affected growth As you read , you will understand how this feudal and trade and see how the Christian religion spread system shaped the entire society and culture of , throughout northern Europe during this time . You the people . I ' Eva Sources Additional Focus on Reading As you have already leamed , historians study leading both primary and secondary sources to learn about the past . By studying fa . I ?

both types , they can get a better picture of what life was like . Inter . Assessing Primary and Secondary Sources However , not all sources i are accurate or reliable . You need to be careful when you read historical and sources . Checklists like the ones below can help you judge which sources are stud ! reliable and worth using in your research . Checklist for Primary Sources Historians in the were not always careful about Who is the author ?

Does he or she seem what they Put in thei , books . Some included . Was the author actually present for the rumors 995 ?

event described in the source ?

The more time that passed How soon after the event occurred was the between the event and the . source written ?

writing , the greater the . I chance of errors or Can the information in the source be in me ' fied in other primary or secondary sources ?

Checklist for Secondary Sources Not everyone who writes about history is a good . use sources Who IS the author ?

What are his or her , by writers . credentials , or qualifications for writing ?

Where did the author get his or her Good historians will always mation ?

tell you where they got their information . If mation is documented , you ca always trust that it is true or accurate . is the information in the source properly documented ?

Has the author drawn valid conclusions from his or her sources ?

228 CHAPTER Analysis Assess primary and secondary sources . ELA Reading Read and understand material . You Try It ! The following passage of a primary source can be found in the ter you are about to read . As you read this passage , ask yourself if what you could learn from this source . The Benedictine Rule For bedding , a mattress , a blanket , a From I coverlet and a pillow are enough . The beds , should be frequently inspected by the Abbot page 236 as a precaution against private possessions . If i anyone is found to have anything which was not given him by the Abbot , he is to undergo the severest punishment and that this vice of personal ownership may be totally , everything necessary should be given by the Abbot namely a cowl , a tunic , ings , shoes , a belt , a knife , a pen , a needle , a handkerchief and writing tablets , so that all excuses about necessity are removed . i After you read the passage , answer the following questions . I . The passage you have just read is from a code of rules that monks lived by in the early if a historian wanted to study how monks lived at that time , would this be a good source to use ?

Why or why not ?

Where else might a historian look to verify the information found in this source ?

Would this be a good source to study to learn how monks live today ?

Why or why not ?

Chapter Section Eurasia ( 230 ) topography ( 230 ) Section Middle Ages ( 234 ) medieval ( 234 ) Patrick ( 235 ) monks ( monasteries ( Benedict ( Charlemagne ( Section knights ( vassal ( feudalism ( 243 ) William the Conqueror ( manor ( serfs ( Eleanor of ( Section chivalry ( 249 ) haiku ( 250 ) Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic the words that are frequently used in school assignments and . In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words role ( elements ( 250 ) As you read Chapter look atthe primary sources included in the chapter . Why do you think these sources were chosen to be included ?

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 229 What You Will Learn air Ideas . The physical features of Europe vary widely from region to region . Geography has shaped life in Europe , including where and how people live . The Big Idea Because Europe has many types of landforms and climates , different ways of life have there . Key Eurasia , 230 topography , Study the geography of Europe and the Eurasian land mass , including their location , topography , waterways , vegetation , and climate and their relationship to ways of life in Medieval Europe . 230 CHAPTER Geography of Europe If YOU were there Your village is on the banks of a river . The river has created a plain where you can grow crops . The river also gives you a way to get to the sea and to trade with villages farther inland . You love your village and think it the perfect place to live . But your favorite uncle , the one everyone looks up to , says he is very worried . Your village is in a very dangerous place . Why do you think your uncle is worried ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Many villages in Europe were built on rivers . But rivers were only one of the physical features that affected where and how people lived in Europe . All of Europe ' landforms , its , and its roles in shaping people lives . The Physical Features of Europe Europe is a small continent , but it is very diverse . Many different landforms , water features , and climates can be found there . Although we call Europe a continent , it is actually part of Eurasia , the large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia . Geographers consider the Ural Mountains to be the boundary between the two continents . Landforms and Waterways Look at the map of Europe . You can see that different parts of Europe have very different features . In other words , topography ( varies widely from place to place . Topography refers to the shape and elevation of land in a region . Mountain ranges cover much of Europe . Some peaks in the Alps reach higher than feet . The highest mountains have large and glaciers .

aw Physical , Li ' SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS . Region What four do you see labeled ?

Movement How might the Alps have affected the movement of peoples ?

North of the Alps , the land is much ter than in Europe . In fact , most of northern Europe is part of the vast ern European Plain . As you can see on the map , this plain stretches all the way from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east . In the past , this huge expanse of land was covered with thick ests . Many types of trees grew well in plain rich , fertile soils . A I ELEVATION Fact Motors 500 656 200 ( Sea level ) Sea level ) Below Below sea level sea level Ice cap 250 500 Miles 250 500 The Northern European Plain is also the location of most of Europe major ers . Many of these rivers begin with ing snow in the southern mountains and out across the plain on their way northward to the sea . If you travel even farther north from the Northern European Plain , the land starts to rise again . Far northern Europe has many rugged hills and low mountains . THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 231

and Living You can see these hills and mountains in the northern part of the British Isles and in , Europe largest peninsula . is only one of Europe many . Smaller extend into the sea from many parts of Europe . These give Europe a very long , jagged coastline . Climate and Vegetation Like its landforms , Europe climates and vegetation vary widely from region to region . For example , southern Europe is largely warm and sunny . As a result , shrubs and trees that do need a lot of water are common there . Most of northwestern Europe , in , has a mild and cooler , wetter climate . Cold winds from the north and northeast can bring freezing weather in winter . Freezing weather is much more mon in , though . That region is very cold throughout the year . Snow falls for much of the year , and few plants can survive the region cold climates . Summarizing How do Europe landforms and climates vary by region ?

CHAPTER Geography Shapes Life As in other parts of the world , geography has affected history in Europe . It where and how people lived . Southern Europe In southern Europe , most people lived on coastal plains or in river valleys where the land was enough to farm . People grew crops like grapes and olives that could survive the region dry summers . In the mountains where the land was steep or rocky , people raised sheep and goats . Because southern Europe has many , people there do live far from the sea . As a result , many became traders and seafarers . Northern Europe Most people in Europe lived ther from the sea . They still had access to the sea , however , through northern Europe rivers . Because rivers were an easy method of transportation , towns grew up along them . Rivers also provided tion . The city of Paris , France , for example , was built on an island in a river to make the city hard for raiders to reach .

In the around cities , farmers grew all sorts of crops . These were excellent farmlands , but the land also made an easy route for invaders to follow . No mountains blocked people access to northern Europe , and as a result , the region was frequently invaded . Contrasting How did influence where people lived in Europe ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW You have just read about the role Europe geography played in its history . Because Europe has so many types of landforms and climates , many different ways of life developed there . Also , northern Europe had few ural barriers to prevent invasions . In the next section , you will learn how Europe changed when invasions did occur . om Online Quit KEYWORD vegetation of northern Europe , southern Europe , and . Section I Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms . and People HE a . Define What is topography ?

Compare and Contrast How is southern Europe climate like or unlike your climate ?

a . Describe Where do most people in southern Europe live ?

Draw Conclusions Do you think major farming regions are in the north or the south ?

Why ?

I , Thinking about Geography If you were a noble living in northern Europe , what might your life be like ?

How would the landforms and climate affect people in your area ?

Why might you need the protection of knights ?

Write some ideas down in your notebook . Elaborate How might the region climate affect how people live in ?

Critical Thinking . Draw a chart like the one to the right . Use it to list the landforms , climates , and THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 233 What You Will Learn . spread to . through the work of missionaries and monks . The Franks , led by , created a huge Christian empire and brought together scholars from around Europe . I . Invaders threatened much of Europe in the and 8005 . The Big Idea Despite the efforts of Christians to maintain order , Europe was a dangerous place fall of Rome . and People Middle Ages , 234 medieval , 234 Patrick , 235 monks , 236 monasteries , 236 Benedict , Charlemagne , IE Describe the spread of Christianity north of the Alps and the roles played bythe early church and by monasteries in its diffusion after the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire . 234 CHAPTER Europe the Fall of Rome If YOU were there You returning to your village in northern Europe after a hard day working in the . But as you reach the top of a hill , you smell smoke . Alarmed , you break into a run . Finally , your village comes into sight , and your fears are realized . Your village is on ! In the distance , you can see sails moving away on the river What do you think has happened to your village ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Europe was a dangerous place after Rome fell . Without the Roman government , Europe had no central keep order . As a result , outlaws and bandits became common . At the same time , new groups of people were moving into Europe . was common . Distressed , people looked for ways to bring order and comfort into their lives . Christianity Spreads to Northern Europe As the Roman Empire fell , various groups from the north and east moved into former Roman lands . As they moved in , these groups created their own states . The rulers of these states , ally powerful warlords , began to call themselves kings . These kings often fought among themselves . As a result , by the early 5005 Europe was divided into many small kingdoms . The creation of these kingdoms marked the beginning of the Middle Ages , a period that lasted from about 500 to about 1500 . We call this time the middle ages because it falls between ancient times and modern times . Another name for the Middle Ages is the medieval ( period , from the Latin words for middle age . At the beginning of the Middle Ages , many of the kingdoms of northern Europe were not Christian . Christianity was only common in places that had been part of the Roman Empire , such as Italy and Spain . As time passed , however , Christianity

, The Spread of Christianity I , BIOGRAPHY Saint Patrick AD 4005 Saint Patrick was a monk who helped convert the Irish to Christianity . As a teenager , Patrick was kidnapped in I ( Britain and taken to Ireland , where he was forced to work as a shepherd . After six years , he ' escaped . But later he returned to Ireland to spread , According to legend . he won favor with the Irish by I , driving all of the snakes in Ireland into the sea . I Mainly Christian , I I . I , an . aw ?

iN ' MAPS I Centers spread SKILLS . 250 ' Place Howfar north had 600 ?

I I . I 250 slowly spread farther north . people largely through the efforts of two groups of and monks . famous for their holiness . One of the first places to which popes sent missionaries was Britain . These traveled all over the island , and Perhaps the most powerful force that helped spread Christianity into ern Europe was the pope . Over the years , many popes sent missionaries to teach people in northern kingdoms about Christianity . Missionaries are people who try to convert others to a particular . Some missionaries traveled great distances to spread Christianity to new lands . For their devotion to Christianity , many missionaries were named saints . eventually most people in Britain became Christian . From Britain , other ies carried Christianity into what are now France and Germany . Not all missionaries , though , were sent by the pope . In fact , one of the first to travel to northern Europe was Patrick , who took it upon himself to teach people about Christianity . in the Patrick traveled from Britain to Ireland to . convert the people there . THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 235

Unlike most missionaries , Patrick alone . Although he faced resistance to his teachings , he eventually converted the Irish people to Christianity . Monks ' While missionaries traveled to spread Christian teachings , men called monks were equally dedicated to their faith . Monks were religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communities . In these communities , monks spent their time in prayer , work , and meditation . Communities of monks , or monasteries , were built all over Europe in the Middle Ages . Life in a monastery was strictly Primary Source HISTORIC DOCUMENT The Benedictine Rule The Benedictine Order was the largest group of monks in Europe in the early Middle Ages . In his rule , Saint Benedict listed the guidelines monks had to follow . Here he describes what each monk was allowed to own . For bedding , a mattress , a blanket , a coverlet and a pillow are enough . The beds should be frequently inspected by the Abbot as a precaution against ' private possessions . If anyone is found to have anything which was not given i him by the Abbot , he is to undergo the ' severest punishment and that this vice wickedness of personal ownership may be totally eliminated , everything necessary should be given by the Abbot namely , a cowl hood , a tunic long , stockings , shoes . a belt , a knife . a pen , a needle , a handkerchief and writing tablets , so that all excuses about necessity are removed . me Rule ! Saint Benedict , translated by Abbot Parry Monks were not allowed An abbot is the head of a monastery . ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY Why do you think Benedictine monks were only allowed a few simple possessions ?

236 CHAPTER . The monks had to follow rules that were intended to help them live as good Christians . These outlined the affairs of the monastery , including how monks should dress and what they should eat . Most European monasteries followed a set of rules created in the early 5005 by an Italian monk named Benedict . His code was called the Benedictine Rule , and those ' who followed it were called Benedictine monks . But not all monks in Europe were Benedictines . Different groups of monks created their own rules . For example , monks in Ireland were very different from monks in France or Germany . Even though they lived apart from ety , monks had a big on Europe . Monks performed many services , both inside and outside of monasteries . sometimes provided basic services , such as health care , that were unavailable to many members of their ties . The poor and needy would arrive at a monastery and the monks would give them aid . In addition to giving aid to people in their communities , monks ran schools and copied books for those who could read or write , collected and saved ancient writings from Greece and Rome , served as scribes and advisors to local . Monks also helped spread Christian teachings into new areas . Many ies were built in remote locations where Christians had never traveled before . ple living near the monasteries learned about Christianity from the monks . Summarizing missionaries and monks help spread Christianity into new areas ?

The Franks Build an Empire As Christianity was spreading into ern Europe , political changes were also taking place . In the 4805 a powerful group called the Franks conquered Gaul , the region we now call France . Under a ruler named Clovis , the Franks became tian and created one of the strongest in Europe . As strong as the Franks were under Clovis , though , they had yet to reach their greatest power . That power would not come until the late 7005 , when a leader named Charlemagne ( appeared . Charlemagne was a brilliant warrior and a strong king , and he led the Franks in ing a huge empire . To build this empire , Charlemagne spent much of his time at war . He led his armies into battle against many ing kingdoms and conquered them . By the time he was , Charlemagne empire included all of what is now France . It also stretched into modern Germany , Austria , Italy , and northern Spain . Charlemagne , a Christian king , had parts of the former Roman Empire . For that reason , on Christmas Day in 800 , Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans . This title symbolized a return to the greatness of the Roman Empire . Charlemagne did spend all of his energy on warfare , however . A great er of education , he built schools across Europe . He also brought scholars to teach in his capital at ( now in western Germany . Among these scholars were some of the greatest religious ars and teachers of the Middle Ages . Their teachings helped shape religious and social life in Europe for centuries . Finding Main Ideas What were major accomplishments ?

Empire I Frankish Kingdom , AD 768 Territories added by Charlemagne , AD capital no zoo Miles Invaders Threaten Europe Even while Charlemagne was building his empire , new threats appeared in Europe . began to attack ments all over the continent . Muslim armies poured into southern France and Italy . Fierce warriors called the swept into . Europe from the east , attacking towns and destroying . From came perhaps the most frightening invaders of all , the Vikings . The Vikings raided Britain , Ireland , and other parts of western Europe . They looted towns and monasteries and took prisoners to sell into slavery . The attacks were swift and savage , and Europeans lived in tenor of Viking raids . THE EARLY MIDDLE 231 MAPS SKILLS Location In did Charlemagne expand his empire ?

, Invasions of Europe , AD I or Settlements and Invasion Routes SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Movement Which group invaded the most areas ?

Because Vikings could sail their ships up rivers , their raids were limited to coastal After the fall of areas . The Vikings also reached inland Rome Europe became ies and attacked cities in the Iberian and But Europe Id Italian place . Invaders threatened constantly . In the next section , Finding the Main idea you will learn about ways people tried to What groups invaded Europe in the and ?

protect themselves from invaders . om Online Quiz KEYWORD Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People um ' a . Describe How are monks and monasteries . Summarizing Copy related ?

this outline of a i . Explain Why did missionaries travel to northern monastery . Inside , Europe ?

list two rules that . i ! Elaborate Why do you think monks followed monks had to follow . such strict rules ?

Outside , list three contributions that monks a . Recall What is Charlemagne famous for ?

made . Evaluate What do you think greatest accomplishment was ?

Why ?

a a . Identify What areas of Europe did the Vikings . Considering Life Then Now you see why raid ?

you might need the protection of knights . Make Why were people in Look back at your list and add to it . What Europe so frightened of Viking raids ?

services might you hire knights to perform ?

238 CHAPTER BIOGRAPHY Charlemagne What would you do if you ruled much of Europe ?

when did he live ?

Where did he live ?

Charlemagne , or Charles the Great , ruled most of what are now France and Germany . He lived mainly in his capital , near the modern city of Cologne , Germany . What did he do ?

Through his wars of conquest , Charlemagne united many of the tribes of central and western Europe into a single empire . Why is he important ?

While Europe was still reeling from the collapse of Rome , brought people together . He helped Europeans realize that they shared common bonds , such as Christianity , that linked them . In other words , he helped people see selves as Europeans , not members of tribes . Drawing Conclusions How did this change in view affect later European society ?

KEY EVENTS Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks . 113 Charlemagne becomes an ally of the pope after ing him from invaders . 194 Charlemagne makes his capital . 800 Pope Leo Ill names Charlemagne emperor . This painting shows Charlemagne being crowned by the pope in AD 800 .

Literature in History READING WORD HELP hogs wet , spongy lands swallowed whole Grendel creeps out of his den in the swamp and makes his way to . where Beowulf is waiting . What do you think was ing Beowulf mind while he waited for Grendel ?

Beowulf is only ing to sleep , hoping to catch Grendel by surprise . Reading Students read and respond to historically and culturally works of literature that and enhance their studies of history and social science . 240 CHAPTER from Beowulf translated by Burton About the Reading The story of a mighty hero , Beowulf was composed in the 7005 but probably not written down until much later . The hero of the story , is a Gear , a member of a group that lived in what is now Sweden . One day he hears of a terrible monster , Grendel , who has killed and eaten many Danish warriors in Britain . To help the Danish to prove his own sails across the sea and to rid the Danes of their enemy . One night , he lies in wait for Grendel inside , the hall of the Danish king , ready to kill the monster . Look for details that reflect heroism . Out from the marsh , from the foot of misty Hills and bogs , bearing God hatred , Grendel came , hoping to kill Anyone he could trap on this trip to high . Eyes were watching his evil steps , Waiting to see his swift hard claws . Grendel snatched at the first Geat He came to , ripped him apart , cut His body to bits with powerful jaws , Drank the blood from his veins , and bolted Him down , hands and feet death And Grendel great teeth came together , Snapping life shut . Then he stepped to another Still body , clutched at Beowulf with his claws , Grasped at a wakeful sleeper was instantly seized himself . That shepherd of evil , guardian of crime , Knew at once that nowhere on earth Had he met a man whose hands were harder . All of Band had jumped from their beds , ancestral Swords raised and ready , determined Danish swords

To protect their prince if they could . Their courage Was great but wasted They could hack at Grendel i From every side , trying to open A path for his evil soul , but their points ' Could not hurt him , the sharpest and hardest iron one who causes Could not scratch at his skin . pain Now he the mew , tendons or Of men , of their it meant connective tissues To feud with Almighty God Grendel lid Saw that his strength was deserting him , his claws Bound fast , brave follower tearing at The author Of His hands . The monster hatred rose higher , I , But his power had gone . He twisted in pain , This was based on ' And the bleeding sinews deep in his shoulder the their Snapped , muscle and bone split And broke . The battle was over , Beowulf What was a warriors main Had been granted new glory Grendel escaped , I But wounded as he was could to his den , His miserable hole at the bottom of the marsh , is Beowulf . was the Only to die , to wait for the end name of om Of all his days . And after that bloody Combat the Danes laughed with delight . is the king of the ! He who had come to them from across the sea , nah To Show his people Bold and , had driven affliction that they no longer have to . Off , purged clean . He was happy , ans I Now , with that nights fierce work , the Danes from the Had been served as he boasted he serve them Beowulf , caning . A prince of the Geats , had killed Grendel , How do you think the Danes Ended the grief , the sorrow , the suffering feel toward Beowulf after Forced on helpless people ' I By a bloodthirsty fiend . No Dane doubted The victory , for the proof , hanging high From the rafters where Beowulf had hung it , was the monsters Arm , claw and shoulder and all . CONNECTING LITERATURE TO HISTORY . Analyzing In 597 the pope sent a group . By the early 5005 western of missionaries to Britain . They traveled Europe was divided into small kingdoms throughout the island , spreading that were often at war . Based on the Christianity . What words or phrases in passage , what qualities do you think were this passage tell you that its author was most valued in warriors of the early Middle Christian ?

Ages ?

what Will Learn I . Main Ideas . Feudalism governed how knights and nobles each other . Feudalism spread through much of Europe . The manor system dominated Europe economy . Towns and trade grew and helped end the feudal system . The Big A complex web of duties and obligations governed ships between people in the Middle Ages . Key Terms and People knights , 242 vassal , 241 feudalism , 243 William the Conqueror , manor , 245 serfs , Eleanor of , 246 IE Understand the of feudalism , its role in the medieval European economy , the way in which itwas by physical geography ( the role ofthe manor and the growth of towns ) and how feudal relationships provided the foundation of political order . 242 CHAPTER Feudalism and Manor Life were there You are a peasant in the Middle Ages , living on the land of a noble . Although you and your family work very hard for many hours of the day , much of the food you grow goes to the noble and his family Your house is very small , and it has a dirt floor Your parents are tired and weak , and you wish you could do something to improve their lives . Is there any way you could change your life ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Hard work was a constant theme in the lives of peasants in the Middle worked long hours and had to obey the wishes of nobles . But most nobles were free to live as they chose either . They were sworn to obey more ful nobles , who had to obey the wishes of the king . Life in the Middle Ages was one big web of duties and obligations . Feudalism Governs Knights and Nobles When the Vikings , and Muslims began their raids in the , the Frankish kings were unable to defend their empire . Their anny was too slow to defend against the attacks of their enemies . Because they could depend on from their kings , nobles had to defend their own lands . As a result , the power of nobles grew , and kings became less powerful . In fact , some nobles became as powerful as the kings themselves . Although these nobles remained loyal to the king , they ruled their lands as independent territories . Knights and Land To defend their lands , nobles needed soldiers . The best were knights , warriors who fought on horseback . However , knights needed weapons , armor , and horses . This equipment was expensive , and few people had money in the early Middle Ages .

As a result , nobles gave knights ( or pieces of land , instead of money for their military service . A noble who gave land to a knight in this way was called a lord . In return for the land , a knight ised to support the noble in battle or in er matters . A knight who promised to port a lord in exchange for land was called a vassal . The vassal swore that he would always remain loyal to his lord . Historians call this system of promises that governed the relationships between lords and vassals feudalism ( A Lord Duties The ties between lords and vassals were the heart of feudalism . Each group had certain responsibilities toward the other . A lord had to send help to his vassals if an enemy attacked . In addition , he had to be fair toward his vassals . He could cheat them or punish them for no reason . If a lord failed to do what he was supposed to , his vassals could break all ties with him . To defend their lands , many lords built castles . A castle is a large building with strong walls that can easily be defended against attacks . Early castles did look like the towering structures we see in ies and storybooks . Those great castles were built much later in the Middle Ages . Most early castles were made of wood , not stone . Nevertheless , these castles provided security in times of war . A Vassal Duties When a lord went to war , he called on his vassals to with him . But was a vassal only duty . For example , vassals had to give their lords money on special occasions , such as when a son became a knight or when his daughter got married . A vassal also had to give his lord food and shelter if he came to visit . If a vassal gained enough land , he could become a lord . In this way a person might be both a lord and a vassal . A knight could also accept from two different lords and become a vassal to both . Feudal could become confusing . SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS How could a noble be both a lord and a vassal ?

Sequencing What led to the creation of feudalism ?

QUICK Feudal Society ' Kings and Queens Kings and queens were the greatest lords of Europe , and all nobles and knights were their vassals . Nobles Nobles were vassals of kings and queens . Many were also lords of Knights served their noble lords in for land . THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 243

Feudalism Spreads Feudalism was created by the Franks . Before long the system began to spread into other kingdoms . In the 10005 , Frankish knights introduced feudalism into em Italy , Spain , and Germany . Feudalism then spread into eastern Europe . Feudalism also reached Britain in the . It was brought there by a French noble named William , who was the duke of Normandy in northern France , and who claimed a right to the English ife on a Manor Peasants grew vegetables in small gardens near their houses . In 1066 , William and his knights sailed into England and defeated the English king at the Battle of Hastings . After winning the battle , William declared himself the new king of England . He became known as William the Conqueror . To reward his knights for their part in the victory , liam gave them large estates of land in his new country . This was the beginning of feudalism in England . Sequencing How did feudalism spread to England ?

The lord of the manor lived in a large stone house called . the manor house . In the fall , peasants worked to harvest crops like wheat .

The Manor system The large estate owned by a knight or When a knight received a from his lord , lord Called a manor In general each manor included a large house or castle , he needed a way to farm . Knights were , pastures , and forests . It also had a who thave time to work in the . village where the peasants who worked on . At the same time , peasants , or small the manor lived . farmers , needed to grow food to live . Very few peasants , however , owned any land . and other As a result , a new economic system Most medieval lords kept about developed . Under this system , knights to of their land for their own use . allowed peasants to farm land on their The rest of the land was divided among large estates . In return , the peasants had to peasants and who were tied give the knights food or other payment . to the land on which they lived . The village church was built on a small piece of land that belonged to the lord . I villagers used sheep ' wool to make clothes . iu smith made iron tools for farming . Harvested wheat was taken to . the mill and ground into flour . which was used to make bread . SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS ' What goods can you see being produced on this manor ?

Although they were slaves , serfs were allowed to leave their land without the lord . Serfs spent much of their time working in their lords . In return for this work , they got a piece of land to farm for themselves . They also received their lords protection against laws and raiders . The lives of serfs and peasants easy . Farm labor was hard , and they often worked in the late into the night . Men did most of the farming . Women made clothing , cooked , grew vegetables , and gathered . Even children worked , tending sheep and chickens . In addition to peasants and serfs , most manors had several skilled workers . These workers traded their goods and services to the peasants in exchange for food . Lords VOCABULARY wanted the people who lived on the or to produce everything they needed , including food and clothing . BIOGRAPHY Eleanor of 1122 ?

Eleanor of was one of the most powerful people of the Middle Ages . She ruled , a region in southwestern France , as the vassal . In 1137 Eleanor became queen of France when she married King Louis . Later , she divorced Louis and became queen of England by marrying King Henry of England . Even while she was queen of England , she spent much of her time ruling her own territory . Eleanor had many dren , and two of her sons later became kings of England . Drawing Conclusions Why do you think Eleanor had more power than other women in the Middle Ages ?

Manor Lords The lord of a manor controlled everything that happened on his lands . His word was law . The lord resolved any disputes that arose on the manor and punished people who misbehaved . He also collected taxes from the people who lived on his manor . As you would expect , manor lords and ladies lived more comfortably than other people on the manor . They had servants and large houses . Still , their lives easy . Lords who survived diseases faced the possibility of being killed in war . Women in the Middle Ages Regardless of their social class , women in the Middle Ages had fewer rights than men . Women generally had to obey the wishes of their fathers or husbands . But women still had important in society . As you have read , peasant women worked to port their families . Noblewomen also had duties . They ran manor households and supervised servants . Women governed manors when their husbands went to war . Some noblewomen , like the French an Eleanor of , had great political power . Other women who wanted power and joined the most powerful of institutions , the Christian Church . Contrasting How were the lives of nobles and peasants different ?

Towns and Trade Grow In the Middle Ages , most people lived on manors or on small farms , not in towns . As a result , most towns were small . After about 1000 , however , this situation began to change . Some towns became big cities . At the same time , new towns appeared . What led to the growth of medieval towns ?

For one thing , Europe population increased , partly because more food was available . New technology helped farmers produce larger harvests than ever before . Among these improvements was a heavier plow . With this plow farmers could dig deeper into the soil , helping their plants grow better . Another new device , the horse collar , allowed farmers to plow using horses . In times past , farmers had used oxen , which were strong but slow . With horses , farmers could tend larger , grow more food , and feed more people . Towns also grew because trade increased . As Europe population grew , so did trade . Trade routes spread all across Europe . chants also brought goods from Asia and Africa to sell in markets in Europe . The chance to make money in trade led many people to leave their farms and move to ies , causing cities to grow even larger . In time , the growth of trade led to the decline of feudalism . Knights began to demand money for their services instead of land . At the same time , serfs and peasants left their manors for towns , slowly ing the manor system . identifying cause and Effect Why did towns and trade grow in the Middle Ages ?

Medieval Market AND PREVIEW In this section , you learned about European feudalism and the social and economic ships it created among people . In the next section , you read about how this system compares to one that developed halfway around the world in Japan . In the Middle Ages . some towns held large trade fairs each year . this illustration shows a bishop blessing a trade fair in ' a . Recall What led to the growth of Online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People EE critical Thinking a . Define What was a knight ?

Analyzing Draw a flow chart like the one below . Explain Why did vassals have to serve lords ?

In each box , list the responsibilities that each Elaborate Do you think knights or lords group had toward the other . more from feudalism ?

Why ?

Explain How did William the Conqueror help spread feudalism ?

a . Describe What was a typical manor like ?

Elaborate How do you think most serfs felt ?

about the manor system ?

Writing about Knights Take notes on the knights described in this section and how what learned will affect your search for knights . What kinds of people will you hire ?

How will you pay them ?

Write your answers in your notebook . population in the Middle Ages ?

Draw Conclusions Why do you think many peasants left their farms for cities ?

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 241 SECTION What You Will Learn . Feudal societies shared ' mon elements in Europe and Japan . Europe and Japan differed in their cultural elements such as religion and art . Although the feudal systems of Europe and Japan were similar , their cultures were very different . Key Terms chivalry , 249 haiku , 150 248 CHAPTER Feudal Societies If YOU were there You want to be a squire , a young person who trains to be a knight Your best friend thinks you are foolish . He says that you have to swear a vow of loyalty to your lord , and you have to in battles for him . Your sister tells you that you will have to follow a strict code of honor . But you still want to be a knight . Why do you want to be a knight ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Knights were an important part of feudal society . People who wanted to be knights did have to swear vows of loyalty , fight in battles , and follow a code of honor . But pean knights were notthe only people who had to live by these rules . Half a world away , Japanese samurai lived under similar obligations . In fact , if you look at these two societies , you will see that many ing similarities existed between them . Feudal Societies Share Common Elements Feudalism was not unique to Europe . As you have already read , the Japanese developed a very similar system halfway around ' the world from Europe at about the same time . But how similar were the two societies ?

Lords and Vassals In Europe , the basis for the feudal system was land . Kings and lords gave land to knights . In return , the knights promised to serve their lords and for them when necessary . Many knights owned large manors . Peasants and serfs worked on the manors and paid the lords in food . A very similar system existed in Japan . There , the emperor gave land to great lords who were later called daimyo . In turn , these lords employed warriors called samurai . Like European knights , the samurai promised to serve and for their lords . In exchange , the samurai received rice and grain . Lords got the grain from peasants who farmed their land . Peasants had to pay their lords in grain .

, Samurai and Knights Although Japanese samurai and European knights never actually met , they had much in common . Both were the elite warriors of their lime and place . Knights and Samurai The lives of knights and samurai were , in many ways , very similar . Both had to swear vows of loyalty to their lords . These lords expected them to well and to be less in battle . The lords also expected their knights or samurai to live disciplined and honorable lives . Both European knights and Japanese samurai had to follow strict codes of or that governed how they behaved . You have already learned about Bushido , the Japanese code of the samurai . Europeans called their code of honorable behavior for knights chivalry ( Like ido , chivalry required knights to be brave and loyal but humble and modest at the same time . It also required them to be kind and generous when dealing with people , especially women . in Because of their loyalty and dedication , both knights and samurai were greatly admired by other members of their . This admiration can often be seen in literary descriptions of the men , such as this description of the French knight Roland and his comrades who are greatly outnumbered by their enemies The battle is fearful and full of grief . Oliver and Roland strike like good men , the Archbishop , more than a thousand blows , and the Twelve Peers do not hang back they strike ! the French side by side , as one man . The pagans die by hundreds , by thousands whoever does not no refuge from death , like it or not , there he ends his The Song of Roland , translated by Frederick Goldin Even though Roland and the others were almost certain that they would die , they continued to light . They became heroes , admired for their courage and bravery . VISUALS How are the samurai and ?

How are they ?

FOCUS ON READING Why is a primary source included here ?

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 249 ( elements parts The Japanese also admired their for their courage . A passage from a Japanese text shows a similar admiration for warriors impossible odds Where , followed where galloped , followed . Neither willing to be outdone , they dashed in by turns , whipping their horses and attacking until the sparks . pulled out the arrows that were lodged in his own armor , tossed them aside , faced the stronghold with a scowl , and shouted in a mighty voice , I am . zane , the man who left last winter determined to give his life for Lord . Confront me ! Confront me ! The Tale of the by Helen Craig McCullough READING CHECK Comparing European knights and Japanese samurai similar ?

Europe and Japan Differ Although European and Japanese societies were the same in some ways , in most ways they were not . Their two cultures were also very different . Perhaps the main difference between medieval Europeans and Japanese was religion . Nearly all Europeans were tian , while the Japanese blended elements of Buddhism , Shinto , and Confucianism . European and Japanese religions taught very different ways of looking at the world . People in those places , therefore , did not act the same way . The differences between Europe and Japan can also be seen in the artistic popular in each place . in the Middle Ages dealt mostly with religious themes . Paintings showed scenes from the Bible , and writers tried to inspire people with stories about great Christians . In Japan , on the other hand , most art dealt with natural themes . Paintings of nature were common , and people built many gardens . Buildings blended with nature , rather than standing out . Japanese literature also celebrated nature . For ple , Japanese poets in the created haiku ( short , poems of 17 syllables that describe nature scenes . The medieval arts of Europe and Japan were very different . European art often sired religion . while nese art often emphasized nature . In what ways are these two paintings ?

Comparing and Contrasting Europe and Japan , Feudal Europe I Christianity I Religious themes in art and literature . Here is one example of haiku Very soon they but of that there is no sign in the . Basho , from Anthology Literature , edited Keene Although European and Japanese dal systems seemed similar , the cultures that lay behind them were different . Still , it is remarkable to think that feudal systems so similar could exist so far apart . Contrasting dal European and Japanese cultures different ?

samurai ) I warrior codes of honor ( chivalry , Bushido ) I Peasants worked land Feudal Japan I Buddhism . Shinto , Confucianism I Nature themes in art and literature SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you learned how to compare feudalism in Europe and Japan . Although both Europe and Japan had feudal societies , there were many differences in the two societies . Feudalism lasted much longer in Japan than it did in Europe , not appearing until the . In the next chapter you will learn about how pean society changed after feudalism appeared in the later Middle Ages . One major change was the growing of religion . Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People A What was chivalry ?

Compare What were three characteristics knights and samurai shared ?

Develop Why do you think feudal systems developed in both Europe and Japan ?

a . Identify religion were most people in medieval Europe ?

What religions influenced most people in Japan ?

Contrast How were the subjects of haiku different from medieval European poems ?

Evaluate In your opinion , were European and Japanese societies more similar to or different from each other ?

Explain your answer . go . Online Quiz KEYWORD Critical Thinking . Comparing and Contrasting Draw a chart like the one below . List two similarities and one key difference between knights and samurai . Describing Chivalry Think about what you just learned about chivalry . What kinds of rules will you expect your knights to follow ?

How will you explain these rules to them ?

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Social Studies Skills Analysis Critical Thinking Interpreting Diagrams Understand the Skill Diagrams are drawings that use lines and labels to explain or illustrate something . Different types of diagrams have different purposes . Pictorial diagrams show an object in simple form , much like it would look if you were viewing it . Cutaway diagrams show the insides of an object . Component diagrams show how an object is organized by separating it into parts . Such diagrams are sometimes also called matic drawings . The ability to interpret diagrams will help you to better understand a historical object , its function , and how it worked . Learn the Skill Use these basic steps to interpret a diagram Determine what type of diagram it is . Read the diagram title or caption to out what it represents . Look for any labels and read them carefully . Most diagrams include text that the object parts or explains relationships between the parts . If a legend is present , study it to identify and understand any symbols and colors that are used in the diagram . Look for numbers or letters that might indicate a sequence of steps . Also look for any arrows that might show direction or movement . 252 CHAPTER Participation Study An Early Castle ' i Practice and Apply the Skill Interpret the diagram of an early castle , and answer the following questions . I . What type of diagram is this ?

What labels in the diagram suggest how the castle was heated ?

What was the purpose of the pulley ?

Of what materials was the castle made ?

What features of the castle helped make it secure against attack ?

Visual summary the main ideas ofthe chapter . Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms . and People Write each word below , circling each letter that is marked by a star . Then write the word these letters spell . lated communities . of of the most powerful women of the Middle Ages . political system in which land is given for military service . code of behavior that knights had to follow . workers who were tied to the land they worked . who received land in exchange for military service . large estate . king who created a huge empire Standards Review Use the visual summary below to help you review Japan developed feudal societies . Comprehension and Critical Thinking section ( Pages ) ESE a . Identify What region of Europe has the best land for farming ?

Analyze How have rivers and seas life in Europe ?

Evaluate Based on its geography , in which part of Europe would you want to live ?

Why would you want to live there ?

SECTION ( Pages ) ESE lo . a . Identify What two groups of people were largely responsible for the northern spread of Christianity ?

Compare In what way was the empire of , the Franks under Charlemagne like the Roman Empire ?

Elaborate How do you think the building of new monasteries helped spread Christianity ?

THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 253 Pages ) HE II . a . Describe What were women lives like during the Middle Ages ?

Analyze How did knights and lords try to make their manors ?

Elaborate How was feudalism related to medieval Europe economic system ?

SECTION ( Pages ) a . Identify Who were the Japanese counterparts of medieval knights ?

contrast How did art and literature differ between Europe and Japan ?

Elaborate Why do you think people wrote about knights and samurai in literature ?

Reading and Analysis Skills Analyzing Primary and Secondary Sources The lowing passages are both taken from historians writing in the 8005 about the life of Charlemagne . Read both passages and then answer the questions that follow . I consider that it would be foolish for me to write about birth and childhood for nothing is set down in writing about this and nobody can be found still alive who claims to have any personal knowledge of these have therefore decided to leave out what is not really known , frorn Two , translated by Lewis Thorpe When I was a child , he was already a very old man . He brought me up and used to tell me about these was a poor pupil , and I often ran away , but in the end he forced me to Two Lives by . Are these passages primary or secondary sources ?

Which historian do you think would be the most credible , or believable ?

Reviewing Themes 15 . Religion Do you think religion helped to unify or divide Europeans in the Middle Ages ?

Why ?

Society and Culture Do you think religion or government had more on medieval societies ?

Why ?

254 CHAPTER Using the Internet 11 . Activity Researching Daily Life Feudalism ated a web of relationships and duties between different people in medieval Europe . Enter the activity keyword and research the lives of monks and peasants , rulers such as and William the Conqueror , and warriors like Vikings and knights . Pick the type of person you would have liked to have been in the Middle Ages . Draw a portrait of this person . Then write sentences explaining their daily life . Include information on how they into the political order of society . Social Studies Skills Interpreting Diagrams You know there are many types of diagrams . Some diagrams show the parts of a whole . Study the diagram of the knight and use it to answer the questions that follow . 18 . Which parts of a knight outfit were used for protection ?

Which might help him be in battle ?

19 . What did a knight use as a weapon ?

20 . Why might a knight carry a banner ?

FOCUS ON WRITING . Writing a Job Ad Wanted Brave and Loyal Use your notes from this chapter to write a job ad . Start your ad by explaining why you need knights to help you . Then write a description of the type of people who will be suitable for the job and how they will be ed to behave . Be sure to mention in your ad what knights will receive in exchange for their service .

DIRECTIONS Read each question , and write the letter of the best response . PERSON A Obligations to Person I Provide Protection I Provide Land PERSON Obligations to Person A I Provide Loyalty I Provide Military Service In this diagram , Person is probably a A lord . vassal . sert . peasant . One thing that continued to grow and spread across Europe after the tall of the Roman Empire was A Christianity . Roman culture . Bushido . republican government . Why would feudalism have taken hold more strongly in northern Europe than in ern Europe ?

A Fewer geographic barriers protected northern Europeans from invasion by enemies . Southern Europeans were more interested in fishing than in farming . A larger number of towns grew up along the rivers of northern Europe . Most people in southern Europe lived along the region long coastlines . I which of these descriptions does to feudalism as it developed in Europe ?

A growing power of kings powerful nobles clearly defined roles in society duties and obligations One way in which society developed in Europe and Japan was in A the relationship between lords and vassals . the duties and obligations in each system . the themes of their art and literature . the behavior oi knights and samurai . Connecting with Past Learnings Charlemagne was a brilliant warrior and a strong king . The achievements of which ancient figure have the least in common with those of Charlemagne ?

A Julius Caesar Alexander the Great Aristotle were tied to the land on which they worked . A sert in medieval Europe held a place in society that was most like A a Brahman in ancient India . a peasant in ancient China . a Christian in ancient Rome . a trader in ancient Egypt . THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 255