7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 2 - Chapter 4 Spread of Islam

' Wine California Standards Science Students analyze the geographic , political , economic , and social structures of the civilizations of Islam in the Middle Ages . Analysis Skills Frame questions for study and research . Determine the context in which statements were made . Arts Writing Include the main ideas and most significant details . Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . FOCUS ON WRITING Writing an I Am Poem Many intriguing people were involved in the early days of Islam . After reading this section , you will write an I Am poem about one or this period . 634 156 Muslim Cordoba forces becomes unite the capital of Arabia . Muslim Spain . 1005 Viking raids begin in northern Europe . i 16 CHAPTER

History Impact video series Watch the video to stand the impact of Mecca on . What You will Learn In the chapter you will learn about the spread of Islam into lands outside of Arabia . This photo shows Muslims in Nigeria , a country in western Africa , celebrating an Islamic holiday . The Ottomans 1325 capture Shah , The begins begins his conquer world travels . Persia . Taj Mahal . 1650 English nobles ' Cones England force King conquers accept the Aztec , Spanish Magna Carta . Empire . THE SPREAD or ISLAM 11

Society Economics Geography Politics Religion and culture Focus on Themes In this chapter , you will political leaders made laws . You will also see how learn about the spread of after Muhammad Muslim scholars increased the world knowledge of death . You will read about great conquests and science , especially in astronomy , geography , math , powerful empires . As you read , you will learn how and medicine . I Questioning FOCUS on Reading Asking yourself questions is a good way to be Af sure that you understand what you are reading . You should always ask guS ?

he yourself the the most important people are , when and where they lived , and what they did . Ve Analytical Questions Questions like why and how can also help you make sense of what happened in the past . Asking questions about how and why things happened will help you better understand historical events . began tolerant religious policies Growth of Territory The Mughal Empire in India grew in the under an emperor named Akbar . He . began a ant religious policy . Akbar believed that no single religion , including Islam , had all the answers . He got rid of the tax on and When ?

the why ?

invited Hindus to be part of the He did Mughal government . How ?

think any single . Akbar removed religion couid i penalties from provide people and with everything . granted them new they needed . 18 CHAPTER Analysis Frame questions that can be answered by historical study and research . a tel . ELA Read and evaluate material . cha You Try It ! Section Read the following passage and then answer the questions below . Abu ( 80 ) caliph ( 30 ) Geography tolerance ( 33 During the , a Muslim From Section named collected information leS ( 33 ) from Arab travelers . He was writing a 95 Mehmed 39 book and wanted it to be very Sultan rate . When had a question about ( 90 ) where a mountain , river , or coastline was , harem ( he sent trained geographers to out its Sh ( exact location . Using the information the Sum ( geographers brought back , made section some important discoveries . For example , ibn Batman ( 95 ) he proved that land did not go all the way ( 95 around the Indian Ocean as many people omar ( 97 ) thought . patrons ( 97 ) minaret ( 97 ) calligraphy ( 98 ) Answer these based on the ou read . I Academic Vocabulary Who is this passage about ?

Success in school is related to knowing academic . What is he famous for doing ?

the words that are used in school assignments and when did he ?

In this chapter . you will learn the academic words . Why did he do what he did ?

development ( 33 . How did he accomplish his task ?

establish 97 ) How can knowing this information help you understand the past ?

rend . like who , what when , where , why , and how to help you understand what you are reading . THE SPREAD or ISLAM 19 SECTION What You Learn . Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam slowly spread . Trade helped Islam spread into new areas . A mix of cultures was one result of Islam spread . Islamic influence encouraged the growth of cities . Conquest and trade led to the spread of Islam , the blending of cultures , and the growth of cities . Key Terms and People Abu , 30 caliph , 30 tolerance , 33 HE Discuss the sion oi Muslim rule through military conquests and treaties , emphasizing the cultural blending within lim civilization and the spread and acceptance oi Islam and the Arabic The Spread of Islam 637 An Arab arm Describe the growth of cities . and the establishment of trade routes 632 defeats ' 639 A Am army among Asia , Africa and Muhammad dies . forces at . invades Egypt . products and inventions that traveled along these routes ( spices , a er , el , ne ) the in . Arabs take 638 642 Damascus from the Arabs take control the Byzantine Empire . Jerusalem . Nile Valley . 80 CHAPTER Early Expansion If YOU were there You are a farmer living in a village on the coast of lndia . For centuries , your people have raised cotton and spun its into a soft fabric . One day , a ship arrives in the harbor bringing traders from far away . They bring interesting goods you have never seen before . They also bring new ideas . What ideas might you learn from the traders ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND You years traders traveled through Arabia to markets far away . Along the way , they picked up new goods and ideas , and they introduced these to the people they met Some of the new ideas the traders spread were Islamic ideas . A Muslim Armies Conquer Many Lands After Muhammad death , many of the Muslim leaders chose Abu ( one of Muhammad converts , to be the next leader of Islam . He was the caliph ( a title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam . In Arabic , the word caliph means successor . As Muhammad successors , the caliphs had to follow the prophet example . This meant ruling according to the an . Unlike Muhammad , however , early caliphs were not religious leaders . Though not a religious leader , Abu was a political and military leader . Under his rule , the Muslims began a series of wars in which they conquered many lands outside of Arabia .

Beginnings of an Empire Abu directed a series of battles against Arab tribes who did not follow mad teachings . By his death in 634 , he had made Arabia a Muslim state . With Arabia united , Muslim leaders turned their attention elsewhere . Their armies , strong after their battles in Arabia , won many stunning victories . They ed the Persian and Byzantine empires , which were weak from years of fighting . When the Muslims conquered lands , they made treaties with any there . These treaties listed rules that and had to follow . For example , some Muslims could not build places of worship Muslim cities or dress like Muslims . In return , the Muslims would not attack them . a . Early Muslim revere death , I Territory added , Territory added , Battle site 400 300 Miles 400 800 Kilometers 111 Muslim Arabs and Berbers invade Spain . 132 A Muslim army is defeated at Tours in France . One such the Pact , after the second caliph . It was written about 637 after Muslims conquered Syria . During this period , differences between groups of Muslims into what became the split . One incident was the killing of Hussein , grandson of Muhammad and carrier of the hopes of the Shia Muslim branch . Growth of the Empire Many early caliphs came from the ad ( family . The moved their capital from Medina to cus and continued to expand the empire . They took over lands in Central Asia and in northern India . The also gained control of trade in the eastern nean and conquered part of North Africa . re , GEO Arabian Sea Movement About how far did Muslim rule spread ( MAPS in the 120 years after Muhammad death ?

. Trade in Muslim lands Trade routes Kilometers ma IMPACT TODAY Indonesia now hasthe largest Muslim tion in the world . 82 I I . I In the late 6003 , battles with the Berbers slowed the growth of Muslim rule in North Africa . The Berbers are the native people of North Africa . After years of , many Berbers converted to Islam . Following their conversion , they joined the Arabs in their efforts to spread Islam . Next the to expand their empire into Europe . A combined Arab and army invaded Spain in 711 and quickly conquered it . The army moved on into what is now France , but it was stopped by a Christian anny near the city of Tours ( Despite this defeat , Muslims called Moors continued to rule parts of Spain for the next 700 years . In continuing the expansion , a new dynasty , the ( came to power in 750 . The reorganized the government to make it easier to such a large region . Analyzing What role did armies play in spreading Islam ?

CHAPTER ( Place Which continents did trade routes reach ?

INDIAN OCEAN a Trade Helps Islam Spread Islam gradually spread through areas the Muslims conquered . At the same time trade helped spread Islam into other areas as well . Arabia crossroads location gave Muslim merchants easy access to South Asia , Europe , and Africa . Merchants and the Spread of Islam Along with their trade goods , Arab chants took Islamic beliefs to new lands . For example , merchants introduced Islam into India . Although many Indian remained Hindu , coastal trading ies soon had large Muslim communities . In Africa , societies often had both African and Muslim customs . For example , Arabic local African languages . Also , many African leaders converted to Islam . Between 1200 and 1600 , Muslim ers carried Islam as far east as what are now Malaysia and Indonesia . Even today , Islam is a major on life there .

A trade network brought wealth and new knowledge to the Muslim world and helped spread Islam . Above , an Arab trader prepares perfume , a valuable trade good . Products and Inventions In addition to helping spread Islam , trade brought new products to Muslim lands and made many people rich . First , new products and inventions created by other peoples made their way to the Muslim world . For example , Arabs learned from the Chinese how to make paper and use gunpowder . New crops such as cotton , rice , and oranges arrived from India , China , and Southeast Asia . Second , traders made money on trade between regions . In addition to trade with Asia , African trade was important to Muslim merchants . Many merchants set up businesses next to African market towns . They wanted African products such as ivory , cloves , and slaves . In return they offered white pottery called porcelain from China , cloth goods from India , and iron from Southwest Asia and Europe . Arab traders even traveled south across the Sahara , the world est desert , to get gold . In exchange , they brought the Africans salt , which was scarce south of the desert . Finding Main Ideas How did trade spread of Islam ?

A Mix of Cultures As Islam spread through trade , warfare , and treaties , Arabs came in contact with people who had different beliefs and lifestyles than they did . Muslims generally practiced religious tolerance , or acceptance , with regard to people they conquered . In other words , the Muslims did not ban all other than Islam in their lands . Jews and Christians in particular kept many of their rights , since they shared some beliefs with Muslims . Although Jews and Christians were allowed to practice their own religions , they had to pay a special tax . They also had to follow the rules of the treaties governing conquered peoples . Many people conquered by the Arabs converted to Islam . Along with Islamic beliefs , these people often adopted other parts of Arabic culture . For example , many people started speaking Arabic . The Arabs also adopted some of the customs of the people they conquered . For example , they copied a Persian form of bureaucracy in their government . As Islam spread , language and religion helped unify the many groups that became part of the Islamic world . Cultural blending changed Islam from a mostly Arab religion into a religion of many different cultures . Evaluating Did Muslim tolerance encourage or spread of Islam ?

The Growth of Cities The growing cities of the Muslim world this blending of cultures . Trade had brought people , products , and ideas together . It had also created wealth , which supported great cultural development in cities such as Baghdad in what is now Iraq and Cordoba ( in Spain . ACADEMIC development the process of growing or improving THE SPREAD or ISLAM 83

The City of Cordoba Cordoba , Spain , was a great center of Islamic learning . In fact , in the early AD 9005 , it was one of the richest and most educated cities in Europe . Baghdad Baghdad became the capital of the Islamic Empire in 762 . Located near both land and water routes , it was a major trading center . In addition to trade , farming contributed to a strong economy . Dates and grains grew well in the fertile soil . Trade and farming made Baghdad one of the world richest cities in the late 7005 and early 8005 . The center of Baghdad was known as the round city , because three round walls surrounded it . Within the walls was the caliph palace , which took up of the city . Outside the walls were houses and souks for the city huge population . Caliphs at Baghdad supported science and the arts . For example , they built a and an observatory . They also built a library that was used as a university and housed Arabic translations of many ancient Greek works . Because Baghdad was a center of culture and learning , many artists and writers went there . Artists decorated the city public buildings , while writers wrote literature that remains popular today . 84 CHAPTER Cordoba Cordoba , too , became a great Muslim city . In 756 Muslims chose it to be the capital of what is now Spain . Like Baghdad , Cordoba had a strong economy based on ture and trade . Cordoba exported textiles and jewelry , which were Valued out Europe . By the early Cordoba was the est and most advanced city in Europe . It had mansions and mosques , busy markets and shops , and aqueducts . It also had water and lighting systems . Cordoba was a great center of learning . Men and women from across the Muslim world and Europe came to study at the university there . They studied Greek and Roman writings and translated them into Arabic . In addition , they studied writings produced in the Muslim world and translated them from Arabic to latin . As a result , Arabic writings on such subjects as mathematics , medicine , astronomy , and history could be studied out Europe .

A Center of Learning map of the world was created by the Muslim geographer in the . studied in Cordoba and The Great Mosque used many different sources , Great Mosque is famous sailors ' make this man for its beautiful marble columns and red and white arches . The mosque was just one of the many impressive , buildings constructed in Cordoba . i ' Cordoba was also a center of Jewish culture . Many Jews held key jobs in the PREVIEW government . Jewish poets , philosophers , and grew ' and scientists made great contributions to and 15131 ) through this territory . In the next tion you will leam about three empires comparing Whatdid that grew up and continued to work to Baghdad and Cordoba have in common ?

spread Islam . Section I Assessment KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People Em , Critical Thinking What is a caliph ?

Identifying Cause and Effect Draw a graphic Sequence To what regions , and in what organizer like the one below . Use it to identify eral order , had Islam spread by 750 ?

two ways Arab traders affected the Islamic world . a . Recall What were three places Islam spread to through trade ?

Explain How did trade help spread Islam ?

Identify What helped unify the many groups that became part of the Islamic world ?

a . Identify What were two important cities in the Focus ON WRITING I Islamic world ?

Taking Notes on Important People Draw a table How did life in Cordoba show a mix with three columns . In the first column , list key of cultures ?

people you read about in this section . In the Evaluate Do you think tolerance is a good or column , identify who each person was . In the bad policy for governing people ?

Why ?

third column , list one contribution of each to Islam . THE SPREAD or ISLAM 85 History and Geography Europe and the Many countries in Europe and the ' Americas have a Muslim population . These pilgrims are from Germany . Every year , as many as million Muslims make a religious journey , or pilgrimage , to Mecca . Saudi Arabia . this journey , called the hajj , is one of the Five Pillars of Muslims are expected to make the journey at least once in their lifetime if they can . Mecca is the place where Muhammad lived and taught more than years ago . As a result , it is the holiest city in Islam . The pilgrims who travel to Mecca each year serve as a living reminder of the connection between history and geography a Before entering Mecca , pilgrims undergo a ritual Cleansing and put on special white garments . At Mecca , guides help pilgrims through religious rituals . One important ritual is the Standing , on . Mount , near Mecca . Pilgrims stand for hours , praying , at a place where Muhammad is said to have held his last sermon . Pilgrims then participate in a ritual of stoning , in which they throw pebbles at three pillars . Finally , pilgrims complete their journey by the Grand Mosque in Mecca , where a great feast is held . Pilgrims also come from Africa . These pilgrims are from Nigeria , just one oi the African countries home to a large Muslim population . 86 CHAPTER

Asia These pilgrims are from Indonesia , in Southeast Asia . Like all pilgrims , they wear simple white garments that symbolize the equality and unity of all Muslims . I i , Asia Pilgrims from Southwest Asia live closest to Mecca . Because relative location , some are able to make the hajj more than once . Movement What are some of the places from which Muslims begin their Mecca ?

Arabian Sea ' THE SPREAD or ISLAM 81 SECTION You Will Learn . The Ottoman Empire ered a large area in eastern Europe . The Empire blended Persian cultural traditions with Shia Islam . The Mughal Empire in India left an impressive cultural heritage . After the early spread of Islam , three large Islamic empires Ottoman , and Mughal . Key Terms and People Janissaries , 88 Mehmed II , 89 sultan , 69 I , 90 harem , 30 Shia , 90 Sunni , 90 IE sion of Muslim rule through military conquests and treaties , emphasizing the cultural blending within lim civilization and the spread and acceptance of Islam and the Arabic language . 88 CHAPTER Muslim Empires If YOU were there You are one of several advisors to the leader of a great empire . His armies have conquered many lands and peoples . But the ruler wants to be known for something other than his military quests . He wants to be remembered as a wise ruler who united the empire . How can he do this ?

Some of his advisors tell him to rule strictly . Others urge him to be tolerant of the different peoples in the empire . Now it is your turn . What advice will you give the ruler ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND As Islam spread , leaders struggled to build strong empires . Some were tolerant of those they conquered . Others wanted more control . The policies of leaders affected life in the Ottoman , and Mughal empires . A , The Ottoman Empire Centuries after the early Arab Muslim conquests , Muslims I ruled several powerful empires containing various peoples . Rulers and military leaders in Persian empires spoke Persian , Turkish leaders spoke Turkish , while bic continued as a language of religion and . One of these empires was the Ottoman Empire , which controlled much of Europe , Asia , and Africa . Built on conquest , the Ottoman Empire was a political and cultural force . Growth of the Empire In the Muslim Turkish warriors known as Ottomans began to take land from the Christian Byzantine Empire . As the map shows , they eventually ruled lands from eastern Europe to North Africa and Arabia . The key to the empire expansion was the Ottoman army . The Ottomans trained tian boys from conquered towns to be soldiers . These slave soldiers , called Janissaries , converted to Islam and became . Besides these slave troops , the Ottomans were aided by new gunpowder cannons .

In 1453 Ottomans led by Mehmed II used huge cannons to conquer . With the city capture , Mehmed defeated the Byzantine Empire . He became known as the Conqueror . Mehmed made Constantinople , which the mans called Istanbul , his new capital . He also turned the Byzantines great church , Hagia Sophia , into a mosque . A later sultan , or Ottoman ruler , Mehmed conquests . He expanded the empire to the east through the rest of , another name for Asia Minor . His armies also conquered Syria and Egypt . Soon afterward the holy cities of Mecca and Medina accepted Ottoman rule as well . These triumphs made the Ottoman Empire a major world power . I Ottoman lands in 1300 I Territory added , Territory added . Territory added , Mehmed II Mehmed ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481 . ing this time he greatly improved the new capital , Istanbul . He repaired damage caused by fighting and built palaces . mosques , and a huge , covered bazaar . He encouraged people from all over the empire to move to the city . 20 ! 400 Miles 100 400 Kilometers Location What region was at the heart , or center , ofthe Ottoman Empire ?

FOCUS ON READING What questions could you ask to take notes on this discussion ?

TODAY Most Muslims today belong to the Sunni branch of Islam . The Ottoman Empire reached its height under I ( the During rule , from 1520 to 1566 , the Ottomans took control of the eastern Mediterranean and pushed farther into Europe , areas they would control until the early 19005 . Also during rule , the man Empire reached its cultural peak . Muslim poets wrote beautiful works , and architects worked to turn Istanbul from a Byzantine city into a Muslim one . Ottoman Government and Society The sultan issued laws and made all major decisions in the empire . Most Ottoman law was based on , or Islamic law , but sultans also made laws of their own . Ottoman society was divided into two classes . Judges and other people who advised the sultan on legal and military matters were part of the ruling class . bers of the ruling class had to be loyal to the sultan , practice Islam , and understand Ottoman customs . People who did these ments made up the other class . Many of them were Christians or Jews from lands the Ottomans had conquered . Christians and Jews formed religious communities , or , within the empire . Each millet had its own leaders and religious laws . Ottoman society limited the freedom that women enjoyed , especially women in the ruling class . These women usually had to live apart from men in an area of a household called a harem . By separating women from men , harems kept women out of public life . However , wealthy en could still own property or businesses . Some women used their money to build schools , mosques , and hospitals . CHECK , Analyzing the Ottomans gain land fortheir empire ?

90 CHAPTER The Empire As the Ottoman Empire reached its height , a group of Persian Muslims known as the ( was gaining power to the east . Before long the came into with the Ottomans and other Muslims . The came from an old ment among Muslims about who should be caliph . In the , Islam split into two groups . The two groups were the Shia ( and the Sunni ( The Shia were Muslims who thought that only members of Muhammad ily could become caliphs . On the other hand , the Sunni did think caliphs had to be related to Muhammad as long as they were good Muslims and strong leaders . Over time , religious differences developed between the two groups as well . Growth of the Empire The Empire began in 1501 when the leader ( Persia . He took the ancient Persian title of shah , or king . As shah , made beliefs of the official religion of the empire . This act worried il sors because most people in the empire were . But said I am committed to this action God and the Immaculate ( pure religious leaders ) are with me , and I fear no one by God help , if the people utter one word of protest , I will draw the sword and leave not one of them alive . il , quoted in A Literary Persia , Volume , by Edward dreamed of conquering other Muslim territories and converting all to . He battled the Uzbeks to the north , but he suffered a crushing defeat by the Ottomans , who were Sunni . died in 1524 , and the next leaders to keep the empire together .

In 1588 the greatest leader , Abbas , became shah . He strengthened the military and gave his soldiers modern powder weapons . Copying the Ottomans , Abbas trained foreign slave boys to be soldiers . Under Abbas rule the defeated the Uzbeks and took back land that had been lost to the Ottomans . Abbas also made great contributions to the vid culture and economy . Culture and Economy The blended Persian and Muslim traditions . They built beautiful mosques in their capital , People admired the colorful tiles and large dome of the Shah mosque , built for Abbas . was considered one of the worlds most cities in the . advance Ottoman advance Uzbek advance Battle site 200 Miles ' Peninsula 100 was SKILLS APS culture played a role in the empire economy because Abbas aged the manufacturing of traditional products . Handwoven carpets became a major export . Other textiles , such as silk and velvet , were made in large workshops and also sold to other peoples . In addition , the were admired for their skills in making ceramics and metal goods , goods made from steel . Merchants came from as far away as Europe to trade for these goods . Such trade brought wealth to the Empire and helped establish it as a major Islamic civilization . It lasted until the . Contrasting What are two ways in which the and Ottoman empires were different ?

93 A ( establish to set up or create GEOGRAPHY , 92 CHAPTER INTERPRETING MAPS ' SKILLS Region In what region was the Mughal Empire located ?

The Mughal Empire East of the Empire , in India , lay the Mughal ( Empire . Like the Ottomans , the Mughals united a large and diverse empire . They left a cultural heritage known for poetry and architecture . Growth of the Empire The Mughals were Turkish Muslims from Central Asia . The founder of the Mughal Empire was called ( or tiger . He tried for years to make an empire in Central Asia . When he did succeed The Taj , built by the Mughal emperor Shah and shown below . I still stands in Agra , India . I there , he decided to build an empire in northern India instead . There the . The empire grew in the an emperor named Akbar . He many new lands and worked to make the Mughal government stronger . He also began a tolerant religious policy . Akbar believed that no single religion , including Islam , had all the answers . He got rid of the tax on and invited Hindus to be part of the Mughal government . Akbar tolerant policies helped unify the empire . I Territory added , 15304505 , Territory added , 150 300 Kilometers

In the Mughal emperors ed the empire to control almost all of India . Look at the map to see how it grew . This period of expansion was not a peaceful time . In the late a new emperor changed the tolerant religious policies Akbar had . The new emperor ordered people to obey strict religious laws and destroyed Hindu temples throughout India . He also persecuted and made them pay a special tax . One persecuted group was the Sikhs , a religious group that had formed from Hinduism after its leaders rejected some Hindu beliefs . When people gathered to protest , he sent war elephants to crush them . As a result of the harsh policies , lent revolts occurred in much of the empire in the late . The Mughal Empire soon fell apart . Cultural Achievements A conflict of cultures led to the end of the Mughal Empire . For much of the empire history , however , Muslims and Hindus lived together peacefully . Persians and Indians lived and worked in the same Communities . As a result , elements of their cultures blended together . The result was a culture unique to the Mughal Empire . For example , during Akbar rule , the Persian language and Persian clothing styles were popular . At the same time , however , Akbar encouraged people to write in an languages such as Hindi and Urdu . Also , many of the buildings constructed blended Persian , Islamic , and Hindu styles . The Mughal Empire is known for its monumental architecture particularly the Taj Mahal . The Taj Mahal is a dazzling tomb built between 1631 and 1647 by Akbar grandson Shah for his wife . He brought workers and materials from all over India and Central Asia to build the Taj Mahal . The buildings of the palace include a main gateway and a mosque . Gardens with pathways and fountains add beauty to the palace grounds . Many of the ments the Mughals built have . become symbols of India today . Summarizing What blended in the Mughal Empire to create a distinct culture ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Ottomans , and Mughals built great empires and continued the spread of Islam . In Section you will learn about some other achievements of the Islamic world . Section Assessment a . Define Who were the Janissaries ?

ant and in what ways was it not ?

a . Recall When did the Empire begin ?

Explain How was culture part economy ?

Elaborate How might people have rea decision to make the Empire Shia ?

a . Recall Where was the Mughal Empire . Contrast How did Akbar religious policy in the differ from the religious policy of a or in the late ?

Critical Thinking . Comparing and Contrasting Draw the graphic organizer below . Use it to compare and contrast different of the Ottoman , and Mughal empires . FOCUS ON WRITING . Writing about Important People Add Ja who you find most intriguing . Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People IRE Analyze In what ways was the Ottoman society Mehmed , I , Abbas , and Akbar to your table . Write a brief description of each . Make a note of THE SPREAD or ISLAM 93 HIE TODAY Persecution would later lead many Sikhs to move to California . Online Quiz KEYWORD of the empire to ' located ?

different , What You Will Learn . Muslim scholars made advances in various fields of science and philosophy . Islam styles of literature and the arts . Muslim scholars and artists made contributions to science , art , and literature . Key Terms and People , 95 , 96 Omar , 97 patrons , 97 minaret , 97 calligraphy , 98 Understand the lectual exchanges among Muslim scholars of Eurasia and Africa and the contributions Muslim scholars made to later civilizations in the areas of science , geography , philosophy . medicine , art , and literature . 94 CHAPTER Cultural Achievements If YOU were there You are a servant in the court of a powerful ruler Your life at court is comfortable , though not one of luxury . Now the ruler is ing your master to explore unknown lands and distant kingdoms in Africa . The dangerous journey will take him across oceans and deserts . He can take only a few servants with him . He has not ordered you to come but has given you a choice . Will you join your master expedition or stay home ?

Why ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Muslim explorers traveled far and wide to learn about new places . They used whatthey learned to make maps . Their contributions to geography were just one way Muslim scholars made advancements in science and learning . Science and Philosophy The empires of the Islamic world contributed to the achievements of Islamic culture . Muslim scholars made advances in astronomy , geography , math , and science . Scholars at Baghdad and Cordoba translated many ancient writings on these subjects into Arabic . Islamic Achievements The Astrolabe Muslim scientists used like this one to figure out their location , direction , and even the time of day . Although the Greeks invented the astrolabe , Muslim scholars greatly improved it .

Having a Common language helped ars throughout the Islamic world share what they learned , even though many scholars came from different cultures and spoke other languages . Astronomy Many cities in the Muslim world had where people could study sun , moon , and stars . Scientists studied astronomy to better understand time and clockmaking . Muslim scientists also improved the astrolabe , which the Greeks had invented to chart the position of the stars . Arab scholars used the to out their location on earth . This helped Muslims know What direction to turn so they could face Mecca for their prayers . The astrolabe would later become an important contribution to the tion of the seas . Geography Studying astronomy also helped Muslims explore the world . As people learned to use the stars to calculate time and location , merchants and explorers began to travel widely . For example , Ibn traveled to Africa , India , China , and Spain in the . To help travelers on their way , lim geographers made more accurate maps than were available before . They also oped better ways of calculating distances . Primary Source BOOK Travels in Asia and Africa Ibn wrote detailed descriptions of his pilgrimage to Mecca . In the passage below , he talks about crossing the desert from Syria to Medina . From the caravan travels with great speed night and day , for fear of this desert . Halfway through is the valley of . One year the pilgrims suffered terribly here from the the dried up and the price of a single drink rose to a thousand dinars , but both seller and buyer perished . Their story is written on a rock in the valley . from The Travels ANALYSIS ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES What parts of Ibn description would be useful to a ?

During the , a Muslim named ( information from Arab travelers . He was writing a geography book and wanted it to be very accurate . When had a question about where a mountain , river , or coastline was , he sent trained geographers to figure out its exact location . Using the information the geographers brought back , made some important discoveries . For example , he proved that land did not go all the way around the Indian Ocean as many people thought . Astronomy Muslim scientists made remarkable advances in astronomy . This observatory was built in the 17005 in Delhi , the capital of Mughal India . Geography Muslim travelers collected much information about the world , some of which was used to make this map . New and better maps led to even more travel and a greater standing of the world geography . THE SPREAD or ISLAM 95

Math Muslim scholars also made advances in mathematics . In the 8003 they combined the Indian number system , including the use of zero , with the Greek science of mathematics . The Muslim mathematician ( then used these new ideas to write a math textbook on what he called , or It laid the foundation for the modern algebra that students around the world learn today . When the book was brought to Europe in the 15005 , Europeans called the new TODAY bers Arabic numerals . We still call the numerals , stanza and Arabic or numerals . Medicine Muslims made many advances in other , but their greatest ments may have come in medicine . They studied Greek and Indian medicine , ing to this knowledge with discoveries of their own . As early as the 8005 , Muslim doctors in Baghdad began to improve medicine . As they studied , Muslim doctors created tests for doctors to pass before they could treat people , made encyclopedias of drugs with descriptions of each drug effects , wrote descriptions of diseases , started the first pharmacy school to teach people how to make medicines . Islamic Achievements ( continued ) Math Muslim mathematicians combined Indian and Greek ideas with their own to dramatically increase human knowledge of mathematics . The fact that we call our numbers today Arabic numerals is a reminder of this contribution . 96 CHAPTER The first Muslim public hospital was built in Baghdad . In that hospital , a tor named discovered how to nose and treat the deadly disease smallpox . Another doctor , who was known in the West as ( wrote a medical encyclopedia . This , which was translated into Latin and used throughout Europe until the 16003 , is one of the most famous books in the history of medicine . Philosophy Many Muslim doctors and scientists also studied the ancient Greek philosophy of reason and rational thought . Other developed a new philosophy . ried about the growing interest in worldly things , they focused on spiritual issues . Many of them lived a simple life of tion to God . The focus on spiritual issues led to a movement called ( People who practice are called ( teaches that people can find God love by having a personal with God . They focus on loving God and call him their Beloved . had a strong impact on Islam . Evaluating In your opinion , what was the most important advance in science and learning in the Muslim world ?

Medicine Muslim doctors made medicines from plants like this mandrake plant , which was used to treat pain and illnesses . Muslim doctors developed better ways to prevent , diagnose , and treat many diseases .

Literature and the Arts The blending of traditional Islam and the cultures of conquered peoples produced fresh approaches to art , architecture , and writing . As a result , literature and the arts in the Islamic world . Literature Two forms of literature were popular in the Muslim and short stories . Poetry was by . Some wrote poems about their loyalty to God . Through their poetry , the mystical ideas of spread among other Muslims . One of the most famous poets was Omar ( In a book of poems known as The , wrote about faith , hope , and other tions . Some of his poems express deep ness or despair . Others , like the one below , describe lighter , happier scenes . A book of verse , underneath the bough , Ajug of wine , a loaf of thou , Beside me singing in the , were paradise enow ( enough ) from The , translated by Edward FitzGerald Muslims also enjoyed reading short . One famous collection of short stories is The Thousand and One Nights . It includes stories about legendary heroes and ters . A European compiler later added short Philosophy stories that were not part of the medieval Arabic collection . Among these were some of the most famous , such as Sinbad the Sailor , Aladdin , and Ali Baba and the 40 Many of these tales came from India , Egypt , and other lands that had become part of the Muslim world . Architecture Architecture was one of the most important Muslim art forms . Most people would say thatthe greatest architectural achievements of the Muslim empires were mosques . Like the great medieval cathedrals in Europe , mosques honored God and inspired followers . The first mosques were simple . They were built to look like the courtyard of Muhammad house in Medina where he had led the community in prayer . As the Muslim world grew richer , rulers became great patrons , or sponsors , of architecture . They used their wealth to pay for decorated mosques . The main part of a mosque is a huge hall where people gather to pray . Many mosques have a dome and a minaret , or narrow tower from which Muslims are called to prayer . Some mosques , such as the Blue Mosque in Istanbul , have many domes and minarets . Great mosques were built in major cities such as Mecca , Cairo , Baghdad , and Cordoba . Omar Muslim philosophy Omar was a Persian mathematician , astronomer , and poet During his lifetime . he was famous for his ments in math and science . For example , he developed a calendar that was more accurate than the one we use today . Now , however . he is best known for his poetry . poems have been translated into almost every language . led to the ment of . celebrated their love of God through music and dance . These dancers whirl in circles as they dance with joy . THE SPREAD or ISLAM 91

In addition to the mosques , Muslim architects built palaces , marketplaces , and libraries . These buildings have complicated domes and arches , colored bricks , and tiles . Muslim architecture is known for these features . Art Although Muslim buildings are often decorated with art , most of this art does not show any animals or humans . Muslims think only Allah can create humans and animals or their images . As a result , most Muslim artists did include people or animals in their works . Because they could represent people or animals in paintings , Muslim artists turned calligraphy , or decorative writing , into an art form . They used calligraphy to make sayings from the an into great works of art that they could use to decorate mosques and other buildings . They also painted decorative writing on tiles , wove it Muslim art and literature show the of Islamic beliefs and practices . They also the regional traditions of the places Muslims conquered . This mix of Islam with cultures from Asia , Africa , and Europe gave literature and the arts a unique style and character . Generalizing What two architectural elements were usually part of a mosque ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW As Islam spread through Europe and Asia , powerful new empires developed . These empires ed Islamic traditions with the traditions of conquered peoples . The result was a new kind of Islamic culture , by a common language and religion , but not Arab in character . In the next chapter you will learn about another area whose culture was greatly by Muslim ideas and traditions . That area was West Africa . into carpets , and hammered it into decorated steel sword blades . Online Quiz Section Assessment KEYWORD column , identify one important achievement or development the Muslims made in each category listed in the column . Reviewing Ideas , Terms . and People IE . a . Identify Who traveled to India , Africa , China , and Spain and contributed his knowledge to the study of geography ?

Explain How did Muslim scholars help preserve learning from the ancient world ?

Rank In your opinion , what was the most important Muslim scientific achievement ?

Why ?

a . Describe What function do minarets play in mosques ?

Summarize What did patrons do for art and architecture in the Muslim world ?

Summarize How did Muslim artists create art without showing humans or animals ?

Critical Thinking . Analyzing Information Draw a graphic organizer like the one shown on the right . In the second Achievement or development Improved astrolabe Category Astronomy philosophy . Noting Muslim Accomplishments The people you read about so far have mostly contributed to Islam through military accomplishments . Now take some notes about scholars and artists who contributed to Islamic culture . 98 CHAPTER

, The Blue Mosque ' Blue Mosque in Istanbul was built in the early for an Ottoman sultan . It upset many people at the time it was built because they thought is six of the usual an attempt to make it as great as the mosque in Mecca . Domes are a common feature of Islamic architecture . Huge columns support the center of this dome , and more than 250 windows let light into the mosque . Tall towers called minarets are a common feature of many mosques . The most sacred part of a mosque is the mihrab , the niche that points the way to Mecca . These men are praying facing the mihrab . SKILL ANALYZING Why do you think the decoration of the . Blue Mosque is so elaborate ?

Social Studies Skills Critical Thinking Analysis Analysis Determine the context in which historical statements were made . Participation Study Determining the Context of Statements Understand the Skill A context is the circumstances under which thing happens . Historical context includes values , beliefs , conditions , and practices that were mon in the past . At times , some of these were quite different than what they are today . To truly stand a historical statement or event , you have to take its context into account . It is not right to judge what people in history did or said based on day values alone . To be fair , you must also consider the historical context of the statement or event . Learn the Skill To better understand something a historical said or wrote , use the following guidelines to mine the context of the statement . Identify the speaker or writer , the date , and the topic and main idea of the statement . Determine the speaker or writer attitude and point of view about the topic . Review what you know about beliefs , tions , or practices related to the topic that were common at the time . Find out more about those times if you need to . Decide how the statement the values , attitudes , and practices of people living at that time . Then determine how the statement values , attitudes , and practices of today . Applying these guidelines will give you a better understanding of a clash between Muslim and pean armies in 1191 . The following account of this clash was written by , an advisor to the Muslim leader Saladin . He witnessed the battle . CHAPTER The king of the Franks the Muslim term for all ans . ordered all the Muslim prisoners be brought before numbered more than three thousand and were all bound with Franks then themselves upon them all at once and massacred them with sword and lance in cold , from The Crusade of Richard I , by John By modern standards this event seems barbaric . But such massacres were not uncommon in those times . Plus , the description is from one side point of view . This context should be considered when making judgments about the event . Practice and Apply the Skill also described the battle itself . Read the following passage . Then answer the questions . lhe center of the Muslim ranks was broken , drums and fell to the ground there were almost killed that day God gave the Muslims victory over their enemies . He Saladin stood until the Muslims were exhausted , and then he agreed to a truce at the request ' from Arab Historians of the Crusades , translated by . Costello . What happened to Saladin army ?

Why do you think the writer calls the battle a Muslim victory ?

History records this battle as a European victory . Plus , this account is part of a larger statement written in praise of Saladin . Does context change your understanding and answer to the first question ?

Explain how or why not .

Standards Review Use the visual summary below to help you review Summary the main ideas of the chapter . Quick Islam spread from Arabia to the west and east . Later , three large Islamic empires developed , and Muslims made great The Empire contributions to learning . was centered in or modern Iran . The Ugh ' was centered in modern India . The Ottoman Empire was centered in . Reviewing Vocabulary , Comprehension and Terms , and People Critical Thinking For each group of below , write the letter of the term SECTION I ( Pages ) that does not relate to the others . Then write a sentence Identify who was Ab Bald and what did that explains how the other two terms are related . he do ?

caliph . Draw Conclusions How did trade affect the sultan ?

harem Elaborate What was Baghdad like in the a Abu Bah , early 8005 ?

What was Cordoba like in the I Mehmed 11 early 9005 ?

wages ) ESE tolerance a . Identify Who were Mehmed II , I , Abbas , and Akbar ?

Akbar . Compare How did the Ottoman , shia and Mughal empires compare in terms of tion and size ?

Evaluate Which of the three empires seems to have been the most successful ?

On what do you base your answer ?

Sunni THE SPREAD or ISLAM SECTION ( Pages ) a . Describe What were the major contributions of Ibn and Omar ?

Make inferences What is the connection between Islamic belief and calligraphy ?

Predict Of all the accomplishments of Muslim scholars and artists , which do you think would have the most impact on people around the world ?

Reviewing Themes . Politics Do you agree or disagree with this ment Muslim leaders were tolerant of those they Defend your answer . Politics How did a religious division affect the Empire ?

10 . Science and Technology How did Muslim ars contribute to science and technology ?

Using the Internet . Activity Describing Inventions Muslim es in science , math , and art were spread around the world by explorers and traders . Enter the activity keyword and learn about these es . Choose an object created by Muslim scholars in the and and write a paragraph that explains its roots , how it spread to other , and its uses in modern times . Reading and Analysis Skills Asking Questions for Understanding Imagine that you are a historian who has just reading this chapter and wants to learn more about the spread of Islam . For each of the topics listed below , write one question to which you could attempt to an answer in your research . 12 . the Magnificent growth of the Ottoman Empire . Muslim achievements in math culture and learning in Baghdad CHAPTER Social Studies Skills 16 . Determining Historical Context Read each of the statements in List A below . Decide which of the people in List would have been the most likely writer of each statement . Although Iwas a Muslim soldier not allowed to go outside , I hear the weather was beautiful . we fought a trader other . I want to build the finest palace in a woman in an Ottoman harem . In truth everything and everyone is a shadow of the . Once again I am heading to Europe . I hope the people there will buy my a Mughal emperor . Writing Your I Am Poem Look back over your chart , and choose one person to write about . You might choose an actual person , such as Omar , or an imaginary person , such as or a Muslim merchant . Read over the text carefully to details about the person , and then in information with your imagination . Your poem should be six lines long . The lines should begin , I am , I believe , I see , I feel , I want , and I am . FOCUS ON

DIRECTIONS Read each question , and write the letter of the best response . Akbar himself is dressed in . a rolled turban hiding his hair . Four times in hours Akbar prays to God . He eats but one meal a day . and but little meat , less and less as he grows older . Why should we make ourselves a sepulchre burial tomb for beasts ?

is one of his sayings . Rice and sweetmeats candied items are the chief of his diet , and fruit , of which he is extremely fond . He will sit far into the night absorbed in discussions on religion this is one of his clear delights . European description of Akbar , Mughal emperor of India , Based on this passage , Akbar A was not interested in religion . loved to eat meat . almost never prayed . liked to discuss religion . Two of the greatest early centers of Muslim culture and learning were Baghdad and A Jerusalem . Cordoba . Tripoli . Paris . Most Christians and Jews who were by Arab armies in the AD and 7005 were A allowed to practice their religions . sold to North African slave traders . moved to northern Europe . forced to dress like Muslims . I Which area of the world was least by Muslim conquest and trade between the AD 6005 and ?

A North Africa Southwest Asia Northern Europe Indonesia which of the following people was not a Muslim scholar ?

A Muslim scholars are credited with developing A geometry . algebra . calculus . physics . Connecting with Past Learnings You have learned that Muslim architects were known for their use of the dome . Which culture that you studied in Grade also used many domes ?

A Chinese Egyptian Greek Roman THE SPREAD or ISLAM Writing Workshop A Summary of a History Lesson fter you read something , do you have trouble recalling what it was about ?

Many people do . Writing a summary restating the main ideas and details of something you have read can help you remember it . How Long Is a Summary ! re are some guidelines you can Reading to understand use to plan how much ?

The first thing you need to do is to read the section at least twice . summary are I Read it straight through the time to see what it is about I few I Reread it as many times as necessary to be sure you understand summary be One the main topic of the whole section . third as long as the ' Assignment i write a summary of one section in a chapter you read in this unit , The Islamic Identifying the Main Idea I longer selections such as an article chapter wine Next , identify the main idea in each paragraph or for each heading in one sentence for each the chapter . Look back at the facts , examples , quotations , and other in heading in the Information in each of them . Ask yourself , What is the mam idea that they all support , or refer to ?

State this idea in your own words . Noting Details Note the information that directly and best supports each main idea . Often , several details and examples are given to Support a single idea . wining 715 wine Choose only those that are most important and provide the of reading materials . gest support . Write As you write your summary , refer to the framework below to help you keep on track . A Writer Framework lntroduction Body Conclusion I Give the section number and title . I Give the main idea , along with its I Restate the main idea of the section . I State the main topic ofthe section . 1051 I Comment on maps , charts , other I Introduce the main heading in each heading In the visual content , or that the section and begin your I Use words and phrases that show were especially important or useful . by identifying me main idea and connections between ideas . supporting information under it . I Use your own words as much as you can , and limit quotations in number and length . 104 UNIT

. Evaluate and Revise Now you need to evaluate your summary to make sure that it is and accurate . The following questions can help you decide what to change . Evaluation Questions for a Summary I Does your introduction identify the number and title of the section and its main topic ?

I Do you identify the main idea of the section ?

I Have you written the summary in your own words and limited the number and length ofyour quotations ?

I Does your conclusion state the underlying meaning , or main idea , ofthe section ?

I Do you include supporting details for each heading or paragraph in the section ?

I Do you connect ideas and information by using words that show how they are related ?

Proofread and Publish Proofreading Be sure to enclose all quotations in quotation marks and to place other marks of punctuation correctly before or after closing quotation marks . I Commas and periods go inside closing quotation marks . I semicolons and dashes go outside closing quotation marks . I Question marks and exclamation points go inside closing quotation marks when they are part of the quotation and outside when they are not . Publishing Team up with classmates who have written summaries on different sections of the same chapter you have . Review each other summaries . Make sure the summaries include all the main ideas and most details in each section . Collect all the summaries to create a chapter study guide for your team . If possible , make copies for everyone on the team . You may also want to make extra copies so that you can trade study guides with teams who worked on other chapters . Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies outlined in this workshop to write a of one section of a chapter in this unit . Finding Main Ideas in a History chapter Boldfaced headings in textbooks usually tell what subject is discussed under those headings . The first and last sentences of paragraphs under headings can also be a quick guide to what is said about a . Using Special Historical Features Do look at maps , charts , timelines , pictures , historical documents , and even study questions and assignments . They often contain important ideas and information . THE ISLAMIC WORLD