7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 4 - Chapter 7 China

China Chapters What Youwill Learn The Asian civilizations of China and Japan were great centers of learning and culture . In China , a series of dynasties ruled a large I and unified empire . China made many advances during this time . For example , the Chinese invented paper money , porcelain , and gunpowder , and made many ments in transportation and agriculture . To the east , Japan reached a golden age of art and literature during the Heian Period . During this period , the Japanese produced beautiful art , poetry , and the world first known novel . Later , the country developed a military government run by generals called shogun and warriors known as samurai . In the next two chapters , you will learn about the history and culture of the Chinese and Japanese people . Explore the Art In this scene , a young Japanese girl is shown writing in her journal . What does the scene suggest about Japanese society ?

I I . I CHAPTER ?

California Standards Science Students geographic , political , economic , religious , and social structures of the civilizations of China in the Middle Ages . Analysis Skills HI Students conduct analyses of economic and political issues . Ans Writing Write expository texts . in . 1450 Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . FOCUS ON WRITING A Article In this chapter you will read about a great period in the history of China . You will learn about many important accomplishments made during this period , and then you will write a magazine article about them . The purpose of the article will be to explain Chinese tions to world society CHAPTER WORLD EVENTS 513 Muhammad begins teaching the basic beliefs of Islam .

43 , I A ! series . Watch the video to understand the impact of an isolationist policy on the development of a society . i I , A i if . I , in . i ?

i ir I . what You Will Learn I In this chapter you will learn about Chinese , history from the 5005 to the . The , magnificent Forbidden City , shown in this I ' photo , was built during this time as a royal A I palace . Today it is a museum . Li Bo and Du Fu write some of the greatest poems in Chinese history . Japanese ' court is established . at Heian . 10605 The empire of reaches its height . I 341 The Black Death strikes Europe . CHINA '

Society Economics Politics Religion and Culture Science and Technology I Focus on Themes This chapter will explore the dynasties supported trade , leading to great history of China from the late 5005 until the economic growth and stability . Others favored As you read , you will discover that many different isolation , limiting Chinese contact with the rest of dynasties ruled the country during that period , the world . You will also learn that this period saw leading to great political changes . Some of those huge leaps forward in science and technology . Drawing Conclusions about the Past Focus on Reading You have no doubt heard the phrase , Put Additional II I reading support two and two together . When people say that , they don mean can be found in the two two They mean , Put the information . Using Background Knowledge to Draw Conclusions A conclusion ! is a judgment you make by combining information . You put information from what you are reading together with what you already know , your Reader and Study Guide background knowledge . Steps for Drawing Conclusions . Read the passage , looking for information the author gives you about the topic . Think about what you already know about the topic . Consider things you studied , books you read , or movies seen . Put your background edge together with what the passage says . You saw a show on about how big the Great Wall was . 164 CHAPTER

ev chapter Section Period of Disunion ( 166 ) Grand Canal ( 167 ) ELA Reading Read and understand texts . You Try It ! The following passage is from the chapter you are getting ready to read . As you read the passage , look for facts about China . Advances Agriculture Empress Wu ( 168 Section Chinese civilization had always been based From ( 773 ) on agriculture . Over thousands of years , the , 774 ) Chinese had become expert farmers . In the 170 gunpowder 03 ' 774 north farmers grew wheat , barley , and other grains . In the warmer and wetter south they grew rice . During the Song dynasty , though , nese farming reached new heights . The improvement was largely due to new tion techniques . For example , some ers dug underground wells . A new irrigation device , the dragon backbone pump , allowed one person to do the work of several . With this light and portable pump , a farmer could scoop up water and pour it into an irrigation canal . Using these new techniques , farmers created elaborate irrigation systems . compass ( 174 ) Section bureaucracy ( 173 civil service ( 178 ) 178 ) Section Genghis Khan ( 180 ) Kublai Khan ( 181 ) Zheng He ( 183 ) isolationism ( 136 ) Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic words that are used in school assignments and . In this chapter . you will learn After you have finished the passage , answer the questions below , the academic words drawing conclusions about what you have read . 777 ) incentive ( 173 . Think back on what you learned about irrigation systems in other consequences ( 735 ) societies . What do you think irrigation was like in China before the Song dynasty ?

What effect do you think this improved irrigation had on Chinese society ?

Why do you think this ?

Based on this passage , what kinds of conditions do you think rice needs to grow ?

How does this compare to the conditions wheat needs ?

A , about what , bout a . Which crop was most likely grown near the Great wheat or , gaps in ' Jaw rice ?

Why do you think so ?

reading . CHINA SECTION What You Will Learn . The Period of Disunion was a time of war and followed the end ofthe Han dynasty . China was reunified underthe Sui , Tang , and Song dynasties . The Age of Buddhism saw major religious changes in China . The Big Idea The Period of Disunion was followed by reunification by rulers of the Sui , Tang , and Song dynasties . Key and People Period of Disunion , 166 Grand Canal , 167 Empress Wu , 188 ! HE Describe the cation of China under the Tang reasons for the spread of Buddhism in Tang China , Korea , and Japan . 166 CHAPTER China If YOU were there You are a peasant in China in the year 264 . Your grandfather often speaks of a time when all of China was united , but all you have known is warfare among rulers . A man passing through your village speaks of even more conflict in other areas . Why might you want China to have just one ruler ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Most of China history is divided into i dynasties . The first dynasties ruled China for centuries . Butwhen the Han dynasty collapsed in 220 , China plunged into disorder . The Period of Disunion When the Han dynasty collapsed , China split into several rival kingdoms , each ruled by military leaders . Historians sometimes call the time of disorder that followed the collapse of the Han the Period of Disunion . It lasted from 220 to 589 . Although war was common during the Period of Disunion , peaceful developments also took place at the same time . During this period , nomadic peoples settled in northern China . Some Chinese people adopted the nomads culture , while the invaders adopted some Chinese practices . For example , one former nomadic ruler ordered his people to adopt Chinese names , speak Chinese , and dress like the Chinese . Thus , the culture of the invaders and traditional Chinese mixed . A similar cultural blending took place in southern China . Many northern Chinese , unwilling to live under the rule of the nomadic invaders , to southern China . There , northern Chinese culture mixed with the more southern cultures . As a result of this mixing , Chinese culture changed . New types of art and music developed . New foods and clothing styles became popular . The new culture spread over a wider geographic area than ever before , and more people became Chinese . Finding Main Ideas How did Chinese culture change during the Period of Disunion ?

Chinese Dynasties , I Sui dynasty , Tang dynasty , Song dynasty . Great Wall Grand Canal ( Sui ) 300 500 Miles The Sui , Tang , and Song Finally , after centuries of political confusion and change , China was . For about 700 years , it remained under a series of powerful dynasties . The Sui Dynasty The man who ended the Period of Disunion was a northern ruler named Yang Jian ( YANG ) In 589 , he conquered the south , China , and created the Sui ( SWAY ) dynasty . The Sui dynasty did last long , only from 589 to 618 . During that time , though , its leaders restored order to China and began the Grand Canal , a canal linking northern and southern China . GEOGRAPHY The Tang Dynasty A new dynasty arose in China in 618 when a former overthrew the old government . This dynasty , the Tang , would rule for nearly 300 years . As you can see on the map , China grew under the Tang dynasty to include much of eastern Asia , as well as large parts of Central Asia . Historians view the Tang dynasty as a golden age of Chinese civilization . One of its greatest rulers was ( He helped unify China through his grams , including reform of the military , creation of law codes , anda land reform policy known as the equal system . Another brilliant Tang ruler was ( During his reign , culture . Many of China poets wrote while ruled . INTERPRETING MAPS Region Which dynasty controlled the , largest area ?

A 161 The Tang dynasty also included the only woman to rule Wu . Her methods were sometimes vicious , but she was intelligent and talented . After the Tang dynasty fell , China entered another brief period of chaos and disorder , with separate kingdoms ing for power . In fact , China was so divided during this period that it is known as Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms . The disorder only lasted 53 years , though , from 907 to 960 . The Song Dynasty In 960 , China was again , this time by the Song dynasty . like the Tang , the Song ruled for about 300 years , until 1279 . Also like the Tang , the Song dynasty was a time of great accomplishments . Sequencing When was China reunified ?

When was China not unified ?

BIOGRAPHY Empress Wu Married to a sickly emperor , Empress Wu became the virtual ruler of China in 655 . After her husband died , Wu decided her sons were not worthy of ruling . She kept power for herself , and ruled with an iron . Those who her power risked death . Unlike many earlier rulers , she chose advisors based on their abilities rather than their ranks . Although she was not well liked , Wu was respected for bringing stability and prosperity to China . Drawing Conclusions Why do you think Empress Wu was never very popular ?

The Age of Buddhism While China was experiencing changes in its government , another major change was taking place in Chinese culture . A new religion was spreading quickly throughout the vast land . Buddhism is one of the world major religions , originating in India around 500 . Buddhism came to China during the Han dynasty . But for some time , there were few Buddhists in China . Buddhism status changed during the Period of Disunion . During this troubled time , many people turned to Buddhism They took comfort in the Buddhist ing that people can escape suffering and achieve a state of peace . By the end of the Period of Disunion , Buddhism was well established in China . As a result , wealthy people donated land and money to Buddhist temples , which arose across the land . Some temples were architectural wonders and housed huge statues of the Buddha . Buddhism continued to life in China after the country was . In fact , during the Sui and Tang dynasties , Buddhism continued to grow and spread . Chinese missionaries , people who el to spread their religion , introduced Buddhism to Japan , Korea , and other Asian lands . Buddhism many aspects of Chinese culture , including art , literature , and architecture . In fact , so important was Buddhism in China that the period from about 400 to about 845 can be called the Age of Buddhism . This golden age of Buddhism came to an end when a Tang emperor launched a campaign against the religion . He burned many Buddhist texts , took lands from Buddhist temples , destroyed many temples , and turned others into schools .

Spread of Buddhism GEOGRAPHY INTERPRETING MAPS Movement From where did Buddhism reach China ! The emperor actions weakened the of Buddhism in China , but they did not destroy it completely . Buddhism continued to play a key role in Chinese society for centuries . As it the early Tang period , it con ed to shape Chinese art and literature . But even as it life in China , Buddhism changed . People began to blend elements of Buddhism with elements of other philosophies , especially Confucianism and , to create a new way of thinking . Identifying cause and Why did Buddhism spread more easily during the Period of Disunion ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW From the order that followed the fall of the Han dynasty , new dynasties arose to restore order in China . You will read about their many advances in the next section . I Early Buddhist area Spread of Buddhism 500 , 500 , for FACT Buddhism Spread I People took comfort from Buddhist teachings during the Period Disunion . go Online Quiz KEYWORD sov Reviewing Ideas . Terms , and People What was the Period of Disunion ?

Explain How did Chinese culture change during the Period of Disunion ?

a . Identify who was Empress wu ?

what did she do ?

Evaluate How do you think the of China the common people ?

a . Identify When was the Age of Buddhism in China ?

Explain Why did people turn to Buddhism during the Period of Disunion ?

Elaborate How did Buddhism influence Chinese culture ?

Critical Thinking Section I Assessment . Sequencing Draw a time line like this one . Use it to place the main events described in this section in order . 200 , FOCUS ON WRITING . Getting an Overview In this section you read an overview of three . major dynasties and the contributions of . Make a note of any ideas or contributions that you might want to include in your article . CHINA

SECTION What You Will Learn Main , ilS . Advances in agriculture led to increased trade and population growth . Cities and trade grew during the Tang and Song dynasties . The Tang and Song dynasties , produced fine arts and inventions . Ir The Tang and Song dynasties were periods of economic , cultural , and technological accomplishments . porcelain , 173 woodblock printing , 174 gunpowder , compass , 174 Describe agricultural , technological , and commercial during the Tang and Song periods . Trace the historic influence of such discoveries , the facture of paper , printing , the compass , and gunpowder . CHAPTER Tang and Song Achievements If YOU were there It is the year 1270 . You are a rich merchant in a Chinese city of about a million people . The city around you fills your senses . You see people in colorful clothes among beautiful buildings . Glittering objects lure you into busy shops . You hear people business , gossiping , laughing at jokes . You smell delicious food cooking at a restaurant down the street . How do you feel about your city ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND The Tang and Song dynasties were periods of great wealth and progress . Changes in farming formed the basis for other advances in Chinese civilization . Advances in Agriculture Chinese civilization had always been based on agriculture . Over thousands of years , the Chinese had become expert farmers . In the north farmers grew wheat , barley , and other grains . In the warmer and wetter south they grew rice . During the Song dynasty , though , Chinese farming reached new heights . The improvement was largely due to new irrigation techniques . For example , some farmers dug underground wells . A new irrigation device , the dragon backbone pump , allowed one person to do the work of several . With this light and portable pump , a farmer could scoop up water and pour it into an irrigation canal . Using these new techniques , farmers created elaborate irrigation systems .

Under the Song , the amount of land under cultivation increased . Lands along the Chang Jiang that had been wild now became farmland . Farms also became more productive , thanks to the discovery of a new type of rice . Because it grew and ripened quickly , this rice enabled farmers to grow two or even three crops in the time it used to take to grow just one . Chinese farmers also learned to grow new crops , such as cotton , efficiently . Workers processed cotton to make clothes and other goods . The production of tea , which had been grown in China for ' centuries , also increased . Growing Rice . Rice has long been a vital crop in southern china , where the warm , wet climate is perfect for rice growing . Sometimes farmers build terraces to create level land for rice farming . Agricultural surpluses helped pay taxes to the government . Merchants also traded food crops . As a result , food was abundant not just in the countryside but also in the cities . Because food was plentiful , population grew . During the Tang dynasty , the population had been about 60 million . fed a country of nearly 100 million people . At the time , China was the largest country in the world Identifying Cause and Effect How did agricultural advances affect population growth ?

At harvest time . farmers remove rice kernels from the rest of the plant Rice seedlings are planted in . TODAY China is still the world most populous country . More than billion people live there today .

Focus on READING What can you conclude about the link between Grand Canal and the growth of cities ?

Cities and Trade Throughout the Tang and Song dynasties , much of the food grown on China farms into the growing cities and towns . China cities were crowded , busy places . shopkeepers , government officials , doctors , artisans , entertainers , religious leaders , and artists made them lively places as well . City Life China capital and largest city during the Tang dynasty was Chang an ( a huge , bustling trade center . With a lation of more than a million , it was by far the largest city in the world at the time . Chang an , like other trading cities , had a mix of people from many , Korea , Persia , Arabia , and Europe . It was also known as a religious and philosophical ter , not just for Buddhists and but for Asian Christians as well . Cities continued to grow under the Song . Several cities , including the ern Song capital , had about a million people . A dozen more had populations of close to half a million . Trade in China and Beyond Trade grew along with Chinese cities . This trade , combined with China agricultural base , made China richer than ever before . Much trade took place within China itself . Traders used the country rivers to ship goods on barges and ships . The Grand Canal , a series of waterways that linked major cities , carried a huge amount of trade goods , especially farm products . Construction on the canal had begun during the Sui dynasty . During the Tang dynasty , it was improved and ed . The Grand Canal allowed the Chinese to move goods and crops from distant agricultural areas into cities .

The Chinese also carried on trade with other lands and peoples . During the Tang dynasty , most foreign trade was over land routes leading west to India and west Asia , though Chinese traders also went to Korea and Japan in the east . The Chinese exported many goods , including tea , rice , spices , and jade . However , one export was especially . So valuable was silk that the Chinese tried to keep the method of making it secret . In exchange for their exports , the nese imported different foods and plants , wool , glass , gold , and silver . During the Song dynasty , maritime trade , or sea trade , became more tant . China opened its ports to eign traders . The routes ed China to many other countries . During this time , the Chinese also developed another valuable thin , ful type of pottery called porcelain . All of this trade helped create a strong economy . As a result , merchants became important members of Chinese society during the Song dynasty . Also as a result of the growth of trade and wealth , the Song invented the world system of paper money in the . Summarizing How far did China trade routes extend ?

Arts and Inventions While China grew rich economically , its riches also increased . In literature , art , and science , China made huge advances . Artists and Poets The artists and writers of the Tang dynasty were some of China greatest . Wu ( painted murals that celebrated Buddhism and nature . Li Bo and Du Fu wrote poems that readers still enjoy for their beauty . This poem by Li Bo expresses the homesickness that one feels late at night a Before my bed there is bright moonlight So that it seems like frost on the ground Lifting my head the bright moon , Lowering my head I dream that I home Bo , Quiet Also noted for its literature , the Song period produced Ii ( perhaps China greatest female poet . She once said that the purpose of her poetry was to capture a single moment in time . Artists of both the Tang and Song dynasties made exquisite objects in clay . Tang of horses clearly show the animals strength . Song artists made porcelain items covered in a pale green glaze called celadon ( THE ( TODAY Porcelain became so popular in the it became known as , or . CHINA

Chinese Inventions Paper Invented during the Han dynasty around paper was one of the greatest of all Chinese inventions . it gave the Chinese a cheap and easy way of keeping records and made printing possible . Porcelain Porcelain was made during the Tang dynasty , but it was perfected for many centuries . Chinese artists were famous for their work with this fragile material . woodblock printing The Chinese invented printing during the Tang dynasty , centuries before it was known in Europe . Printers could copy drawings or texts quickly , much faster than they could be copied by hand . Gunpowder Invented during the late Tang or early Song dynasty . gunpowder was used to make and signals . The Chinese did not generally use it as a weapon . Movable type Inventors of the Song dynasty created movable type , which made printing much faster . Carved letters could be rearranged and reused to print many different messages . compass Invented no later than the Han period , the compass was greatly improved by the Tang . The new compass allowed sailors and merchants to travel vast distances . Paper money The world paper money was invented by the Song . Lighter and easier to handle than coins , paper money helped the Chinese manage their growing wealth . CHAPTER Important Inventions The Tang and Song dynasties produced some of the most most in human history . Some of these inventions events around the world . According to legend , a man named Cai Lun invented paper in the year 105 during the Han dynasty . A later Tang invention built on Cai Lun woodblock printing , a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood . The printer applies ink to the block and presses paper against the block to create a printed page . The world first known printed book was printed in this way in China in 868 . Another invention of the Tang dynasty was gunpowder . Gunpowder is a mixture of powders used in guns and explosives . It was originally used only in , but it was later used to make small bombs and rockets . Eventually , gunpowder was used to make explosives , and cannons . Gunpowder dramatically altered how wars were fought and , in doing so , changed the course of human history . One of the most useful achievements of Tang China was the perfection of the compass . This instrument , which uses the earth magnetic to show direction , revolutionized travel . A compass made it possible to direction more accurately than ever before . The perfection of the pass had effects . Explorers the world over used the compass to travel vast distances . The navigators of trading ships and warships also came to rely on the pass . Thus , the compass has been a key tor in some of the most important sailing voyages in history . The Song dynasty also produced many important inventions . Under the Song , the Chinese invented movable type . Movable type is a set of letters or characters that are

Trail The dollar bill in your pocket may be crisp and new , but paper money has been around a long time . Paper money was printed for the first time in China in the AD and was in use for about 700 years , through the Ming dynasty , when the bill shown here was printed . However , so much money was printed that it lost value . The Chinese stopped using paper money for centuries . Its use caught on in Europe , though , and eventually became common . Most countries now issue paper money ANALYSIS , used to print books . Unlike the blocks used in block printing , movable type can be rearranged and reused to create new lines of text and different pages . The Song dynasty also introduced the concept of paper money . People were used to buying goods and services with bulky coins made of metals such as bronze , gold , and silver . Paper money was far lighter and easier to use . As trade increased and many people in China grew rich , paper money became more popular . Finding Main Ideas What were some important inventions of the Tang and Song dynasties ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Tang and Song dynasties were periods of great advancement . Many great artists and writers lived during these periods . Tang and Song inventions also had dramatic effects on world history . In the next tion you will learn about the ment of the Song dynasty . Online Quiz KEYWORD 507 ?

Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em 732 , a . Recall What advances in farming occurred during the Song dynasty ?

Explain How did agricultural advancements affect China population ?

a . Describe What were the capital cities of Tang and Song China like ?

Draw Conclusions How did geography affect trade in China ?

a . Identify Who was Li Bo ?

Draw Conclusions How may the inventions of paper money and woodblock printing have been linked ?

Rank Which Tang or Song invention do you think was most important ?

Defend your answer . Critical Thinking categorizing Copy the chart at right . Use it to identify facts about the Tang and Song dynasties . Identifying Achievements You have just read about the achievements of the Tang and Song dynasties . Make a list of those you might include in your article . Section Assessment Tang Dynasty Song Dynasty

Confucianism and Government What Learn were there . Main , You are a student in China in 1184 . Night has fallen , but you can not Confucianism sleep . Tomorrow you have a test It will be , you know , the most changes and influenced . Chinese , important test of your entire life . You have or it , not or ran China days or weeks or even for years . As you toss and government during the song turn , you think about how your entire life will be determined by how well you do on this one test How could a single test he so important ?

the Song government . BACKGROUND The song dynasty ruled China from 960 to 1279 . This was a time of improvements in agriculture , growing cities , extensive trade , and the development of art and inventions . It was also a time of major changes in Chinese government bureaucracy , 178 civil service , 170 , 178 at . Analyze the of Confucianism and changes in Confucian thought during the Song and Mongol periods . Describe the development of the imperial state and the official class .

Confucianism The dominant philosophy in China , Confucianism is based on the teachings of Confucius . He lived more than years before the Song dynasty . His ideas , though , had a dramatic effect on the Song system of government . Confucian Ideas Confucius teachings focused on ethics , or proper behavior , for individuals and governments . He said that people should conduct their lives according to two basic principles . These principles were ren , or concern for others , and Ii , or appropriate behavior . Confucius argued that society would function best if everyone followed and Ii . Confucius thought that everyone had a proper role to play in society . Order was maintained when people knew their place and behaved appropriately . For example , Confucius said that young people should obey their elders and that subjects should obey their rulers . 2004 MUSEUM OF . The of Confucianism After his death , Confucius ideas were spread by his followers , but they were not widely accepted . In fact , the Qin dynasty suppressed Confucian ideas and teachings . By the time of the Han dynasty , Confucianism had again come into , and Confucianism became the official state philosophy . During the Period of Disunion , which followed the Han dynasty , Confucianism was overshadowed by Buddhism as the major tradition in China . As you recall , many Chinese people turned to Buddhism for comfort during these troubled times . In doing so , they largely turned away from ACADEMIC Confucian ideas and outlooks . Later , during the Sui and early Tang dynasties , Buddhism was very . Unlike Confucianism , which stressed cal behavior , Buddhism stressed a more spiritual outlook that promised escape from suffering . As Buddhism became more popular in China , Confucianism lost some of its . In addition to ethics , Confucianism stressed the importance of education . This ing created during the Song period , shows earlier Confucian ars during the Period of Disunion sorting containing classic Confucian texts .

Civil Service Exams this painting from the shows civil servants writing essays for China emperor . exams were designed in Difficult Exams I Students had to memorize entire Confucian by by texts . co ' en I To pass the most difficult tests , students might ACADEMIC VOCABULARY incentive something that leads people to follow a certain course of action study for more than 20 years ! someone else to take the test for them . locked and guarded . late in the Tang dynasty , many Chinese and scholars again became interested in the teachings of Confucius . Their interest was sparked by their desire to improve nese government and society . During and after the Song dynasty , a new philosophy called developed . Based on Confucianism , Confucianism was similar to the older in that it taught proper behavior . For example , scholars discussed such issues as what made human beings do bad things even if their basic nature was good . In addition , it also emphasized matters that incorporated Buddhist and concepts about the meaning of life . became much more appealing and under the Song . Later its grew even more . In fact , the ideas of became cial government teachings after the Song dynasty . contrasting How did Confucianism Confucianism ?

CHAPTER I some exams lasted up to 72 hours . and students were locked in private rooms while taking them . I Some dishonest students cheated by copying Confucius works on the inside of their clothes , paying bribes to the test graders . or paying I To prevent cheating . exam halls were often The Song dynasty took another major step that affected China for centuries . They improved the system by which people went to work for the govemment . These workers formed a large bureaucracy , or a body of unelected government . They joined the bureaucracy by passing civil service examinations . Civil service means service as a government official . To become a civil servant , a person had to pass a series of written examinations . The examinations tested students grasp of Confucianism and related ideas . Because the tests were so , students spent years preparing for them . Only a very small fraction of the people who took the tests would reach the top level and be appointed to a position in the government . However , candidates for the civil service examinations had a strong incentive for studying hard . Passing the tests meant life as a educated member of the government .

were elite members of society . They performed many important jobs in the government and were widely admired for their knowledge and ethics . Their included considerable respect and reduced penalties for breaking the law . Many also became wealthy from gifts given by people seeking their aid . The civil service examination system helped ensure that talented , intelligent people , including commoners , could hope to become . The civil Vice system was a major factor in the of the Song government . Analyzing How did the Song dynasty change China government ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW During the Song period , Confucian ideas helped shape China government . In the next section , you will read about the two dynasties that followed the Yuan and the Ming . First rising to prominence under the Song . remained important In for centuries . These , for example , lived during the Qing dynasty , which ruled from the to the early . Their typical responsibilities might include running maintaining roads , irrigation systems , and other public works updating and records or collecting taxes . go Online Quiz KEYWORD 507 Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People a . Identify What two principles did Confucius believe people should follow ?

Explain What was ?

Elaborate Why do you think appealed to many people ?

a . Define What was a ?

Explain Why would people want to become officials ?

Evaluate Do you think civil service examinations were a good way to choose government officials ?

Why or why not ?

Section Assessment Critical Thinking . Sequencing Draw a graphic organizer like the one shown . Use it to describe the effects of Confucianism on government and the changes it went through . bureaucracy FOCUS ON WRITING . Gathering Ideas about Confucianism and Government In this section you read about Confucianism and new ideas about government . What did you learn that you could add to your list of achievements ?

CHINA 119 A . The Mongol Empire included China , and the Mongols ruled China as the Yuan dynasty . The Ming dynasty was a time of stability and prosperity . China underthe Ming saw great changes in its ment and relations with other countries . The Big The Chinese were ruled by during the Yuan dynasty , but they threw off Mongol rule and prospered during the Ming dynasty . Key and People Genghis Khan , 180 . Kublai Khan , 181 , Zheng He , 183 isolationism , 186 ' Understand the of both overland trade and maritime expeditions between China and other civilizations in the Mongol Ascendancy and Ming Dynasty . 180 CHAPTER The Yuan and Ming Dynasties IfYOU were there You are a farmer in northern China in 1212 . As you pull weeds from a wheat , you hear a sound like thunder Looking toward the sound , you see , armed horsemen on the horizon , riding straight toward you . You are frozen with fear . Only one thought your dreaded Mongols are coming . What can you do to save yourself ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Throughout its history , northern China had been attacked over and over by nomadic peoples . During the Song dynasty these attacks became more frequent and threatening . The Mongol Empire Among the nomadic peoples who attacked the Chinese were the Mongols . For centuries , the Mongols had lived as rate tribes in the vast plains north of China . Then in 1206 , a powerful leader , or khan , united them . His name was . When he became leader , though , he was given a new title Ruler , or Genghis Khan ( KAHN ) The Mongol Conquest Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and led them on bloody expeditions of conquest . The brutality of the Mongol attacks terrorized people throughout much of Asia and Eastern Europe . Genghis Khan and his anny killed all of the men , women , and children in countless cities and Villages . Within 20 years , he ruled a large part of Asia . Genghis Khan then turned his attention to China . He led his armies into northern China in 1211 . They fought their way south , wrecking whole towns and ruining farmland . By the time of Genghis Khan death in 1227 , all of northern China was under Mongol control .

' Region Mongol Empire ' stretch ?

The Mongol conquests did not end with Genghis Khan death , though . His sons and grandsons continued to raid lands all over Asia and Eastern Europe . The destruction the Mongols left behind was terrible , as one Russian chronicler noted There used to be the city of Ria zan in the land of , but its wealth and glory ceased , and there is nothing to be seen in the city excepting smoke , ashes , and barren ofthe Destruction of , In Medieval Russia Epics , and Tales , edited by Serge In 1260 Genghis Khan grandson Kublai Khan ( KAHN ) became ruler of the Mongol Empire . He completed the conquest of China and in 1279 declared himself emperor of China . This began the Yuan dynasty , a period that some people also call the Mongol Ascendancy . For the first time in its long history , foreigners ruled all of China . I Mongol Empire Great Wall Life in Yuan China Kublai Khan and the Mongol rulers he led belonged to a different ethnic group than the Chinese did . They spoke a different language , worshipped different gods , wore different clothing , and had different customs . The Chinese resented being ruled by these foreigners , whom they saw as rude and uncivilized . 400 Miles 400 CHINA

However , Kublai Khan did not force the Chinese to accept Mongol ways of life . Some Mongols even adopted aspects of the Chinese culture , such as Confucianism . Still , the Mongols made sure to keep control of the Chinese . They prohibited Confucian scholars from gaining too much power in the government , for example . The Mongols also placed heavy taxes on the Chinese . Much of the tax money the Mongols collected went to pay for vast projects . These projects required the labor of many Chinese people . The Yuan ed the Grand Canal and built new roads and palaces . Workers also improved the roads that were part of China postal tem . In addition , the Yuan emperors built a new capital , near modern Beijing . Primary Source BOOK A Chinese City In this passage Marco Polo describes his visit to Hangzhou ( a city in southeastern China . inside the city there is a Lake . and all round it are erected built beautiful palaces and mansions , of the richest and most exquisite structure that you can imagine . the middle of the Lake are two Islands , on each of which stands a rich , beautiful and spacious edifice building , furnished in such style as to seem fit for the palace of an Emperor . And when any one of the citizens desired to hold a marriage feast , or to give any other entertainment , it used to be done at one of these palaces . And everything would be found there ready to order , such as silver plate , platters , and dishes , napkins and , and whatever else was needful . The King made this provision for the gratification enjoyment of his people , and the place was open to every one who desired to give an entertainment . Polo , from Description of the World ANALYSIS , ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES From this description , what impression might Europeans have of Hangzhou ?

CHAPTER Mongol soldiers were sent throughout China to keep the peace as well as to keep a close watch on the Chinese . The soldiers presence kept overland trade routes safe for merchants . Sea trade between China , India , and Southeast Asia continued , too . The Mongol emperors also welcomed eign traders at Chinese ports . Some of these traders received special privileges . Part of what we know about life in the Yuan dynasty comes from one such trader , an Italian merchant named Marco Polo . Between 1271 and 1295 he traveled in and around China . Polo was highly respected by the Mongols and even served in Kublai Khan court . When Polo to Europe , he wrote of his travels . Polo descriptions of China fascinated many Europeans . His book sparked much European interest in China . The End of the Yuan Dynasty Despite their vast empire , the Mongols were not content with their lands . They decided to invade Japan . A Mongol army sailed to Japan in 1274 and 1281 . The campaigns , however , were disastrous . Violent storms and defenders destroyed most of the Mongol force . The failed campaigns against Japan weakened the Mongol The huge , expensive projects weakened the economy . These , combined with Chinese resentment , made China ripe for rebellion . In the many Chinese groups rebelled against the Yuan dynasty . In 1368 a former monk named Zhu ( took charge of a rebel army . He led this anny in a victory over the Mongols . China was once again ruled by the Chinese . Finding Main Ideas How did the Mongols come to rule China ?

. 42 , The Voyages of , the largest in the world at the time . Zheng He brought back exotic animals like these giraffes from Africa . ANALYSIS . SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS How did Zheng He crew make sure ' they had fresh load ?

The Ming Dynasty After his army defeated the Mongols , Zhu became emperor of China . The Ming dynasty that he founded ruled China from 1368 to 300 years . Ming China proved to be one of the most stable and prosperous times in Chinese history . The Ming expanded China fame overseas and sponsored incredible building projects across China . Great Sea Voyages During the Ming dynasty , the Chinese improved their ships and their sailing skills . The greatest sailor of the period was He re ble . me of his ships , like the one shown here , were . This large ship was more than 300 feet long and carried about 500 people . Zheng He ( HUH ) Between 1405 and 1433 , he led seven grand voyages to places around Asia . Zheng He were huge . One included more than 60 ships and sailors . Some of the ships were gigantic too , perhaps more than 300 feet long . That is longer than a football ! In the course of his voyages Zheng He sailed his throughout the Indian Ocean . He sailed as far west as the Persian Gulf and the easternmost coast of Africa . CHINA

Everywhere his ships landed , Zheng He presented leaders with beautiful gifts from China . He boasted about his country and encouraged foreign leaders to send gifts to China emperor . From one voyage , Zheng He returned to China with representatives of some 30 nations , sent by their leaders to honor the emperor . He also brought goods ' and stories back to China . Zheng He voyages rank among the most impressive in the history of seafaring . Although they did not lead to the creation of new trade routes or the exploration of new lands , they served as a clear sign of China power . Great Building Projects The Ming were also known for their grand building projects . Many of these projects were designed to impress both the Chinese people and their enemies to the north . In Beijing , for example , Ming ors built the Forbidden City . This amazing palace complex included hundreds of rial residences , temples , and other ment buildings . Within the buildings were some rooms . The name Forbidden City came from the fact that the common people were not even allowed to enter the complex . For centuries , this city within a city was a symbol of China glory . The Forbidden City main buildings The were built of wood and featured complex of almost buildings in the use on emperors China capital . The Forbidden City was built for the emperor , his family , his court . and his servants , and ordinary people from entering . i i colored tile roofs that could only be I The crowds of government and military officials who gathered to watch ceremonies were carefully lined up according to their ranks . Sometimes , the emperor was carried on a special seat called a palanquin as his lined the route .

Ming rulers also directed the restoration of the famous Great Wall of China . Large numbers of soldiers and peasants worked to rebuild collapsed portions of walls , existing walls , and build new ones . The result was a construction feat unmatched in history . The wall was more than miles long . It would reach from San Diego to New York ! The wall was about 25 feet high and , at the top , 12 feet wide . Protected by the the soldiers who stood guard along Chinese people felt safe from invasions by the northern tribes . CHECK Generalizing In what ways did the Ming dynasty strengthen China ?

The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest building in the Forbidden City . Grand celebrations for important holidays , like the emperor birthday and the New Year , were held there . China Under the Ming During the Ming dynasty , Chinese society began to change . This change was largely due to the efforts of the Ming emperors . Having expelled the Mongols , the Ming emperors worked to eliminate all foreign from Chinese society . As a result , China government and relations with other countries changed dramatically . Analysis I I VISUALS How did the Forbidden City show the power and importance of the emperor ?

it . I Government When the Ming took over China , they adopted many government programs that had been created by the Tang and the Song . However , the Ming emperors were much more powerful than the Tang and Song emperors had been . They abolished Relations with Other Countries In the a new Ming emperor made Zheng He return to China and dismantle his . At the same time , he banned foreign trade . China entered a period of isolationism . isolationism is a policy of avoiding contact with other countries . the offices of some powerful and In the end , this isolationism had great ! took a larger role in running the consequences for China . In 1644 the ment themselves . These emperors Ming dynasty was overthrown . By the late protected their power , and they punished the Western world had made huge DI anyone whom they saw as challenging their authority . Despite their personal power , though , the Ming did not disband the civil service system . Because he personally oversaw the entire government , the emperor needed to keep his affairs organized . The Ming also examinations to appoint censors . These officials were sent throughout China to investigate the ior of local leaders and to judge the quality of schools and other institutions . Censors had existed for many years in China , but under the Ming their power and grew . Section Assessment leaps in technological progress . ers were then able to gain in Chinese affairs . Partly due to its isolation and lack of progress , China was too weak to stop them . Identifying cause and Effect How did isolationism affect China ?

AND PREVIEW Under the Yuan and Ming dynasties , Chinese society changed . Eventually , the Ming began a policy of isolationism . In the next chapter you will read about Japan , another country thatwas isolated at . om Online Quiz KEYWORD 507 Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People critical Thinking a . Identify Who was Genghis Khan ?

categorizing Draw a graphic organizer . Explain How did the Mongols gain control of China ?

Evaluate Judge this statement The Mongols should never have tried to invade Japan . a . Identify Who was Zheng He , and what did he do ?

Analyze what impression do you think the Forbidden City had on the residents of Beijing ?

Draw Conclusions How may the Great Wall have both helped and hurt China ?

What is isolationism ?

Explain How did the Ming change China ?

Develop How might a policy of isolationism have both advantages and disadvantages ?

like the one below . Use it to identify key facts about China under the Yuan and Ming dynasties . Yuan Dynasty WRITING . Identifying Achievements of the Later Dynasties Make a list of the achievements of the Yuan and Ming dynasties . Then look back over all your notes and rate the achievements or inventions . which three do you think are the most important ?

186 CHAPTER BIOGRAPHY Kublai Khan How did a Mongol nomad settle down to rule a vast empire ?

when did he live ?

Where did he live ?

Kublai came from Mongolia but spent much of his life in China . His capital , was near the modern city of Beijing . What did he do ?

Kublai Khan completed the conquest of China that Genghis Khan had begun . He ruled China as the emperor of the Yuan dynasty . Why is he important ?

The lands Kublai Khan ruled made up one of the largest empires in world history . It stretched from the Ocean to Eastern Europe . As China ruler Kublai Khan welcomed foreign visitors , including the Italian merchant Marco Polo and the Arab rian Ibn . The stories these two men told helped create interest in China and its products among Westerners . Generalizing How did Kublai actions help change people views of China ?

er , KEY FACTS all of China under his rule Established peace , during which China population grew Extended the Grand Canal so that food could be shipped from the Huang He ( Yellow River ) to his capital near modern Beijing Linked China to India and Persia with better roads Increased contact with the West painting from the shows Kublai Khan hunting on horseback .

History and Geography cine Great The Great Wall of China is one of the longest structures ever built . It stretches for many miles across northern lands . Along the way , the Great wall crosses mountains , deserts , plains , and valleys . did the Chinese build such a gigantic wall ?

The answer is for defense . For centuries , the people of China had been attacked by nomadic horsemen from . Mongolia and other lands to the north . The Great Wall a was built to keep these their . Paris of the Great Wall have been built and rebuilt for more than years . Most of the wall that stands today was built during the Ming dynasty ( The Great Wall was also used for communication . Soldiers marched along the wall , and guards used smoke signals and torches to send messages along it , historians estimate that as marry as million people died working on the wall over the years . 188 CHAPTER

Standing Guard watchtowers allowed soldiers to see invaders in the distance . During battles , watchtowers could be sealed up and used as fortresses . Built Workers used the best materials available locally to build the wall . Some parts are built of compacted dirt , some from stone blocks , and others are built of brick and rubble . Great Wall 250 500 260 . SKILLS ' Movement Why was the Great Wall built ?

Region From what area to the north of China did many invaders come ?

CHINA Social Studies Skills Critical Thinking Analysis Participation 55 Analysis HIS Students ) analyses of economic and political is . Study Analyzing Benefits and Costs Understand the Skill Every action we take has both and costs attached to it . This was as true of people in the past as it is today . are advantages that are gained from an action . Costs are what are given up or in order to obtain . Analyzing the and costs of developments in history will help you to better understand and evaluate them . analysis is also a valuable life skill . Weighing an actions against its costs can help you decide whether to take the action . Learn the Skill Follow these steps to conduct a simple analysis of a historical development or event . Determine what the people who took the action hoped to accomplish . This will help you decide which effects of the action were and which were costs . Look for positive or successful results of the action . These are its . Remember that can be more than just the goals of an action . Unexpected gains are too . Consider the negative or unsuccessful effects of the action or development . In addition , think about what positive things would have if the development had not taken place . These things are also part of its costs . Make a chart of the costs and . By comparing the list of to the list of costs , you can better understand the development or action and evaluate its overall merits . 190 CHAPTER System of canals For example , an analysis of a public works program under the Sui dynasty might produce a chart like this one . Drain on China human , resources Roadways linking communities Drain on China financial resources Fall of the Sui dynasty of the Great Wal Jobs for peasants Unification of China This chart shows more than costs . However , in evaluating the program , you must also consider what the Sui hoped to accomplish . If they wanted to make the dynasty popular , they failed . If it was to improve transportation in China , this analysis shows that they were successful . Practice and Apply the Skill Apply the guidelines above and information from the chapter to conduct a analysis of the Song or Tang dynasty . Compile a chart similar to the one above . Then use your chart to write an evaluation of the dynasty you analyzed .

Visual Summary Use the visual summary below to help you review the main ideas of the chapter . Farming and trade grew under the Tang and Song dynasties . The powerful Yuan and Ming dynasties strengthened China and expanded trade , but then China became isolated . Standards Review China was reunified , and Buddhism spread during the Sui and Tang dynasties . Confucian thought influenced Chinese government and education . Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Match the words or names with their or descriptions . Kublai Khan compass movable type porcelain Genghis Khan Empress Wu isolationism bureaucracy incentive Zheng He gunpowder ruthless but effective Tang dynasty ruler a set of letters or characters that can be moved to create different lines of text leader who united the Mongols and began invasion of China body of unelected government thin , beautiful pottery a device that indicates direction policy of avoiding contact with other countries founder of the Yuan dynasty a mixture of powders used in explosives commanded huge of ships educated government worker something that leads people to follow a certain course of action Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION I ( Pages ) a . Identify What period did China enter after the Han dynasty collapsed ?

What dynasty brought an end to this period ?

Analyze Why is the Tang dynasty considered a golden age of Chinese civilization ?

Predict How might Chinese culture have been different in the Tang and Song dynasties if Buddhism had not been introduced to China ?

CHINA ( Pages ) a . Describe What did Wu , Li Bo , Du Fu , and Li contribute to Chinese culture ?

Analyze What led to the growth of cities in China ?

What were China cities like during the Tang and Song dynasties ?

Evaluate Which Chinese invention has had a greater effect on world magnetic compass or ?

do you think so ?

section ( Pages ) Is . What is Confucianism ?

How did it change during and after the Song dynasty ?

Make Inferences Why do you think the civil service examination system was created ?

Elaborate Why were China civil service examinations so difficult ?

SECTION ( Pages ) IE . a . Describe How did the Mongols create their huge empire ?

What areas were included in it ?

Draw Conclusions How did Marco Polo and Zheng He help shape ideas about China ?

Elaborate Why do you think the Ming emperors spent so much time and money rebuilding and enlarging the Great Wall ?

I Using the Internet . Activity Creating a Mural The Tang and Song periods saw many agricultural , technological , and commercial developments . New irrigation techniques , movable type , and gunpowder were a few of them . Enter the activity keyword and learn more about such developments . Imagine that a city has hired you to create a mural showing all of the great things the Chinese developed during the Tang and Song dynasties . Create a large mural that depicts as many advances as possible . Reviewing Themes . Science and Technology How did Chinese inventions alter the course of world history ?

Economics How did the strong agricultural and trading economy of Tang and Song China affect the country ?

CHAPTER Reading Skills 20 . Drawing Conclusions Read the statements about the Ming below . For each conclusion that follows , decide whether the statements provide evidence to justify the conclusion . The China from 1368 to 1644 . Zhu was a Ming emperor . The Great Wall was rebuilt by the Ming . a . The Great Wall is located in China . Zhu was a good emperor . Zhu ruled sometime between 1368 and . Zhu rebuilt the Great Wall . Social Studies Skills . Analyzing Costs and Benefits Analyze the costs and benefits of the Chinese emperor decision to isolate his country . To help with your sis , create a chart like the one below . In the left column , list the plan that will hurt China economy . In the right column , list its that will help the economy . Once you have completed your chart , whether the emperor decision was a good idea or a bad idea . Support your answer . Costs Benefits FOCUS ON WRITING writing a Magazine Article Now that you have three achievements or inventions you want to write about , begin your article . Open with a sentence that states your main idea . Include two or three sentences about each achievement or invention you have chosen . These sentences should describe the ment or invention and explain why it was so important . End your article with a sentence or two summarizing China importance to the world .

Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS lead each question , and write the letter of the best response . This object displays Chinese expertise at working with A . gunpowder . cotton . porcelain . Trade and other contact with peoples far front China stopped under which dynasty ?

A Ming Yuan Song Sui Which of the following was nota way that Confucianism influenced China ?

A emphasis on family and family values expansion of manufacturing and trade emphasis on service to society government officials What was a major cause for the spread of Buddhism to China and other parts of Asia ?

A the teachings of Kublai Khan the writings of Confucius the travels of Buddhist missionaries the support of Empress Wu All of the following flourished during both the Tang and the Song dynasties , except A an and culture . sea voyages of exploration . science and technology . trade . Connecting with Fast Learnings In Grade , you learned about the deeds of emperor Shi . He had laborers work on a structure that Ming rulers improved . What was that structure ?

A the Great Wall the Great Tomb the Forbidden City the Temple of Buddha In Grade , you learned that the ancient Egyptians increased food production by digging irrigation canals to water their fields . Under which dynasty did the nese develop new irrigation techniques to increase their production of food ?

A Han Ming Song Sui CHINA