7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 5 - Chapter 10 Early Middle Ages

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Ages ilI , I I I , Standards Science Students analyze the geographic , political , economic , and social structures of the civilizations of Medieval Europe . Analysis Skills identify physical and cultural features . HI Understand and distinguish cause and effect . Ans Writing Students write clear , coherent , and focused essays . Reading Analyze text that uses the organizational pattern . A Focus ON WRITING A Historical Article Your friend is the editor of a magazine for young children . He wants you to write an article on the most important people in Europe in the Middle Ages . As you read , collect information to help you write this The Battle of Hastings is fought . 256 CHAPTER 10

' video series Watch the video to stand the impact of the bubonic plague . What You Will Learn In this chapter , you will learn about life in Europe during the later Middle Ages . Christianity was a major influence on people lives during these years . This photo shows the monastery at Mont Michel in France . I 1492 ' The Spanish Crusaders battle The Black Death , drive the for control of ' kills about 25 million ' Jews out the Holy Land . people in Europe . of Spain . The first , I shogun takes power I . Admiral Zheng He I ' leads Chinese sea us an expeditions of Asia in the Americas , and Africa . THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 251

Reading Social Studies Economics Geography Politics Society Religion and Culture Focus on Themes The later Middle Ages in religious art were created , while soldiers set out Europe were a time of change . As the Christian to fight wars over religious issues . As you can see , church grew stronger , popes challenged kings for religion was a major force in lives . It was power , and people who disagreed with Christian one of the most important factors that shaped teachings were punished . Beautiful churches and Europe society and culture during this period . Causes and Effects in History Fogus on Reading No event happens for no Identifying Causes and Effects A cause is reason . To really understand past events , you should that other thi A em try to out what made them is the result of something else that happened . Most historical events have a number of causes as well as a . number of effects . Many people in Italy looked to the pope as their leader . As a result , some up sometimes writers popes began to live like royalty . They became rich and built huge palaces . that sign a . At the same time , they came into conflict with Europe other political cause or an effect leaders , kings . 261 ) basis because , motivated , as result , for that mason , so . As popes worked to increase their power , they often came into conflict with kings . For example , kings thought they should be able to select ops in their countries . Popes , on the other hand , argued that only they could choose religious officials . 263 ) Additional reading support can be found in the Reader and Study Guide 258 CHAPTER 10 , as a i I

ELA Reading Analyze organizational pattern . Analysis HI Understand and distinguish cause and effect . Cha or 10 You Try It ! Section The following passage from this chapter describes a series of actions ( 281 ) taken by Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV . Read Pope Gregory ( 253 ) closely to see the causes and results of these actions . Emperor Henry IV ( Kings and Popes Clash Crusades ( 254 In 1073 a new pope came to power in From ' Rome . His name was Pope Gregory VII . 254 ble arose when Gregory disapproved of a 263 , I ( bishop chosen by the Holy Roman Emperor ( Henry IV . Angry because the pope questioned Section I I his authority , Henry convinced Germany ( 259 ) bishops that they should remove Gregory as i religious order ( pope . In response , the pope i Francis of ( friars ( 272 I ed Henry . He called on the empires nobles to overthrow Henry . Thomas Aquinas ( 273 Desperate to stay in power , Henry went natural law ( to Italy to ask the pope for forgiveness . i section ory refused to see him . For three days Henry I Magna Carta ( 276 ) stood barefoot in the snow outside the castle Parliament ( 27 where Pope Gregory was staying . Eventually , Hundred Years War ( 278 ) Gregory accepted Henry apology . Joan of Arc ( 273 ) Black Death ( After you read the passage , draw a chart like the one below in Sewn heresy ( 282 ) I your notebook , filling in the missing causes and effects . 283 ) King Ferdinand ( 284 ) Queen Isabella ( 284 ) Spanish Inquisition ( 284 ) Gregory disapproved of bishop . I . Gregory Henry . Academic Vocabulary . Henry wants to stay in power . knowing academic Henry stands barefoot in snow . the , are ' in school assignments and . In this chapter , you will loam ' As you read Chapter 10 , look for words that signal the following academic words I causes or effects . Make a chart like the one above , to keep track of how causes and effects are related . 262 policy ( 284 ) THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 259

Popes and Kings IfYOU were there i You are 13 years old , the youngest child of the king of France . One ' what You will Learn . day your father announces that he wants to make an alliance with ands ' a powerful noble family . To seal the alliance , he has arranged for Pam and king , pe you to marry one of his new ally children . Your father wants you ' as and political to be happy and asks what you think of the idea . You know the , ught , alliance will make your father rule more secure , but it means leading to a permanent split leaving home to marry a stranger within the church . Kings and popes clashed over What will you say to your father ?

some issues . The Big Popes and kings dominated European society in the Middle Ages . BUILDING BACKGROUND In the Middle Ages , kings were some of I the most powerful men in Europe . Many kings , like the one described above , looked to increase their power . But in their search for power , these kings had to deal with other powerful leaders , including popes . These other leaders had their own plans and goals . Key Terms and People excommunicate , 261 Pope Gregory , 263 Em Han IV , Popes and Kings Rule Europe In the early Middle Ages , great nobles and their knights held a i great deal of power . As time passed , though , this power began to shift . More and more , power came into the hands of two types of leaders , popes and kings . Popes had great spiritual power , and kings had political power . Together , popes and kings controlled most of European society . The Power of the In the Middle Ages , the pope was the head of the Christian Church in Western , Europe , Since nearly everyone in the Middle Ages belonged to this church , the pope had great power . People saw the pope as God on Earth . They looked to him for guidance about how to live and pray . my Demonstrate an Because the pope was seen as God representative , it was understanding ofthe his duty to decide what the church would teach . From lame to cooperation time , a pope would write a letter called a bull to explain a and ( teaching or outline a church policy . In addition , the pope Charlemagne , Gregory , Emperor Henry Iv ) decided when someone was acting against the church . 260 CHAPTER 10

If the pope felt someone was working against the church , he could punish the person in many ways . For serious offenses , the pope or other bishops could choose to excommunicate , or cast out from the church , the offender . This punishment was deeply feared because Christians believed The Power of Kings As you can see on the map below , Europe in 1000 was divided into many small states . Most of these states were ruled by kings , some of whom had little real power . In a few places , though , kings had begun to take control of their countries . that a person who died while would not get into heaven . In addition to spiritual power , many popes had great political power . After the Roman Empire collapsed , many people in Italy looked to the pope as their leader . As a result , some popes began to live like royalty . They became rich and built huge palaces . At the same time , they came into with Europe other political leaders , kings . Europe . 1000 Christian monarchs ruled many European kingdoms , such as France and England . The center of western Christianity was Rome . where popes lived . GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS . Location In what empire was Rome located at this time ?

What kingdoms surrounded the Holy Roman Empire ?

Look at the map to England , France , and the Holy Roman Empire . At this time , Europe most powerful kings ruled those three countries . In England and France , kings ited their thrones from their fathers . At times , nobles rebelled against the kings , but the kings usually reestablished order fairly quickly . They maintained this order through alliances as well as warfare . Smaller German states made up the Holy Roman Empire . The emperors were seen as ' protectors of the pope . Christian lands I Muslim lands . 200 THE ( I TODAY Hundreds of . millions of people around the world considerthe pope their spiritual leader . 200 400

Primary Source POINTS or IE Views of Power ' Pope Gregory thought popes should have the power to choose bishops . He believed their power from God . Who does not know that kings and princes derive their origin from men ignorant of God who raised themselves above their fellows by . every kind of crime ?

Does anyone doubt that the priests of Christ are to be considered as fathers and masters of kings and princes and of all believers ?

Gregory VII . A ' IDENTIFYING POINTS or VIEW What words indicate Gregory view that the church ' has more power than monarchs do ?

ACADEMIC authority power , right to rule The Holy Roman Empire In the Holy Roman Empire , however , the . situation was different . This empire grew out of what had been empire . As you read earlier , Charlemagne built his empire in the 7005 with the pope approval . In the , another emperor took the throne with the approval of the pope . Because the empire was approved by the pope and people saw it as a rebirth of the Roman Empire , it became known as the Holy Roman Empire . Holy Roman emperors did inherit their crowns . Instead , they were elected by the empire nobles . Sometimes , these tions led to between nobles and the emperor . In the worst of these squabbles , emperors had to call on the pope for help . Contrasting the powers of popes and kings differ ?

262 CHAPTER 10 Emperor Henry had too much power He argued should choose bishops because God had chosen the king . Our Lord , Jesus Christ , has called us to kingship , but has not called you to the priesthood . You who have not been called by , God have taught that our bishops have been called by God are . to be rejected . Henry IV . from Gregory . Popes Fight for Power Although the people of western Europe considered the pope the head of the church , people in eastern Europe disagreed . There , bishops controlled religious matters with little or no guidance from the pope . ning in the , however , a series of clever and able popes sought to increase their authority over eastern bishops . They believed all religious officials should answer to the pope . Among those who believed this was Pope Leo IX , who became pope in 1049 . He argued that because the pope , Saint Peter , had been the leader of the whole Christian Church , later popes should be as well . Despite Leo arguments , leaders in eastern Europe , most notably the Byzantine Patriarch Michael , refused to recognize the supremacy of the pope . The pope responded by him in 1054 . This is known as the Great Schism . It is in the cultural and political divisions between the dox and Catholic parts of Europe today .

Leo decision created a permanent split within the church . Christians who agreed with the bishop of Constantinople formed the Orthodox Church . Those who supported Leo authority became known as Roman Catholics . With their support , the pope became head of the Roman Church and one of the most powerful in western Europe . Generalizing How did Leo IX try to increase popes authority ?

Kings and Popes Clash As popes worked to increase their power , they often came into conflict with kings . For example , kings thought they should be able to select bishops in their countries . Popes , on the other hand , argued that only they could choose religious . In 1073 a new pope came to power in Rome . His name was Pope Gregory VII . Trouble arose when Gregory disapproved of a bishop chosen by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV . Angry because the pope questioned his authority , Henry convinced bishops that they should remove Gregory as pope . In response , the pope excommunicated Henry . He called on the empire nobles to overthrow Henry Desperate to stay in power , Henry went to Italy to ask the pope for forgiveness . church would choose all bishops and abbots . The bishops and abbots , ever , would still have to obey the emperor . This compromise did not end all . Kings and popes continued to for power throughout the Middle Ages , changing lives all over Europe . Identifying Causes and Effects What caused Gregory and power struggle ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you read about the powers of popes and kings . In many cases , these powers led to between the two . In the next tion , though , you will read about popes and kings working together against a common enemy . Section Assessment Catholic Church ?

Emperors ?

of Constantinople ?

Online Quiz KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People a . Describe What was the pope role in the Roman . Draw Conclusions How did cooperation with the pope help kings like Charlemagne and the early Holy Roman . Explain Why did Pope Leo IX excommunicate the bishop a . Identify whom did Pope Gregory VII clash ?

Elaborate Why do you thinkthe pope made Emperor Henry IV wait for three days before forgiving him ?

Gregory refused to see him . For three days Henry stood barefoot in the snow outside the castle where Pope Gregory was staying . Eventually , Gregory accepted Henry 30 85 and allowed the emperor back into the ?

Pa church Gregory had proven himself more the ' here . Use it to compare the powerful than the emperor , at least for that power of the popes to the power of the kings . The over the right to choose ops continued even after Henry and ory died . In 1122 a new pope and emperor reached a compromise . They decided that FOCUS ON WRITING I . Taking Notes on the Popes and Kings Who were the popes and kings you read about in this section ?

Why were they important ?

Start a list of important people . THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 263 SECTION What You Will Learn 33 ' Main Ideas . The pope called on ers to invade the Holy Land . Despite some initial success , the later Crusades failed . The Crusades changed Europe forever . The Big idea The Christian and Muslim fought over holy sites ing a series of medieval wars . Key Terms and People Crusades , 264 Holy Land , 264 Pope Urban , 264 King Richard I , 266 Saladin , 256 Discuss the causes and course of the religious Crusades and their effects on the Christian , Muslim , and Jewish populations in Europe , with emphasis on the increasing tact by Europeans with cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean world . 264 CHAPTER The IfYOU were there You belong to a noble family that has produced many great knights . One day your uncle , the head of the family tells you that the pope has called on warriors to defend holy places in a faraway land . Your uncle is too old to , so it falls on you to answer the pope call to war The journey will be long and dangerous . Still , you will see new places and possibly win glory for your family How do you feel about jo ' this war ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND In the early Middle Ages few people i traveled farfrom home . They spent most oftheir lives in a single village or farm . As time passed . however , Europeans learned of other people and places . Their contacts with some ofthese people were peaceful . With others , though , the contact was not peaceful . Wars broke out . The of these wars were the Crusades . Crusaders Invade the Holy Land The Crusades were a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia . They were fought over control of Palestine , a region of Southwest Asia . Europeans called Palestine the Holy Land because it was the region where Jesus had lived , preached , and died . Causes of the Crusades For many years , Palestine had been in the hands of Muslims . In general , the Muslims did not bother Christians who visited the region . In the late , though , a group of Turkish Muslims entered the area and captured the city of Jerusalem . Pilgrims returning to Europe said that these Turks had attacked them in the Holy Land , which was no longer safe for Christians . Before long , the Turks began to raid the Byzantine Empire . The Byzantine emperor , fearing an attack on Constantinople , asked Pope Urban of the Roman Catholic Church for help . Although the Byzantines were Orthodox Christians and not Catholic , the pope agreed to the request .

The Call to Arms Pope Urban called on Christians from all over Europe to retake the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks . He challenged kings and nobles to quit among themselves and together against the Turks . In response , people joined the pope army by the thousands . Crusaders from all over Europe to France to prepare for their long journey . They sewed crosses onto their clothing to show that they were for God . In fact , the word crusade comes from the latin for marked with a As they marched off to war , the Crusaders yelled their rallying cry , God wills it ! Why would people leave home to in a distant land ?

Some just hoped to save their souls or to do what they thought God wanted . They thought that God would look favorably on them for his enemies , as one French abbot noted Other Crusaders wanted land and treasure . The Holy Land was the scene of many bloody battles during the crusades , like the one near the city of Antioch shown in this medieval painting . the men at right show what crusaders may have worn . What was the goal of the Crusaders ?

What a glow to return in victory from such a battle ! if they are blessed who die in the Lord , how much more are they who die for the Lord ! Bernard of , from In Praise of the New Knighthood Still others were looking for something to do . Adventure called to them . The First Crusade About Crusaders left Europe for the Holy Land 1096 . Some of the ones to set out were peasants , not soldiers . On their way to the Holy Land , these ant Crusaders attacked Jews in . They blamed the Jews for esus death . THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 265

Before they even reached the Holy Land , Turkish troops killed most of these trained , poorly equipped peasants . The nobles and knights fared better . When they reached Jerusalem in 1099 , they found the Muslim army disorganized and unready to . After about a month of , the Crusaders took Jerusalem . After the Europeans took Jerusalem , they set up four small kingdoms in the Holy Land . The rulers of these kingdoms ated lord and vassal systems like they had known at home . They also began to trade with people back in Europe . Summarizing What did the First Crusade accomplish ?

Later Crusades Fail The kingdoms the Christians created in the Holy Land did last , though . Within 50 years the Muslims had started taking land back from the Christians . In response , the Europeans launched more Crusades . The Second and Third Crusades French and German kings set off in 1147 to retake land from the Muslims . This Second Crusade was a tenible failure . Poor ning and heavy losses on the journey to the Holy Land led to the Christians total defeat . Ashamed , the Crusaders returned to Europe in less than a year . The Third Crusade began after the Muslims retook Jerusalem in 1189 . The rulers of England , France , and the Holy Roman Empire led their armies to Land to fight for Jerusalem , but problems soon arose . The German king died , and the French king left . Only King of England stayed in the Holy Land . King Richard main opponent in the Third Crusade was Saladin , the leader of the Muslim forces . Saladin was a brilliant 266 CHAPTER ro Called Lion Heart for his courage , Richard I was a skilled soldier and a great general . He did not succeed in taking Jerusalem during the Third Crusade , but he earned the respect of Muslims and Christians alike . Since his death , he has become the hero of countless stories and legends . leader . Even Crusaders respected his kindness toward fallen enemies . In turn , the Muslims admired Richard bravery . For months , Richard . Richard captured a few towns and won protection for Christian pilgrims . In the end , however , he returned home with Jerusalem still in Muslim hands . The Fourth Crusade In 1201 French knights arrived in Venice ready to sail to the Holy Land to begin a Fourth Crusade . However , the knights did have money to pay for the I age . For payment the Venetians asked the knights to conquer Zara , a rival trade city . I The knights agreed . Later they also attacked ' Constantinople and carried off many sures . The city that had been threatened by Muslims before the Crusades had been sacked by Christians ! The End of the Crusades Other Crusades , but none were successful . By 1291 the Muslim armies had , taken back all of the Holy Land , and the

BIOGRAPHY ! Saladin is often called one of the greatest generals of the Middle Ages . The Muslim leader successfully held Jerusalem against Richard I in the Third Crusade . Saladin people considered their leader a wise ruler . Crusaders respected his sometimes kind treatment of fallen enemies . Many Christians saw him as a model of knightly chivalry . Western Christian lends , 1695 I Eastern Christian Islamic lands , 1095 , Crusade , Second Third Crusade , GEOGRAPHY ' INTERPRETING MAPS 100 , Place From which countries did the first three Crusades ?

Movement About how far was the journey from Paris Jerusalem ?

Crusades had ended . Why did the Christian leaders fought among fail ?

There were many reasons . selves and planned poorly . The Crusaders had to travel huge Whatever the reasons for their failure , the just to reach the war . Many died Crusades ended just as they had so along the way . many years before , with the Holy Land Crusaders were prepared to in under Muslim control . desert climate . The Christians were outnumbered by Analyzing How did their and organized Muslim foes . limit the success of the Crusades ?

LATER MIDDLE AGES 261 The Crusades had lasting effects on relations among peoples as well . Because some Crusaders had attacked Jews , many Jews distrusted Christians . In addition , tension between the Byzantines and ern Christians increased , especially after Crusaders attacked Constantinople . The greatest changes occurred with Christian and Muslim relationships . Each group learned about the other religion and culture . Sometimes this led to mutual respect . In general , though , the Crusaders saw Muslims as unbelievers who innocent Christians . Most Muslims viewed the Crusaders as invaders . Some historians think distrust that began during the Crusades still affects Christian and Muslim relationships today . Finding Main Ideas What were some results of the Crusades ?

Crusades Change Europe Although the Crusades failed , they changed Europe forever . Trade between Europe and Asia grew . Europeans who went to the Holy land learned about products such as cots , rice , and cotton cloth . Crusaders also brought ideas of Muslim thinkers to Europe . Politics in Europe also changed . Some kings increased their power because many nobles and knights had died in Holy Land . These kings seized lands that were left without clear owners . During the later Crusades , kings also gained at the popes expense . The popes had wanted the church to be in charge of all the Crusades . Instead , rulers and nobles took control . The Crusades I Turks take control of the I Trade between Europe and Holy Land in 1071 . Asia increases . Co bet AND PREVIEW In this section I ur I ome more . name in the 109 powerful . you learned how religious beliefs led to a series of wars . In the next section you will learn about the role of religion in most people daily lives in the Middle Ages . I Tension between Christians . Jews , and Muslims grows . I Byzantine emperor asks pope for help . corn Online KEYWORD Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People IE critical Thinking a . Recall What did Pope Urban II ask Christians . Identifying Cause to do ?

and Effect Draw . Elaborate Why do you think so many people a diagram like the were willing to go on a Crusade ?

one here . Use it a . Identify In which Crusade did Saladin and King Richard I fight ?

to identify three causes and three effects of the Crusades . Thinking about the Crusades Look back through what you just read and make a list of people who were important in the Crusades . What made them important ?

Rank Which Crusade do you think was the least successful ?

Why ?

a . Identify What new products were introduced to Europe after the Crusades ?

Draw Conclusions Why did the Crusades change relationships between Christians and other groups ?

268 CHAPTER 10 Christianity and Medieval Society were You Wil Lam You are a stone carver , apprenticed to a master builder . The bishop Main has hired your master to design a huge new church . He wants the The Christian Church shaved church to inspire and impress worshippers with the glory of God . I ' Your master has entrusted you with the decoration of the outside Orders arid friars did of the church . You are excited by the challenge . not like the church political What kind of art will you create for the church ?

nature . Church leaders helped build the first universities in Europe . The church influenced the arts in medieval Europe . The Big Idea The Christian Church was to life in the Middle Ages . BUILDING BACKGROUND Thousands of churches were built across Europe in the Middle Ages . People took great pride in their churches because religion was very importantto them . In fact , Christianity was a key factor in shaping medieval society . Key Terms and People clergy , 269 religious order , 272 Francis of , friars , 272 Thomas Aquinas , natural law , 274 The Church Shapes Society and Politics Nearly everyone who lived in Europe during the Middle Ages was Christian . In fact , Christianity was central to every part of life . Church officials , called clergy , and their teachings were very in European culture and politics . The towers of old Christian churches still rise above many European towns and cities . Christianity became a strong on European life in the Middle HE Understand the of the Catholic church as a political , intellectual , and aesthetic institution , founding of ties , political and spiritual roles of the clergy , creation of monastic and religious orders , preservation of the Latin language and religious texts , St Thomas Aquinas synthesis of classical philosophy with Christian theology , and the concept of natural law THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 269

History The Monastery Servants lived in rooms above the stables . where the monks kept horses . in the dining hall . called a refectory . Monks could read by the light from windows above , each bed in the dormitory , where they slept . when monks were ill or old , they were treated in the . ANALYZING VISUALS Eh . How does this illustration show the wealth oldie church ?

The Church and Society destination In the Middle Ages , life revolved around was near London in local Markets , fest and Hundreds of visitors went to the cathedral religious ceremonies all took place there . in Ca each one Web Visit 15 For some people , however the local the basis for one of the greatest books of church was not enough . They wanted to the Middle Ages . 7716 Canterbury Tales by see important religious places Chaucer ( where Jesus lived , where holy men and Of of Pilgrims who feel women died , and where miracles drawn like to ' The church encouraged these when in April the sweet people to go on pilgrimages , journeys to And pierce the drought of March to the root . religious locations . Among the most Then people long to go on pilgrimages lar destinations were Jerusalem , Rome , and And Palmer ?

to seek , the manger strands , in northwestern Spain . Each ha , specially , from every shire end of these clues had churches that Christians England ! down to Wendy Wanted Chaucer . from The Canterbury Tales 210 CHAPTER A Monk Daily . Wake up . Early prayers AM . Study religious texts . Dawn prayers AM . Study religious texts . Morning prayers , church service . meeting . Work in the or copy books . Noon prayers and mass The main abbey church was the largest building on the grounds . Parts of it still stand . Eat the daily meal . Work in the or copy books ' I . Afternoon prayers . Evening prayers . Go to sleep Neighboring people worked the monastery farmlands outside the walls . The Church and Politics The church also gained political power ing the Middle Ages . Many people left land to the church when they died . In fact , the church was one of the largest landholders in Europe . Eventually , the church divided this land into . In this way , it became a feudal lord . Of all the clergy , bishops and abbots were most involved in political matters . They often advised local rulers . Some clergy got so involved with politics that they spent little time dealing with religious affairs . Analyzing In what ways were clergy members important political ?

Monks and Friars Some people were unhappy with the cal nature of the church . They thought the clergy should focus only on spiritual ters . These people feared that the church had become obsessed with wealth and power . The Monks of Among those unhappy with the church were a group of French monks . In the early 9005 they started a monastery in the town of ( The monks of followed a strict schedule of prayers and religious services . They paid little attention to the world , concerning themselves only with religious matters . THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 211

The changes at led to the creation of a religious order , the monks . A religious order is a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules . Across Europe , people saw as an example of how monks should live . They built new monasteries and tried to live like the . Other New Orders By the , though , some monks thought that even rules strict enough . They created new orders with even stricter rules . Some took vows of silence and stopped speaking to each other . Others lived in tiny rooms and left them only to go to church services . Men were not the only ones to create and join religious orders . Women were allowed to join these kinds of orders as well . Communities of nuns called vents appeared across Europe . Like monks , these nuns lived according to a strict set BIOGRAPHY Saint Francis of ?

Born in , Italy , Francis was the son of a wealthy merchant . As a young man . however . Francis gave all his money and possessions away and left his house . He lived a simple life , preaching and tending to people who were poor or Francis considered everyone his brother or sister , including animals . He encouraged people to take care of mals just as they would take care of other people . Within a few years other people had begun to copy his lifestyle . In 1210 they became the members of the Franciscan Order . Making Generalizations How do you think Francis generosity and sion might inspire Christians to follow the church teachings ?

212 CHAPTER 10 of rules . The nuns of each convent prayed and worked together under the watchful eyes of an abbess , the convent leader . Although monks and nuns lived apart from other people , they did a great deal for society . For example , they collected and stored texts that explained Christian teachings . Monks spent hours copying these documents , and they sent copies to monasteries across Europe . The Friars Not everyone who joined a religious order wanted to live apart from society . Some wanted to live in cities and spread Christian teachings . As a result , two new religious orders were begun in the early . These orders were the Dominicans and the Franciscans , named for their founders , Dominic de Guzman and Francis of . Because they did live in monasteries , members of these orders were not monks . They were friars , people who belonged to religious orders but lived and worked among the general public . Friars lived simply , wearing plain robes and no shoes . Like monks , they owned no property . They roamed about , preaching and begging for food . For that reason , friars were also called , from a Latin word for beggars . The main goal of the friars was to teach people how to live good Christian lives . They taught people about generosity and kindness . A prayer credited to Francis what the friars hoped to do Lord , make me an instrument of your peace . Where there is hatred , let me sow love where there is injury , pardon where there is doubt , faith where there is despair , hope where there is ness , light , and where there is of , from The Prayer of Summarizing Why did people create new religious orders ?

A , School Days Did you know that many customs that schools and universities follow today began in the Middle Ages ?

For example , medieval teachers taught groups of students instead of individuals . Classes ran according to a fixed schedule , and students had to take tests . At night , students went to their rooms to study and complete assignments . Many students participated in sports such as races and ball games after classes . At graduation , students dressed up in caps and gowns . All of these customs are still common today . Medieval universities were not exactly the same as universities are now , however . Medieval students entered the university at age , and only boys could attend . ANALYZING INFORMATION Why do you think some customs followed by universities in the Middle Ages have lasted until today ?

Universities Are Built While some people were drawing away from the world in monasteries and vents , others were looking for ways to learn more about it . In time , their search for knowledge led to the creation of Europe universities . Some of the earliest universities were created by the church . The church goal was to teach people about religion . Other universities were created by groups of dents who went searching for teachers who could tell them about the world . Most teachers in these universities were members of the clergy . Besides religion , schools taught law , medicine , astronomy , and other courses . All classes were taught in Latin . Although relatively few people in ! Europe spoke Latin , it was the language of scholars and the church . As people began to study new , some of them developed new ideas about the world . In particular , they how human reason and Christian faith were related . In the past , people had believed that some things could be proven with reason , but other things had to be taken on faith . Some people in ties , though , began to wonder if the two ideas could work together . One such person was the Dominican philosopher ( Thomas was a teacher at the University of Paris . He argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian beliefs . For example , he wrote an argument to prove the existence of God . THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 21 !

Thomas also believed that God had created a law that governed how the world operated . He called it natural law . If people could study and learn more about this law , he argued , they could learn to live the way God wanted . READING CHECK Generalizing universities help create new ideas ?

The Church and the Arts In addition to politics and education , the church was also a strong on art and architecture . Throughout the Middle Ages , religious feeling inspired artists and architects to create beautiful works of art . Religious Architecture Many of Europe churches were incredible works of art . The grandest of these es were cathedrals , large churches in which bishops led religious services . Beginning in the Europeans built their cathedrals using a dramatic new style called Gothic architecture . Gothic cathedrals were not only places to pray , but also symbols of people faith . Saint Thomas Aquinas Though he was born in Italy . Thomas Aquinas lived most of his life in France . As a student and then a teacher at the University of Paris , Thomas spent most of his time in study . He wrote a book called the Summa , in which he argued that science and religion were related . Although some people did not like Thomas ideas , most considered him the greatest thinker of the Middle Ages . Later teachers modeled their lessons after his ideas . Making Generalizations Why might people believe someone is a great thinker even if they disagree with his or her ideas ?

214 CHAPTER A Gothic As a result , they were towering works of great majesty and glory . What made these Gothic churches so unusual ?

For one thing , they were much taller than older churches . The walls often rose up hundreds of feet , and the ceilings seemed to reach to heaven . Huge windows of stained glass let sunlight pour in , filling with dazzling colors . Many of these amazing churches still exist . People continue to worship in them and admire their beauty . Religious Art Medieval churches were also with beautiful objects created to show respect for God . Ornate paintings and tapestries covered the walls and ceilings . Even the clothing priests wore during religious . vices was marvelous . Their robes were often highly decorated , sometimes with threads made out of gold . Many of the books used during ceremonies were beautiful objects . Monks had copied these books carefully .

Pointed arches support the high ceilings . Flying buttresses support heavy walls . Huge stained glass windows called rose windows are found ' in many Gothic cathedrals . SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS , What would it have been like to travel from a small tom and see this cathedral for the first time ?

They also decorated them using bright colors to adorn the first letters and the mo its eh borders of each page . Some monks added the Church thin sheets of silver and gold to the pages . in and the Because the pages seem to glow , we use the The Changed 35 time 111 the word illuminated to describe them . next You will learn about other changes that took place in Europe at the Generalizing How were same time . These changes created new medieval art and religion related ?

political systems around the continent . go , om Online Quiz KEYWORD Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas . and People HE critical thinking a . Recall what are church officials called ?

categorizing Draw a chart like the one below . In . Explain Why did people go on pilgrimages ?

Use it to list the roles the church played in politics , a . Identify new monastery founded in education , and the arts in the Middle Ages . France in the served as an example to people Education The Arts Politics around Europe ?

Contrast How were friars different monks ?

Analyze How did Thomas Aquinas think reason and faith could work together ?

Focus ON a . Identify What new style of religious architecture . Taking Notes on Church Leaders In this section , developed in Europe in the ?

you read about at least two people who . Elaborate Why do you think so much of the art became saints . Add them to your list and note created in the Middle Ages was religious ?

why they important . THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 215 SECTION What You Will Learn . Main . Magna Carta caused es in England government and legal system . The Hundred Years War led to political changes in land and France . The Black Death , which Europe in the Middle Ages , led to social changes . Europe political and social systems underwent great changes in the late Middle Ages . Key Toms and People Magna Carta , 276 Parliament , Hundred Years War , 279 Joan of Arc , 275 Black Death , IE Know the significance of developments in medieval English legal and constitutional practices and their importance in the rise of modern democratic thought and tive institutions ( Magna Carta , parliament , development of habeas corpus , an in England ) spread of the bubonic plague from Central Asia to China , the Middle East , and Europe and describe its impact on global population . 216 CHAPTER 10 Political and Social Change If YOU were there You are a baron , one of England great nobles , living in northern Britain . Winter is approaching , and it looks like it will be very cold soon . To prepare for the winter , you send some of your servants to a forest on your land to gather firewood . When they return , though , they do have much wood . The king has chopped down many of the trees in your forest to build a new castle . Dismayed , you send a messenger to ask the king to pay a fair price for the wood , but he refuses . How can you get the king to respect your rights ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Beginning with William the Conqueror , the kings of England fought to increase their power . By the , the kings could do as they pleased , nobles agreed with them or not . The kings attitudes upset many nobles , especially when kings began to create new taxes ortake the nobles property . Some nobles began to look for ways to limit kings powers and rights . Magna Carta Causes Change in England In 1215 a group of nobles decided to force the king to respect their rights . In the middle of a called near London , they made King John approve a document they had ten . This document listing rights that the king could not ignore was called Magna Carta . Its name is a Latin phrase meaning Great Charter .

Primary Source HISTORIC DOCUMENT Magna Carta Magna Carta was one of the first documents to protect the rights of the people . Magna Carta was so influential To all free men of our kingdom we have also granted , for us and our heirs for ever , all the liberties written out below , to have and to keep for them and their heirs , of us and our heirs . that the British still consider it pan of their tion . Some ofits ideas are also in the Constitution . Included in Magna Carta were 63 demands that English made King John agree to follow . A few of these demands are listed here . Demand 31 , ed people right to own any property , not just wood . Magna Carta guaranteed that everyone had the right to a fair trial . The Effects of Magna Carta Magna Carta required the king to honor certain rights . Among these rights was habeas corpus ( a Latin phrase meaning you have the body . The right of habeas corpus meant that people could not be kept in jail out a reason . They had to be charged with a crime and convicted at a jury trial before they could be sent to prison . Before , kings could arrest people for no reason at all . More importantly , Magna Carta required that the to obey the law . The idea that everyone must low the law became one of the basic principles of English government . Changes after Magna Carta Magna Carta inspired the English to more ways to limit the king power . A council ( 16 ) No man shall be forced to perform more service for a knight fee , or other free holding of land , than is due from ' 31 ) Neither we nor any royal will take wood for our castle , or for any other purpose , without the consent permission of the owner . 38 ) In future no official shall place a man on trial upon his own unsupported statement , without producing believable witnesses to the truth of it . Carta , from a translation bythe British Library SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY In what ways do you think the ideas listed above influenced modern democracy ?

of nobles was created to advise the king . In time , the council developed into ment ( the lawmaking body that governs England today . Over the years , membership in Parliament was opened to knights and town leaders . By the late Middle Ages , kings could do little without Parliament support . The English continued to work to secure and protect their rights . To ensure that everyone was treated fairly , people ed that judges be free of royal control . Many people believed judges chosen by the king would always side with him . Eventually , in the late , the king agreed to free the courts of his control . This creation of an independent judicial system was a key step in bringing democracy to England . Summarizing How did Magna Carta and Parliament power ?

THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 211 IMPACT TODAY Joan aim is still a national hero in France . The Hundred Years War Although Magna Carta changed land government , it had no effect side of that country . Kings in other parts of Europe continued to rule as they always had . Eventually , however , these kings also had to face great political changes . The Course of the War One of the countries in which political change occurred was France . In 1328 the king of France died with no sons , and two men claimed his throne . One was French . The other was the king of England . In the end , the French man became king . This did not sit well with the English king , and a few years later he invaded France . This invasion began a long between England and France that came to be called the Hundred Years War . At the English armies did well , winning most of the battles . After nearly 100 years of , however , a teenage 218 CHAPTER 10 ANALYSIS I SKILL READING TIME LINES How long after Magna Cane was signed was corpus made into law ?

peasant girl , Joan of Arc , rallied the French troops . Although the English eventually captured and killed Joan , it was too late . The French drove the English from their country in 1453 . Results of the War The Hundred Years War changed the of both England and France . In England , Parliament power grew because the king needed Parliament approval to raise money to pay for the costly war . As Parliament gained more , the king lost power . In France , on the other hand , the power grew . During the war , the king had become popular with his nobles . Fighting the English had created a bond between them . As a result , the nobles supported the king after the war as well . Contrasting governments of England and France change war ?

The Black Death While the English and French fought the Hundred Years War , an even greater crisis arose . This crisis was the Black Death , a deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 . The plague originally came from and eastern Asia . Unknowingly , traders brought rats carrying the disease to terranean ports in 1347 . From there it quickly swept throughout much of Europe . Fleas that feasted on the blood of infected rats passed on the plague to people . The Black Death was not caused by one disease but by several different forms of plague . One form called bubonic plague ( could be by swellings called that appeared on victims bodies . Another even deadlier form could spread through the air and kill people in less than a day . The Black Death killed so many people that many were buried quickly without priests or ceremonies . In some villages nearly everyone died or as neighbors fell ill . In England alone , about were abandoned . Section Assessment I Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People IE , Critical Thinking ' Identifying Cause and a . Identify What document did English nobles hope would limit the king power ?

Explain How was the creation of Parliament a The plague killed minions of people in Europe and millions more around the world . Some historians think Europe lost about a third of its 25 million people . This huge drop in tion caused sweeping changes in Europe . In most places , the manor system fell apart completely . There were enough people left to work in the . Those peasants and serfs who had survived the plague found their skills in high demand . Suddenly , they could demand wages for their labor . Once they had money , many their manors completely , moving instead to Europe growing cities . Identifying Cause and Effect What effects did bubonic plague have in Europe ?

AND PREVIEW Magna Carta , the Hundred Years War , and the Black Death changed European society . In the next section , you will learn about other changes in society , changes brought about by religious differences . Effect Draw a scroll like the one shown here . Online Quiz KEYWORD step toward the creation of democracy in England ?

a . Identify Who rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years war ?

Elaborate The Hundred Years War caused much more damage in France than in England . Why do you think this was the case ?

a . Describe What was the Black Death ?

Explain How did the Black Death contribute to the decline of the manor system ?

Elaborate Why do you think the Black Death was able to spread so quickly through Europe ?

Inside the scroll , list two ideas contained in Magna Carta . Next to the scroll , write two sentences about Magna Carta effects on England government . Rating Importance After reading this section , you probably want to add King John to your list . You should also start to think about which people were the most important . Rank the people on your list from most to least important . THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 219

History and Geography And they died by the hundreds , wrote one man who saw the horror , both day and night The Black Death had arrived . The Black Death was a series of deadly plagues that hit Europe between 1347 i and 1351 , killing millions . People ' know what caused the plague . They also did know that geography played a key i role in its people traveled to trade . they unwittingly carried the I ' disease with them to new places . arrows show how it spread into and through Europe . This ship hasjust arrived in Europe from the east with trade rats with fleas . a man the snip Scion .

i I The plague is so terrifying that many people think its the end of the world . They leave town for the country , spreading the Black Death even farther . Iv People dig mass graves to bury the dead . But often , so many victims are infected that there is no one left to bury them . The garbage and dirty conditions in the town provide food and a home for the rats , i allowing the disease to spread even more . So many people die so quickly that special carts are sent through the streets to gather the bodies . INTERPRETING MAPS . How did the Black Death reach Europe from Asia ?

What helped spread the plague within Europe ?

281 decline of Muslim rule in the Iberian . The church reacted to by punishing people who opposed its teachings . II . Christians fought Moors in Spain and Portugal in an fort to drive all Muslims out of Europe . Jews faced discrimination across Europe in the Middle In the Middle Ages , the tian Church dealt harshly with people who did not respect its authority . Key Terms and People heresy , 282 , 283 King , 234 Queen Isa ella , 2114 Spanish Inquisition , 284 IE ! Know the history of the Peninsula that culminated in the and the rise of Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms . 282 CHAPTER 10 Church Authority If YOU were there You are a student at a university in Cordoba , Spain . Your fellow students include Christians , Muslims , and Jews . But a new king and queen want all Muslims and Jews to leave Spain . How will the rulers decision affect your friends ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND As you have read , most Europeans in the Middle Ages belonged to the Catholic Church . As Christianity spread in Europe , many Jews and Muslims were pressured to come Christian or leave their homes . At the same time , others openly . challenged the church authority . The Church Reacts to Challengers By around 1100 , some Christians had begun to question church teachings . They felt that the clergy focused more on money and land than on God . Others did agree with the church ideas . They began to preach their own ideas about religion . Religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings are called heresy ( People who hold such ideas are called heretics . Church sent priests and friars throughout Europe to find possible heretics . Most of these priests and friars tried to be fair . A few tortured people until they confessed to , even if they were innocent . Most people found these trials were or put in prison . Others were killed . In the early , Pope Innocent III decided that heresy was too great a threat to ignore . He called a crusade against in southern France . With this call , the pope encouraged the king of France and his knights to rid their country of heretics . The result was a bloody war that lasted about 20 years . The war destroyed towns and cost thousands of people their lives . Finding Main Ideas How did church leaders try to heresy ?

The , I Christian lands Muslim lands 200 203 INTERPRETING MAPS Christians Fight the Moors France was not the only place where Christians fought people they saw as the church enemies . In Spain and Portugal , armed Christian warriors fought to drive the Muslim Moors out of their lands . The Weakening of Muslim Control By the late 9005 the once powerful Muslim government of Spain had begun to weaken . Political and religious leaders fought each A other for power . Various ethnic groups also fought each other . In 1002 the Muslim government fell apart completely . Caught up in among themselves , Muslim leaders were too busy to guard against the Christian kingdoms of northern Spain . SKILLS Place in what year did the Christians capture ?

The Fight against the Moors For centuries , the kingdoms of northern Spain had been small and weak . But as the Moors power declined , these little tian kingdoms seized the opportunity to attack . Slowly , they took land away from the Moors . They called their efforts to retake Spain from the Moors the ( or reconquest . In 1085 Castile ( the largest of the Spanish kingdoms , won a great victory against the Moors . The Castilian victory inspired other Christian kingdoms to the Moors . The kingdoms of and Portugal soon joined the . The Christian armies won victory after victory . By the 12505 , the ous Christian armies had nearly pushed the Moors completely out of Europe . THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 283 DAY Although the Moors were driven out , many places in Spain and Portugal still hear names that came from bic , the language the Moors spoke .

The only territory still under Muslim . trol was a small kingdom called Granada po icy ru a , course of action ( The Rise of Portugal and Spain As a result of their victories , both Portugal and Spain grew more powerful than before . Portugal , once a part of Castile , broke free and declared its independence . Meanwhile , Castile and decided to unite . In 1469 Ferdinand , the prince of gon , married Isabella , a Castilian princess . Ten years later , they became king and queen of their countries . Together , they ruled all of Spain as King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella . Ferdinand and Isabella brought an end to the . In 1492 their army conquered Granada , the last lim stronghold in Spain . That same year , they required all Spanish Jews to convert to Christianity or leave the country . A few BIOGRAPHY Queen Isabella Although she is considered one of the greatest monarchs in Spanish history , bella was never actually the queen of Spain . She was the queen of Castile , but she had no official power in her husband , In practice , however , the two ruled both kingdoms together In addition to her role in the , Isabella made great to Spanish society . She encouraged religion and education and supported many artists . She also helped pay for the transatlantic ages of Christopher Columbus , ing which he landed in America . Analyzing How did Isabella help promote Spanish culture ?

years later , they banned the practice of Islam as well . Through this policy , all of Spain became Christian . The Spanish Inquisition Ferdinand and Isabella wanted only in their kingdom . To ensure that Christianity alone was practiced , they created the Spanish Inquisition , an of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion . Later , the Inquisition spread to Portugal as well . The Spanish and Portuguese tions were ruthless in seeking heretics , Muslims , and Jews . People found guilty of heresy were sentenced in public . Many of those found guilty were killed . They were often burned to death . In total , the Spanish sentenced about people to die . Almost more were put to death by the Portuguese Inquisition . Summarizing What was the purpose of the Spanish Inquisition ?

Jews Face Discrimination Heretics and Muslims were not the only groups punished for their beliefs in the Middle Ages . European Jews also suffered . This suffering was caused by believed that the Jews had been ble for the death of Jesus . These Christians thought Jews should be punished . You have already read about how Jews were killed during the Crusades . You have also read were forced to leave their homes in Spain . Similar things happened all over Europe . Rulers , supported by the church , to leave their countries . For example , in 1290 , the king of England arrested all English Jews and forced them to leave the country . The same thing in France in 1306 and again in 1394 .

The Spanish Inquisition In the Holy Roman Empire , frightened people blamed Jews for the arrival of the Black Death . Many Jews had to their homes to escape angry mobs . Because the Jews were not Christian , many Europeans did want them in their towns . READING CHECK Summarizing Jews discriminated against in the Middle Ages ?

Section Assessment SUMMARY AND PREVIEW During the Middle Ages , religion shaped how people thought , what they did , and where they lived . In some places religion led to wars and punishment for those who agree with the Catholic Church . In the next chapter , you will learn about the era that followed the Middle Ages . Online KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms . and People HE Critical a . Define What is heresy ?

Explain Why did the church send priests and friars to find heretics ?

a . Identify Who did Spanish Christians try to drive out of their lands ?

Explain What was the purpose of the Spanish Inquisition ?

Predict How might Spanish history have been different if the Spanish had not defeated the Moors ?

Summarize How did kings and other rulers ish Jews in the Middle Ages ?

Categorizing Draw a chart like the one shown here . Use it to describe Christians reactions to different groups in the Middle Ages . Moors Jews . Choosing Important People There are two more people in this section whose names you can add to your list . Where do they go on the list of important ?

Who is most important ?

THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 285 Social Studies Skills Critical Thinking Analysis Analysis Use maps Participation Study Interpreting Maps Cultural Features Understand the Skill Maps show features on the earth surface . Physical maps show natural features , such as mountains and rivers . Political maps show human features . They may contain such things as boundaries , roads , and settlements . Historical maps are political maps that show their subject as it was in the past . Maps can be of large regions , such as countries or continents . They can also be of smaller places , such as or towns . Being able to interpret maps can help you understand more about history and geography . Learn the Skill Follow these steps to gain information from a map . Read the title to determine what the map is about and the time period it covers . Study the map legend or key to understand what the colors or symbols on the map mean . Note its scale , which measures distances . Pay attention to the map other features . Maps may contain labels or information in addition to what is explained in the legend or key . You can apply these guidelines to interpret the map of the Old City of Jerusalem that appears here . Modern Jerusalem covers many square miles . Near its center lies the Old City , the ancient part of salem . The Old City contains places sacred to Jews , Christians , and Muslims . These places made it an important battleground during the Crusades . One sacred place in the Old City of Jerusalem is Temple temple built by ancient King Solomon . Its Western Wall is the holiest place 286 CHAPTER 10 in Judaism . Also located on Temple Mount is the rock from which Muslims believe Muhammad ascended into heaven . Nearby is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . This church was built on the site where Christians believe Jesus was , buried , and arose . See if you can these places on the map below . The Old City of Jerusalem Christian Quarter Jewish I Muslim Quarter Armenian Quarter 500 Practice and Apply the Skill Interpret the map above to answer the following questions . Into what different neighborhoods was the city divided ?

How far is the Western Wall from the Jaffa Gate ?

What is the dark line that surrounds the city ?

How do you know ?

What are the white lines on the map ?

the main ideas of the chapter . The dI Government The church and monarchy often worked together but sometimes were rivals . crusades The pope called for Christians to retake the Holy Land . Ages . Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Match the words with their . excommunicate heresy religious order . Thomas Aquinas . Crusades . Magna Carta clergy . Spanish Inquisition church officials punished in Spain religious ideas that oppose church teachings an English document limiting the king powers cast out from the church thought faith and reason could be used together a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion , live together , and follow the same rules wars fought to regain the Holy Land Standards Review Visual Summary ma Use the visual summary below to help you review I The church was a powerful influence in the later Middle Education and Society The church helped guide learning and reacted to challenges to its authority . Christianity inspired great forms of art and architecture . Comprehension and Critical ( a . Describe What was the relationship between Charlemagne and the pope like ?

Contrast How did of popes like Gregory VII about power differ from those of kings like Henry IV ?

Evaluate Do you think conflict with kings strengthened or weakened medieval popes ?

Why ?

SECTION ( Pages ) Em lo . a . Identify What was the main goal of the Crusades ?

Draw Conclusions Why do you think the Crusades changed the relationships between Christians and other groups ?

Evaluate Which Crusade do you think was most successful ?

Which was least successful ?

Why ?

THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 281 section ( Pages ) a . Describe How did Christianity shape art and education in the Middle Ages ?

Analyze Why was Christianity so in so many areas of medieval life ?

Elaborate How were the changes that took place in the medieval church related to its ing power and wealth ?

Pages a . Describe What was the Black Death , and how did it affect Europe ?

Make Inferences Why do some people sider Magna Carta to represent the beginning of democracy in England ?

Predict How might history have been different if England had won the Hundred Years War ?

SECTION ( Pages ) 513 a . Identify What were the results of the ?

Draw Conclusions Why were the Spanish and Portuguese so feared ?

Elaborate Why do you think some Christians considered heresy such a threat ?

Reviewing Themes 14 . Religion In what ways did the Crusades the power of the church in Europe ?

15 . Society and Culture How did the church affect the lives of ordinary people ?

Using the 16 . Activity Evaluating Sources A challenge for anyone trying to understand the Middle Ages is evaluating the primary and secondary sources . Enter the activity keyword , and then rate the listed sources . Explain whether the source is a primary or secondary source , whether you think it is believable , and your reasoning . 288 CHAPTER to Reading and Analysis Skills 11 . Understanding Cause and Effect Match a cause in list A with an effect in list . One effect will not be used . List A I . Some people opposed church teachings . The pope excommunicated a bishop who did agree that the pope was the head of the Catholic Church . The Turks took control of the Holy land and seemed ready to attack Constantinople . Some people gave land to the church when they died . List a . The clergy became active outside the church in political affairs . The church created the Inquisition . Pope Urban 11 called on Christians to join a Crusade . Kings gained more power . The Eastern Orthodox Church was formed . Social Studies Skills 18 . Using City Maps Locate a map of your town either in print or on the Internet . Look at the map to find places that serve the same functions as the following locations in medieval towns a cathedral , a market , the local lord house , and the mill . What other places can you in your town that are similar to medieval places ?

Make a list and compare it with your classmates lists . 19 . Writing Your Article Review your notes . Be sure you the three people you think are the most important and why they re tant . Now write an article explaining why these people were so important to Europe in the Middle Ages . Keep your article short one or two sentences to introduce your topic , a sentence or two about each important person , and a or conclusion .

Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Head each question , and write the letter of the best response . Population Change in Europe on ' What historical event was responsible for the population trend shown in the graph ?

A the Crusades the Black Death the Hundred Years War the Spanish Inquisition Which of the following had the greatest influence on the lives of most Europeans during the Middle Ages ?

A towns and trade the king religion and the church universities One reason the Crusades failed to conquer the Holy Land permanently was because A the fighting was a long distance from Europe . Crusader armies had better weapons than the Muslims did . religion was not important to most Europeans . the power of the popes declined . I Which statement best describes the between popes and kings during Europe Middle Ages ?

A Popes became more powerful than kings . Many popes became kings , and many kings became popes . Popes and kings often disagreed with each other . Kings had more power than popes did . Before the , most of the Iberian Peninsula was controlled by A Spaniards . Portuguese . Crusaders . Muslims . Connecting with Past Learnings a Muslim culture spread all the way to Spain through conquest and trade . Which culture spread across much of the ancient world in the same way ?

A Japanese Roman Sumerian Magna Carta helped introduce democratic ideas to England . The first democracy in the ancient world arose in A Greece . China . India . Rome . THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 289 Writing Workshop A Historical Narrative AA asI gy , Iy that at was life like in in the Middle Ages ?

may be true or Where did people hve ?

How they spend their write a fictional historical days ?

You can learn more about history by researching and narrative set in Europe writing a narrative that is set in a different time and place . during the Middle Ages . Planning Character and Setting You should write your narrative from the point of view of someone who lived during that time . Adding Details Help your I The Narrator Is the person telling your story a knight , a au get a feel forthe setting peasant , or a priest ?

A lady or a lady maid ?

by using sensory detains , As you I The Event What event or incident will your narrator about everyday me inure ence ?

A jousting tournament ?

A Viking invasion ?

A religious Middle Ages , make note of details pilgrimage ?

A famine or in the village ?

that describe how things might have I The Setting How will the time , between 800 and 1200 AD , looked , felt , sounded , smelled , or and place , somewhere in Europe , affect this person ?

What will tasted . he or she want out of life or would fear or admire ?

Developing a Plot Select an event or incident , and then ask yourself these questions . I How would the event have unfolded ?

In other words , what would have happened first , second , third , and so on ?

I What problem might face your narrator during this event ?

How could your narrator solve this problem ?

Writing Write fictional or autobiographical texts . Write Have your narrator tell what happened in the first person , using I , me , we , us , etc . For example , I woke up early . We stopped by a stream . Then use the framework below to help you write your first draft . A Writer Framework Body Conclusion I Grab the reader attention . I Startwith the beginning of the I Show how the narrator solves his or I Offer background infor . incident or event , and her problem . mation place and the actions in the Order I Explain how the narrator changes or people involved in the event I Build to a suspenseful moment when how his or her life changes . the outcome is uncertain . 290 UNITS

. Evaluate and Revise Evaluating Read through the draft of your narrative . Then use the guidelines below to consider its content and organization . Evaluation for a Fictional Historical Narrative I Do you grab the reader attention at the very beginning ?

I Do you include background mation to explain the time , place , they happen or happened ?

I Do you show howthe narrator solves the problem or how it is solved for him or her ! I Do you explain how the narrator changes as a result of the event ?

and people involved in the event ?

I Do you use pronouns to show that your narrator is the central person in the event ?

Revising Before you share your narrative with others , have a classmate read it and retell the narrative to you . Add details at any point where his or her retelling seems uncertain or dull . Add transitions to show how events are connected in time . Proofread and Publish Proofreading Weak word choice can drain the life from your narrative . Vague nouns and adjectives do little to spark the interest and imagination of ers . In contrast , precise words make your story come alive . They tell readers exactly what the characters and setting are like . I Vague Nouns or Pronouns Words like man and it tell your readers little . Replace them with precise words , like peasant or cottage . I Vague adjectives Would you prefer an experience that is nice or fun , or one that is thrilling , exhilarating , or stirring ?

Publishing You can publish your historical narrative by reading it aloud in class or by posting it on a class authors wall . You may also publish all the in your class as an Internet page or in a photocopied literary magazine . Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies outlined in this workshop to write your historical narrative . I Do you tell the actions in the order Describing Actions We I communicate not our words but also with our actions . By describing movements , gestures . and facial can make people in your narrative live and breathe . Connecting Events To improve your narrative , use transitions such as next , later , and showthe order in which the events and actions happen or happened . MEDIEVAL EUROPE 291