7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Unit 1 - Chapter 2 Fall of Rome

The . California Standards Science Students analyze the causes and effects of the vast expansion and ultimate disintegration ofthe Roman Empire . Analysis Skills HI Recognize the role of chance , oversight , and error in history . Ans Speaking Use speaking techniques , including voice modulation , inflection , tempo , enunciation , and eye contact , for effective presentations . Reading Students read and understand appropriate material . Focus on A Narrative Poem How do people remember great events like the fall of Rome ?

Sometimes it because a poet created a poem to tell the story As you read this chapter , you learn what happened to Rome as it became weak and lost its power . Then you write and present a short to 10 this fascinating story . Under , the Roman Empire reaches its greatest size . 200 The civilization begins to collapse . 20 CHAPTER

HOLT Input video series Watch the video to understand the impact of ancient Rome on the world today . What You Will . in this chapter you will learn about the height of the Roman Empire , its lasting contributions , and its tall . This photo shows Roman ruins in what is now Syria . 416 521 The last Justinian and western Theodora Roman come to emperor is power in overthrown . Constantinople . 570 Muhammad , The first Buddhist the founder of monastery in Islam , is born Japan is established . THE FALL or ROME

Reading Social Studies Society , Science and , con mics Politics Religion , Technology Focus on Themes In this chapter , you will division of the empire into the western empire read about the fall of one of the great ancient and the eastern empire and learn about the Roman Empire . You will learn what reasons for that division . You will see how political problems it had inside its cities and will learn about and differed in the Parts Of the invaders who attacked it You will read about the the empire and learn what those differences meant . Main Ideas in Social Studies Focus on Reading Why do we bother to look for main ideas ?

Additional History is not just a bunch of facts . lnstead , history is about facts and ca ' ai ) the their meanings . When we find main ideas , we find the meaning . ctiv Identifying Main Ideas Most paragraphs written about history In ?

a include a main idea . Sometimes the main idea is stated clearly in a sentence . At other times , the main idea is suggested , not stated . Reader and Study Guide However , that idea still shapes the paragraph content and the meaning of all of the facts and details in it . Identifying Main Ideas Topic The paragraph seems . to be about the groups of . Read the paragraph . Ask Growth of Territory Rome . self , What is this paragraph In the early 4005 the mostly about , or its topic ?

as my i . crossed into northern Africa and destroyed Roman settlements . Ask yourself , What seems to be the most important point Facts and Details Spain invaded by Vandals , there . As they passed through destroyed Roman is making about the Roman areas the Vandals three groups invaded topic ?

Or ask , If the writer Britain . Franks invaded could say only one thing about nearly 111 ' this paragraph , what would it their path At about the game be ?

This is the main idea of the paragraph . time , the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes invaded Britain , and the Franks invaded Gaul . 33 ) Rome and its attacked by several ?

22 CHAPTER Beading Read and understand materia . A You Try It ! Section The passage below is from the chapter you are about to read . Augustus ( 25 ) Read the passage and then answer the questions below . citizens ( 25 ) aqueducts ( 26 ) Problems Threaten section the Empire Diocletian ( 32 At its height the Roman Empire included From Constantine ( all the land around the Mediterranean Sea . 33 ) The empire in the early 1005 stretched from Anna ( 33 ) Britain south to Egypt , and from the Atlantic corruption ( 34 ) Ocean all the way to the Persian Gulf . But the empire did not stay that large for Justinian ( 36 ) long . By the end of the 1005 emperors had Theodora ( given up some of the land the Roman army had conquered . These emperors feared that the empire had become too large to defend Byzantine Empire ( 38 ) mosaics ( or govern . As later rulers Academic ' covered , these emperors were right . Success in school is related to Even as emperors were giving up ter ac , OWN at are , new threats to the empire were appearing Tribes of Germanic Warriors . chapter . you will learn ' I the following academic words whom the Romans called barbarians , attacked Rome northern borders At the Innovation ( strategy ( 32 ) same time , Persian armies invaded in the efficient ( 34 ) east . The Romans defended themselves for 200 years , but only at great cost . Answer the following questions about finding main ideas . Which sentence expresses the main idea of the first paragraph ?

How can you tell ?

What is the main idea of the second paragraph ?

List two details from the paragraph that support that main idea . As you read the main ideas of the paragraphs you are studying . What is the main idea of the third paragraph ?

THE FALL or ROME 23 What You Will Learn Main Ideas . Leadership and laws helped the Romans in building the empire . Roman advancements in engineering , architecture , art , and philosophy helped shape , later civilizations . Christianity spread quickly throughout the Roman world . The Big Idea The Romans made great advances in many that helped keep their empire strong . Key Terms and People Augustus , citizens , 25 aqueducts , Study the early strengths and lasting contributions of Rome , of Roman citizenship rights under Roman law Roman art , architecture , ing , and philosophy preservation and transmission of Christianity ) and its ultimate internal weaknesses , the rise of autonomous military ers within the empire , undermining of citizenship by the growth of tion and slavery , lack of education , and distribution of . 24 CHAPTER The Roman Empire If YOU were there You live in a distant province of the Roman Empire in about 200 . Life is pleasant here , because your town has a theater and an arena . Of course , you have public baths and a marketplace . All Roman towns do ! At school you learn Latin . Recently the emperor has given citizenship to nearly all free people in the empire . At last you can say , am a Roman citizen ! What new duties might you have as a citizen ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND The citizens ofthe Roman Empire were I both practical and inventive . Their ideas and influenced civilizations all over the world for more than years . Some of the Romans accomplishments , especially the creations of artists and engineers , are still admired . Building the Empire Between the and the AD 1005 , Rome grew from a tiny village to a huge city . As the city grew , so did its population , until Rome became home to more than a million people . Millions more lived in territories that the Romans controlled . Together , these territories surrounded the nean Sea , forming one of the largest states the world had ever seen . As Rome gained more territory , its government changed . Originally ruled by kings , Rome turned into a republic run by elected leaders . For hundreds of years these leaders helped Rome become larger , richer , and more powerful . I

In time the republic broke down , ever , and disorder spread in Rome . To restore order , the Romans again changed their government . They put control of the government in the hands of als who had great power . In other words , Rome became an empire . Rome Emperors Rome first emperor , Augustus , set many of the powers that later emperors would have . The emperor had the power to declare war raise taxes punish lawbreakers nominate public meetings of the Senate , the elected council that had once ruled Rome lead religious festivals The Roman Empire at Its Height 111 ' Later emperors benefited from the powers Augustus gained . Some used their powers well , expanding the empire and protecting its citizens . Others abused their power , seeking only to make themselves happy . Despite the emperors , the empire survived for hundreds of years . Laws and Citizenship The empire survived , at least in part , because of its laws . Rome laws were ten down and kept on public display . These written laws were supposed to help protect Romans from unfair treatment . Because everyone knew the laws , officials had to treat everyone the same . Rome laws protected the rights of the city citizens , the people who could in the government . Only citizens could hold public offices or vote . Roman Empire 250 260 , I A . INTERPRETING MAPS ' Place What areas were part ofthe Roman Empire in 117 ?

In addition to the rights to vote and hold , however , all citizens had duties to perform . For example , citizens had to pay taxes , and male citizens had to serve in the army when needed . Most Romans were very proud of their citizenship . They thought it was an honor to be a citizen of Rome . Roman citizenship was valued so much that many people the Romans conquered also wanted to become citizens . From time to time , Rome emperors gave citizenship to groups the Romans had conquered . This act usually made the people feel grateful to the emperor . As a result , they remained loyal to Rome and helped keep the empire strong . categorizing What rights did Roman citizens have ?

Roman Advancements While Rome emperors and army worked to make the empire stronger , other Romans tried to improve life for its people . architects , artists , and philosophers tried to make life more pleasant for their fellow citizens . In the process they created works of lasting strength and beauty . Engineering Roman engineers designed and built many structures to improve life in the empire . They built durable roads that have lasted for centuries and strong bridges that spanned raging rivers . They also built aqueducts ( channels that carried water from distant mountain ranges into Rome or other cities . The Legacy of Rome The Romans made many contributions to Western society . Some of their contributions built on the accomplishments of other peoples , but others were developed by the Romans themselves . Roman Accomplishments A I Importance of written laws I Large and strong buildings I Equal treatment for all citizens I Columns and open spaces I Rights and duties of citizens Excellent , durable mas I Strong bridges I Realistic statues I Lifelike portraits I Focused on improving people lives Government Features of Roman government like written laws and a separation of powers influenced the Constitution . I Aqueducts to move water I Building designs that inspired my Societies I Stoic philosophy ing people civic duty 26 CHAPTER

The skill of ancient Roman engineers inspired many later people to copy their techniques . For example , some builders still design stadiums in much the same way Roman engineers did . In fact , many techniques engineers and architects use today were directly inspired by the Roman engineers of years ago . Architecture Architecture , the art of designing buildings , is closely related to engineering . Roman architects and engineers used many of the same ideas . They constantly sought ways to make larger , stronger buildings . In addition to being large and strong , however , Roman architects wanted their buildings to be beautiful . Because they admired the beauty of ancient Greek Roman roads like the one above in western Italy can still be found across Europe . Modern roads still feature innovations made by the Romans . structures , they borrowed Greek ideas . For example , like the Greeks , the Romans used columns and open spaces to make their buildings look elegant and majestic . But the Romans added an innovation of their own . They used their engineering skills to make buildings larger and grander than anything the Greeks had built . Later civilizations greatly admired the Roman architectural style , copying many elements of Roman design in their own buildings . Elements of Roman design are seen in many public buildings even today . Art Architecture was not the only in which the Romans were inspired by the Greeks . Roman works of art also borrowed heavily from earlier Greek examples . Architecture Roman architecture has influenced buildings for centuries . For example , the Pantheon dome ( above ) inspired the California State Capitol in Sacramento . THE FALL or ROME 21 ACADEMIC VOCABULARY innovation ) a new idea or way of doing thing

FOCUS ON READING What is the main idea of this paragraph ?

How can you tell ?

SKILLS MAPS Region Did Christian areas increase or decrease in size between 300 and 4007 Like the Greeks , Roman artists tried to make their art incredibly realistic . They wanted their statues and paintings to look like they could come alive . Roman artists particularly excelled in creating portraits . Some Roman portraits are so lifelike that viewers can even tell what the personality was like . For centuries , artists have studied Roman works to learn how to make their own works more realistic . Philosophy Like Roman artists , Roman philosophers , or thinkers , wanted to show the world as it really was . They disagreed with earlier Greek philosophers who spent their time thinking about ideal worlds . Instead the Romans focused on how their ideas could improve people lives . For example , Roman philosophers advised people on how they should behave in order to be happy . One large group of philosophers called the Stoics ( taught that people should be concerned with possessions . Instead , they should focus on living a virtuous life . 28 CHAPTER . Christian areas , 300 Christian areas , 400 Boundary of Roman Empire , 395 500 Miles Stoic ideas the Roman idea of civic duty . Inspired by the Stoics , Romans felt that they should act for the good of the city , not for personal gain . This notion of civic duty was passed on to later cultures , like our own in the United States . Comparing How did the Romans improve on Greek architecture ! Christianity Spreads Early in the first century AD a new religion , Christianity , appeared in Rome . At the Romans saw the Christians as a branch of an older religion , Judaism . They anticipate that Christianity would become a major force in the empire . Christianity grew , though , ing quickly through Rome . Worried by this growth , some tied to stop Christianity from spreading . It could be stopped . Then in the 3005 , a Roman emperor became Christian . later emperors increased their support for Christianity until it became the official religion of the empire .

Roman soldier . During the period of the Roman Empire , Christianity spread from its place in Southwest Asia into other parts of the world . Some historians estimate that , by the 3005 , most of Rome population was Christian . As the church grew , the of church leaders grew as well . Soon the heads of the church became major in Roman society . The most of these leaders was the pope , the bishop of Rome . The of the pope and er church leaders helped unify Rome as a single Christian society . Drawing conclusions How did the Romans help spread Christianity ! SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Romans made many great advances and created a great culture in their empire . By the , though , Roman society had begun to weaken . Threats from both outside and inside the empire seemed likely to tear the empire apart . These two scenes show Jesus carrying the cross and being mocked by a Section I Assessment Reviewing Ideas , and People a . Recall What group of Roman philosophers taught that Critical ( ing Focus ON SPEAKING This Roman carving was created in the it shows scenes from the life of . we ' This symbol , called a , Christ . It is based on the first two letters of the word Christ in Greek . Online Quiz KEYWORD a . Identify What rights and duties did Roman citizens have ?

Explain How did Augustus influence the later development of the Roman government ?

people should not be concerned with possessions ?

Rate What do you think was the Romans greatest engineering accomplishment ?

Why ?

a . Identify Whose conversion to Christianity helped make Christianity acceptable in Rome ?

Make Generalizations What role did church leaders play in the spread of Christianity ?

categorizing Draw a chart like the one below . In each column list one contribution the ancient Romans made . Law Architecture Art Philosophy . Choosing the Right Words Poets use just a few carefully chosen words to tell a story . In your notebook draw a large circle . In the circle write words or phrases you might use in your like empire , stoic , and weaken . If necessary , write a brief description of each word . THE FALL or ROME 29

SECTION What You Will Learn Main Ideas . Many problems threatened the Roman Empire , leading one emperor to divide it in half . Barbarians invaded Rome in the and 4003 . Many factors contributed to Rome fall . Problems from both inside and outside caused the Roman Empire to split and the western half to collapse . Key Terms and People Diocletian , Constantine , 31 Clovis , Attila , corruption , 34 I Discuss the geographic borders of the empire at its height and the factors that threatened its rial cohesion . 30 CHAPTER Fall of the Western Roman Empire If YOU were there You are a former Roman soldier who has settled on lands in Gaul . in the last few months , groups of barbarians have been raiding local towns and burning farms . The commander of the local army garrison is an old friend , but he says he is short of loyal soldiers . Many troops have been called back to Rome . You do know when the next raid will come . How will you defend your lands ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Though the Roman Empire remained large and powerful , it faced serious threats from both outside and inside . Beyond the borders of the empire , many different groups of people were on the move . the peace in eventually attacked the heart of the empire itself . Problems Threaten the Empire At its height the Roman Empire included all the land around the Mediterranean Sea . The empire in the early 1005 stretched from Britain south to Egypt , and from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to the Persian Gulf . But the empire did not stay that large for long . By the end of the 1005 emperors had given up some of the land the Roman army had conquered . These emperors feared that the empire had become too large to defend or govern efficiently . As later rulers discovered , these emperors were right . Problems in the Empire Even as emperors were giving up territory , new threats to the empire were appearing . Germanic warriors , whom the Romans called barbarians , attacked Rome northern borders . At the same time , Persian armies invaded in the east . The Romans defended themselves for 200 years , but only at great cost .

The Romans struggled with problems within the empire as well . Because so many Romans were needed in the army , not enough people were left to farm . To grow enough food , the Romans invited Germanic farmers to grow crops on Roman lands . These farmers often came from the same tribes that threatened Rome borders . Over time , whole German communities had moved into the empire . They chose their own leaders and largely ignored the emperors , which caused problems for the Romans . Other internal problems also Rome survival . Disease swept through the empire , killing many people . The government increased taxes to pay for the defense of the empire . Desperate , the Romans looked for a strong emperor to solve their problems . Division of the Empire The emperor the Romans were looking for was Diocletian ( who took power in the late 2005 . Convinced that the empire was too big for one son to rule , Diocletian divided the empire . He ruled the eastern half of the empire and named a to rule the west . Not long after Diocletian left power , Emperor Constantine ( reunited the two halves of the Roman Empire for a short time . Constantine also moved the empire capital to the east into what is now Turkey . He built a grand new capital city there . The new capital was called Constantinople ( I ) which means the city of Although the empire was still called the Roman Empire , Rome was no longer the real seat of power . Power had moved to the east . Identifying cause and Effect Why did Diocletian divide the Roman Empire ?

Te and western Empires ATLANTIC OCEAN Western Empire ' Eastern Empire Capital 300 600 Kilometers aw Sea ( Barbarians Invade Rome Not long after Constantine moved capital , German the Romans considered the north began to raid the Roman Empire . As you have already read , barbarian tribes had settled along the empire northern border in the 2005 . For more than 100 years these tribes mostly stayed out of Roman tory . late in the 3005 , though , the began raiding deep into the heart of the empire . Early Invasions The source of these raids was a new group of people who moved into Europe . Called the Huns , they were warriors from Central Asia . As you can see on the map on the next page , the Huns invaded southeastern Europe . From there they launched raids on nearby kingdoms . Among the victims of these raids were several groups of people called the Goths . MAPS Place What was the capital of the Eastern Empire ?

TNE IMPACT TODAY Constantinople is now called Istanbul . It is Turkey largest city and a thriving economic center . THE FALL or ROME 31 ACADEMIC VOCABULARY strategy a plan for fighting a battle or war The Goths could not defeat the Huns battle . As the Huns continued to raid their territories , the Goths . Trapped between the Hun and Rome , they had nowhere to go but into Roman territory . Rome leaders were afraid that the Goths would destroy Roman land and property . To stop this destruction , the emperors fought to keep the Goths out of Roman lands . In the east the armies were largely successful . They forced the Goths to move farther west . As a result , however , the western armies were defeated by the Goths , who moved into Roman territory . Invasions of the Roman Empire , I The Sack of Rome The Romans fought desperately to keep the Goths away from Rome . They also paid the Goths not to attack them . For many years this strategy worked . In 408 , however , the Romans stopped making payments . This made the Goths furious . Despite the Romans best efforts to defend their city , the Goths sacked , or destroyed , Rome in 410 . The destruction of Rome ly devastated the Romans . No one had attacked their city in nearly 800 years . For the time , many Romans began to feel afraid for the safety of their empire . Nil ?

ATLANTIC OCEAN INTERPRETING MAPS SKILLS Movement Which group invaded Italy ' before moving onto Spain ?

Western Roman Empire I Eastern Roman Empire 200 400 Miles 200 400 Kilometers The Empire in Chaos Unfortunately for Rome , the city fall to the Goths in 410 was the end of the invasions . The Gothic victory served as an example for other barbarian groups to invade the western half of the empire . In the early 4005 the Vandals invaded Spain . Then they crossed into northern Africa and destroyed Roman settlements there . As they passed through Roman areas , the Vandals destroyed nearly everything in their path . At about the same time , the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes invaded Britain , and the Franks invaded Gaul . By the 4805 a Frankish king named Clovis had built a huge kingdom in Gaul . Clovis , a Christian , was one of the most powerful of all the German kings . Meanwhile , the Huns , under a new leader named Attila ( raided Roman territory in the east . Attila was a brilliant leader and a very scary enemy . Here is one description that shows why he was so terrifying . He was a man born into the world to shake IMPACT TODAY , We still use the the nations , the scourge of all lands , who In word Vanda , some way all mankind by the dreadful today to describe rumors abroad concerning who , from Goth destroys property . The Goths and Huns were just two of the groups that invaded the Roman Empire . In this illustration , a Goth warrior is shown on the right , and a Hun is shown on the left . These invaders also battled each other , as Huns attacked Goths and fought for territory and . THE FALL or ROME 33

ACADEMIC efficient ( productive and not wasteful Attila led the Huns in raids against Constantinople , Greece , Gaul , and parts of northern Italy . But because he was told that diseases ran wild in southern Italy , he decided not to go south to Rome . The End of the Western Empire Rome needed strong leaders to survive these constant attacks , but the emperors of the 4005 were weak . As attacks on borders increased , military leaders took power away from the emperors . By the 4505 military leaders ruled Rome . Unfortunately for Rome , most of these military leaders were too busy among themselves to protect the empire . Barbarian leaders took advantage of this situation and invaded Rome . In 476 a general overthrew the last emperor in Rome and named himself king of Italy . Many historians consider this event the end of the western Roman Empire . Analyzing Why did Home fall to barbarians in the 400 ?

34 CHAPTER Factors in Rome Fall There were many causes for the decline of Rome , including barbarian invasions , ruption of governmental , and a weakening economy , and the power of the military to make and remove emperors . One cause of Rome decline was the vast size of the empire . In some ways , Rome had simply grown too big to govern . Communication among various parts of the empire was , even in peaceful times . During times of it became even more . Political crises also contributed to the decline . By the corruption , the decay of people values , had become widespread in Rome government . Corrupt officials used threats and bribery to achieve their goals , often ignoring the needs of Roman citizens . Because of officials like these , Rome government was no longer as efficient as it had been in the past . In the face of this corruption , many wealthy citizens the city of Rome for their country estates . This action created a series of causes and effects that further weakened the empire .

Outside Rome , many landowners used slaves or serfs to work on their lands . To protect their estates and their wealth , many landowners created their own armies . Ambitious landowners used these personal armies to overthrow emperors and take power for themselves . As wealthy citizens abandoned Rome and other cities , city life became more for those who remained . Rome population decreased , and schools closed . At the same time taxes and prices soared , leaving more and more Romans poor . By the end of the Rome was no longer the city it had once been . As it changed , the empire slowly collapsed around it . Finding Main Ideas How did corruption alter Roman society in the ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW By the early 5005 Rome no longer ruled western Europe . But as you will read in the next section , the empire in the east continued to prosper for several hundred years . why Rome Fell I Large size made communication difficult . I Corruption became common . I Rich citizens left Rome for country estates . I Taxes and prices rose . Problems Outside the Empire I Barbarians began invading the empire . SKILL READING TIME LINES About how long did the Roman Empire last ?

Section Assessment . om Online Quiz KEYWORD Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People HE a . Recall Where did Constantine move Rome capital ?

Explain Why did Diocletian divide the empire in two ?

a . Identify Who was Attila ?

Summarize Why did the Goths move into the Roman Empire in the 3005 ?

Elaborate Why do you think the sack of Rome was so devastating ?

a . Describe What kinds of problems did Rome size cause for its emperors ?

Make Generalizations How did corruption weaken Rome in the 4005 ?

Critical Thinking . Drawing Conclusions Draw a word web like the one shown on the right . In each of the outer circles , list a factor that helped lead to the fall of the western Roman Empire . You may add more circles if needed . Focus ON SPEAKING . Adding Details Make a list of the most important events that led to the fall of the western Roman Empire . Then circle the events you will mention in your poem . 35 THE FALL OF ROME

SECTION What You will Learn . Eastern emperors ruled from Constantinople and tried but failed to reunite the whole Roman Empire . The people ofthe eastern empire created a new society that was very different from society in the west . Byzantine Christianity was religion in the west . The Idea The Roman Empire split into two parts , and the eastern Roman Empire prospered for hundreds of years western empire fell . Key and People Justinian , 36 Theodora , 37 Byzantine Empire , 38 mosaics , 39 ' Describe the by Constantine of the new capital in Constantinople and the development ofthe Empire , with an emphasis on the consequences of the development of two distinct European civilizations , Eastern Orthodox and Roman , and distinct views on relations . 36 CHAPTER The Byzantine Empire IfYOU were there You are a trader visiting Constantinople . You have traveled to many cities but have never seen anything so The city has huge palaces and stadiums for horse races . In the city center you enter a church and stop , speechless with amazement . Above you is a vast , gold dome lit by hundreds of candles , How does the city make you feel about its rulers ?

BUILDING BACKGROUND Even before the western empire fell to the Goths , power had begun to the richer , more stable east The people of the eastern empire considered themselves Romans , culture was very that of Rome itself . A . Emperors Rule from Constantinople Constantinople was built on the site of an ancient Greek ing city called Byzantium ( It lay near both the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea . This location between two seas protected the city from attack and let the city control trade between Europe and Asia . Constantinople was in an ideal place to grow in wealth and power . Justinian After Rome fell in 476 , the emperors of the eastern Roman Empire dreamed of taking it back and reuniting the old Roman Empire . For Justinian ( an emperor who ruled from 527 to 565 , reuniting the empire was a passion . He could live with a Roman Empire that did include the city of Rome , so he sent his army to retake Italy . In the end this army conquered not only Italy but also much land around the Mediterranean . Justinian other passions were the law and the church . He ordered to examine all of Rome laws and remove any or unchristian laws . He then organized all the laws

INTERPRETING MAPS Location Where was Constantinople ?

into a legal system called Justinian Code . By simplifying Roman law , this code helped guarantee fair treatment for all . Despite his achievements , Justinian made many enemies . Two groups of these enemies joined together and tried to throw him in 532 . These groups led riots in the streets and set fire to buildings . Scared for his life , Justinian prepared to leave Constantinople . Justinian was stopped from leaving by his wife , Theodora ( She convinced Justinian to stay in the city . Smart and powerful , Theodora helped her husband rule effectively . With her advice , he found a way to end the riots . Justinian soldiers killed all the saved the emperor throne . The Empire after Justinian After the death of Justinian in 565 , the eastern empire began to decline . Faced with invasions by barbarians , Persians , and Muslims , later emperors lost all the land Hippodrome 150 300 Kilometers Constantinople was strategically located where Europe and 300 Miles Hagia Sophia Asia meet . As a result . the city was in a perfect location to control trade routes between the two continents . Justinian had gained . The eastern empire remained a major power for several years , but it never regained its former strength . The eastern empire struggles ended nearly 700 years after the death of Justinian . In 1453 a group called the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople . With this defeat the ( history of the eastern Roman Empire came to an end . READING CHECK Drawing Conclusions Why did Justinian reorganize Roman law ?

THE FALL OF ROME 37 A New Society In many was the last Roman emperor of the eastern empire . After he died , took hold throughout the empire . People began to speak Greek , the language of the eastern empire , rather than Latin . Scholars studied Greek , not Roman , philosophy . Gradually , the empire lost its ties to the old Roman Empire , and a new society developed . The people who lived in this society never stopped thinking of themselves as Romans . But modern historians have given their society a new name . They call the society that developed in the ern Roman Empire after the west fell the Byzantine ( Empire , named after the Greek town of Byzantium . History Outside One reason eastern and western Roman society was different was the Byzantines interaction with other groups . This action was largely a result of trade . Because Constantinople location was ideal for trading between Europe and Asia , it became the greatest trading city in Europe . Merchants from all around Europe , Asia , and Africa traveled to Constantinople to trade . Over time Byzantine society began to these outside as well as its Roman and Greek roots . Government The forms of government that developed in the eastern and western empires also ated differences . Byzantine emperors had The Glory of Constantinople Constantinople was a crossroads for traders . a center of Christianity , and the capital of an empire . It was a city with great buildings , palaces , and . The rulers led processions , or ceremonial walks , to show their wealth and power . This procession went from the church to the royal palace . The procession showed the power and importance of the emperor as head of the church .

more power than western emperors did . They liked to show off their great power . For example , people could not stand while they were in the presence of the eastern emperor . They had to crawl on their hands and knees to talk to him . The power of an eastern emperor was greater , in part , because the emperor was considered the head of the church as well as the political ruler . The Byzantines thought the emperor had been chosen by God to lead both the empire and the church . In the west the emperor was limited to political power . Popes and bishops were the leaders of the church . What were two ways in which eastern and western Roman society were different ?

The procession began at Hagia . Sophia , the ' Byzantines famous church . 11 ! Citizens and visitors crowded the square to see the royal rulers pass by . Byzantine Christianity Just as it was in the west , Christianity was central to the Byzantines lives . From the beginning , nearly everyone who lived in the Byzantine Empire was Christian . To show their devotion to God and the Christian Church , Byzantine artists ed beautiful works of religious art . Among the grandest works were mosaics , pictures made with pieces of colored stone or glass . Some mosaics sparkled with gold , silver , and jewels . Ill ANALYSIS ( ANALYZING VISUALS Where did the procession begin and end ?

The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires FACT In the Western Roman Empire . I Popes and bishops led the church , and the emperor led the government I Latin was the main language . In the Byzantine Empire . I Emperors led the church and the government . I Greek was the main language . THE IMPACT TODAY Even more than their mosaics were Byzantine churches , Hagia Sophia ( The Eastern . chum , Built by Justinian in the 5303 , its huge is main domes rose high above Constantinople . Russia to le end when Justinian saw Greece , and other parts of Eastern the church he exclaimed in delight Europe . Glory to God who has judged me worthy of accomplishing such a work as this ! Solomon , I have outdone you ! quoted in The the Building of the Church Sophia As time passed , people in the east and west began to interpret and practice differently . For example , eastern Section Assessment priests could get married , while priests in the west could not . Religious services were in Greek in the east . In the west they were held in Latin . For hundreds of years , church leaders from the east and west worked together peacefully despite their differences . ever , the differences between their ideas Continued to grow . In time the differences led to a split within the Christian Church . In the 10005 Christians in the east broke away from the rest of the church and formed what became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church . As a result , eastern and western Europe were completely divided . What led me split in the Christian Church ?

SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Roman Empire and the Christian Church both divided into two parts . The Eastern Orthodox Church became a major force in the Byzantine Empire . Before long , though , Orthodox Christians members of a religious group they had never met before , the Muslims online Quiz KEYWORD 507 , Reviewing Ideas , Terms , and People critical Thinking a . Describe Where was Constantinople located ?

Summarize What were two of major accomplishments ?

Elaborate What do you think Theodora role in the government says about women in the eastern empire ?

a . Identify What was one major difference between the powers of emperors in the east and the west ?

Explain How did Contact with other cultures help change the Byzantine Empire ?

a . Define What is a mosaic ?

Make Generalizations What led to the creation of two different Christian societies in Europe ?

40 CHAPTER . Comparing and Contrasting Draw a Venn diagram like the one shown here . In the , left oval describe the western Roman Empire . In the right oval describe the eastern empire . Where the ovals overlap , list features the two had in common . Focus on SPEAKING . Organizing Dates Add key events from Byzantine history to the list you made in the last section . Once you have your list complete , arrange the events on your list in the order they happened .

BIOGRAPHY Justinian and Theodora How would you rebuild a fallen empire ?

When did they live ?

Justinian , Theodora , Where did they live ?

Constantinople What did they do ?

As Byzantine emperor , Justinian reconquered parts of the fallen western empire and Roman laws . He also ordered the building of many beautiful public buildings and churches , including Hagia Sophia . Why are they important ?

Justinian and Theodora worked together to restore the power , beauty , and strength of the Roman Empire . They made Constantinople into a grand capital city and the center of a strong empire . While Justinian tried to reconquer the west , Theodora helped create laws to aid women and children and to end government corruption . Evaluating Which oi Justinian and Theodora accomplishments do you find most impressive ?

Why ?

KEY EVENTS 525 Justinian and Theodora are married . 521 Justinian becomes emperor and names Theodora empress . 532 Theodora not to flee Constantinople during riots . 534 Justinian Code is produced armies reconquer parts of the Roman Empire , from North Africa to Italy to Spain . Hagia Sophia rises high above Istanbul , Turkey , the city once called Constantinople .

Social Studies Skills . Critical Thinking Participation Study Analysis Chance , Error , and Oversight in History Understand the Skill History is nothing more than what people thought and did in the past , and the people of the past were just as human as people today . Like us , they occasionally forgot or overlooked things . They made mistakes in their decisions or judgments . Unexpected things happened that they could control . Sometimes , these oversights , errors , and just plain luck shaped history . Learn the Skill This chapter notes several examples of the role of error , chance , and oversight in history . Error The Gothic chief Alaric offered peace with Rome in return for land and supplies for his people . Rome leaders paid for many years , but then they stopped . Stopping the payments was a mistake , because Alaric attacked and looted Rome in 410 . For the first time in 800 years , Rome fell to an outside invader . Chance In 452 Attila the Hun attacked northern Italy . After several victories , however , he halted his invasion and turned back . Southern was suffering from a plague , and Attila did not want to risk weakening his army by entering the region . If not for this chance occurrence , Rome might have been conquered again . Oversight Emperor Justinian subjects failed to appreciate his wife importance . Theodora was a commoner , so they gave her little respect . When they launched a revolt in 532 , Justinian was ready to . However , Theodora gave a powerful speech about the rewards of risking one life for a great cause . Her speech inspired Justinian supporters to attack and defeat the rebels . Practice and Apply the Skill As you read in the chapter , military leaders ruled the western empire by the 4505 . Analyze the reasons for this development . Write a graph to explain how chance , error , or oversight this shift in power in Rome . 42 CHAPTER

Visual Summary the main ideas of the chapter . The Romans built a huge , powerful empire and made many contributions ' to art , architecture , law , and other fields . Standards Review Use the visual summary below to help you review Barbarian invasions and internal problems caused the collapse of the Roman Empire . The eastern Byzantine , Empire remained after the Roman Empire fell and was an center of Christianity and trade . Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire Reviewing Vocabulary , Terms , and People Unscramble each group of letters below to spell a term that matches the given . Comprehension and Critical Thinking SECTION I ( Pages ) Em a . Recall What new religion appeared in the given to the eastern half of the Roman Empire who divided the Roman Empire into two parts who had the right to pate in government of the Byzantine Empire decay of people values made from pieces of colorful glass or stone first emperor of Rome of the Huns who invaded Rome in the 4005 emperor who tried to reunite the entire Roman Empire Roman Empire in the first century AD ?

Analyze What did it mean to be a Roman citizen ?

Elaborate Many historians have observed that the Romans were a practical people . How did that quality show in Roman engineering , architecture , and philosophy ?

Pages 35 ) ESE I a . Identify Who were the Huns ?

Who were the Goths ?

Compare and Contrast What did Diocletian and Constantine have in common ?

How did their actions differ ?

Evaluate Of all the causes for the fall of the western Roman Empire , which , if any , could have been prevented ?

Explain your answer . THE FALL or ROME 43 section ( Pages ) HE a . Identify Who were Justinian and Theodora , and what did they accomplish ?

Contrast In what ways was the Byzantine Empire different from the western Roman Empire ?

Elaborate Would Constantinople have been an exciting place to visit in the 5005 ?

Why or why not ?

Reviewing Themes 13 . Politics How did weak government help lead to the end of the western Roman Empire ?

14 . Religion Do you agree or disagree with this statement By the 10005 , Europe was divided into two Christian societies . Why or why not ?

Reading Skills Understanding Main Ideas Read each of the following paragraphs and identify the main idea . 15 . Roads were only one thing the Romans were good at making . The Romans were skilled engineers and builders . They built excellent bridges , aqueducts , and buildings . 16 . Many groups invaded the Roman Empire in the 3005 and 4005 . Among them were the Goths and the Vandals . These groups caused a great deal of damage . 17 . Huge churches with large domes were built in Constantinople and other parts of the Byzantine Empire . Byzantine artists also ated beautiful works of religious art . Many of their paintings and sparkling mosaics covered the walls of churches . These paintings and mosaics often showed Jesus , angels , and scenes from the Bible . 44 CHAPTER I Using the Internet . Activity Summarizing Most law students are required to learn about Justinian Code because it had such a strong on modern law . Enter the keyword . Then create a chart that summarizes how Justinian Code modern issues such as the rights and of individuals . Explain how values such as an individual right to equality before the law the world . Code Modern law Social Studies Skills Chance , Oversight , and Error in History Answer the following questions about the role of chance , oversight , or error in history . Attila planned to lead the Huns in an attack on the Roman Empire in 453 , but he died of a nosebleed the night of his wedding that year . How might history have been different if Attila had not happened to die ?

20 . How might the revolt against Justinian in 532 have been caused by an oversight on his part ?

What might he have done to prevent the revolt ?

Focus ON SPEAKING 21 . Presenting a Narrative Poem Look back over the details and events you listed while reading this chapter . Choose five or six of these events to include in your poem . Write your poem . In the one or two lines , introduce the poem subject . Write five or six more lines , each about one event that occurred during Rome decline . Then present your poem , altering your voice and rhythm as you do so to make your poem more interesting .

Standards Assessment DIRECTIONS lead each question , and write the letter of the best response . I Empire is ruled by emperors . I Emperors are both religious leaders and political leaders . I Women have roles in ment . I Greek , Egyptian , and Muslim cultural influences shape society . I People practice the Orthodox Christian religion . I People identify themselves as Romans . The six characteristics listed above describe A the eastern Roman Empire . the western Roman Empire . both the eastern and western empires . neither the eastern nor the western empire . Byzantine artists were known especially for creating colorful A statues . mosaics . frescoes . pottery . Which of the following was nota reason for the fall of the Roman Empire ?

A the empire vast size corruption in Roman government pressure on the Goths from the Huns the influence of Greek government I The eastern Roman Empire is also known as the A Holy Roman Empire . Eastern Orthodox Empire . Ottoman Empire . Byzantine Empire . In 410 the city of Home was destroyed for the first time in 800 years by the army of a foreign people called the A Huns . Vandals . Goths . Franks . Connecting with Past Learnings Constantine unified the entire Roman Empire and introduced a new religion into the Roman government . Which leader that you learned about in Grade is known for his similar accomplishments ?

A Asoka Alexander In Grade you learned that the Persians threatened Greek civilization for a time . All of the following peoples played a similar role in Roman history except the A Byzantines . Goths . Vandals . Huns . THE FALL or ROME 45 Writing Workshop A Description of Assignment or Ancient Architecture the Roman Colosseum or the Hagia Sophia in ave you ever seen something so amazing that you just Constantinople . had to describe it to your best friend ?

A descriptive essay is one way to do that . A good description paints a detailed , vivid picture , one so clear that readers can see it in their minds . Identifying Details Here . Picking a Subject and Choosing Details my dams your ' Use your textbook , the library , the Internet to information I What color or colors best and illustrations of the Colosseum and the Hagia Sophia . Choose the it ?

one that seems most interesting to you and begin to take notes about . what size is the building . Look for about I the outside of the building , I at shapes can you I the inside of it , I If you touched a wall , how might it . its size ' I the materials from which it was made , I any decorations or artwork it contained . Think about the feeling you want your readers to have about the building . Do you want them to think it was beautiful , cold , huge , or comfortable ?

Make that feeling part of your big idea and choose details to help create it . Organizing Your Information . Choose one of two ways to organize your description . LA I Spatial Order from front to back , top to bottom , outside to Writing Students write inside ?

at I Order of Importance from least important part to most important part . Write Here is a framework that can help you write a first draft . A Writer Framework Introduction Body Conclusion I Identify your subject and your big I Describe your subject , using details I Briefly summarize the most important idea . to help your readers visualize it . details about the building . I Give your readers any background I Organize your details by space or I Restate your big idea . information they might need . importance . 46 UNIT

. Evaluate and Revise Evaluating Use the following questions to discover ways to improve your paper . Evaluation for a Description I Are the details and information clearly organized by spatial order or order of importance ?

I Does your conclusion summarize the most important details about the building ?

I Do you restate your big idea in different words ?

I Does your introduction identify your subject and your big idea ?

I Does your introduction give readers any needed background information ?

I Do the details and information work together to help your ers visualize your subject ?

Revising If your description seems a little dull , look for places to replace general words with exact Verbs , nouns , and adjectives . They will make your description more interesting and help your reader visualize the building . General an interesting roof Exact a huge central dome surrounded by two and several smaller domes Check your description to see whether you could make some details clearer with comparisons . Compare the building , or a part of it , to something your readers can picture in their minds . See the tip to the right . Proofread and Publish Proofreading Check to be sure you have used a comma after a long group of words at the beginning of a sentence . Example To the west of the central dome , you can see a . Publishing Attach a picture of the building you have described and exchange papers with another student . Discuss which is picture or the written description . Make a list of the advantages of the picture and the advantages of the written description . Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies outlined in this workshop to write your description of the Colosseum or the Hagia Sophia . Using Comparisons To help readers understand a subject , you might compare it to something they dome on the cathedral to the dome on the state capital , for example . You can also understand by comparing two thingsthat are really not alike . These comparisons can help your readers see things in a new way . Example The center dome rises above the rest of the roof like a mushroom sticking out ofthe ground . Showing Where Things Are To show where features are located in or on your building , you may use words or groups of words like below , beside , down , above , over , next to , to the right , and to the left . CONNECTING WITH PAST LEARNINGS 41