7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 4 - Chapter 8 Japan

CHAPTER Japan , California Standards Science Students analyze the geographic , political , economic , and social structures of the civilizations of Medieval Japan . Arts Writing Support all statements and claims with anecdotes , descriptions , facts and statistics , and specific examples . Reading Assess the adequacy , accuracy , and ness of the author evidence to support claims and assertions , noting instances of bias and stereotyping . Focus Writing a Travel Brochure You ve been hired to create a travel brochure called Japan Rich History . Your brochure will describe tourist attractions in Japan that show the try fascinating past . As you read this chapter , think about how you might encourage people to EVENTS , WORLD 63 661 EVENTS Arab armies conquer Southwest Asia . CHAPTER 194 CHAPTER

video series Watch the video to understand the impact oi the samurai tia ion on Japan today . Lady writes The Tale . Charlemagne rules much of western Europe . im ' You , geography and history of early Japan . This photo shows Fuji , a ! volcano that has long been a symbol of Japan . 33 The Tokugawa shoguns rule The first shogun rules . The Mongols take over China . England defeats the Spanish Armada .

Economics Geography Religion and Politics Culture Focus on Themes As you read this chapter , of Japanese culture . As you read about the history of you will step into the world of early Japan . You will Japan , you will learn how the development of their learn about the first Japanese people and their politics not only affected the laws of the land but religion , Shinto , and about how the people of also shaped the society and culture of the people . Korea and China began to influence the growth Stereotypes and Bias in History Identifying Stereotypes and Bias Two ways in which writing can be colored by the author ideas are stereotypes and bias . A stereotype is a about whole groups of people . Bias is an attitude that one group is superior to another . The examples below can help you identify stereotypes Focus on Reading Historians today try to be impartial in their writing . They do let their sonal feelings affect what they write . Writers in the past , however , did always feel the need to be impartial . Their writings were sometimes oo colored by their attitudes about other people , places , and bias in the things you and ideas . Examples of Examples of Stereotypes Bias , Stereotypes suggest that A biased statement all members of a group ' The culture , favors one person or act , think , or feel the ' a ' far Pe group over another . dedicated , and proud other cultures that , of their history . developed in Asia . I . en Japanese Personally , I think . were , that the Japanese 3535 is based the hurt or offend members rulers who care created the best form author opinions , not , i about anyone but of government in all ' themselves . history some stereotype . early Compared to the age the reader to think ors were wise men Japanese , Bias is often the result of about a group in a certain who deserved to rule were Wea an CU , an authors dislike of a way . i the country , backward . particular group . I Additional reading support can be found Study Guide I 96 CHAPTER

ELA Reading Assess the adequacy , accuracy , and ness of the author evidence to support claims and assertions , noting instances of bias and stereotyping . chapter You Try It ! Section The following passage is taken from the journal of a noble woman clans ( 200 who lived in Japan in the . As you read the passage , look for Shinto ( 200 ) signs of stereotypes and bias in her writing . prince ( 202 ) The Pillow Book Often the common people who come to show a gross lack of respect for the better sort of visitors , lining up in front of one pew so close that they brush one with the tails of their coats . impatient to gaze at last upon the glorious countenance face of Buddha , it is exasperating to my View barred by a parcel of common priests and , swarming like caterpillars , who plant themselves there without the slightest regard for those behind them . Often , while they were performing their prostrations bows , I have come near to rolling them over sideways ! The Pillow Book , translated by Arthur regent ( Section court ( 204 Lady ( Zen ( 208 Section daimyo ( 212 ) samurai ( figurehead ( shogun ( 213 ) Bushido ( 214 ) Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic the words that are frequently used in school assignment and . In this chapter . you will learn the following academic words structure ( 199 ) values ( Review the graphic organizer on the previous page . Then answer the following questions about the passage you just read . Does the author show a bias in favor of one group within Japanese society ?

What opinion of Japan common people does the first sentence of the passage suggest the author holds ?

What stereotypes about did the author include in her writing ?

As you read chapter notice how the authors ofthis book have avoided making stereotypes Japanese people . How do you think a Japanese priest or country person would feel about this passage ?

Why ?

JAPAN . by China and Korea . SECTION what You Will Learn . Main Ideas . Geography shaped life in Japan . Early Japanese society was organized in clans , which came to be ruled by an emperor . Japan learned about , society , and ment from China and Korea . The Big Japan early societies were both isolated from and Key Terms and People clans , 200 Shinto , 200 Prince , regent , 202 IKE Describe the of Japan proximity to China and Korea and the intellectual , linguistic , religious , and cal influence ofthose countries on Japan . Discuss the reign of Prince ofJapan and the of Japanese society and family life during his reign . CHAPTER Geography and Early Japan If YOU were there You live in a small farming village on one of the islands of Japan . You very happy with your life . The sea is nearby and food is plentiful . You have a large , extended family to protect and take care of you . Your grandmother says that life in your village has not changed for hundreds of years , and that is good . But now you have heard that some people from across the sea are coming to your village . They are bringing new ideas and new ways of doing things . How do you feel about these changes ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Japan is a large group of islands located east of the Asian mainland . Life in Japan has always been influenced by many factors . The islands geography and location shaped how people lived there , and as you read above , visitors from other lands also affected Japanese society . Geography Shapes Life in Japan The islands of Japan are really just the tops of undersea and volcanoes , sticking up out of the ocean . Those , as you can see on the map , cover nearly all of Japan . Only about 20 percent of the land is . Because it is to live and farm on mountain slopes , people have always lived in those areas , the coastal plains . In addition to the mountains and the lack of land , the nearness of the sea shaped the lives of Japanese people . Their homes were never far from the sea . Naturally , they turned to the sea for food . They learned to prepare all kinds of seafood , from eel to shark to octopus to seaweed . As a result , seafood has been a key part of the Japanese diet for thousands of years . The islands location affected the Japanese people in another way as well . Because they lived on islands , the Japanese were separated from the other people of Asia . This separation allowed

. Physical the Japanese to develop their own culture . For example , they created a religion and a social structure very different from those in other parts of Asia . This separation has always been an important part of Japanese society . Japan is totally isolated , however . Look at the inset map above to Korea and China . As you can see , neither country . Feet 20 656 ( Sea level ) SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS Meters 500 200 ( Sea level ) 200 Miles 200 . Place What are Japan islands ?

Location Are most of Japan majo in the interior or on the coast ?

Why do you thinkthis is so ?

is very far from the Japanese islands . Korea is only about 100 miles away from China is about 400 miles away . Those short distances allowed the older Korean and Chinese cultures to the new culture of Japan . Summarizing What is Japan geography like ?

ACADEMIC the way something is set up or organized JAPAN I 99 in THE ( TODAY Few Ainu remain in Japan today , and most live on Hokkaido . Early Japanese Society Korea and China did play a major part in shaping Japanese society , but not at . Early Japan was home to two different , neither of which had any contact with the rest of Asia . The Ainu One culture that developed in Japan was the Ainu ( Historians are sure exactly when or how the Ainu moved to Japan . Some people think they came from what is now Siberia in eastern Russia . Wherever they came from , the Ainu spoke a language unlike any other language in eastern Asia . They also looked different from the other people of Japan . Over time , the Ainu began to with other people for land . They lost most of these , and so they lost their land as well . Eventually the Ainu were driven back onto a single island , Hokkaido . Over time the Ainu culture almost disappeared . Many people gave up the Ainu language and adopted new customs . 200 CHAPTER A Shinto Shrine Entering a Shinto shrine , these people walk through a gate called a torii ( The torii marks the boundary of a shrine or other sacred Shinto site . Over time , the torii has become a symbol at Shinto , Japan ancient religion . What elements of nature can you see in this painting ?

The First Japanese The people who lived south of the Ainu eventually became . They lived mostly in small farming villages . These villages were ruled by powerful clans , or . extended families . Other people in the lage , including farmers and workers , had to obey and respect members of these clans . At the head of each clan was a chief . In addition to his political power , each chief also had religious duties . The . nese believed that their clan chiefs were descended from nature spirits called ( Clan chiefs led their clans in rituals that honored their kami ancestors . Over time , these rituals became a part of the traditional religion ofjapan , Shinto . According to Shinto teachings , everything in sun , the moon , trees , waterfalls , and kami . believe that some kami help people live and keep them from harm . They build shrines to kami and perform ceremonies in which they ask the kami to bless them .

The First Emperors The clans of early Japan were all equal . Some clans were larger and more powerful than others . In time a few of these clans built up armies and set out to conquer their neighbors . One clan that gained power in this way lived in the Yamato region , the western part of , Japan largest island , In tion to military might , the Yamato rulers claimed to have a glorious family history . They believed they were descended from the most powerful of all kami , the goddess of the sun . By the 5005 the rulers had extended their control over much of shu . Although they did control the whole country , the leaders of the clan began to call themselves the emperors of . Sequencing How did emperors take power in Japan ?

Influences from China and Korea Philosophy Ihe ideas of the Chinese philosopher Confucius helped The earliest Japanese writing used Chinese characters Japan Learns from China and Korea Early Japanese society received very little from cultures on the Asian land . Occasionally , officials from China , Korea , or other parts of Asia visited Japan . For the most part , however , these visits did have a great impact on the Japanese way of life . By the , though , some nese leaders thought could learn a great deal from other cultures . In lar , they wanted to learn more about the cultures of China and Korea . To learn what they wanted to know , the rulers of Japan decided to send to China and Korea to gather information about their cultures . They also ted people from China and Korea to move to Japan . The emperors hoped that these people could teach the Japanese new ways of working and thinking . Religion Buddhism came to Japan from Korea . shape Japanese culture and family life .

Changes in Language One of the first things the Japanese learned from China and Korea was language . The early Japanese did have a written . Therefore , many learned to write in Chinese . They continued to speak in nese , however , which is very different from Chinese . It wasn until about 200 years A later that people devised a way of writing in Japanese . They used Chinese characters to represent the sounds used in Japanese . As Japan Contact with China creased , some Japanese rich and to write in the Chinese language . Japanese writers used Chinese for their poems and stories . One of the first histories of Japan , written in the 7005 , is in Chinese . For many years Chinese was even the official language ofJapan government . 202 CHAPTER Changes in Religion and Philosophy One of the people most in bringing Chinese ideas to Japan was Prince ( He served from 593 to 621 as regent ( for his aunt , the empress . A regent is a person who rules a country for someone who is unable to rule alone . All his life , Prince admired Chinese culture . As regent , saw a chance for Japan to adopt more Chinese ideas . He sent scholars China to learn all they could about Chinese society . The ideas these scholars brought back changed Japanese society . For example , they taught the Japanese about Confucianism . BIOGRAPHY Prince Prince was one of greatest leaders . He helped rule Japan when he was only 20 years old . For many centuries , people have admired him . Legends have developed about his wisdom . According to one early biography , was able to talk as soon as he was born and never made a wrong decision .

Among other things , Confucianism lined how families should behave . taught that fathers should rule their families . He believed that wives should obey their husbands , children should obey their parents , and younger brothers should obey older brothers . Families in China lived according to these rules . As cian ideas spread through Japan , the nese began to live by them as well . More important than these social changes , though , were the vast religious changes made in Japan . He was a Buddhist , and he wanted to spread throughout his country . Buddhism was new to Japan . Korean visitors had introduced the religion to Japan about 50 years earlier . But it was not very popular . Most people preferred keep their religion , Shinto . worked to change minds about Buddhism . He built a grand Buddhist temple that still stands today . He also wrote commentaries on Buddhist teachings . Largely because of his efforts , Buddhism became very popular , especially among Japanese nobles . Statue of the Buddha in Changes in Government also wanted to change government to be more like China . He especially wanted Japan emperors to have more power , like China emperors did . Afraid that they would lose power to the emperor , many clan leaders opposed government plans . As , Japan emperors gained little power . categorizing What aspects of Chinese society did bring to Japan ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section , you learned how early Japan grew and developed . Next you see how emperors encouraged nobles to create great works of art and literature . Section I Assessment Online Quiz KEYWORD 507 Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People HE a . Recall What types of landforms cover most of Japan ?

Explain How did Japan location both separate it from and tie it to China and Korea ?

a . Define What is Shinto ?

Sequence How did the Yamato rulers gain power ?

a . Explain How did Prince help spread Buddhism in Japan ?

Rate What do you think was the most important idea the Japanese borrowed from China or Korea ?

Why ?

Critical Thinking categorizing Draw a graphic organizer like this one . In the circle , list ideas that developed in Japan with no outside influence . In the arrow , list ideas that the Japanese borrowed from other people . FOCUS . Taking Notes on Early Japan Think about the section you have just read . Which details from this se ction might be appealing to tourists ?

Write down some thoughts in your notebook . Plan to include them in a section of your travel brochure called Fun Facts . JAPAN . 2025 Art and Culture in Heian I If YOU were there You are a noble , sewing the empress of Japan and living in the capital city . While walking in the garden one day , she gives you a small book with blank pages . When you ask her why , she says the book is a diary for you to write in . She tells you that nobles , both men and women , keep diaries to record their lives . What You Will Learn . Japanese nobles created great an in their court at Heian . Buddhism changed in Japan during the Heian period . The Big Idea What will you write in your new diary ?

Japanese culture experienced a golden age during the Heian period of the 8005 to the . BUILDING BACKGROUND In emperor and empress , Key Terms and People court 20 pan moved to Heian ( a city now called Kyoto . Many nobles , Lady Shim , 205 like the one you read about followed to the new city . zen 203 These nobles loved art and beauty , and they tried to make their new , home a beautiful place . Japanese Nobles Create Great Art The nobles who followed Japan emperor to Heian wanted to win his favor by living close to him . In Heian , these nobles ated an imperial court , a group of nobles who live near and serve or advise a ruler . Members of the noble court had little to do with the common people of Heian . They lived apart from poorer citizens and seldom left the city . These nobles enjoyed their lives of ease and privilege . In fact , their lives were so easy and so removed from the rest of Japan that many a nobles called themselves among the IE Trace the development The nobles of this court loved beauty and elegance . of Japanese Because of this love , many nobles were great . supporters of the arts . As a result , the court at . Heian became a great center of culture ' il ' and learning . In fact , the period an 38 culture today , including between and 1185 was golden Tale of Genji . age of the arts in Japan . 204 CHAPTER

Primary Source JOURNAL ENTRY I The Book I entered her Majesty . service I felt Indescribably shy , and was Sei ( ah ' indeed constantly on the verge of tears . author Pi ' served When I came on duty the first evening , empress 997 ta 7000 ' the Empress was sitting with only a The he screen in front of her , and so I he ' nervous was I that when she passed me , We as some picture or book to look at , I was ' Here she hardly capable of putting out my hand describes the i She met to take it . While she was talking about the empress what she wanted me to me what it was or who had made was all the time wondering whether my hair was in order . from The Book ( ANALYZING SOUR ( ES How did Sei feel when she met the empress ?

Fashion The nobles love of beauty began with their own appearances . They had cent wardrobes full of silk robes and gold jewelry . Nobles loved elaborate outfits . For example , women wore long gowns made of 12 layers of colored silk cleverly cut and folded to show off many layers at once . To complete their , nobles often carried delicate decorative fans . These fans were painted with , trees , and birds . nobles also attached and long silk cords to their fans . Literature In addition to how they looked , Japanese nobles took great care with how they spoke and wrote . Writing was very popular among the nobles , especially among the women . Many women wrote diaries and journals about their lives at court . In their diaries , these women carefully chose their words to make their writing beautiful . An actress playing Sei in the 18005 Unlike men , who usually wrote in nese , noble women wrote in the Japanese language . As a result , many of the est works of early Japanese literature were written by women . One of the greatest writers in early history was Lady ( Around 1000 , she wrote The Tale of Genji . Many consider this book to be the novel . Many readers also consider it one of the best . The Tale is the story of a prince named Genji and his long quest for love . During his search he meets women from many different social classes . Many people consider The Tale one of Japan greatest novels . The ters it describes are very colorful and seem real . In addition , Lady writing is clear and simple but graceful at the same time . She describes court life in Japan with great detail . JAPAN 205

Most early Japanese prose was ten by women , but both men and women wrote poetry . Nobles loved to read and ' write poems . Some nobles held parties at which they took turns writing poetry and reading their poems aloud to each other . Poems from this time usually had only lines . They followed a ture that outlined how many syllables could include . Most were about love or nature , but some described day events . Here is an example of a nature poem about the end of winter The breezes of spring Are blowing the ripples astray Along the Today they will surely melt The sheet of ice on the pond . from the Visual Art Besides literature , Japan nobles also loved the visual arts . The most popular art forms of the period were painting , calligraphy , and architecture . In their paintings , the nobles of Heian liked bright , bold colors . They also liked paintings that illustrated stories . In fact , many of the greatest paintings from this period illustrate scenes from literature , such as The Tale of Genii . Other paintings show scenes from nature or from court life . Many artists painted on doors and ture rather than on paper . Another popular form of art in Heian was calligraphy , or decorative writing . spent hours carefully copying poems . They wanted the poems to look as beautiful as they sounded . The Arts in Heian Heian was Japan capital for many centuries . The wealthy nobles who lived there were great supporters of the arts . With their support literature , painting , calligraphy , and other arts flourished in Heian . A favorite theme in nese painting was me Tale of Genji . In this illustration of a scene from the navel , Genji son is reading a ter as his wife .

Architecture The nobles of Heian worked to make their city beautiful . They greatly admired nese architecture and modeled Heian after the Chinese capital , Chang an . They copied Chinese building styles , especially in the many temples they built . These styles buildings with wooden frames that curved slightly upward at the ends . The wooden frames were often left unpainted to look more natural . Thatched roofs also added to the natural feel . For other buildings , the nobles liked simple , airy designs . Most buildings were made of wood with tiled roofs and large , open spaces inside . To add to the beauty of these buildings , the nobles surrounded them with elegant gardens and ponds . Similar gardens are still popular in Japan . Performing Arts The performing arts were also popular in Japan during the Heian period . The roots of later Japanese drama can be traced back to this time . People often gathered to watch performances by musicians , jugglers , and acrobats . These performances were wild and fun . Especially popular were the plays in which actors skillfully mimicked other people . In later centuries , these types of developed into a more serious form of drama called Noh . Created in the , Noh plays combine music , speaking , and dance . These plays often tell about great heroes or from Japan past . categorizing of art were popular in the Heian period ?

THE IMPACT TODAY Noh plays are still popular in Japan today . Japanese writing could be an art form in itself . this album made in the shape of a fan is The Buddha was I popular subject for statues in the Heian period . ANALYSIS ( ANALYZING VISUALS How does art from this period reflect the culture of Heian ?

covered in text and pictures .

One new form of Buddhism was very popular with Japan common people . It was called Pure land Buddhism and require any special rituals . Instead , Pure land Buddhists chanted the name over and over to achieve an state . In the 11003 another popular new form of Buddhism called Zen arrived from China . Zen Buddhists believed that neither faith nor good behavior led to wisdom . Instead , people seeking wisdom should practice and meditation , Many Zen gardens like this one include raked gravel shaped to look like water and small boulders arranged like mountains . or quiet thinking . These ideas appealed to many Japanese , especially warriors . As Buddhism Changes Religion became something of an art form in Heian . The nobles religion their love of elaborate rituals . Most of the common people in Japan , though equally religious , did have the time or money for elaborate rituals . As a result , different of Buddhism developed in Japan . these warriors gained more in Japan , so did Zen Buddhism . Finding Main Ideas How did Buddhism change in Japan ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW At Heian , Japan emperors presided over an gant court . In the next section , learn what happened when emperors and the court lost power and prestige . om Online Quiz Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas . Terms , and People 1533 , a . Recall Where did Japan court move in the late 7005 ?

la . Make Generalizations Why are the 8005 to the 11005 considered a golden age for Japanese literature and art ?

Evaluate Do you think women in Heian had . Summarizing Draw a Japanese fan like the one shown here . In each section of the fan , Mowing list two contributions Arts that the Japanese made more rights and freedoms than women in other in one of the arts . societies ?

Why or why not ?

a . Identify What were two forms of Buddhism that developed in Japan ?

Compare and Contrast How was religion among Japan nobles different from religion among the common people ?

Elaborate why do you think Pure Land Buddhism was popular with common people ?

Focus on . Writing about Japanese Art Japan nobles left a legacy of beautiful art that visitors can still enjoy . Choose two art forms described in this section and take notes for your brochure . What kinds of pictures could you use to illustrate your text ?

208 CHAPTER BIOGRAPHY Lady How would you describe the people you observe in life every day ?

When did she live ?

around 1000 Where did she live ?

Heian What did she do ?

lady was a noble and a servant to the Empress Akiko . While in the empress service , she wrote lively tions of court life in her diaries . She also wrote the novel The Tale of ' Why is she important ?

The Tale of Genji is one of the world oldest novels , would of the best . Besides entertaining readers for hundreds of years , The Tale of Genji describes the daily lives , customs , and attitudes of Japanese nobles of the time . Drawing conclusions What Lady to class life in Japan ?

KEY IDEAS observations of lady Lady is very small and refined . Her hair is three inches longer than her height . Lady is also a little person , and haughty . She puts us to shame , her carriage is so Lady , all noble and charming . She is like a willow tree at budding time . Her style is very elegant and we all envy her her The Diary of Lady , In Literature , edited by Donald Keene This painting from the is an illustration of court life from me Tale of Genji .

Literature in History IDE WORD HELP unprecedented having no equal equestrian related to horses mustered gathered together rich cloths with designs woven into them large diving birds inferiority What kind American event might be compared to the visit ?

What do Genji thoughts and actions tell you about his attitude toward his guests ?

155 Study the ninth and tenth centuries golden age of literature , art , and drama and its lasting effects on culture today , including The Tale of Genji . Reading Analyze characterization as delineated through a character thoughts , words , speech patterns , and actions the narrator tion and the thoughts , words , and actions of other characters . I CHAPTER A from a by Lady translated by Edward About the Reading The Tale of Genji was written by Lady at the height of golden age . This novel traces the life and ally in a noble known as the shining Genji . Although Genji is the favorite son of the emperor , his mother is only a commoner , so Genji can not inherit the throne . Instead , it passes to his ( and then to Genji own son . Here , Genji son and his sion in ( a district . Look for details that describe the lives of Japanese nobles . The emperor paid a state visit to late in the Tenth Month . Since the colors were at their best and it promised to be a grand sion , the emperor accepted the invitation of his brother , the present emperor , to join him . It was a most extraordinary event , the talk of the whole court . The preparations , which occupied the full attention of everyone at , were unprecedented in their ity and in the attention to brilliant detail . Arriving late in the morning , the royal party went first to the equestrian grounds , where the inner guards were mustered for ed review in the usually reserved for the iris festival . There were brocades spread along the galleries and arched bridges and awnings over the open places when , in early afternoon , the party moved to the southeast quarter . The royal cormorants had been turned out with the on the east lake , where there was a handsome take of small . Genji hoped that he was not being a fussy and overzealous host , but he did not want a single moment of the royal progress to be dull . The autumn leaves were splendid , especially in southwest garden . Walls had been taken down and gates opened , and not so much as an autumn mist was permitted to obstruct the royal view . Genji showed his guests to seats on a higher level than his own . The emperor ordered this mark of inferiority dispensed with , and thought again what a satisfaction it would be to honor Genji as his father .

The lieutenants of the inner guards advanced from the east and knelt to the left and right of the stairs before the royal seats , one presenting the take from the pond and the other a brace of fowl taken by the royal falcons in the ern hills . To no received the royal command to prepare and serve these delicacies . An equally interesting repast had been laid out for the princes and high courtiers . The court musicians took their es in late afternoon . The concert was quiet and unpretentious and there were court pages to dance for the royal guests . It was as always the excursion to the Palace so many years before that people remembered . One of To no sons , a boy of ten or so , danced Our Gracious Monarch most elegantly . The emperor took off a robe and laid it over his shoulders , and To no himself descended into the garden for ritual thanks . The evening breeze had scattered leaves of various tints to make the ground a brocade as rich and delicate as the brocades along the galleries . The dancers were young boys from the best families , dressed in and the usual and roses , with sons and showing at their sleeves . They danced very and withdrew under the autumn trees , and the guests regretted the approach of sunset . The formal concert , brief and unassuming , was followed by impromptu music in the halls above , instruments having been brought from the palace collection . As it grew livelier a koto was brought for each of the emperors and a third for Genji . It was cause for general rejoicing that the two houses should be so close . A painting of Lady from around CONNECTING LITERATURE HISTORY The nobles of the court at Heian loved beauty and elegance . Because of this love , many nobles were passage , what specific arts did Japanese nobles enjoy ?

Generalizing The nobles enjoyed their lives of ease and privilege . What details suggest that Japanese nobles lived lives of luxury ?

great supporters of the arts . Based on this . Evaluating After reading this passage , what is your overall impression of Japanese court life ?

is A WORD HELP pair . repast meal unpretentious simple A modest small crowns I To no is Gen best friend . During the Heian period , food preparation was considered an art , and chefs were highly honored fortheir skill . A koto is a stringed ment sometimes called a Japanese harp . Ill

SECTION What You Will Learn . Samurai and shoguns took over Japan as emperors lost influence . Samurai warriors lived honorably . Order broke down when the power ofthe shoguns was challenged by invaders and rebellions . Strong leaders took over and reunified Japan . Japan developed a military society led by generals called shoguns . Key and People daimyo , 212 samurai , figurehead , shogun , Bushido , 214 Describe me values , social customs , and traditions scribed by the system consisting of shogun , daimyo , and samurai and the lasting influence of the warrior code throughout the twentieth century . Analyze the rise of a military society in the late twelfth century and the role ofthe samurai in that society . 212 CHAPTER Growth of a Military Society IfYOU were there You are aJapanese warrior , proud of your skills . For many years you been honored by most of society but you face an awful dilemma . When you became a warrior , you swore to protect and both your lord and your emperor . Now your lord has gone to war against the emperor , and both sides have called for you to join them . How will you decide whom to fight for ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Wars between lords and emperors were not uncommon in Japan after 1100 . Closed off from society at Heian , emperors had lost touch with the rest of Japan . As a result , order broke down islands . Samurai and Shoguns Take Over Japan By the late , Heian was the great center of Japanese art and literature . But in the rest of Japan , life was very different . ful nobles fought each other over land . Rebels fought against imperial officials . This destroyed land , which made it for peasants to grow food . Some poor people became bandits or thieves . Meanwhile , Japan rulers were so focused on courtly life , they did notice the many problems growing in their country . The Rise of the Samurai With the emperor distracted by life in his court , Japan large landowners , or daimyo ( decided that they needed to protect their own lands . They hired samurai ( or trained professional warriors , to defend them and their . The samurai wore light armor and fought with swords and bows . Most samurai came from noble families and inherited their positions from their fathers .

The word samurai comes from the Japanese word for to Every rai , from the weakest soldier to the most powerful warrior , was supposed to serve his lord . Because all lords in Japan were supposed to serve the emperor , all samurai were required to be loyal to him . An army of samurai was expensive to support . Few lords could afford to buy armor and weapons for their warriors . As a result , lords paid their samurai with land or food . Only the most powerful samurai got land for their service . Most of these samurai did live on the land they received , but they did from it . Every year , the peasant farmers who worked on the land gave the samurai money or food . Samurai who received no land were given payment . Shoguns Rule Japan Many of the nobles outside Heian were unhappy with the government was being run . Frustrated , these nobles wanted a change of leadership . Eventually a few very strong noble clans decided to try to take power for themselves . Two of these powerful clans went to war with each other in the 11505 . For almost 30 years , the two clans fought . Their was terrible , destroying land and property and tearing families apart . In the end , the clan won . Because he had a very powerful army , and because the emperor was still busy in Heian , the leader of the clan was the most powerful man in Japan . He decided to take over ruling the country . He did , however , want to get rid of the emperor . He kept the emperor as a , a person who appears to rule even though real power rests with one else . As a samurai , the leader was supposed to be loyal to the emperor , but he decided to rule in the emperor place . In 1192 he took the title shogun , a general who ruled Japan in the emperor name . When he died , he passed his title and power on to one of his dren . For about the next 700 years , one shogun would rule in Japan . Sequencing How did the shogun rise to power in Japan ?

Samurai 77 AVIS ' ANALYZING VISUALS Who was the most powerful person in Japan samurai society ?

Emperor The emperor was a figurehead for the powerful shogun . Shogun A powerful military leader . the shogun ruled in the name . Daimyo and Samurai Daimyo were powerful lords who often led ' armies of rai . Samurai warriors sewed the shogun and daimyo . Peasants Most Japanese were poor peasants who had no power . JAPAN 213

FOCUS ON READING As you read this section , notice how the author avoids using bias or stereotypes . Samurai Live Honorably Under the shogun , who were military ers , samurai warriors became more central to Japanese society . As a result , samurai enjoyed many social privileges . Common people had to treat the samurai with respect . Anyone who disrespected a rai could be killed . At the same time , tradition placed restrictions on samurai . For example , they could attend certain types of ment , such as theater , which were ered beneath them . They also could take part in trade or commerce . Japan Samurai The samurai were bold , highly trained warriors . They followed a strict code of behavior called Bushido , or the way of the What equipment did samurai have to protect themselves ?

Bushido More importantly , all samurai had to low a strict code of rules that taught them how to behave . The samurai code of rules was known as Bushido ( This name means the way of the Both men and women from samurai lies had to follow Bushido rules . Bushido required samurai to be brave and honorable . Both men and women of samurai families learned how to fight , though only men went to war . Women learned to so they could their homes from robbers . Ki .

Samurai were expected to live simple , disciplined lives . They believed that discipline made them better warriors . To improve their discipline , many samurai participated in peaceful rituals that required great concentration . Some created intricate arrangements or grew miniature bonsai trees . Others held elaborate tea . Many samurai also adopted Zen Buddhism , which stressed and meditation . More than anything else , Bushido required a samurai to be loyal to his lord . Each samurai had to obey his orders without hesitation , even if it caused the samurai or his family to suffer . One samurai expressed his duties in this way If one were to say in a word what the condition of being a samurai is , its basis lies in seriously devoting one body and soul to his master . from LINKING To TODAY Modern Samurai Obeying his lord was important to the samurai sense of honor . Honor was the most important thing in a samurai life . If he did anything to lose honor , a rai was expected to commit suicide rather than living with his shame . Such shame might be caused by disobeying an order , losing a , or failing to protect his lord . Bushido and Modern Japan Although it was created as a code for , Bushido much ofjapanese society . Even today , many Japanese feel a connection to the samurai . For example , the samurai dedication and discipline are still greatly admired in Japan . such as loyalty and honor , the central ideas of the samurai code , remain very important in modern Japan . Finding Main Ideas What customs did samurai follow ?

Although the samurai class disappeared from Japan at the end of the , samurai images and values live on . Fierce samurai appear on posters , in advertisements and movies , and in video games , challenging foes with their sharp swords and deadly skills . Many people study the same martial arts , such as sword fighting , that the samurai practiced . In addition , the loyalty that samurai felt toward their lords is still a key part of Japanese society . Many Japanese feel that same loyalty toward other their families , companies , or favorite sports teams . Samurai values such as hard work , honor , and sacrifice have also become deeply rooted in Japanese society . ANALYSIS ( ANALYZING How are Japan samurai values today ?

ACADEMIC VOCABULARY values ideas that people hold dear and try to live by Mongol Invasions of Japan ( INTERPRETING MAPS Place Where in Japan did the Mongols invade ?

Mongol amok . 1274 Mongol attack , 1281 i Order Breaks Down For about a century , the shoguns kept order in Japan . Supported by the samurai , the shoguns were able to put down challenges to their authority . Eventually , however , more serious challenges arose that brought this order to an end . Foreign Invasion One of the greatest challenges to the guns was an invasion by the Mongols from China . China emperor , Kublai Khan , sent an army to conquer the islands in 1274 . Faced with invasion , the shogun sent troops to the Mongols . In addition , Japan warring nobles put aside their to the enemy . The Japanese warriors were aided by a great storm . The storm sank many Mongol ships and forced the Mongols to . 216 CHAPTER . In 1281 the invaded again . This time they sent two huge armies and threatened to overwhelm the Japanese warriors . For weeks , the two armies were locked in deadly combat . Once again , though , the weather helped thejapanese . A ge storm swept over Japan , sinking I of the Mongol . Many Mongol drowned , and many more returned to China . The grateful Japanese called the storm that had saved them the kamikaze ( or divine wind . They believed the gods had sent the storm to save Japan . But many nobles were left unhappy by the war . They did think the shogun gave them enough credit for their part in the . Many came to resent the gun power over them . Internal Rebellion After the Mongol invasion , new problems arose for the shogun . The emperor , tired of having no say in the government , began to the shogun for control of the country . At the same time daimyo , the nobles who owned much of Japan land , fought to break free of the shogun control . During these struggles for power , small wars broke out all over ' By the the shoguns had lost most of their authority . The emperor was still largely powerless , and ruled much of Japan . Each controlled his own territory Within that territory , he made laws and collected taxes . There was no powerful central authority of any sort to impose order in Japan . Summarizing What appeared to the shogun authority ?

Strong Leaders Take Over Soon new leaders rose to power . They began as local rulers , but these men wanted more power . In the , each fought to unify all of Japan under his control . The such leader was Oda ( Oda gave his soldiers guns that had been brought to Japan by Portuguese traders . This was the first time guns had been used in Japan . With these new weapons , Oda easily defeated his opponents . After Oda died , other leaders continued his efforts to unify Japan . By 1600 , one of them , Tokugawa ( had conquered his enemies . In 1603 Japan emperor made Tokugawa shogun . From his capital at Edo ( now ruled all of Japan . Tokugawa rise to power began the Tokugawa shogunate ( or rule by shoguns of the Tokugawa family . Early in this period , which lasted until 1868 , Japan traded with other countries and let Christian missionaries live in Japan . Isolation Not all of the shoguns who followed Tokugawa liked this Contact with the world , though . Some feared that Japan would become too much like Europe , and the would lose their power . To prevent such a thing from happening , in the 16305 the ruling shogun closed Japan off from the rest of the world . Japan rulers also banned guns . They feared that peasants with guns could defeat their samurai armies . The combination of isolation from the world and limited helped extend the samurai period in Japan until the , far longer than it might have otherwise lasted . Drawing Conclusions How did Japan change in the Tokugawa shogunate ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW By the , the growing power of shoguns , daimyo , and samurai had turned Japan into a military society . In the next chapter you will read about a similar military society that developed in Europe . om Online Quiz KEYWORD Section Assessment Reviewing Ideas , Terms . and People , critical Thinking a . Recall What was the relationship 755 . Analyzing Information Draw between samurai and daimyo ?

a word web like the one here . Elaborate Why do you think the first shogun In the center . write a sentence wanted to keep the emperor as a ?

that describes the samurai . In what was Bushido ?

each outer circle , write one of . Explain Why did samurai take up pursuits like the ai ' duties flo er in ?

Focus ON WRITING a . Identify Who invaded Japan in the 12705 and 12805 ?

Describing the Samurai A Japanese history Summarize How did the daimyo help weaken the shoguns ?

Identify What strong leaders worked to unify Japan in the late ?

museum will offer a special exhibit on the samurai warrior . Add notes about the samurai to age tourists to visit the exhibit . Tell who they were , what they did , and how they lived .

Social Studies Skills A a ' Critical Thinking Solving Problems Understand the Skill Problem solving is a process for good solutions to difficult situations . It involves asking questions , identifying and evaluating information , comparing and contrasting , and making judgments . It is useful in studying history because it helps you better understand problems a person or group faced in the past and how they dealt with those issues . The ability to understand and evaluate how people solved problems in the past also can help in solving similar problems today . The skill can be applied to many other kinds of besides historical ones . It is a method for thinking through almost any situation . Learn the Skill Using the following steps will help you to better understand and solve problems . Identify the problem . Ask questions of yourself and others . This first step helps you to be sure you know exactly what the situation is . It also helps you understand why it is a problem . Gather information . Ask other questions and do research to learn more about the lem . For example , what is its history ?

What caused the problem ?

What contributes to it ?

List options . Based on the information you have gathered , identify possible options for ing the problem . It will be easier to find a good solution if you have several options . Evaluate the options . Weigh each option you are considering . Think of the advantages it has as a solution . Then think of its potential 218 CHAPTER Participation disadvantages . It may help you to compare your options if you make a list of advantages and disadvantages for each possible solution . Choose and apply a solution . After ing the advantages and disadvantages of each possible solution , choose the one that seems best and apply it . Evaluate the solution . Once the solution has been tried , evaluate how effective it is in solving the problem . This step will tell you if the tion was a good one , or if you should try another of the options instead . It will also help you know what to do in the future if you happen to face the same problem again . Practice and Apply the Skill Read again the If you were there in Section . Imagine that you are the samurai warrior with this problem . You can apply the steps for solving to help you decide what to do . Review the information in the section about the samurai and this time period in Japan history . Then , in the role of the samurai warrior , answer the questions below . What is the problem that you face ?

Why is it a problem ?

What events led to your problem ?

What stances and conditions have contributed to it ?

What options can you think of to solve your problem ?

list the advantages and disadvantages of each . Which of your options seems to be the best tion for your problem ?

Explain why . How will you know if it is a good solution ?

Standards Review Visual summary the main ideas ofthe chapter . Use the visual summary below to help you review A golden age art and culture After the Heian Period , by China and Korea . Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Unscramble each group of letters below to spell a term that matches the given . person who rules in someone name Japanese warrior , extended families that people hold dear group of nobles who surround a ruler great Japanese general who ruled instead of the emperor form of Japanese Buddhism nature religion that began . lords who gave land to samurai . who introduced many Chinese ideas to Japan I way something is set up occurred Heian Period . created a military society . Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION I ( Pages ) IE a . Identify Who was Prince , and what did he do ?

Compare and Contrast Why was Japan isolated from China and Korea ?

How did China and Korea still affect Japan ?

Predict How would Japan physical geography affect the development of Japanese government and society ?

Pages ) a . Recall Why is a major in the history of Japanese culture ?

What made the period between the 8005 and the 11003 a golden age of the arts in Japan ?

Evaluate would you like to have been a member of the imperial court at Heian ?

Why or why not ?

JAPAN 219 SECTION ( Pages ) IE ! What was the Tokugawa shogunate ?

Analyze How did Japan develop into a military society ?

What groups made up that society ?

Elaborate What was daily life like for the samurai ?

Reviewing Themes . Politics What role did warriors play in government after the ?

Society and Culture How was society under the shoguns different from society during the Heian period ?

Society and Culture How did Bushido affect modern Japanese culture ?

Reading Skills Identifying Bias and Stereotypes The passage below is a Chinese history written in the 5003 . It describes , which the Chinese called Wa . Read the passage and then answer the questions that follow . During the reigns of ( and ( 168 89 ) the country of Wa was in a state of great confusion . war and raging on all sides For a number of years , there was no a woman named appeared . Remaining ried , she occupied herself with magic and sorcery and bewitched the they placed her on the kept one thousand female attendants , but few people saw her . Do you think the writer of this passage shows bias against as a ruler ?

What words or phrases from the passage support your opinion ?

20 . What does this passage suggest about ancient Chinese stereotypes of unmarried women ?

220 CHAPTER Using the Internet . Activity Drawing a Comic Strip A strong affected the governing structure of Japan . Eventually , warriors and generals gained power in Japan as emperors lost some of it . Enter the activity keyword and create a comic strip , similar in style to Japanese anime , about the people who held power . Your characters should include a shogun , a daimyo , a samurai , and an emperor . Social Studies Skills 22 . Solving Problems Imagine that you are a samurai warrior who has been called upon to help the Mongol invasion . You are stationed in a small village that is directly in the path of the Mongol army . Some people in the village want to stay and the Mongols , but you know they will be killed if they try to . The town leaders want your opinion about what they should do . Write down one or two ideas you might suggest for how to save the people of the village . For each idea , make notes about what consequences your proposed action may have . I 23 . Creating Your Travel Brochure look back over your notes from this chapter , and then create a travel brochure that describes Japan historic attractions . Keep your writing that you have to get your audience attention with just a few words . To help get their tion , draw or pictures to illustrate your travel brochure .

Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question , and write the letter of the best response . I was brought up in a distant province which lies farther than the farthest end of the Eastern Road . I am ashamed to think that inhabitants of the Royal City will think me an uncultured girl . Somehow I came to know that there are such things as romances in the world and wished to read them . When there was nothing to do by day or at night , one tale or another was told me by my elder sister or stepmother , and I heard several chapters about the shining Prince Genji . From the content of this passage , it can be concluded that its author was a A samurai warrior . noble woman from Heian . farmer from northern Japan . daimyo . a The Importance of loyalty , honor , and discipline in Japanese society today are mainly the result of what influence in Japan history ?

A the code of the samurai the teachings of Shinto the reforms of Prince the spread of Chinese Buddhism Most great works of early Japanese literature were written by A Buddhist scholars . samurai warriors . Shinto priests . noble women . I The influence of China and Korea on Japan , culture , and development is found in all of the following except A Japan first writing system . the traditional Japanese diet . early rules for family behavior . the practice of Buddhism . The main function of samurai in Japanese society was to A write poetry . manage farmland . defend lords . conquer China . Connecting with Past Learnings Early Japanese society under the clans was not a single unified country but many small states . This type of government most resembled that of A the early of ancient Greece . the Roman Empire during the Pax . the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt . the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt . The nobles of Heian placed great sis on art and learning , just like the people of which ancient Greek that you learned about in Grade ?

A Sparta Athens Macedonia Troy JAPAN 22 ! Writing , Workshop ' Assignment ' Write a paper comparing and contrasting one of the ing ( the achievements of the Tang and Song dynasties in China , the life of nobles in the Heian court and the life of samurai warriors . looking for Points of Comparison As you collect information , look for two or three characteristics you can compare . For example , you might compare Tang and Song art , inventions , and government . You might compare the pastimes , privileges , and contributions to society of the Heian nobles and the samurai . Writing Students write of at least words . A Writer Framework Introduction I Begin with a question or interesting fact related to the two subjects you are comparing and contrasting . I State your big idea , about the two subjects . 222 UNIT Comparing Cultures and People To understand people and events of the past , we often compare and contrast them . When we study how two things or people are alike and different , we learn more about each of them . We begin to see them both more clearly . Getting Started Begin by choosing one of the topics in the assignment . Then collect some information on the topic you have chosen . Use that tion to decide on your big idea . Here are two examples of big ideas on these topics I Both the Tang and the Song dynasties brought technical and advancements to China . I Both the nobles of Heian and the samurai had many social leges , but they lived very different lives . Organizing Your Information Essays that compare and contrast usually are organized one of two ways . I Block Style For example , write everything you have to say about the Tang dynasty . Then write everything you have to say about the Song dynasty . Discuss the points of comparison in the same order for each dynasty . I Style Discuss the points of comparison one at a time . Explain how the dynasties are alike and different on one point of comparison , then another , then another . Discuss the two dynasties in the same order for each point of comparison . Writing Here is a framework you can use to write your first draft . Conclusion I Use block or I Summarize the points you made . I Restate your big idea in different I Use three points of comparison . words . I points with specific historical facts , details , and examples .

' i . Evaluate and Revise Evaluating Use these questions to discover ways to improve your draft . Evaluation Questions for a Paper I Do you begin question or ' You points of interesting fact related to the two With his subjects ?

facts , details , and examples ?

I oo you state your big idea , or I 00 vou points of thesis , in the introduction ?

comparison in the conclusion ?

I Do you use at points of ' restate YOUF big idea in ?

I Do you organize your points of comparison with either the block style or style ?

Revising Read your essay out loud . If you run out of breath before you get to the end of a sentence , you may have some stringy sentences . Stringy have many ideas connected with and , but , or or so . You can fix a stringy sentence by breaking it up into separate sentences . Stringy The Ainu began to with other people for land but they lost most of these and so they lost their land and were driven back to an island . Not stringy The Ainu began to with others for land . Because they lost most of these fights , they lost their land as well . They were driven back to an island . Proofread and Publish Proofread If you break a stringy sentence up into separate sentences , be sure to use correct end punctuation and capitalization . Check to be sure you have capitalized the word in each new sentence and ended with a period , question mark , or exclamation point . Publish Compare your paper with another student paper on the same topic . How are your papers similar ?

How are they different ?

Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies outlined in this workshop to write your paper . Using Facts When you read your draft , look for and remove irrelevant facts . These are facts that are not directly related to the topic . One culture that developed in Japan wasthe Ainu . Historians are sure exactly when or how the Ainu moved to Japan . relevant The people who lived south of the Ainu were farmers . irrelevant Wherever the Ainu came from , they spoke a language unlike any other in eastern Asia . relevant ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS 223