7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Reference part 4 Glossary Index Credits Acknowledgments

I English and Spanish Glossary As IN EXAMPLE Phonetic and , Pronunciation Guide Asia huh Many of the key terms in this . textbook have been to help you pronounce them . LE TE The letter combinations used even , lat . Leer in the throughout , 11 ) smash the explained , In the following phonetic Ohio iv and ' guide . The gui is adapted sift ! from , Collegiate Dictionary , Eleventh ' and foil . Geographical Dictionary . cup , butter um , rule , lew yoo woo vision ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY A syllable primed in small capital letters receives heavier emphasis than the other ( in a ward . archaeology ( the study of the past based on materials people have left behind ( del pasado a de , los que las personas ( 357 ) animism the belief that bodies of water , artifact an Object Created and used by humans mals , trees , and other natural objects have ( spirits ( 117 ) de que las de agua , los , los otros tienen ( aqueduct ( a channel that carries water from distant places ( 26 ) canal hecho por el ser que agua desde ( 26 ) alchemy a forerunner of chemistry ( 357 ) de la por los ( atlas a collection of maps ( 461 ) atlas de ( 461 ) balance of trade the relationship of goods imported to goods exported ( 459 ) comercial entre los los ( 459 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

barometer a instrument that sures air pressure ( 363 ) que mide la ( 363 ) Black Death a deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 ( 279 ) Peste Negra plaga mortal que Europa entre 1347 1351 ( 279 ) bureaucracy a body of unelected government ( 178 ) cuerpo de no del ( 178 ) Bushido ( the code of honor lowed by the samurai in Japan ( 214 ) Bushido de honor por el que se los samurais en ( 214 ) Byzantine Empire the society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the western Roman Empire ( 38 ) que en el romano de la del romano de ( 38 ) caliph ( a title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam ( 80 ) que los le dan al supremo del Islam ( 80 ) calligraphy decorative writing ( 98 ) 98 ) capitalism an economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries ( 463 ) en el que los las la de las ( 463 ) caravan a group of traders that travel together ( 56 ) grupo de que juntos ( 56 ) Catholic Reformation the effort of the late and to reform the Catholic Church from within also called the ( 334 ) para reformat la desde dentro que lugar a del XVI en el XVII como ( 334 ) causeway a raised road across water or wet ground ( 411 ) sobre agua ( 411 ) chivalry ( the code of honorable behavior for medieval knights ( 249 ) de honor de los caballeros ( 249 ) Christian humanism the combination of humanist and religious ideas ( 314 ) de ideas ( 314 ) circumnavigate to go all the way around ( 449 ) por ( 449 ) citizen a person who can participate in government ( 25 ) persona que puede en el ( 25 ) civil service service as a government official ( 178 ) como del ( 178 ) clan an extended family ( 200 ) clan familia ( 200 ) clergy church ( de la Iglesia ( 269 ) codex ( an ancient book of historical records ( 420 ) libro con ( 420 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY In in In ta VI I in

Vi III Columbian English Bill of de Columbian Exchange the exchange of plants , animals , and ideas between the New World and the Old World ( 454 ) de tas , ideas entre el Nuevo Mundo el Viejo Mundo ( 454 ) compass an instrument that uses the magnetic to indicate direction ( 174 ) que el campo de la Tierra para la ( 174 ) congregation an assembly of people who belong to a church ( 345 ) grupo de personas que a una iglesia ( 345 ) conquistadors ( Spanish soldiers in the Americas who explored new lands , searched for gold and silver , and tried to spread Christianity ( 413 ) conquistadores soldados en America que , oro plata el ( 413 ) corruption the decay of people values ( 34 ) de los de las personas ( 34 ) cottage industry a system in which people work at home to make a product ( 460 ) en el que las personas en casa para un ( 460 ) court a group of nobles who live near and serve or advise a ruler ( 204 ) grupo de nobles que cerca de un lo ( 204 ) Crusades a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia fought for control of the Holy Land from 1096 to 1291 ( 264 ) de entre en el de Asia para conseguir el control de la Tierra Santa lugar entre el afro 1096 el 1291 ( 264 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY daimyo ( large landowners of dal Japan ( 212 ) daimyo grandes de del feudal ( Declaration of Independence a document ten in 1776 that declared the American colonies independence from British rule ( 486 ) de en 1776 que la de las de del ( 486 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen a document written in France in 1789 that guaranteed freedoms for French citizens ( 489 ) de los del Hombre del en en 1789 que para los ( 489 ) Edict of Nantes ( a decree issued in 1598 by King Henry IV that granted religious freedom in most of France ( 343 ) de Nantes en 1598 por el rey Enrique IV que libertad en la mayor parte de ( 343 ) English Bill of Rights a document approved in 1689 that listed rights for Parliament and the English people and drew on the of Magna Carta ( 485 ) Declaration de en 1689 que los chos del Parlamento del pueblo de terra , en los de la Carta Magna ( 485 )

Enlightenment a period during the and when reason was used to guide thoughts about society , politics , and philosophy ( 474 ) durante los siglos XVII XVIII en el que la razon la ion de las personas acerca de la , la la ( 474 ) Eurasia the large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia ( 230 ) Eurasia gran masa continental que a Europa Asia ( 230 ) excommunicate to cast out from the church ( 261 ) de la Iglesia ( 261 ) extended family a family group that includes the father , mother , children , and close relatives ( 116 ) familia grupo familiar que al padre , la madre , los hijos los ( 116 ) federalism the sharing of power between local governments and a strong central ment ( 345 ) de del poder entre los locales un central fuerte ( 345 ) feudalism ( the system of obligations that governed the ships between lords and vassals in medieval Europe ( 243 ) de que las entre los los en la Europa ( 243 ) a person who appears to rule even though real power rests with someone else ( 213 ) persona que el poder real 10 otra persona ( 213 ) Five Pillars of Islam acts of worship required of all Muslims ( 68 ) los cinco del cinco que los tienen que ( 68 ) fossil a part or imprint of something that was once alive ( parte de un set vivo ya ( friar a member of a religious order who lived and worked among the public ( 272 ) de una orden que entre la gente ( 272 ) Grand Canal a canal linking northern and southern China ( 167 ) Gran Canal canal que el norte el sur de China ( 167 ) griot a West African storyteller ( 147 ) griot de de Africa tal ( 147 ) gunpowder a mixture of powders used in guns and explosives ( 174 ) de en annas de fuego ( 174 ) JIL haiku a type of Japanese poem with three lines and 17 syllables that describes nature scenes ( 250 ) haiku tipo de de tres 17 en el que se de la ( harem an area of an Ottoman household where women lived apart from men ( 90 ) zona de una casa en la que las mujeres Vivian de los hombres ( 90 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY ' as ! I in I in is

in in ! Lu heresy ( religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings ( 282 ) ideas que se a la de la Iglesia ( 282 ) history the study of the past ( historia el del pasado ( Holy Land the region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea where Jesus lived , preached , and died ( 264 ) Santa region de la costa este del mar en la que Jesus , 264 ) a French Protestant ( 342 ) 342 ) humanism the study of history , literature , public speaking , and art that led to a new way of thinking in Europe in the late 13003 ( 304 ) de la historia , la , la el arte que una nueva de pensar en Europa a del XIV ( 304 ) Hundred Years War a long between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453 ( 278 ) Guerra de los Anos largo entre que lugar entre 1337 1453 ( 278 ) hypothesis a solution a scientist proposes to solve a problem ( 366 ) que un propone para resolver un problema ( 366 ) indulgence a document given by the pope that excused a person from penalties for sins he or she had committed ( 329 ) por el Papa que a una persona las penas por los que hubiera do ( 329 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY interest a fee that borrowers pay for the use of someone else money ( 302 ) suma que las personas que toman dinero pagan por el uso del dinero de otra persona ( 302 ) Islam a religion based on the messages Muhammad is believed to have received from God ( 60 ) Islam religion en los que se cree que de Dios ( 60 ) isolationism a policy of avoiding contact with other countries ( 186 ) de el con otros ( 186 ) Janissary an Ottoman slave soldier ( 88 ) soldado ( 88 ) Jesuits members of a Catholic religious order created to serve the pope and the church ( 336 ) de una orden para servir al Papa a la Iglesia ( 336 ) jihad ( to make an effort or to struggle has also been interpreted to mean holy war ( 67 ) se ha con el de guerra santa ( 67 ) kente a , brightly colored West African fabric ( 151 ) kente muy , a mano , de Africa occidental ( 151 ) knight a warrior in medieval Europe who fought on horseback ( 242 ) caballero guerrero de la Europa medieval que a caballo ( 242 )

natural natural llama ( an animal related to the camel that is native to South America ( 425 ) llama animal de la familia del , de ( 425 ) Magna Carta a document signed in 1215 by King John of England that required the king to honor certain rights ( 276 ) Carta Magna por el rey Juan de en 1215 que que el rey ( 276 ) maize ( corn ( 387 ) cereal conocido como ( 387 ) manor a large estate owned by a knight or lord ( 245 ) gran a un senor feudal ( 245 ) market economy an economic system in which individuals decide what goods and services they will buy ( 463 ) de mercado en el que los tipo de desean comprar ( 463 ) masonry stonework ( 430 ) obra de piedra ( 430 ) medieval ( referring to the Middle Ages ( 234 ) medieval a la Media ( 234 ) a system in which a government controls all economic activity in a country and its colonies to make the government stronger and richer ( 459 ) en el que el toda la de un pais sus con el de mas fuerte mas rico ( 459 ) a region that includes the ern part of what is now Mexico and parts of northern Central America ( 384 ) region que la zona sur del actual del norte de ( 384 ) Middle Ages a period that lasted from about 500 to 1500 in Europe ( 234 ) Media nombre con el que se na el que desde el 500 hasta el 1500 en Europa ( 234 ) minaret a narrow tower from which Muslims are called to prayer ( 97 ) torre desde la que se llama a la oracion a los ( 97 ) monastery a community of monks ( 236 ) de ( monk a religious man who lived apart from society in an isolated community ( 236 ) que de la en una ( 236 ) mosaic a picture made with pieces of colored stone or glass ( 39 ) hecho con de piedra Cristal de colores ( 39 ) mosque ( a building for Muslim prayer ( 63 ) para la oracion ( 63 ) Muslim a follower of Islam ( 60 ) del Islam ( 60 ) IlL natural law a law that people believed God had created to govern how the world ated ( ley natural ley que las personas que Dios habia para el del mundo ( 274 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY in as I ! 33

at on as natural natural rights the belief that developed during the Enlightenment that people had certain rights , such as the right to life , liberty , and property ( 480 ) que se durante la de que las personas , Como el derecho a la Vida , a la libertad a la ( 480 ) oasis a wet , fertile area within a desert ( 56 ) oasis zona en un ( 56 ) observatory a building used to study my ( 398 ) que para la ( 398 ) obsidian a sharp , glasslike volcanic rock ( 390 ) roca al ( 390 ) oral history a spoken record of past events ( 147 ) historia oral de en el pasado ( 147 ) Parliament ( the lawmaking body that governs England ( 277 ) Parlamento que ( 277 ) patron a sponsor ( 97 ) 97 ) Period of Disunion the time of disorder that followed the collapse of the Han Dynasty in China ( 166 ) de de en la historia de China la de la Han se desde el 220 hasta el 589 ( 168 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY perspective a method of showing a dimensional scene on a surface so that it looks real ( 307 ) para una de forma tridimensional en una con el de que real ( 307 ) pilgrimage a journey to a sacred place ( 62 ) viaje a un lugar ( 62 ) plantation a large farm ( 456 ) hacienda de grandes nes ( 456 ) a book containing Maya legends and history ( 399 ) libro que las la historia de los ( 399 ) popular sovereignty the Enlightenment idea that governments should express the will of the people ( 480 ) popular idea de la que en que los deben la voluntad del pueblo ( 480 ) porcelain a thin , beautiful pottery invented in China ( 173 ) bella en China ( 173 ) primary source a account of an event created by someone who took part in or witnessed the event ( de un hecho por parte de alguien que el hecho ( Protestant a Christian who protested against the Catholic church ( 331 ) que en tra de la Iglesia ( 331 ) proverb a short saying of wisdom or truth ( 148 ) breve que una verdad ( 148 )

purgatory in Catholic teaching , a place where souls went before they went to heaven ( 329 ) en la , lugar al que van las almas antes de pasar al ( 329 ) the language of the Inca ( 424 ) de los incas ( 424 ) an ( the holy book of Islam ( 60 ) libro del Islam ( 60 ) racism the belief that some people are better than others because of racial traits , such as skin color ( 45 ) de que algunas personas son que otras a los , como el color de la ( 45 ) rain forest a moist , densely wooded area that contains many different plants and animals ( 114 ) selva tropical zona con muchos que muchas de plantas ( 114 ) rationalist someone who looks at the world in a reasonable and logical way ( 356 ) alguien que el mundo de manera ( 356 ) the effort of Christian kingdoms in northern Spain to retake land from the Moors during the Middle Ages ( 283 ) de los del norte de por los en de los durante la Media ( 283 ) Reformation ( a reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church that began in 1517 it resulted in the creation of Protestant churches ( 328 ) de contra la Iglesia romana que en 1517 en la de las ( 328 ) regent a person who rules a country for one who is unable to rule alone ( 202 ) persona que un pais en lugar de alguien que no puede por su cuenta ( 202 ) religious order a group of people who dedicate their to religion and follow common rules ( 272 ) orden grupo de personas que can su Vida a la religion una serie de ( 272 ) Renaissance ( the period of rebirth and creativity that followed Europe Middle Ages ( 303 ) de volver a posterior a la Media en Europa ( 303 ) rift a long , deep valley formed by the ment of the earth crust ( 112 ) largo profundo por el de la ( 12 ) a semiarid region in Africa just south of the Sahara that separates the ert from wetter areas ( 114 ) region de Africa , al sur del Sahara , que el de otras mas ( 114 ) salon a social gathering held to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment ( 477 ) reunion social para ideas se durante la ( 477 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY as VI ' in I Vi

an st In ! UI at ad is in Spanish samurai ( a trained professional warrior in feudal Japan ( 212 ) samurai guerrero del feudal ( sand dune a hill of sand shaped by the wind ( 56 ) de arena por el ( 56 ) savannah an open grassland with scattered trees ( 14 ) con sos ( 114 ) an educated member of China government who passed a series of written examinations ( 178 ) del de China que habia una serie de ( 178 ) science a particular way of gaining knowledge about the world ( 355 ) manera de sobre el mundo ( 355 ) method a method for performing experiments and other research ( 365 ) para otros de ( 365 ) Revolution a series of events that led to the birth of modern science it lasted from about 1540 to 1700 ( 354 ) serie de tos que al de la se desde del 1540 hasta el 1700 ( 354 ) secondary source the information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event ( por alguien que no ni un hecho ( secular ( 475 ) no , 475 ) sedentary settled ( 56 ) en un lugar ( 56 ) ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY serf a worker in medieval Europe who was tied to the land on which he or she lived ( 245 ) de la Europa medieval que estaba al en el que ( 245 ) Shia ( a member of the branch of Islam ( 90 ) shia de la rama mas importante del Islam ( 90 ) Shinto the traditional religion of Japan ( religion de ( shogun a general who ruled Japan in the emperor name ( 213 ) shogun general que en nombre del ( 213 ) shrine a place at which people worship a saint or god ( 62 ) lugar en el que las personas a un santo a un dios ( 62 ) silent barter a process in which people exchange goods without contacting each other directly ( 132 ) el que las personas sin entrar en directo ( 132 ) social structure the way a society is organized ( 10 ) social forma en que se la ( 10 ) society a community of people who share a common culture ( 10 ) de personas que la misma ( 10 ) souk ( a market or bazaar in the world ( 56 ) mercado bazar del mundo ( 56 ) Spanish Armada a large of Spanish ships that was defeated by England in 1588 ( 451 ) Armada gran de que fue por en 1588 ( 451 )

Spanish Spanish Inquisition an organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion ( 284 ) de dotes en que a las personas de su religion ( 284 ) Africa Africa south of the Sahara ( 12 ) Africa parte de Africa que queda al sur del Sahara ( 112 ) a movement in Islam that taught people they can God love by having a personal relationship with God ( 96 ) al Islam que alas personas que pueden el amor de Dios Si una personal con El ( 96 ) sultan an Ottoman ruler ( 89 ) sultan ( 89 ) a collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that a model for Muslims to follow ( 67 ) de sobre la Vida de que un de para los ( 67 ) Sunni a member of the largest branch of Islam ( 90 ) sum de la rama mas importante del Islam ( 90 ) theory an explanation a scientist develops based on facts ( 355 ) que un en ( 355 ) War a series of wars from 1618 to 1648 that involved many of the countries of Europe ( 344 ) Guerra de de desde 1618 a 1648 en la que muchos de los ( 344 ) tolerance acceptance ( 83 ) 83 ) topography the shape and elevation of land in a region ( 230 ) del en una region ( 230 ) vassal a knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land in medieval Europe ( 243 ) Caballero de la Europa medieval que a un feudal a bio de ( 243 ) vernacular the common language of a people ( 306 ) de un pueblo ( 306 ) woodblock printing a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood , covered with ink , and pressed to a piece of paper to create a printed page ( 174 ) forma de en la que una pagina se en una plancha de , se de tinta se sobre un papel para la pagina impresa ( 174 ) Zen a form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation ( 208 ) zen forma del que Se en la ( 208 ) AND SPANISH GLOSSARY as ' VI an Ih is

KEY TO INDEX chart map feature photo , 237 Abbas , 91 , 82 abbots , 236 , 271 abide , 71 absolute location , Abu , adoration , 70 Advancement of Learning , The ( Francis Bacon ) 365 Africa art of , 118 , Catholic missionaries to , 338 culture of , effects of Columbian Exchange , environments of , 14 , exploration of , fanning in , 117 fossil from , Empire in , in cal evidence , 13 historical traditions of , Mali Empire in , Muslim trade with , 83 Niger River in , 112 , 114 physical of , 112 , religion of , 117 resources of , 130 Empire , spread of Islam to , 138 , 142 technology of , 118 trade of , 119 , 130 , 462 village society in , Leo , 144 , 145 , 149 Age of Buddhism , Age of Reason , See also Enlightenment , 116 agriculture . See farming Ainu culture , 200 Akbar , 92 alchemy , Ali , 65 , Dante , 306 ( 96 , 134 Alps , 230 , INDEX Index Amazon region , 386 Amazon River , 386 American Indians , 457 American Revolution , 486 Americas Aztec Empire , An Catholic aries to , 338 Columbian Exchange and , 456 conquest of , 450 democracy in , early civilizations in , European exploration of , geography of , 384 , 386 historical evidence in , 13 Inca Empire , Maya tion in , tion to , 386 , missions in , civilizations in , religious division in , 341 spread of ment to , Skills , ing and Costs , 190 , 192 Analyzing Information , 58 , 150 , 175 , 215 , 273 , 332 , 366 , 404 , 424 , 456 Analyzing Points of View , 262 , 388 Analyzing Primary Sources , 95 , 149 , 306 , 329 , 331 , 361 , 399 , 417 , 450 Analyzing Visuals , 57 , 68 , 85 , 99 , 183 , 207 , 213 , 243 , 249 , 275 , 397 , 412 , 447 Cause and Effect , 288 Chance , Error , and Oversight in tory , 42 , 44 Chronological Order , 74 Continuity and Change in History , 490 , 492 Determining Context , 100 , 102 Fact and Opinion , 156 Framing tions , 102 ing Central Issues , 466 , 468 Historical Interpretation , 16 , 18 Interpreting Maps , 28 , 31 , 32 , 37 , 55 , 62 , 81 , 82 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 113 , 131 , 137 , 143 , 154 , 156 , 169 , 189 , 199 , 216 , 231 , 235 , 237 , 238 , 261 , 267 , 281 , 283 , 286 , 288 , 299 , 301 , 320 , 322 , 339 , 341 , 385 , 386 , 389 , 411 , 423 , 433 , 434 , 436 , 448 , 453 , 455 , 461 , 479 Reading and Using Time Lines , 35 , 61 , 72 , 74 , 146 , 278 , 313 , 343 , 482 Andes Mountains , 386 , 423 , Angles , 33 animism , aqueducts , 26 , 411 Aquinas , Thomas , 356 , 475 Arabia , of , 54 Islamic changes in society , 67 life in , 58 location of , 55 , 55111 physical features and climate , 56 rise of Islam in , 62111 spread of Islam , 284 archaeologists , archaeology , 130 architecture of Aztecs , 420 of Buddhists , 168 of Byzantine Empire , 40 Christian ence on , 274 of Incas , 430 of Islamic world , of Japan , 20 of Maya , 392 , 398 of Mughal Empire , 93 of , 309 Roman tion , 27 , as source of history , 12 Arctic Ocean , Aristotle , 355 , 358 , 475 , 145 , 96 Arthur ( mythical King ) Articles of Confederation , 487 artifacts , 11 , 13 , 15 , 387 , 431 artisans , 418 , arts of Aztecs , 420 , of Baghdad , 84 of tine Empire , 39 of culture , 388 in China , 173 Christian on , 274 classical revival , Renaissance , in Florence , 302 of Incas , of

Asia Charles I Islamic world , 97 , 98 of ian Renaissance , of Japan , of Maya , 392 , 398 , of medieval Europe Japan , 250 , of Ming dynasty , of Nok , 118 of Northern Renaissance , 15 , of , 387 of civilizations , 423 Roman contribution , as source of tory , 11 , 12 , 13 , used to spread ideas , of West Africa , 150 , Asia Catholic missionaries to , 338 conquests of Genghis Khan , 180 effects of bian Exchange , Muslim trade with , 83 spread of Islam to , 82 trade with Europe , 462 . See also China Japan Asia Minor , 89 the Great , astrolabe , 95 , 447 astronomy advances in , of Aztecs , in Baghdad , 84 in Islamic world , 95 , of Maya , of Ptolemy , 356 of Renaissance , use of telescopes , asunder , 71 , Atlantic Ocean , Atlas , 461 Atlas Mountains , 112 Attila , Augustus , 25 , San , Austria , 23 , 96 Aztec Empire , art of , 420 , ing of , conquest of , 450 defeat of , engineering of , 41 farmers , 418 , farming of , 413 festivals of , language of , religion of , achievements of , society of , wars of , 92 , 13 Bacon , Francis , 366 , 369 , 481 Baghdad , 94 , 96 Bahamas , 449 , 149 balance of trade , banking , 145 , 302 , 462 barbarians , 30 , barometer 363 Bastille , the ( Paris ) Ibn , 95 , bay , beliefs , Benedict , Saint , 236 Benedictine Rule , 236 , Beowulf Berbers , 82 , 119 , 130 , 142 Bering Strait , 386 beseech , 71 Bible , 313 , 331 , 332 bishops , 261 , 262 , 263 , 271 , 328 Black Death , 279 , 285 , 298 Black Sea , 36 , Block Style , 222 Blue Mosque , the ( Istanbul ) 97 , Sandro , 308 , Tycho , 360 Brazil , 449 Britain , 235 , 237 . See also England brocade , 71 , Pieter , the Elder , 314 , the Younger , 314 , Filippo , 309 Buddha , Buddhism , 194 , in China , 177 in Japan , 203 , 208 , 215 , 250 spread of , bureaucracy , 178 Bushido , 249 Byzantine Empire , Christianity in , quest of , 81 , 89 , 305 Constantinople as capital of , 36 government of , under Justinian , new society in , 38 Turkish raids on , 264 Western Roman Empire , Cabot , John , 450 , Pedro , 449 cacao beans , 391 Castle , Cai Lun , 74 Cairo , 138 , 393 calendars , 387 , 398 , caliphs , 80 , 84 , 90 calligraphy , 98 , 206 , calpulli , Calvin , John , 332 , Canada , 341 Canterbury , 270 Canterbury Tales , The ( Geoffrey Chaucer ) 270 canyon , capitalism , 463 , caravans , 54 , 56 , 119 , 299 Caravel , 447 , Cartier , Jacques , 450 cartography , advances enabling exploration , 447 and creation of a new world view , 359 , 451 Muslim contribution to , 95 of Ptolemy , 356 of , 310 Castile , 283 , 284 castles , 243 Catherine the Great ( empress of Russia ) 479 , Catholic Reformation , effects of , Catholics , cause , 494 causeways , 411 , 414 censorship , Central America , 14 , 341 , 384 , Chang an , 167 , 172 charity , 68 Charlemagne , 237 , empire of , 23 , 23 , 262 Charles I ( king of England ) 484 INDEX

Charles II Charles II ( king of England ) 485 Chaucer , Geoffrey , 270 Chavez , Cesar , culture , 388 , 423 Chevalier , chief of dan , 200 culture , 423 China , achievements of , artifacts of , 12 , art of , in , cities and trade of , ism in , 177 effects of Columbian Exchange , 455 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period , 168 bidden City , government of , Han dynasty , 168 , 174 , 177 on Japanese culture , 199 , 207 tions of , 74 , ism in , 185 Ming dynasty , Mongol , Muslim trade with , 83 Confucianism in , 178 Period of Disunion , 166 Silk Road , 299 sources of history of , 13 Sui , Tang , and Song ties , Yang dynasty in , 413 , 419 chivalry , 249 Christian humanism , 314 Christianity in Byzantine Empire , challenges to ity of , Crusades of , effect of Crusades , 268 effect on education , effects of Columbian Exchange , 456 Enlightenment thinking and , 475 exploration for missions of , 446 , 450 great thinkers of , holy book of , humanism and , 304 , 314 in Eastern Roman Empire , on arts and architecture , 274 introduced into China , 186 Judaism , Islam and , 61 in medieval Europe , 250 , missionaries in Japan , 217 powerful women in , 246 power of popes , INDEX , in Roman Empire , tion and , split within , 40 , spread of in Europe , 238 spread of to Northern Europe , on treatment of American Indians , 457 . See also Protestants Roman Catholic Church Christians Muslim tolerance for , 83 Muslim treaties with , 81 in Ottoman Empire , 90 ish Inquisition and , 335 Chu . See Zhu circumnavigate , 449 cities . See towns and cities citizenship , civic duty , 28 civilizations , civil service , 178 clans , 200 , 201 , 213 clergy , 269 , 282 Council of Trent and , 337 in France , 478 , 488 political involvement of , 271 Renaissance view of , 314 , 328 as teachers , 273 on treatment of American Indians , 457 climate of Africa , 114 of Arabia , 54 , 56 of Europe , 232 Clovis , 33 , 237 Monastery , coast , Code of , 13 codex , 420 Columbian Exchange , Columbus , Christopher , 359 , 449 , letter from , ships of , compass , 74 , 447 compass rose , 270 Confucianism , 177 , 179 , 250 in China , 178 in Japan , 203 Confucius , 13 , 177 , 178 , 203 congregation , 345 conic projection , conquistadors , Constantine , 31 Constantinople , capital of Roman Empire culture moved to , 31 , 36 capture of , 37 conquest of , 89 location of , 36 , as trade center , 38 . See also Istanbul Constitution of United States , 26 , 487 continent , convents , 272 Copernicus , 3591 , 369 coral reef , Cordoba , 83 , 94 corruption , 328 , Hernan , 413 , 450 cottage industry , 460 cotton , 71 council of elders , Council , 337 , court , 204 Critical Thinking Skills Analyzing , 98 , 146 , 217 , 247 , 399 , 29 , 69 , 151 , 175 , 186 , 203 , 233 , 275 , 285 , 421 , 431 Comparing and , 40 , 251 , 263 , 333 , 363 , 372 mining Relevance , 404 Drawing Conclusions , 35 , 192 Evaluating , 414 Fact and Opinion , 156 Finding Main Ideas , 44 , 140 fying Cause and Effect , 15 , 85 , 119 , 135 , 268 , 279 , 288 , 310 , 339 , 345 , 357 , 369 , 394 , 463 , 482 Recognizing Bias and Stereotypes , 220 Sequencing , 64 , 169 , 179 , 303 , 389 , 426 , 489 Solving Problems , 218 , 220 Summarizing , 115 , 192 , 208 , 238 , 317 , 451 , 458 , 477 Cromwell , Oliver , 484 crusaders , Crusades , culture achievements of Islamic world , of Aztecs , in China during Tang dynasty , 172 in Chinese Period of Disunion , 166 Christianity and , 270 effect of spread of Islam on , 83 effects of Columbian

Europe Exchange , 456 European Japanese , of ence , 302 of , of Japan , of Mughal Empire , 93 revival of classical , 305 of vid Empire , 91 during Song dynasty , 173 during Tang dynasty , 168 , 173 of West Africa , during Yuan dynasty , 181 , 423 , 427 , 430 cylindrical projection , IlL daimyo , 212 , 216 , 248 Damascus , 81 dance , 151 , da Gama , Vasco , 449 da Vinci , Leonardo , de , Miguel , 316 de Casas , 457 Declaration of Independence , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( France ) 489 degree , delayed subject , 439 delta , democracy , 479 of in England , 367 documents of , of Greeks , 11 rationalism and , Descartes , Rene , 365 , 366 , 369 Description of the World ( Marco Polo ) desert , 56 , 114 , 386 climate , 56 Dias , 449 , Denis , Diocletian , 31 direct quotation , 375 directional indicator , diseases Black Death , 279 , 285 , 298 in Roman Empire , 31 spread to cas , 414 , 426 , 450 , 455 Divine Comedy , The ( Dante ) 306 divine right of rule , 478 , 479 , 484 , 485 , 138 , 143 , 144 Dominic , 272 Dominican Order , 272 Don Quixote ( Miguel de Cervantes ) 316 , Drake , Francis , 451 Range , 112 drama , 207 Du Fu , 173 dune , Albrecht , 315 , Earth as center of universe , Eastern Orthodox Church , 40 , 263 Eastern Hemisphere , Shirin , economic sanctions , 497 economic systems development of capitalism , effects of Columbian Exchange , 457 , 459 of Incas , manor system , of Maya , 396 of Empire , 91 sources of facts about , 11 Edict of Nantes , 343 education in Baghdad , 84 in Cordoba , 84 effects of Columbian Exchange , 456 in Europe , 237 European , 273 of Incas , 427 , 428 in Mali , 138 Medici ily and , 302 during , 309 , 310 Renaissance universities , in hai Empire , 144 today schools and universities , in West Africa , 147 effect , 494 , 34 Egypt 12 , 89 , 138 , 446 Eleanor of , 246 , elements , 250 Encyclopedia ( Denis ) engineering of Aztecs , 411 of Maya , 392 , 398 of , 309 of Roman Empire , tion and , 498 England beginnings of democracy in , ers from , 266 development of trade and banking , discrimination against Jews in , 284 Enlightenment ers of , 477 exploration of America , feudalism in , 244 government of , 261 , 278 legends of , plague in , 279 in North America , 481 Reformation in , 332 , 333 religion of , 340 Renaissance literature of , tion and reform in , English Bill of Rights , 485 , Enlightenment democracy in America and , effect on English monarchy , 85 effects on today world , 497 ideas of , in America , ers of , views on government , epic poems , 14849 Erasmus , 314 , 329 , 91 Il , 90 equator , Euclid , Eurasia , 230 , Europe , after fall of Rome , art of , 250 , Catholic tion in , challenges to Christianity in , Charlemagne empire in , 237 climate and vegetation , Crusade impact on , 268 Crusaders sent from , economic policy of , ment in , tion from , 359 , 413 , Hundred Years War , 278 of Christianity in , interest in China of , 182 invasions of , Japan , 51 in late Middle Ages , lifestyle in , ture of , 250 monarchies of , physical features of , plague INDEX

Evaluation Questions in , 279 , power of popes and kings in , power shifts in , Protestant tion in , religions of , religious division in , religious wars in , Renaissance in , revolutions in , Revolution in , ish in , 335 spread of Christianity in , 250 spread of Islam to , 82 trade with Asia , trade with China , 186 world view of , 451 Evaluation Questions , 47 , 105 , 159 , 223 , 291 , 377 , 439 , 495 evidence , 438 excommunication , 261 , 262 , 263 , 330 exploration , bian Exchange , desire and opportunity for , effects of , by England and France , edge and technology for , 357 , 35 Muslim tion enabling , 95 new views after , 451 by Portuguese and Spanish , of South America , 413 , of space , 498 extended family , 200 farming advances in China , in cas , of Aztecs , 413 , 420 effects of Exchange , in Europe , 232 , 233 , in , 134 , of Incas , 425 of Mali , 137 under or system , 246 , 247 of Maya , 390 , 392 , 396 , 398 in , 384 of civilizations , 423 , spread of , in West Africa , 117 , INDEX fashion , 93 , 205 , 63 , features , 56 federalism , 345 Ferdinand ( king of Spain ) 284 , 335 , 449 feudalism , Church as lord of , 271 European Japanese , in Holy Land , 266 in medieval Europe , 243 , 245 , 213 First Continental Congress , 486 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period , 168 Five Pillars of Islam , 68 , Five Themes of Geography , projection , Florence , 300 , 309 food preservation , Forbidden City , forest , fossils , Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , The ( Albrecht ) France artifacts of , under Charlemagne , 23 Monastery in , 72 crusade against heretics in , Crusades and , 265 , 266 discrimination against Jews in , 284 Enlightenment philosophers of , exploration of America , feudalism in , 244 government of , 261 , 278 monarchy of , 478 lim attack on , 82 Renaissance literature of , 316 revolution in , spread of to , 235 wars over religion , wars with Britain over colonies , 481 . See also Gaul Franciscan Order , 272 Francis of , 272 , Franklin , Benjamin , 481 Franks , 33 , 237 , 242 , 244 Frederick ( king of Prussia ) 479 food , friars , 272 , 282 globe , Galileo , discoveries of , 361 , and , 476 inventions of , 363 letter from , trial of , 368 , Gao , 138 , 140 , 143 , 145 , 146 Gaul , 33 , 237 . See also France Genghis Khan , 180 Genoa , 300 , geography , of Africa , 112 , of cas , 384 , 386 , 389 of Arabia , 55111 of Aztec Empire , 411 , 414 effect on Maya , 390 of Europe , study of , 95 , Geography and Map Skills , 28 , 31 , 32 , 37 , 62 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 113 , 114 , 121 , 131 , 137 , 143 , 154 , 156 , 169 , 189 , 199 , 216 , 231 , 235 , 237 , 238 , 261 , 267 , 281 , 283 , 286 , 288 , 299 , 301 , 320 , 322 , 339 , 341 , 385 , 386 , 389 , 411 , 423 , 433 , 434 , 436 , 448 , 453 , 455 , 461 , 479 George III ( king of England ) Germanic peoples , German woodcuts , 315 , Germany under Charlemagne , 237 Crusades and , 266 in , 244 independence of , 344 Reformation in , spread of ity to , 235 , wars over , 342 Empire , conquest of , 136 control of trade , sion and decline of , traditional arts in , Girl with a Pearl Earring ( Tracy , excerpt from , Girl with a Pearl Earring ( Vermeer ) glacier , globe ,

gold Islam gold explorations for , 413 , 450 for , 398 , 420 , king claim to , 133 Musa gifts of , 138 as motive for war , 145 as ransom for Inca king , 426 as trade item , 83 , 119 , 131 , 132 , from West Africa , 115 Gothic architecture , 274 , Goths , government , of Byzantine Empire , capitalism , 463 , changes after Reformation , 345 ity and , 271 in Empire of , of Empire of Mali , 140 in Europe , 237 feudalism in Europe , of Incas , of Italian states , 301 ofjapan , 203 , in late Middle Ages , 26063 manor system of Europe , archies and Enlightenment , of Ottoman Empire , 90 popes and , lem solving , 499 of Roman Empire , 34 science and , 367 of Song dynasty , of Empire , 145 during Yuan dynasty , See also kings Granada , 284 , Grand Canal , 132 gravity , 362 Great Mosque ( Cordoba ) Great Plains , of China , 186 , Greeks art of , ment thinking and , 475 democracy , as great thinkers , on Romans , philosophy of , 28 rebirth of ideas of , 305 sources of tory of , 11 , 12 , 13 ( pope ) 263 grid , gulf , gunpowder , 174 , Johann , 313 , habeas corpus , 277 hadith , 67 Hagia Sophia ( church ) 40 , 89 haiku , hajj , 138 Han dynasty , 166 , 168 , 174 , 77 Hangzhou , harem , 90 hegira , 63 Heian , 212 arts in , hemisphere , Henry IV ( emperor of Holy Roman Empire ) 263 Henry IV ( king of France ) 343 , Henry the Navigator , 448 Henry VIII ( king of England ) 333 heresy , 282 hieroglyphics , hill , Hindus , 92 , 93 historians archaeologists and , changes in views of , storytellers as , visitors as , 149 work of , historical map , Science Standards , history African communication of , 117 of Aztecs , changes in views of , of Japanese language , 202 oral tradition , Renaissance interest in , 305 , 310 sources of , writings of travelers as , 149 , Hans , 315 Holland . See Netherlands Holy Land , Holy Roman Empire Crusaders from , 266 effects of tion in , 340 fear of Jews in , 285 kings of , power of kings of , Thirty Years War in , 425 , 419 , Interaction , humanism Christianity and , ment thinking and , Revolution and , human rights , 499 Hundred Years War , 278 , Huns , 385 , 386 hypothesis , 366 , 238 , 96 ideals , 486 , 95 Ignatius of , 336 , Homer ) 14 , 15 Inca Empire , arts and architecture of , conquest of , 26 , 450 economy of , farming in , 425 geography of , of , 424 language of , 424 lower class life style , 428 oral tradition of , 431 religion of , rise of , society of , upper class society , 427 incentive , 178 , India Catholic ies to , 338 Mughal Empire in , Muslim trade with , 83 origin of Buddhism , 168 social structure of , 10 spread of to , 82 trade with Europe , 462 Indian Ocean , Indonesia , 82 indulgence , 329 Innocent Ill ( pope ) 282 innovation , 27 interest , 302 Iraq , 83 Ireland , 237 iron , 83 , 118 , 131 irrigation , 170 , 423 Isabella ( queen of Castile ) 284 , 335 , 449 Islam , in Africa , in Arabia , banned in Spain , 284 division within , INDEX

island literature 65 , 90 Five Pillars of , 68 , great cities of , holy books of , Judaism , ity and , 61 laws of , 69 origin of , 60 second leader of , 80 spread of in Africa , 138 , 142 spread of through conquest , spread of through trade , 80 , 82111 and , 96 ings of , 59 , See also Muslims island , isolationism , 185 , 186 , 217 Istanbul , 89 , 97 . See also Constantinople isthmus , Italian Renaissance , Italy Byzantine scholars in , 305 under Charlemagne , 237 Christianity in , 237 trol of trade , 446 effects of Columbian Exchange , 455 feudalism in , 244 ment during Renaissance , 301 Renaissance in , Roman Catholic Church in , 336 trade cities of , Viking raid on , 237 jade , 398 ( Shah of Mughal Empire ) 93 James II ( king of England ) 485 Janissaries , 88 , 363 Japan , art of , Catholic ies to , 338 Chinese and Korean on , emperors of , 201 , Europe , of , government of , 203 , 204 internal lion in , 216 isolationism of , 21 literature of , 205 , 250 military society of , 248 Mongol attacks on , 182 , 216 , religion INDEX of , 200 , 203 , social structure , society of , trade with Europe , 462 of , 217 written records from , Jefferson , Thomas , 486 Jerusalem , 264 , 266 , 270 Jesuits , 336 , 338 Jews Catholic Church and , 282 in Cordoba , 85 attacks on , 265 , 268 , discrimination against , great thinkers of , growth of banking and , 462 holy book of , lim tolerance for , 83 Muslim treaties with , 81 in Ottoman Empire , 90 in Spain , See also Judaism jihad , 67 jinn , 71 Joan of Arc , 278 John ( king of England ) 276 Judaism , See also Jews Justinian ( emperor of Roman Empire ) 38 , Justinian Code , 37 Jutes , 33 , 62 , 68 , 72 kami , 200 , 201 kamikaze , 182 , 216 kente , Johannes , discoveries of , key , 59 , 96 , 97 , King , Martin Luther , kings , of Aztecs , 417 Catholic Church and , 263 , 333 Crusades and , 266 , 268 Enlightenment ence on , of Incas , 427 limitations of powers of , of Maya , 396 , religious wars and , revolution in England , revolution in France , rise to power in Europe , 260 ish Inquisition by , 335 knights as Crusaders , 268 manor system and , 245 power of , 260 , work of , 242 , Korea , 199 , Saleh , 133 , 134 Kublai Khan , 181 , 216 , 299 Kyoto . See Heian lake , land bridge , 386 language Arab as main , 138 of Aztecs , development of Japanese , 202 effects of bian Exchange , 456 of European universities , 273 of Inca Empire , 424 of Mughal Empire , 93 on , spread of knowledge and , 95 study of , 12 translations of Bible , 331 , 332 uniting of Arabs by , 83 use of Arabic , 83 vernacular in literature , 306 in West African nations , 147 latitude , laws in China , 168 of , 69 Justinian Code , 37 of man Empire , 90 of Roman Empire , 25 , 26 , van , 363 legend , legends as clues for historians , 10 of Mali Empire , 136 of Maya , 399 of Troy , 14 , Leo III ( pope ) 237 Leo IX ( pope ) Leo ( pope ) 330 Ii , 177 Li , 73 Lima , Li , 173 literature of Baghdad , 84 Beowulf , of China ,

llamas 173 in Florence , 302 of Incas , 431 of Islamic world , 97 of Italian Renaissance , 306 of Japan , of medieval Europe Japan , 250 of Mughal Empire , 93 of ern Renaissance , 31 Romeo and , as source of history , 10 llamas , 425 Location , map , Locke , John , ideas of , on Thomas son , 481 , lords . See nobles longitude , lost subject , 439 Louis ( king of France ) 478 Louis XVI ( king of France ) 488 , 489 Luther , Martin , 476 Machiavelli , Niccolo , 306 Machu , Madison , James , 487 Magellan , Ferdinand , 449 , 140 Magna Carta , 485 , 237 , 242 , 356 maize , 387 , 388 , 418 , 425 Malaysia , 82 Mali Empire , establishment of , fall of , 140 music of , rise of , 414 , Mandela , Nelson , manor , 245 , manor lords , 246 , 247 , 248 manor system , 279 , 138 , 140 , map , map projection , Mont Michel monastery mapmaking . See cartography Map Skills ing Culture Maps , 434 Interpreting Maps Cultural Features , 286 ing Maps Expansion of Empires , 154 , 488 market economy , Mary ( queen of England ) 485 masonry , 430 material culture , mathematics invention of , 362 Islamic tions , 96 , symbols used in Renaissance , 309 system of Maya , 398 Maya civilization , achievements of , artifacts from , changing cal views of , 14 cities of , 391 , 392 , Classic Age of , class structure in , decline of , 394 effects of geography on , 390 religion of , 397 warfare of , 393 , 35 Mecca , place of Muhammad in , 59 mosques of , 98 Ottoman rule , 89 pilgrimages to , 68 prayer facing , 63 spread of Islam from , trade in , Medici , Cosimo , 302 Medici family , 302 medicine , 96 , 144 . medieval period , 234 . See also Middle Ages Medina , 89 Mediterranean Sea , 24 , 30 , 36 , 37111 , 300 Mehmed II , 89 , Memphis ( Tennessee ) 272 mercantilism , projection , merchant class , 173 merchants , 186 , 396 , 413 , Angela , 336 , meridian , Aztec Empire in , farming in , 384 farming settlements in , 387 Maya civilization in , people of , 387 civilizations in , 422 spread of farming from , 388 trade goods available in , 391 , Mexico , 384 , Michelangelo , 308 , microscope , 363 , Middle Ages , challenges to the church during , Christianity and , feudalism and manor tem of , invasions of Europe during , life style during , 264 political changes , rise of kings and popes , Roman Catholic Church during , 329 spread of Christianity during , Milan , 300 , 90 clan , 213 minaret , 97 Ming dynasty , sea voyages of , minute , missionaries , 338 , 456 missions , mita , 425 culture , 423 Moctezuma , 413 , Mona Lisa ( Leonardo da Vinci ) 309 monarchs . See kings monasteries , 236 , Mongol Ascendancy , Mongol Empire , 216 Mongols , 186 , 299 monks , 236 , 271 , monotheism , 61 . See also Islam Judaism , Charles Louis , 480 , 487 Mont Michel monastery ( France ) INDEX

Moors Moors , 82 , 283 navigational tools , 95 , Morocco , 145 446 , 447 mosaics , 39 , 4220 Nazca culture , 423 Moses , 178 , 179 mosques , Netherlands , tion of , in , 91 Hagia Sophia as , 89 in Mali , 138 in Medina , 63 purpose of , 68 movable type , 313 , Movement , Mount Fuji , mountain , Mughal Empire , Muhammad birthplace of , death of , life of , 63 , 64 teachings of , 63 , Lady , 205 , music , 1501 , 151 Muslims , ments of , 94 beliefs of , Catholic Church and , 282 conquests of , 81111 Crusades and , 268 as followers of Islam , 60 great cities of , 85111 great thinkers of , invasion of Europe , 237 , 242 loss of control in Europe , 283 Mughal Empire of , Ottoman Empire of , prayers of , 63 , 68 rebellion against Sunni Baru , 144 rejection in Mecca , 63 as rulers of Mali , 138 Empire of , in Spain , split between , 65 study of an , trade of , trade routes of , See also Islam , 149 , 496 National Assembly , 488 , 489 natural law , 274 , 476 natural rights , 480 , INDEX Newton , Sir Isaac , discoveries of , 362 , Enlightenment and , 476 on Thomas son , 481 laws of , 367 beliefs of , 369 Niger River , 112 , 114 , 130 , 136 , 142 , ship ) 449 Theses ( Martin Luther ) 330 , nobles , of Aztecs , 417 as Crusaders , 268 in feudal Europe , 242 , of France , 478 , 488 of Japan , 216 power of , 260 rebellion against kings , 276 responsibilities and privileges of , 2431 , 246 rai , See also lords Noh plays , 207 Nok , 118 nomads of Arabia , 56 , capture of Timbuktu , 140 of China , 166 Mongols as , as threat to , 130 North America , 385 , democracy in , Enlightenment in , exploration of , 450 farming in , 388 sources of history of , 11 trade with Europe , 462 North American Free Trade ment ( 496 North Pole , Northern European Plain , 231 , Northern Hemisphere , nuns , 272 ?

oasis , 56 observatories , 84 , 95 , 398 , obsidian , 390 , ocean , Oda , 217 , 387 , 389 , 392 On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres ( Copernicus ) 359 oral history , 147 , 420 , 431 Order of Importance , 46 Ottoman Empire , 91 , Ottoman Turks , 37 , 305 overgrazing , 135 , 392 , 423 , Ocean , Pact of Umar , 81 , 392 , Palestine , paper , 313 paper money , 300 parallel , paraphrase , 375 Paris , 232 Parliament , 277 , 278 , 477 , Participation Skills Accepting Social Responsibility , 402 , 404 Making Group Decisions , 122 , 124 Patrick , Saint , patrons , 97 peasants as Crusaders , 266 in feudal Europe , 242 , 248 French Revolution and , of manor system , rebellion in Germany , 342 in samurai society , 212 , peninsula , 232 , Period of Disunion , 166 , 168 , 169 , 177 Persia , 30 , 90 , Persian Empire , 81 perspective , 307 , Peru , 423 , 310

philosophy , 310 philosophy basis of in Age of Reason , 475 ism , 177 , of enlightenment , 476 of Islamic world , 94 , 96 Confucianism in China , 178 Roman contribution , 28 physical map , pilgrimage , 62 , 136 , 138 , 144 Pillow Book , The ( Sei ) Pinta ( ship ) 449 Pizarro , Francisco , 425 , 450 Place , Places You Will Study , plague , 279 , 285 , 298 plain , plantations , 456 , 457 plant life . See vegetation plateau , Plato , Style , 222 Poles , political map , politics Christianity and , 271 , 328 , 331 of Maya , 396 sources of facts about , 11 . See also government . Polo , Marco , 182 , 446 polytheism , 62 , 397 , 427 popes , authority of , 262 Crusades and , 268 against Protestants , 337 Henry VIII divorce and , 333 power of in Rome , 29 view of , 328 rise to political power , rule of Papal states , 301 sending of missionaries , 235 , 399 excerpt from , popular sovereignty , 480 porcelain , 83 , 173 , Portugal advances enabling exploration , 447 Christians Moors in , 283 tion by , Inquisition in , 284 mercantilism in , 461 rise to power , 284 Praise of Folly , The ( Erasmus ) 314 Preamble , predestination , 332 priesthood of all believers , 331 priests , of Aztecs , 417 , of Catholic church , 282 complaint against , 328 discrimination against Jews , 284 of Incas , 427 of Maya , 396 primary source , Sources An Aztec , 41 The Benedictine Rule , 236 A Chinese City , 182 A Description of Mali , 149 German Woodcuts , 329 A Letter from Columbus , 450 Luther ses , 331 Magna Carta , 277 A Maya Carving , 399 The Pillow Book , 205 The Prince , 306 , 361 Travels in Asia and Africa , 95 Views of Power , 262 Views of Writing , 388 prime meridian , Prince , The ( Niccolo Machiavelli ) 306 , Principia ( Sir Isaac Newton ) 362 principles , 366 printing , 330 Protestant Reformation , Protestants break from Roman Catholicism , Catholic with , 33 , missionaries of , 338 religious wars , in France , 343 , Spanish Inquisition and , 335 proverbs , 148 Ptolemy , 356 , 358 , 359 Pure Land Buddhism , 208 purgatory , 329 purpose , 13 Pythagoras , 424 , 413 Quick Facts Beginnings of Democracy in England , 278 Chapter Visual Summary , 17 Chapter Visual Summary , 43 Chapter Visual Summary , 73 Chapter Visual Summary , 101 Chapter Visual mary , 123 Chapter Visual Summary , 155 Chapter Visual Summary , 191 ter Visual Summary , 219 Chapter Visual Summary , 253 Chapter 10 Visual mary , 287 Chapter 11 Visual Summary , 321 Chapter 12 Visual Summary , 347 ter 13 Visual Summary , 371 Chapter 14 Visual Summary , 403 Chapter 15 Visual mary , 435 Chapter 16 Visual Summary , 467 Chapter 17 Visual Summary , 491 Chinese Inventions , 174 Exchange , 455 Comparing and Contrasting Europe and Japan , 251 Documents of Democracy , 486 Effects of Exploration , 458 Evidence of the Past , Feudal Society , 243 Ideas of the Enlightenment , 476 from China and Korea , 201 , 360 People in Aztec Society , 416 Problems Inside the Empire , 35 Rationalism and Democracy , 367 Rebirth of Classical Ideas , 305 Results of the Council of Trent , 337 Roman Accomplishments , 26 Samurai Society , 213 Some Results of the Reformation , 344 Sources of Islamic Beliefs , 69 Supply and Demand , 462 The Crusades , 268 The Five Pillars of Islam , 68 The legacy of Rome , 26 The Legend of Troy , 14 The od , 365 The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires , 40 Village Society , 117 West can Empires , 146 , 424 an , as basis of , 69 excerpt from , structure of , study of , study of in Mali , 138 teachings of , ing of , 60 INDEX

, Francois , 316 racism , 457 rain forests , 114 , 386 fast , 68 , 10 Raphael , 307 , rationalism , 273 , and democracy , rationalists , 356 , 358 Reading Skills ing Specialized Vocabulary , Finding Main Ideas , 22 Understanding cal Order , Understanding Through Questioning , 78 Understanding Fact and Opinion , 128 Drawing Conclusions , 164 standing Stereotypes and Bias , 196 Understanding Cause and Effect Structure , 258 Understanding the Roots of Our Language , 296 ing Information , 326 Comparing and , 352 Understanding Texts by Setting a Purpose , 382 Understanding and Support , 408 Understanding Summarizing , 444 Understanding Points of view , 472 Reading Social Studies , realism , 314 , reason , 273 , 367 , 438 , Reformation Enlightenment thinking and , 476 modern times , results of , trial of Galileo , 368 from without , regent , 202 Region , Reign , 489 relative location , religion of Aztecs , Buddhism , 203 , 208 Catholic tion , in China , 168 over in England , 485 with science , Crusades , INDEX science sion and wars over , effects of Columbian Exchange , 456 effects of Reformation , thinking and , 476 of Europe in Middle Ages , ism and , 310 , 314 of Incas , of Japan , 199 , 200 , 203 , 208 of Mali , 140 of Maya , 396 , 397 of medieval Europe Japan , 250 as motive for exploration , 446 Protestant Reformation , Revolution and , similarities in different faiths , in Empire , 144 sources of history of , 12 of cultures , 83 of West Africa , 117 , 150 , 151 . See also Buddhism Christianity Islam Judaism religious orders , 272 , 336 ren , 77 Renaissance , art of , Return of the Hunters ( the Elder ) revolution , Rhine River , rice , 171 , Richard I ( king of England ) 266 , rifts , 12 Rig Veda , 10 rivers , See also Niger River roads of Incas , 430 , 432 , in Mongol China , 182 solving problems of , 499 Robespierre , 489 Roland , 249 Roman Catholic Church es to in Middle Ages , with Protestants , Crusades of , missionaries of , 338 , 413 new orders , 272 , 336 tion , science and , in Spain , Roman Empire , after fall of , 234 architecture of , 12 , beliefs and values in , 13 building of , 24 changing historical views of , citizenship in , contributions to civilization , sion of , 31 , emperors of , 25 Enlightenment thinking and , 475 all of , of , 24 invasions of , under Justinian , legal system , problems of , rebirth of ideas of , 305 spread of in , time line of , use of Silk Road , 299 Rome , 31 , 36 , 270 Romeo and Juliet ( Shakespeare ) excerpt from , Rosetta Stone , 12 Rousseau , 480 , 487 route map , The ( Omar ) 97 . Empire , Sahara Desert , 114 , 131 , 14 Saladin , 266 , salon , 477 salt mining of , 115 as motive for war , 145 as trade item , 83 , 119 , 143 samurai , knights , 248 , life of , society of , sand dunes , 56 Santa Maria ( ship ) 449 savannah , 114 , Saxons , 33 scale , 232 , Heinrich , 14 , 186 science acceptance of , achievements of Islamic

method world , advances of civilizations , 423 Aztec achievements in , 419 of Baghdad , 84 birth of modern form , 354 effect of Reformation on , 345 and , 367 of Maya , 398 methods of , 355 lim achievements in , rational problem solving , religion and , of Renaissance , revolutionary discoveries , roots of revolution in , in today schools , method , 369 , 476 , 498 contributions of Bacon and Descartes , Revolution advances in astronomy , birth of modern science , 354 and , thinking and , 476 government and , 367 tions of , 363 Newton laws , 362 Roman Catholic Church and , roots of , method , 498 Scotland , 340 secondary source , secular , 475 sedentary life , 56 , 345 , Senegal River , 130 serfs , 245 , 247 , 248 Shakespeare , William , 69 , Shia Muslims , 65 , 90 Shinto , 200 , 250 shipbuilding , 447 , 447 shoguns , 213 , 2131 , Sei , prince of Japan ) shrine , 62 , 301 silent barter , 132 Sikhs , 93 silk , 173 Silk Road , 299 sinkhole , slavery in Americas , 45 Aztecs and , 418 , blues music and , in Mali , 137 in Maya civilization , 396 Muslims and , 67 in Ottoman Empire , 88 in Rome , trade for in Empire , 145 African trade for , 119 triangular trade pattern and , 461 Vikings raids for , 237 . See also serfs Smith , Adam , 477 social structure , Social Studies Skills , 16 , 42 , 72 , 100 , 122 , 154 , 190 , 218 , 252 , 286 , 320 , 346 , 370 , 402 , 434 , 466 , 490 society in Africa , of Americas , 45 of Aztecs , changes after tion , 345 changing views of , Christianity and , 270 effects of Columbian Exchange , 45 of France , 488 of Japan , 199 , of Maya , of Ottoman Empire , 90 reason and , of samurai , sources of history of , Song dynasty , arts of , 173 cities and trade during , 73 Confucianism during , 178 farming in , of , tions of , nomadic invasions of , 180 tion of China by , 168 officials of , Empire , ture of , 144 fall of , origins of , trade and government , 145 , 130 souk , 56 , South America , 385 , culture , 387 discovery of , 449 Inca Empire in , civilizations in , religion of , 341 South Pole , Southern Hemisphere , space exploration , 498 Spain Catholic culture in , 35 , 340 under Charlemagne , Syria 237 Christianity in , 237 Christians Moors in , 283 conquests in Americas , 413 , Cordoba , 83 , 84 exploration by , in , 244 Inquisition in , 284 , mercantilism in , 461 Muslim conquest of , 82 Renaissance literature of , 316 rise to power , 284 on ment of American Indians , 457 Spanish Armada , 451 Spanish Inquisition , 284 , 335 Spatial Order , 46 Speaking Skills , 126 , 350 Spirit of the Law , The ( 480 spy merchants , 41 Bartholomew Day Massacre , 343 Stamp Act , 481 Stoics , 28 stonework , 420 , 430 storytellers , 10 , 431 strait , Study Skills Analyzing Tables , 370 , 372 Interpreting grams , 252 , 254 Interpreting Graphs , 346 , 348 ing Maps , 154 , 156 , 286 , 288 , 320 , 322 , 434 , 436 Africa , 112 , 96 , Sui dynasty , 167 , 168 , 169 I , 90 sultans , summary , 375 ( collection of stories ) excerpt from , ruler of Mali ) 146 , 66 , Sunni Ali , Sunni Baru , 144 Sunni Muslims , 65 , 90 supply and demand , Sweden , 340 Switzerland , 332 Syria , 89 INDEX

voting , Beginnings trade fairs , of Democracy in England , 278 The Enlightenment transportation , 182 , 167 Reaches America , 482 Key , Taj Mahal , 93 , Events in Roman History , Travels , The ( Ibn ) Tale , The ( Lady Printing in Europe , 205 , 206 , 209 Religious Wars in tribute , 133 , 418 , 419 excerpt from , Europe , The Spread Troy , 14 , Tang dynasty , arts of , 173 Buddhism and , cities and trade during , ism during , 178 farming in , founding of , inventions of , 174 taxes on Christians and Jews , 83 in France , 488 in , 133 Inca labor system , 427 in Mongol China , in North American colonies , 481 , 486 in Roman Empire , 31 , 34 , 35 tea , 171 technology advances enabling exploration , 447 , effects of Columbian Exchange , 456 , for farming , 247 nal problem solving , source of history of , 12 of West Africa , 118 telescope , 363 temples , 420 , 430 , 411 , 413 , 414 , 419 , 420 terracing , 423 . lake , 410 , textiles , 431 Theodora , 37 , 355 thermometer , 363 War , Thousand and One Nights , The , 393 Timbuktu capture by Musa , 138 capture by Sunni Ali , 143 captured by nomads , 140 as center of learning , 144 establishment of , 119 learning in , 144 Moroccan conquest of , 146 schools in , 138 trade in , 145 time lines , 13 , INDEX of Islam , Three , West African Empires , 146 Titan , 308 , 419 , Tokugawa , 217 tolerance , 83 , 88 , topography , 230 . See also geography towns and cities of China , 172 of Europe , 232 , of Islamic world , of Maya , 390 , 391 , 392 , 398 of medieval Europe , in america , 387 of , 423 . See also city or town trade , on Arabian , between Asia and Europe , of Aztecs , 411 camels used for , 119 of China , of Cordoba , 84 effect of , 268 effect on cultures , 83 exchange of knowledge through , 419 exchange of products , 83 , free trade agreements , 496 with Holy land , 266 of tine society , 38 of Japan , 217 of Mali , 136 , of Maya , 391 , 396 of medieval Europe , 247 , in Mongol China , 182 as motive for tion , 446 movement of by , 83 of Muslims , new markets for , northern European routes , of , 387 of in China , purpose of , routes in . 570 , routes of Maya , of Empire , 91 of Empire , 145 , 146 as source of plague in Europe , 279 spread of Islam through , 80 , in West Africa , 119 , world patterns of , 461 sai Lun . See Cai Lun nomads , 140 . See Genghis Khan Manin , 134 , Ture , Muhammad , 144 Turks . See Ottoman Turks , William , 332 , 81 United Nations ) 499 United States of America , 341 , 497 universities , 273 , 313 Ural Mountains , 230 , 231 , Urban II ( pope ) Order , 336 , Success , Uzbeks , 90 , 91 , 91111 . valley , values decay of in Rome , 34 ' sources of history of , of West Africa , 117 Vandals , 33 van . Jan , 315 vassals , 243 , vegetation of Africa , 114 of Arabia , 56 of Europe , 232 exchange of , 455 Venice , 300 , Vermeer , Johannes , vernacular , 306 , 242 village , Visigoths , volcano , Volta , Alessandro , Voltaire , 476 , voting , 497

Washington Washington , George , warriors , 396 , weapons , 145 of Japan , 217 made of iron , 131 of Nok , 118 of Ottomans , 88 of Spanish explorers , 414 , 426 West Africa , arts of , climate and plants of , 114 cultures of , Empire of , Empire of Mali , historians of , Niger River , 112 , 114 resources of , 130 Empire , trade , 19 Western Hemisphere , Western Roman Empire , Treaty of , 344 wetland , William of Orange , 485 William the Conqueror , 244 , Mary , 477 women in convents , 272 of , 477 of Inca Empire , 427 Islamic teachings about , 67 Japanese authors , in Maya civilization , 396 in Middle Ages , 246 in Ottoman Empire , 90 ers , of Renaissance , 314 in Roman politics , 37 , ruler of China , 168 , 1681 as samurai , 214 woodblock printing , 174 , 315 , woodcuts , 315 , Writer Framework , A , 46 , 104 , 158 , 222 , 290 , 375 , 438 , 494 Writing Skills Focus on ing , 20 , 56 , 76 , 108 , 126 , 162 , 194 , 226 , 324 , 380 , 406 , 442 , 470 Writing Workshop , A Description of Ancient Architecture , 46 A Summary of a History lesson , 104 How and Why in ry , 158 Comparing Cultures and People , 222 A Historical Narrative 290 A Social Studies Report , 374 Opinions About Historical Events , 438 Cause and Effect in History , 494 writing system of Aztecs , of Japan , 202 of Maya , 398 of , 387 , of West Africa , 147 written records , of Aztecs , 420 of Incas , 424 , 431 Japanese Zhu diaries , 205 Renaissance ' interest in , 305 of Roman legal system , 25 as source of history , 15 Wu ( empress of China ) 168 , 168 ?

Wu , 73 Xavier , Francis , 338 , 167 . Yamato rulers , 201 Yang Jian , 167 Yuan dynasty , 186 Yucatan Peninsula , 391 . Zara , 266 zen , 208 , 215 Zheng He , 185 , Zhu , INDEX ' I . I ! stung 51 . I , nag , ails ! as . a .

Credits and Acknowledgments Acknowledgments For permission to reprint copyrighted material , acknowledgment is made to the following sources Signet a division of Penguin ( USA ) Group inc From translated by Burton . copyright 1963 , renewed copyright 1991 by Burton . From The Clothing and Footwear of the Brethren from The Rule Benedict by Saint Benedict , translated by Abbot Parry , and de . Translation copyright 1988 by the Estate of Abbot Parry , introduction copyright 1995 by Esther de . Grove Very soon they by Basho , translated by Hamid Henderson and The breezes of spring by no from of Literature , compiled and edited by Donald Keene . Copyright 1955 by Grove Press . London From The of Barium , no . 110 , edited by . Copyright 1958 by The society . a division House . Inc From The Tale ( Gen i by Lady , translated by Edward . Copyright 1976 by Edward . Pearson Education Limited From An Epic Mali by Diane , translated by Pickett . Copyright 1965 by Addison Wesley Penguin Books , Quiet Night Thoughts by Li Po from Pa and Tu Fu , translated by Arthur Cooper . Copyright 1973 by Arthur Cooper . From The Blood Clots and The Merciful from The Koran , translated by 1956 , 1959 , 1966 , 1968 , 1974 by . Plume . a division PenguIn Group ( USA ) From Girl with a Pearl Earring by Tracy Chevalier . 1999 by Tracy Chevalier . From The of Sci , translated by Arthur . Copyright 1928 by Arthur . Simon Publishing Group From Papal by Dennis . Copyright 1985 , 1996 by Dennis . Stanford University Press , From The Tale of the , translated with an introduction , by Helen Craig McCullough . Copyright 1983 by the Board of of the Leland Stanford University . All rights reserved . Excerpt ( Retitled A Knight Speaks ) by from The Medieval World Europe by Friedrich Heer , lated from the German . Copyright 1961 by George arid English translation copyright 1962 by George and . Sources Cited Two proverbs horn African Proverbs A Collection of My Favorites from Online web site , accessed October 20 , 2004 , at . From and from Corpus Sources for West African History , translated by . Hopkins , edited and annotated by and Hopkins . Published by Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom , Photo Credits Front Matter Page ' Roger ' Roger images in , Copyright British Museum , London , Dept . of the Environment , London , UK , Art Library , The Granger Collection , New York , des Gobelins , Paris , France , Bridgeman Art library vi ( Justin Kerr , vi ( Chuck Camp st , Richard . Geographic image Collection ix Press Service ix ( Press Service ix ( de et Plans , Paris , Art Library ( bi , Rossi Xavier Press . Inc ( A ) Art Archive xi , xii , Dallas and john xiii ( xiii ( Sakamoto Photo Research xiv , Resource , NY , SA , xvi , Ray xvii , Al ( Kerr , Associates ( Angelo ( The Trustees Of The British Museum , London , image ot Space Center rod ( The Granger Collection , New York ( Reunion des Resource , NY , Daily News Pix ( Robert ( Randy ( bi ) Glen images . Unit One . Chapter , Alexis Photo Researchers , ti ) Ancient Art Architecture Collection ' linage image Works , Justin Associates ( Pascal Photo Researchers , Chuck Camp Associates , Louis Geographic image Collection ( White Star ) Douglas Camp Associates 13 , de la Press , 14 ( 14 ( Yann 19 , Gianni , Richard Geographic image Collection ( Resource . NY 21 ( Sophia Archive 24 , 26 ( Art Architecture Collection 26 ( Joseph image Works 27 , Resource , NY 27 ( Andrew images 27 ( SIME Photo 29 , Resource , NY 34 ( Resource , NY 34 ( Resource , NY 35 ( Erich Resource , NY 35 ( Carolyn images 41 ( Danny . Unit Two . 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Unit Four , Chapter , Dallas and john ( Art Directors TRIP Photo Library , National Palace Museum , Taipei , Art Library ) Freelance Consulting Services Pty 163 ( bi ) Sekai Art Architecture Collection , 170 ( span 1710 ) Carl 81 Ann 173 ( Ric ( Liu 174 ( ci ) China Photo 174 ( Paul Art 175 ( Tom , Private , Bridgeman Art Library 176 , Traditionally attributed to Yan , Chinese , died in 673 . Northern Qi Scholar Classic Texts ( detail ) Chinese , Northern song dynasty , century . Object place China . ink and color on silk . 10 44 in . Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ( Resource , NY 187 ( National Palace Museum , Taipei Art Library , 193 . Peter Chapter , Spectrum Colour Library ( Royalty 195 ( National Museum . 195 ( The Art Archive 195 ( Detail ) Paris , Art library 195 ( Erich Resource , NY 2130 , voor ( Archive ( Ronald Art Architecture Collection , The Granger Collection , New 201 ( Royalty 202 ( 2020 ) Kenneth Japan 203 , Art Directors 51 TRIP Photo library 205 , Detail ) des , Angers , France Art Library 206 , 207 (

207 ( Sakamoto Photo Research 208 , Catherine 209 ( Sekai Ancient Art St Architecture Collection , 211 , Private he Art Archive ( Roger images 214 ( Museum , University of Cambridge , Art Library ( Archive 215 ( Kenneth Japan , Unit Five , Chapter , Robert Harding Library , 2260 ) The , 227 ( 227 ( The Granger Collection , New York 227 ( Art Archive 232 , 232121 ) Stephen images 233 ( Stefano Scat images 235 , The , 23801 ) North Wind Picture Archives 239031 ) Resource , NY 240 , Resource , NY 241 , The Art Museum 247 , Paris , Art Library 249 ) Sakamoto Photo Research 49 ( Resource , NY 250 ( Freer Gallery of Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , Purchase , Freer Gallery ti Art and the Arthur Gallery Chap ! 256 ( The British ' he image Works , The British ' The image Works , Inc 257 ( St 257 ( 261 ( 261 ( Erich Resource , NY 262 ( images ( Images ( 266 , Mary Evans Picture Library 267 ( Galleria degli Archive 269 , Ben 27301 ) 273 ( Jim ( Resource , NY 274 ( Erich Resource , NY 275 ( Life images Editorial 276 , Ancient Art Architecture Collection , 277 ( Dept . of the Environment . London , UK Bridgeman Art Library 278 ( 278 ( The Granger Collection , New York 278 ( Wolfgang 285 , Resource , NY . Unit Six . Chapter 11 , Ray 294 ( Resource , NY 295 ( North Wind Picture Archives 295 ( 295 ( des Resource , NY 295 ( Werner Resource , NY 299 ( The Granger Collection , New York ( Massimo Sylvia Photo Library images 300 ( Ted 301 ( Yann 305 ( Resource , NY 305 ( San Pietro in , Rome , 306 ( Erich Resource , NY 307 ( Resource , NY 307 ( Resource , NY 308 ( The Granger collection , New York 30801 ) 308 ( Resource , NY 308 ( Gianni 311 ( Resource , NY ( The Bodleian Library , Archive 313 ( The Granger Collection , New York 3148 ?

Erich Resource , NY 315 ( Resource , NY 316 , 317 , National Portrait Gallery , 319 , Chapter , James 324 ( Resource , NY ( Staff Credits The people who contributed to Halt California Social Studies World , Medieval design , property resources , production , and permissions . Resource , NY ( Al ( Picture library 325 ( Art St Architecture Collection , 329 ( 330 ( Resource , NY 330021 ) 332 ( World Photos 332 ( images 335 , Art Resource . NY 336 ( Resource , NY 336 ( Centro I Archive 336 ( des Resource . NY 337 ( 338 ( David 339 ( Art Resource . NY 339 ( do , Art Library 342 ( 342 ( The Granger Collection , New York 343 ( Erich Resource , NY 343 ( Erich lasing Art Resource , NY 344 , Erich Resource , NY , Bill 350 ( The images 350 ( Miguel Gallo , do Ora del Peru ( Royal Society , London , Art library ( Galleria degli Florence ( A ) Archive 351 ( Images 355 , Erich Resource , NY 356 ( The Granger Collection , New York 357 ( 357 ( Venice I ( A ) Archive ( The Granger Collection , New 363 , Science Museum , he image , 365 ( 365 ( Erich Resource , NY 366 , Sam 368 , des Resource , NY 369 ( Resource , NY . Unit Seven . Chapter 14 , David images ( 381 ( Erich Resource , NY 381 ( 381 ( Gianni 387 ( Stephanie 388 ( Richard Mary Ellen , 391 ( Justin Kerr , Associates ( Erich Resource , NY 391 ( Kimberly 393 ( Resource , NY 39561 ) Justin Kerr , Associates 60 ) Justin Kerr , Associates 8051 ) Robert Productions , Chicago 399 ( The Trustees Of The British Museum , london , Angelo 406 ( The Trustees Of The British Museum , London 406 ( British Archive 407 ( Werner , NY 407 ( Miguel , Museo do Oro del 407 ( Freer Gallery of Art , Smithsonian Institution , Washington , Purchase Gallery of Art and the Arthur Gallery oi 411 ( Mexican National Museum , Mexico City Stock Photography ( 413031 ) AA Archive 415 ( The Granger Collection , New York 416 ( Art Directors 51 TRIP Photo Library 41 ( The Granger Collection , New York 417 ( 418 ( Collection Archive ( 418 ( Florence , An library 419 ( de Art Library ( Museo del Mayor Archive ( Trustees of the British Museum , London 421 ( David Sanger Photography 422 ( Robert 423 ( New York Historical Society , New Art Library 424 ( The Granger Collection , New York ) Sam 4250 ) Museo Pedro de Archive 425 ( du de Versailles Archive 426 . Victoria st Albert Museum , Resource , NY 428 , Robert Geographic image Collection 430 ( American Museum of Natural History , New Art Library 430 ( Stuart Photos 43 ) Museo del Central del . Donne Stock Photography 433 ( Kevin . Unit Eight , Chapter 16 442443 , Image of Space Center ( National Maritime Museum 443 ( des Resource , NY 443 ( Resource , NY 443 ( Dave Stock imagery 450 , 453 , Royalty 452 ( The Stapleton Art Library 453 ( Royalty 453 ( The Granger Collection , New York 456 , Victoria 457 , 465 , Resource , NY Chapter 17 , Phil images 471 ( Philip Mould , Historical Portraits , London , Art Library , 471 ( Tate Gallery , Resource , NY ( Explorer , 471 ( 471 ( David 475 , Resource , NY 479 ( National Portrait Gallery , London 479 ( Alexander 479 ( Erich , Resource , NY 480 ( The Granger Collection , New York 480 ( Stefano 481 , des Resource , NY 482 , The Granger Collection , New York 483 ( 435 , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New Art Library 486 ( 486 ( Dept . of the Environment . London . Art Library ( The Granger Collection , New York 486 ( Custody of the House of Lords Record Archives 487 ( 487 ( Joseph Salim Visions of ( des Resource , NY 487 ( Document au Centre des Archives des Archives ( CHAN ) 488 , 18 496 ( Panoramic images , 497 ( David Images 498 ( Harvey Schwartz Index hock Imagery 499 ( David World Photos 4990 ) Mary World Photos . Back Matter . Pages , Spectrum Colour , Gianni ( Art Resource , NY ( Resource , NY ( Paris I Archive ( Archaeological Museum Athens I Archive ( Resource , NY ( The Art Archive ( Private Collection , Credit Art Library rats at Gianni ( National Maritime Museum ( images ( NY ( Collection ( ti ) Photo Research Library ( Robert , Beth ( World Photos . to Early Modern Times are listed below . They represent editorial , Lissa Anderson , Melanie , Charles Becker , Jessica , Ed Blake , Gillian Brody , Shirley , Erin , Rose , Chase Edmond , Mescal , Rhonda , Marsh , Ford , Bob , Matthew , Janet Harrington , Rhonda Haynes , Rob , leans , Knape , Cathy , Debbie , Bob McClellan , Joe , Richard Metzger , Andrew Miles , Cynthia , Karl , Jarred , Shelly Ramos , Reid , Curtis , Roberts , Diana Rodriguez , Gene , Annette Saunders , Jenny schaeffer , Kay , Ken , Michele , Chris Smith , Christine Stanford , Elaine Tate , Jeannie Taylor , Joni , Ken CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

HOLT CALIFORNIA SOCIAL WORLD HISTORY Medieval to Early Modern Times ( with Past Medieval Europe Chapter The Early Middle Ages ' Chapter 10 The Later Middle Ages The Fall of Rome Renewal in Europe Chapter 11 The Renaissance The Rise 07 Chapter 12 The Reformation of Christianity The Of Chapter 13 The Scientific Revolution The Islamic World Civilization in the Americas Early West African Societies chapter 14 The America West African Empires Chapter 15 The Aztec and Inca Empires Asian The Early Modern World China Chapter 16 The Age of Exploration Chapter 17 Enlightenment and Revolution Epilogue Linking Past to Present sen El ?

33 90000 HOLT , AND WINSTON A Harcourt Education Company 730030