7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 2 - Chapter 3 Rise of Islam

I . Islam . The Spread of Islam What You will Learn The rise and spread of Islam was a major development in world history . In a very short time , the religion spread across large parts of Asia and Africa and into Europe . Islam has remained a powerful force in most of these regions to this day . In the next two chapters , you will learn about the origins of Islam in the life and teachings of Muhammad , a prophet from Mecca . You will also learn about Islamic beliefs and practices , the development of powerful empires , and a rich culture . Explore the Art In this scene , the young ruler of the Islamic Mughal Empire , Akbar the Great , leaves his palace on a hunting trip . What does this scene show about Akbar life ?

AD We Rhee ii California Standards Science Students analyze the geographic , political , economic , and social structures of the civilizations of Islam in the Middle Ages . Analysis Skills HI Understand sequence in historical events . Explain how major events are related to one another in time . Construct various time lines of key events , people , and periods of the historical era . Arts Writing Use strategies of , outlining , and summarizing to impose structure . Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . FOCUS ON WRITING Designing a Web Site Design a Web site to tell children about the life of the prophet Muhammad and the religion of Islam . You design four pages a home page and three Homeland , who was Muhammad ?

and What is Islam ?

As you read , think about what information will be most intriguing to your audience . 562 The Maya city of defeats neighboring . 50 CHAPTER ' i 510 Muhammad ' begins to rule Japan . Muhammad begins teaching people about . 597 The first Christian missionaries History Impact video series Watch the video to stand the impact of Mecca on Islam . What You Will Learn In this chapter you will learn about a religion called Islam . This photo shows thousands of people praying in Mecca , the place where began . Mecca is the most sacred place in the Islamic world . 622 Muhammad 632 leaves Muhammad Mecca . dies .

Society , and Economics Geography Politics Religion Technology Focus on Themes This chapter explains the person who brought the Islam religion to the Arabs . rise of the Islam religion , which began in Arabia in Finally , you will see how Islam guides its followers in the early 6005 . First you learn about Arabia , where their religious practices and their daily lives . Studying it is and how the desert climate affected trade in the rise of Islam helps you understand the faith of the area . Then , you learn about Muhammad , the the Muslims . Order Additional Focus on Reading To really understand history and the events that shaped the world , we have to know in what order those events , happened . In other words , we need to see how events are related in time . Understanding Chronological Order The word chronological means related to Events discussed in this history book are cussed in sequence , in the order in which they happened . To sway stand history better , you can use a sequence chain to take notes about events in the order they happened . Sequence Chain 11 ?

writers sometimes signal chronological order , or sequence , by using words or phrases like these first , before , then , later , soon , after , before long , next , eventually , finally prophet Muhammad reveals the teachings of Islam . Islam spreads through Arabia and parts of Southwest Asia . From Arabia , Islam moves into northern Africa . From Africa , Islam crosses into Spain . 52 CHAPTER

! Analysis Understand sequence . ELA Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . You Try It ! The following passage is from the chapter you are about to read . As you read the passage , look for words that show you the order in which events took place . Muhammad was born into an important From family in Mecca around 570 . Muhammad early life was not easy His father , a merchant , 59 died before he was born and his mother died later , when he was six . With his parents gone , Muhammad was raised by his grandfather and er by his uncle . When he was a child , he traveled with his uncles Caravans , visiting places such as Syria and Jerusalem . Once he was grown , he managed a caravan ness owned by a wealthy woman named . Eventually , at age 25 , Muhammad married . After you read the passage , answer the following questions . Who raised Muhammad immediately after his mother died ?

Who raised him after that ?

Which signal words help you answer those questions ?

Which signal word begins the phrase that lets you know when Muhammad went to Syria and ?

What happens if you change that signal word to after ?

Find the sentence that begins with the word once . Study the list on the opposite page . What words could you use instead of once so that the meaning would stay the same ?

Which words would change the meaning ?

Make a sequence chain of events of Muhammad life . Which signal words help you know where to place events ?

a tel chapter Section sand dunes ( 56 ) oasis ( 56 ) sedentary ( 56 ) caravan ( 56 ) souk ( 56 ) Section Muhammad ( 59 ) Islam ( 60 ) Muslim ( 60 ) an ( 60 ) shrine ( 62 ) pilgrimage ( 62 ) mosque ( 63 ) Section jihad ( 57 ) 67 ) Five Pillars of Islam ( 68 ) Academic Vocabulary Success in school is related to knowing academic the words that are frequently used in school assignments and . In this chapter , you will learn the following academic words features ( 56 ) influence ( As you read Chapter , be on the lookout for words that signal shifts in time . Use THE RISE or ISLAM 53

Geography and Life in Arabia ma leaf If YOU were there Your town is a crossroads for traders and herders . You have always lived in town , but sometimes you envy the freedom of the desert travelers . Your uncle , a trader , says you are old enough to join his caravan . It would mean traveling many days by camel . Your ents don like the idea but will let you decide . Will you join the caravan ?

Why or why not ?

Main Ideas . Arabia is mostly a desert land . Two ways of and in the desert . The Big Idea Life in Arabia was influenced by the harsh desert climate of the region . BUILDING BACKGROUND For thousands ofyears , traders have crossed Arabia on routes between Europe , Asia , and Africa . Travel ' 56 through Arabia was not easy . Travelers had to cross wide deserts , sedentary 56 with scorching temperatures and little water . caravan , souk . 56 A Desert Land The Arabian Peninsula , or Arabia , is mostly a hot and dry desert land . Scorching temperatures and a lack of water make life cult . But in spite of the difficulty , people have lived in Arabia for thousands of years . During this time , Arabia location , physical features , and climate have shaped life in the region . Much of Arabia is covered by a vast , sandy desert . What challenges might people face living in such a dry environment ?

TIE physical features and describe the climate of the Arabian peninsula , its relationship to surrounding bodies of land and water , and nomadic and sedentary ways of life . 54 CHAPTER A Crossroads Location The Arabian Peninsula is located in the southwest corner of Asia . As you can see on the map , it lies near the intersection of three , Asia , and Europe . Trade routes linking the three continents have passed through the region for sands of years . Geographers call Arabia a crossroads location . A It so , Merchants carried goods such as spices , silk , and gold along the trade routes . Some of these trade routes were on land . Others were water routes along the coast or across the seas . Trade brought many different groups of people through Arabia . These people introduced products and ideas from around the world , Arabian ture and society . ELEVATION Meters ( Sea level ) Sea level ) Below Below sea level sea level Land trade route Sea trade route 250 ' SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS . Place What bodies of water surround Arabia ?

Movement Why doyou think Arabia is called a crossroads ?

THE RISE or ISLAM 55 ACADEMIC features characteristics Physical Features Arabia location has also shaped its cal features . It lies in a region with hot and dry air . This climate has created a band of deserts across Arabia and northern Africa . Huge , sandy deserts cover large parts of Arabia . Sand dunes , or hills of sand shaped by the wind , can rise to 800 feet high and stretch for hundreds of miles ! The largest sand desert , the Rub ( covers much of southern bia . Rub means Empty Quarter , a name given to the desert because there is so little life there . Arabia deserts have a very limited amount of water . There are no permanent lakes or rivers . Water exists mainly in oases scattered across the deserts . An oasis is a wet , fertile area in a desert . These wet areas form where underground water bubbles to the surface . Oases have long been key stops along Arabia overland trade routes . Although deserts cover much of the interior of Arabia , other landforms appear along the edges of the peninsula . border the southern and western coasts , and marshy land lies near the sian Gulf . Most of the settlement in Arabia has been in these milder coastal regions . Desert Climate Arabia is one of the hottest , driest places in the world . With a blazing sun and clear skies , summer temperatures in the interior reach daily . This climate makes it hard for plants and animals to survive . Desert plants do live in areas that get little rain . Many of them have roots that stretch deep or spread out far to collect as much water as possible . Just as plants have adapted to life in Arabia , so too have ple found ways to live there . Summarizing Whatare the main physical features of Arabia environment ?

56 CHAPTER Two Ways of Life To live in Arabia difficult desert ment , people developed two main ways of life . Some people lived a nomadic life , moving from place to place . Others lived a sedentary , or settled , life in towns . Nomads Nomads lived in tents and raised herds of sheep , goats , and camels . The animals milk , meat , and skins for the nomads tents . Nomads traveled with their herds across the desert , moving along regular routes as seasons changed , to get food and water for their animals . They depended on camels for transportation and milk . Among the nomads , camels and tents belonged to individuals . Water and grazing land belonged to tribes . Membership in a tribe , a group of related people , was tant to nomads . The tribe offered tion from desert dangers , such as violence that often took place when people for water and grazing land . Townspeople While nomads moved around the desert , other people settled in oases where they could . These settlements , the ones in oases along trade routes , became towns . Most people in Arabia lived in towns . Merchants and craftspeople lived there and worked with people in the van trade . A caravan is a group of traders that travel together . Trade Centers Towns became centers of trade for both nomads and townspeople . Many towns had a souk ( market or bazaar . In the market , nomads traded animal and desert herbs for goods such as and clothing . Merchants sold spices , gold , leather , and other goods brought by the caravans .

History Nomads and Townspeople Mecca is shown here as it might have looked late 5005 . Nomads from the desert and merchants ' distant all came to trade at Mecca . mde ' merchants wealthy . I . Towns became centers of trade for both nomads and townspeople . Merchants traded goods like leather , food , spices , and blankets . SKILL ' i Towns developed near oases , where access to water allowed people to grow food . Nomads traveled across Arabia , moving their animals as the seasons changed .

I Shopping Did you know that the mall you go to today is similar in some ways to the souks in early Arabia ?

For example , souks sold clothing , home goods , and food . Often , similar products were grouped in ent areas , sort of like restaurants in a mall are often grouped together in a food court . souks were open and busy during the day but closed at night . The larger ones were covered with a roof . People went to souks to socialize as well as to shop . Souks were just the same as malls are , however . The shops in souks were smaller than most shops in modern malls , and prices were not fixed . Instead , the buyer and seller bargained to try to agree on a price . ANALYZING INFORMATION Why might people want to shop at a souk or a mall ?

Arabian towns were important stations on the trade routes linking India with SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Northeast Africa and the Mediterranean . Of Arabia trade and Trade brought Arabs into Contact with the of ple and ideas from around the world , ic and sedentary lifestyles . In the next section , you will read about a religion categorizing that began to many people ways of life were common in Arabia ?

in Arabia . Section I Assessment . Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People IE critical Thinking a . Define What is an oasis ?

i and . Explain How has Arabia crossroads location DEW sedentary affected its culture and society ?

Elaborate How might modern developments like this it I have changed trade routes through Arabia since to show some differences and similarities between the ?

nomadic and sedentary lifestyles in Arabia . a . Identify Where were nomads and townspeople yr likely to interact ?

Focus ON WRITING I . Make Generalizations Why did towns often . Creating a Word Web Write Arabia in the develop near oases ?

ter of a word web , and then fill in the web with Elaborate What are some possible reasons words and phrases that best describe the nomads chose to live in the desert ?

and life of Arabia . 58 CHAPTER A ?

A or . Origins of Islam If YOU were there You live in a town in Arabia , in a large family of wealthy merchants . Your family house is larger than most others in the town . You have beautiful clothes and many servants to wait on you . Many townspeople are poor , but you have always taken such differences for granted . Now you hear that some people are saying the rich should give money to the poor How might your family react to this idea ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND The idea that people should help the poor is one ofa religion called Islam . When Islam was introduced to the people of Arabia , many of its teachings I seemed new and different . I , Muhammad Becomes a Prophet A man named Muhammad brought a different religion to the people of Arabia . Historians do know much about mad . What they do know comes from religious writings . Muhammad Early Life Muhammad was born into an important family in Mecca around 570 . Muhammad early life was not easy . His father , a merchant , died before he was born and his mother died later , when he was six . With his parents gone , Muhammad was raised by his grandfather and later by his uncle . When he was a child , he traveled with his uncle caravans , visiting places such as Syria and Jerusalem . Once he was grown , he managed a caravan ness owned by a wealthy woman named ( Eventually , at age 25 , Muhammad married . The caravan trade made Mecca a rich city . But most of the wealth belonged to just a few people . Poor people had hard lives . Traditionally , wealthy people in Mecca had helped the poor . But as Muhammad was growing up , many rich merchants began to ignore the poor and keep their wealth for themselves . SECTION What You Will Learn . Muhammad became a et and introduced a religion called Islam in Arabia . Muhammad teachings had similarities to Judaism and Christianity , but they also presented new ideas . Islam spread in Arabia after being rejected at first . Muhammad , a merchant from Mecca , introduced a major world religion called Islam . Key Terms and People Muhammad , 59 Islam , 60 Muslim , 60 , 50 shrine , 32 . pilgrimage , 52 mosque , 63 Trace the origins of Islam and the life and teachings of Muhammad , including Islamic ings on the connection with Judaism and Christianity . THE RISE or ISLAM 59

Time Line 2000 ac , Three Religions The three main religions in the world are Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . Each religion has its own particular beliefs and practices . Yet they also have important ties . For example , all three began in the same part of the Asia . Also , all three religions teach similar ideas about kindness to fellow people and belief in one God . A Message for Muhammad Muslims believe that God had spoken Concerned about the changing values in to Muhammad through the angel and had Mecca , Muhammad went by made him a prophet , a person who tells of self to the hills outside the city to pray and messages hem At Muhammad Focus on meditate . One day , when he was about was afraid and did tell except 40 yea old , Muhammad went to his wife about the voice in the cave . A few tate in a Cave Then , to years later , in 613 , began to ) i , ic teachings , Something happened that tell other people about the messages . clues about changed his life appeared The Muhammad chronological and Spoke to Muhammad , to form the basis of the religion called Islam . older ?

Recite ! Recite ! Confused at , The Word Islam means submit to mad asked what he Should recite The A follower of Islam is called a Muslim . angel answered believe that Muhammad continued Recite in the name of your Lord who created , created man from clots of blood ! Qua . holy book of Recite ! Your Lord is the Most Bountiful One , Who by the pen taught man what he did not Analyzing , translated by Muhammad bring Islam to Arabia ?

60 CHAPTER . 1000 ' Muhammad Teachings Not all of Muhammad early teachings were new . In fact , some were much like the teachings of Judaism and Christianity . But Muhammad teachings challenged and upset the people of Arabia . These teachings brought changes to many aspects of life in Arabia . A Belief in One God Muhammad taught that there was only one God , Allah , which means the God in Arabic . In that way , Islam is like ism and Christianity . It is a monotheistic religion , a religion based on a belief in one God . Although people of all three religions believe in one God , their beliefs about God are not all the same . ANALYSIS ( READING TIME LINES About how long the beginnings of Christianity were the beginnings of Islam ?

Jews , Christians , and Muslims also recognize many of the same prophets . Muhammad taught that prophets such as Abraham , Moses , and Jesus had lived in earlier times . Unlike Christians , Muslims do not believe Jesus was the son of God , but they do believe many stories about his life . Muhammad told stories about these prophets similar to the stories in the Torah and the Christian Bible . Muhammad respected Jews and Christians as people of the Book because their holy books taught many of the same ideas that Muhammad taught . A Challenge to Old Ideas Some of teachings would have seemed familiar to Jews and , but they were new to most Arabs . THE RISE or ISLAM 61

For example , most people in Another of Muhammad teachings in many different gods , a belief system also worried Mecca wealthy merchants . called polytheism . Muhammad said that everyone who Before Muhammad told them to believe believed in Allah would become part of a in one God , Arabs worshipped many gods community in which rich and poor would and goddesses at shrines . A shrine is a place be equal . But the merchants wanted to be at which people worship a saint or a god . richer and more powerful than the poor A very important shrine , the ( people , not equal to them . buh ) was in Mecca . People traveled there Muhammad also taught that people every year on a pilgrimage , a journey to a should give money to help the poor . sacred place . ever , many wealthy merchants did want Several of Muhammad teachings upset to help the poor . Instead , they wanted to many Arabs . First , they did like being told keep all of their money . Because many of to stop worshipping their gods and the people in Mecca did want to hear . Second , Muhammad new religion what Muhammad had to say , they rejected seemed like a threat to people who made his teachings . money from the yearly pilgrimages to the . Mecca powerful merchant leaders Comparing How were thought they would lose business if people Islamic teachings like the teachings of Judaism did worship their gods at the . and Christianity ?

Islam in Arabia , 635 , The hegira Islamic lands at the death of Muhammad 250 500 Miles Mediterranean 250 In 622 , Muhammad and his followers left Mecca for Medina in a journey called the hegira . In Medina , Muhammad gained ' many new followers . This drawing shows the mosque ' I at Medina as it appeared in the . I was a . GEOGRAPHY . what features of the building In , SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS , can you see ?

62 CHAPTER Islam Spreads in Arabia At first Muhammad did not have many followers . Mecca merchants refused to believe in a single God and rejected the idea of equality . They even made mad leave Mecca for a while . Eventually , however , Muhammad teachings began to take root . From Mecca to Medina Slowly , more people began to listen to Muhammad ideas . But as Islam began to people , the rulers of Mecca became more and more worried . They began to threaten Muhammad and his small group of followers with violence . They even planned to kill Muhammad . As a result , Muhammad had to look for port outside of Mecca . A group of people from a city north of Mecca invited Muhammad to live in their city . As the threats from Mecca leaders got worse , Muhammad accepted the tion . In 622 he and many of his followers , including his daughter , left ca and went to Medina ( Named after Muhammad , Medina means the Prophet city in Arabic , the language of the Arabs . Muhammad departure from Mecca became known in Muslim history as the hegira ( or journey . Muhammad taught that there was only one God . This Arabic writing says There is no god but God . and Muhammad is his prophet . From Medina to the Rest of Arabia Muhammad arrival in Medina holds an important place in Islamic history . There he became both a spiritual and a political leader . His house became the first mosque ( or building for Muslim prayer . The year of the hegira , 622 , became so important to the development of Islam that Muslims made it the first year in the Islamic calendar . According to Islamic belief , in na Muhammad reported new revelations about rules for Muslim government , ety and worship . For example , God told Muhammad that Muslims should face Mecca when they pray . Before , Muslims faced Jerusalem like Christians and Jews did . Muslims recognized the importance of Mecca as the home of the . They believe the is a house of worship that Abraham built and dedicated to the worship of one God . As the Muslim community in na grew stronger , other Arab tribes in the region began to accept Islam . with the Meccans increased . In 630 , after several years of , the people of Mecca gave in . They welcomed Muhammad back to the city and accepted Islam as their religion . In Mecca Muhammad and his ers destroyed the statues of the gods and goddesses in the . Soon most of the Arabian tribes accepted Muhammad as their spiritual leader and became Muslims . ACADEMIC change , or have an effect on ( TODAY Muslims all overthe world still Mecca when they pray . THE RISE or ISLAM 63

The Prophet Mosque ' Muhammad died in 632 at his home in Medina . Although he did live long after Mecca became Muslim , the religion he taught would soon spread to lands far beyond Arabia . Summarizing How did Islam spread in Arabia ?

Section Assessment This photo shows people praying at the mosque in Medina , where mad died . tomb is located in this mosque , called the Holy Mosque of the Prophet What shows that this is a house of worship ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW You have just read about some of Muhammad ings and how people in Arabia reacted to them . Many people in Arabia accepted Islam and became Muslims . In the next section , you will learn more about the main Islamic teachings and beliefs . online Quiz KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas . Terms . and People IE Critical Thinking a . Recall when did Muhammad begin teaching people about Islam ?

Explain According to Islamic belief , what was the source of Islamic teachings and how did Muhammad receive them ?

a . Identify What is one key Islamic belief about God ?

Compare In what ways are Islamic beliefs similar to those of Judaism and Christianity ?

a . Recall Where was the first mosque ?

Explain Why did Muhammad go to Medina ?

64 CHAPTER . Sequencing Draw a time line like the one below . Use it to identify key dates in Muhammad life . Taking Notes about Muhammad Take notes to answer the question , Who was Muhammad ?

You might organize your notes under three headings Early Life , Muhammad the Prophet , and Muhammad Teachings .

BIOGRAPHY How did a prophet daughter become famous herself ?

When did she live ?

is believed to have lived from the early 6005 to 633 . Where did she live ?

grew up in the city of Mecca , in Arabia . When her father , Muhammad , had to leave Mecca , followed him to the city of Medina . What did she do ?

married Ali , a cousin of her father . Their two sons were Muhammad only descendants . long family line later became known as the dynasty . Why is she important ?

holds a place of honor in the Islamic . Stories describe as a loyal daughter who cared for her father . She is said to have suffered hunger and other hardships with him as he preached . can also be linked , through her husband , Ali , to the origin of the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims . Members of the Shia branch of Islam believe that Muhammad wanted Ali to be the next leader of Islam . Those who did not believe that Ali was the rightful leader formed the Sunni branch of Islam . Drawing inferences From what you read about , what qualities do you think made her worthy of being honored ?

KEY EVENTS 595 Muhammad marries , who later gives birth to . 610 Muhammad receives the word of God . according to Islamic belief . 619 wife dies . 622 Muhammad and his followers are forced to leave Mecca for Medina . 624 marries Ali . 633 dies in the year following her father death . lhe Hand of can be found on doors in places like Egypt and Morocco . Some Muslims believe this good luck symbol will the household . THE RISE or ISLAM 65

SECTION What You Learn Main Ideas . The an guides Muslims lives . The tells Muslims of important duties expected of them . Islamic law is based on the an and the . Sacred texts called the an and the guide Muslims in their religion , daily life , and laws . Key Terms jihad , 67 , 67 Ive Pillars of Islam , 68 IE Explain the ofthe an and the as the primary sources of Islamic beliefs , practice , and law , and their in Muslims daily life . 66 CHAPTER Islamic Beliefs and Practices If YOU were there Your family owns a hotel in Mecca . Usually business is pretty calm , but this week your hotel is packed . Travelers have come from all over the world to visit your city . One morning you leave the hotel and are swept up in a huge crowd of these visitors . They speak many different languages , but everyone is wearing the same white robes . They are headed to the mosque . What might draw so many people to your city ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND One basic Islamic belief is that eryone who can must make a tripto Mecca sometime during his I or her lifetime . More can be found in Islam holy I an and me . The an During Muhammad life , his followers memorized his messages from God along with his words and deeds . After death , they collected his teachings and wrote them down to form the book known as the an . Muslims consider the an to be the exact word of God as it was told to Muhammad . Beliefs The central teaching in the an is that there is only one that Muhammad is his prophet . The an says people must obey Allah commands . Muslims learned of these commands from Muhammad . Islam teaches that the world had a beginning and will end one day . Muhammad said that on the day God will judge all people . Those who have obeyed his orders will be granted life in paradise . According to the an , paradise is a beautiful garden full of food and drink . People who have not obeyed God , however , will suffer .

Studying the an The an plays a central role in the lives of many Muslims . Children study and memorize verses from the an at home , at Islamic schools , and in mosques . Muslims who memorize the entire book are respected as ers of the an . Where do you think these children are studying the Guidelines for Behavior Like holy books of other religions , the an describes acts of worship , lines for moral behavior , and rules for social life . Muslims look to the an for guidance in their daily lives . For example , the an describes how to prepare for worship . Muslims must wash themselves before praying so they will be pure before Allah . The an also says what Muslims should eat or drink . Muslims allowed to eat pork or drink alcohol . In addition to guidelines for ual behavior , the an describes tions among people . Many of these ideas changed Arabian society . For example , before Muhammad time many Arabs owned slaves . Although slavery did appear among Muslims , the an ages Muslims to free slaves . Also , women in Arabia had few rights . The an describes rights of women , including rights to own property , earn money , and get an tion . However , most Muslim women still have fewer rights than men . an ?

Another important subject in the an has to do with jihad ( which means to make an effort , or to Jihad refers to the inner struggle people go through in their effort to obey God and behave according to Islamic ways . Jihad can also mean the struggle to defend the Muslim community , or , historically , to convert people to Islam . The word has also been translated as holy Analyzing Why is the an importantto Muslims ?

The The an is not the only source of ic teachings . Muslims also study the hadith ( the written record of mad words and actions . This record is the basis for the . The ( nuh ) refers to the way Muhammad lived , which provides a model for the duties and the way of life expected of Muslims . The guides Muslims behavior . THE RISE or ISLAM 61

Saying There is no god but God , and Muhammad is his prophet Praying five times a day at ' The Five Pillars of Islam The duties of a Muslim are known as the Five Pillars of Islam , which are acts of worship required of all Muslims . The first pillar is a statement of faith . At least once in their lives , Muslims must state their faith by saying , There is no god but God , and Muhammad is his prophet . Muslims say this when they accept Islam . They also say it in their daily prayers . The second pillar of Islam is daily prayer . Muslims must pray times a day before sunrise , at midday , in late afternoon , right after sunset , and before going to bed . At each of these times , a call goes out from a mosque , inviting Muslims to come pray . Muslims try to pray together at a mosque . They believe prayer is proof that someone has accepted Allah . The third pillar of Islam is a yearly donation to charity . Muslims must pay part of their wealth to a religious official . This money is used to help the poor , build mosques , or pay debts . Helping and caring for others is important in Islam . 68 CHAPTER Which of the five pillars shows how Muslims are supposed to treat other people ?

The fourth pillar is without food and drink . Muslims fast daily during the holy month of ( The an says Allah began his revelations to Muhammad in the month of . During , most Muslims will not eat or drink thing between dawn and sunset . Muslims believe fasting is a way to show that God is more important than one own body . ing also reminds Muslims of people in the world who struggle to get enough food . The pillar of Islam is the hajj ( a pilgrimage to Mecca . All Muslims must travel to Mecca at least once in their lives if they can . The , in Mecca , is most sacred place . The and Daily Life In addition to the pillars , the nah has other examples of actions and teachings . These form the basis for rules about how to treat others . According to Muhammad example , ple should treat guests with generosity .

In addition to describing personal tions , the provides guidelines for relations in business and government . For example , one rule says that it is bad to owe someone money . Another rule says that people should obey their leaders . Generalizing What do Muslims learn from the ?

Islamic Law The an and the are tant guides for how Muslims should live . They also form the basis of Islamic law , or ( is a system based on Islamic sources and human son that judges the tightness of actions an individual or community might take . These actions fall on a scale ranging from required to accepted to disapproved to bidden . Islamic law makes no distinction between religious beliefs and daily life , so Islam affects all aspects of Muslims lives . sets rewards for good behavior and punishments for crimes . It also describes limits of authority . It was the basis for law in Muslim countries until modern times . Section Assessment Sources of Islamic Beliefs Holy book that Islamic law , based includes all example for the on interpretations the messages duties and way of of the an and Muhammad life expected of received from God Muslims Most Muslim countries today blend ic law with Western legal systems like we have in the United States . Islamic law is not found in one book . Instead , it is a set of opinions and writings that have changed over the centuries . ferent ideas about Islamic law are found in different Muslim regions . Finding Main Ideas What is the purpose of Islamic law ! SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The an , the , and teach Muslims how to live their lives . In the next ter you learn more about Muslim culture and the spread of Islam from bia to other lands . Reviewing , and People IRE Critical Thinking a . Recall What is the central teaching of the an ?

Explain How does the an help Muslims obey God ?

a . Recall What are the Five Pillars of Islam ?

Make Why do Muslims fast during ?

a . Identify What is Islamic law called ?

Make Inferences How is Islamic law different from law in the United States ?

Elaborate What is a possible reason that ions and writings about Islamic law have changed over the centuries ?

Draw a chart like the one to the right . Use it to name three teachings from the an and three teachings from the . FOCUS ON WRITING . Describing Islam Answer the following questions to help you write a paragraph describing Islam . What is the central teaching of the an ?

How do Muslims honor God ?

What is the function of the ?

om online Quiz KEYWORD 507 an THE RISE or ISLAM 69 I Sacred Texts WORD HELP compassionate caring merciful kind articulate understandable adoration praise transgress violate jinn ( plural ) or jinnee ( singular ) a type of spirit abide last beseech beg Palms , grain , and herbs are among the small number of plants that grow in the Arabian desert . The two and the two wests refer to the different locations where the sun appears to rise and set in summer and winter . The two oceans are fresh water and saltwater . What is the an saying in this passage ELI Reading late the expressed purposes and characteristics of different forms of prose . from an The Sura About the Reading The an , the holy book of Islam , is divided into 114 chapters called sums ( The sums vary widely in length . In general , the longest are at the beginning of the an , and the shortest are at the end . Each sura opens with the same phrase , translated here as In the Name of Allah , the Compassionate , the look for words and phrases that are repeated within the text . Think about the reasons for this repetition . In the Name of Allah , the Compassionate , the Merciful It is the Merciful who has taught the an . He created man and taught him articulate speech . The sun and the moon pursue their ordered course . The plants and the trees bow down in adoration . He raised the heaven on high and set the balance of all things , that you might not transgress it . Give just weight and full measure . He laid the earth for His creatures , with all its fruits and bearing palm , grain and scented herbs . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

He created man from potter clay and the jinn from smokeless . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

The lord of the two is He , and the Lord of the two wests . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

He has let loose the two oceans they meet one another . Yet between them stands a barrier which they can not overrun . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

Pearls and corals come from both . Which of your lord blessings would you deny ?

His are the ships that sail like banners upon the ocean . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

All who live on earth are doomed to die . But the face of your Lord will abide for ever , in all its majesty and glory . Which of your blessings would you deny ?

AH who dwell in heaven and earth beseech Him . Each day some new task employs Him . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

Mankind and jinn , We shall surely the time to judge you ! Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

Mankind and jinn , if you have power to penetrate the of en and earth , then penetrate them ! But this you shall not do except with Our own authority . Which of your blessings would you deny ?

Flames of fire shall be lashed at you , and molten brass . There shall be none to help you . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

When the sky splits asunder and reddens like a rose or stained leather ( which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

on that day neither man nor jinnee shall be asked about his sins . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

The wrongdoers shall be known by their looks they shall be seized by their and their feet . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

That is the Hell which the sinners deny . They shall wander between and water seething . Which of your lord ings would you deny ?

But for those that fear the majesty of their Lord there are two gardens ( which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

planted with shady trees . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

Each is watered by a spring . Which of your Lord blessings would you deny ?

Each bears every kind of fruit in pairs . Which of your Lord ings would you deny ?

They shall recline on couches lined with thick brocade , and within their reach will hang the fruits of both gardens . Which of your blessings would you deny ?

Muslims read about Allah in the . CONNECTING SACRED TEXTS HISTORY . Analyzing Muslims believe that Allah created the world . What words and phrases in this passage illustrate that belief ?

location ?

WORD HELP asunder into parts brocade a rich silk fabric with woven patterns Jinn are spirits that pear in many Arabic tales . In English , the word is also spelled djinn or genies . What does the an say will happen to bad people when they die ?

This section of the describes the Muslim idea of paradise . What is paradise like , according to the . Analyzing The first Muslims lived in an area that was mostly desert . How does this passage reflect the early Muslims desert Social Studies Skills . Critical Thinking Analysis Using Time Lines Understand the Skill Time lines are visual summaries of what happened when . They show events in chronological that is , the sequence in which events occurred . Time lines also illustrate how long after one event another event took place . They help you to see relationships between events and to remember important dates . Learn the Skill A time line covers a span of years . Some time lines cover a great number of years or centuries . Other time lines , such as the one below , cover much shorter periods of time . Time lines can be horizontal or vertical . Whichever direction they run , time lines should always be read from the earliest date to the latest date . Follow these steps to interpret a time line . Determine the time lines framework . Note the range of years covered and the intervals of time into which it is divided . Study the order of events on the time line . Note the length of time between events . 610 Muhammad 613 Muhammad receives his first tells people in Mecca message from God . messages . 610 People begin angering Meccan leaders . 12 CHAPTER Participation following Muhammad teachings , Analysis Students explain how major events are related to one another in time Study Supply missing information . Think about the people , places , and other events associated with each item on the time line . Note relationships . Ask yourself how an event relates to earlier or later events on the time line . Look for relationships and term developments . Practice and Apply the Skill Study the time line below about Muhammad and the early spread of Islam . Use it to answer the lowing questions . What is the framework of this time line ?

How long was it before Muhammad told many people in Mecca about the messages ?

For how long did Muhammad spread his ings in Mecca before going to Medina ?

What event or events led to warfare between Mecca and Medina ?

Warfare occurs between Mecca and Medina . 622 Muhammad 621 Muhammad 628 Muhammad and followers leave unites Medina makes a pilgrimage Mecca for Medina . under Islam . to Mecca .

Visual Summary the main ideas of the Chapter . Muslims , followers , of Islam . worship in mosques and study the and the Reviewing Vocabulary , and People For each statement below , write if it is true and if it is false . If the statement is false , write the correct term that would make the sentence a true statement . Muslims gather to pray at a souk . Traders often traveled in caravans to take their goods to markets . An Islam is a person who submits to God and follows the teachings of Muhammad . According to Islamic belief , God messages to Muhammad during his lifetime make up the . Some people might worship gods or saints at a shrine . A hill of sand shaped by the wind is called . ad is a journey to a sacred place . Someone who is sedentary does not move around Very much . Standards Review Use the visual summary below to help you review Nomads in Arabia moved with their animals as the seasons changed and traded with townspeople for goods . Mecca . taught about a religion called Islam . Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION I ( Pages ) IE a . Describe What are some important of the Arabian Peninsula physical geography ?

Contrast What are the two main ways of life that developed in Arabia ?

How are they different ?

Predict How would Arabia location affect its trade relationships ?

Pages ) a . Recall What is the holy book of Islam ?

Compare and Contrast How did mad teachings compare to Judaism and Christianity ?

How did they contrast with common Arab beliefs of the time ?

Elaborate Why is 622 an important year in Islamic history ?

THE RISE or ISLAM 13 SECTION ) studies ( what is the hall ?

18 . Using Time Lines Copy the time line shown . HOW 319 1119 and 1119 5111111311 Use it to show relationships among the 10 5113113117 ing people and events from Section . Include Elaborate How do the Five Pillars of Islam dates on your time line when you know them . affect Muslims daily lives ?

I . 550 650 Reviewing Themes ' 12 . Religion In what did Islam change life in I ants me Arabia ?

teachings . 13 . Religion What teachings or beliefs does Islam I Muhammad In share with Judaism and Christianity ?

I Muhammad begins to tell other people about the messages from God . I The Mecca welcome Muhammad Using the Internet 14 . Activity Researching the an and the I Muhammad 15 hon ?

In Islam , the an is the collection ' had tells about of messages given to Muhammad from God . the the Cave The is the example of Muhammad I Muhammad and are ' life , which provides a model for the duties and Mecca Medina . the way of life expected of Muslims . The I The people of Medina accept Islam . nah includes the Five Pillars of Islam . Enter the keyword and research the of the an and the . Pay attention . to how they affect Muslims daily life . Create a Focus ON I object to illustrate what you have 19 . Creating Your Web Site Look back over your notes from this chapter . Then , design a home page and the three links named I Muhammad hears a voice in a cave . Reading and Homeland , Who Was Muhammad ?

and What Is Islam ?

Write four or sentences for each ' 011191 the link on your Web site . You may design the pages following questions about the order of events in the or Orr a large sheet of , 011513111 Remember that your audience is children , so 15 . What did Muhammad do after he heard the you should keep your text simple . To keep the voice in the cave ?

children interested in your topic and explain 16 . Which or the first 111935 ?

01 accept slam Orr large Scale ?

of Arabia and important sites in the history 11 . What two monotheistic religions were practiced of Islam before Islam ?

14 CHAPTER Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS Read each question , and write the letter of the best response . The office of Imam was set up in order to replace the office of Prophet in the defense of the faith and the government of the world . One group says it derives from reason , since it is the nature of reasonable men to submit to a leader who will prevent them from injuring one another and who will settle quarrels and disputes . Another group says that the obligation derives from Holy Law and not from reason , since the Imam deals with matters of Holy Law . From the passage , it can be concluded that in early Islam were A religious leaders . government leaders . both religious and government leaders . neither religious nor government leaders . Which of the following responsibilities of Muslims is not one of the Five Pillars of Islam ?

A jihad frequent prayer hajj giving to the poor What is the main reason some early of Arabia developed the nomadic life that their descendants follow today ?

A Trade has long been an important part of life in the region . The prophet Muhammad was a nomad . No towns developed in Arabia . Resources are scarce in the region desert geography . I Medina is probably best known as a . A trade city . tourist city . religious city . educational city . I The teachings of Muhammad are found mainly in the an and the A Commentaries . Jihad . Old Testament . Connecting with Past Learnings Muslims believe that Muhammad revealed Allah teachings to the world . Which of the following leaders that you learned about in Grade did not reveal a teachings to his people ?

A Moses Buddha Jesus Islamic society first appeared in Southwest Asia , east of the Mediterranean Sea . Which of the following civilizations also appeared in that area ?

A Greek Roman THE RISE or ISLAM 15