7th Grade World History Medieval to Early Modern Times Reference part 3 Facts about the World Biographical Dictionary

Ancient Civilizations Sumerian Civilization Kingdoms I The Sumerians . 2000 400 invented writing and used it to keep records on clay tablets . FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD Ramses the Great The was one of Egypt traded vessels like 30933 this one out the eastern Mediterranean . 4000 2000 Important Dates The first cities are founded in 1050 Saul becomes the first King of Israel . Sumer . 500 Buddhism begins to develop . 3500 The Sumerians invent writing . 500 Athens becomes the world first 3500 Maize ( corn ) is domesticated in democracy . 140 Confucianism becomes China official 3200 The Sumerians invent the wheel . government philosophy . 3100 Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt are united . 100 The Silk Road connects China and The Great Pyramid of Khufu is built in Southwest Asia . Egypt . 27 The Roman Empire begins . The first empire is created in AD 30 Christianity begins to develop . Mesopotamia . AD zoo The Maya build large cities in . 1750 The earliest known set of written laws is . issued by . AD 320 The Gupta dynasty begins in India . Hinduism begins AD 476 The western Roman Empire falls . 1100 The Phoenicians create an alphabet . ABOUT THE WORLD

. Important People Sargon ( 2350 ) was a king of , a land north of Sumer . He created a powerful army and used it to the world empire . ruled ) founded the Babylonian Empire and issued the first known written code of laws . Queen ( ruled ) was a ruler of Egypt who expanded trade routes . Siddhartha ( was an Indian prince who became known as the Buddha . His teachings became the foundation for Buddhism . Confucius ( was a Chinese and teacher . His teachings , known as , became a major philosophy in China . Alexander the Great ( built one of ) the largest empires in the ancient world and spread Greek culture throughout his empire . Pericles ( was an Athenian orator and politician . During his rule , Athenian democracy reached its height . Shi ( the first Qin emperor , united China for the time and built what would become the Great Wall of China . Augustus ( 63 14 ) was Rome first emperor . During his reign Rome entered the Pax Romana . Jesus of Nazareth ( AD ) was one of the most people in history . His life and ings were the basis for Christianity . FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD ( I ' I ) I I

FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD Japan Period Lady . Important Dates 476 The western Roman Empire falls . 534 The Byzantine emperor Justinian creates a unified code of laws . 581 The Sui dynasty reunites China . 622 Muhammad leaves Mecca for Medina . 711 The Moors invade Spain . 800 Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans . 1066 William the Conqueror leads the Norman invasion of Britain . 1192 The first shogun takes power in Japan . 1215 A group of nobles forces to sign Magna Carta . 1324 Musa leaves Mali on a hajj to Mecca . The Black Death strikes Europe . FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD Shiki was a writer Japan Heian Medieval to Early Modern Times Tang by he Crusades I Hall Empire 1453 The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople . 1492 Christopher Columbus sails to the Americas . 1517 Martin Luther posts his Theses . 1521 conquers the Aztec Empire . 1537 Francisco Pizarro conquers the Inca Empire . The Council of Trent meets to reform Catholic teachings . 1588 England defeats the Spanish Armada . 1633 Galileo is put on trial for promoting ideas that go against the Catholic Church . 1776 The American colonies declare independence from Great Britain . 1789 The French Revolution begins when a mob storms the Bastille in Paris .

Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci ed the famous Mona Lisa . I The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal emperor Shah . I The A Aztec Em A ire I Age of Exploration The Reformation 1008 ! 51311 A Compasses like this one Revolution explorers 75404700 gate the seas during the Age of Exploration . Important People Muhammad ( was the founder of Islam . Musa ( 1300 ) was the ruler of the Mali He spread Islam teachings to the people of Empire at the height of its wealth and power . He bia , His teachings make up the an . helped spread Islam throughout West Africa . Charlemagne ( was a Frankish king who Johann ( was a German ruled most of what is now France and Germany . inventor who invented a method of printing He helped promote Christianity in western with moveable type . Europe . Christopher Columbus ( was an Italian Lady ( 1000 ) was a court lady navigator who sailed to the Americas for Spain during Japan Heian Period . She wrote The Tale searching for a route to Asia . considered by some to be the world Leonardo da Vinci ( painted the Maria first novel . Lisa , one of the world most admired paintings . Kublai Khan ( was a Mongol ruler who Sir Isaac Newton ( was one of the most completed the Conquest of China and founded scientists in history . He proposed a law the Yuan dynasty . of gravity to explain the movement of objects . FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD

The Modern World 804 Politics I 829 890 Napoleon Politics Greece Society and culture is crowned wins Artists portray ordinary people emperor of dense from the and events realistically during France . Ottoman Empire . the Realism movement . 1800 FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD 1823 18305 1811 Politics Science and Technology Politics Otto von The Monroe The Industrial Revolution transforms Bismarck founds the Doctrine makes the United States the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere . life in Great Britain and soon spreads German Empire . to other countries . Events and People Politics 1933 Mohandas Gandhi begins a hunger 17905 successfully leads a Strike 35 against rebellion of slaves against French rule in Ham 1949 Mao transforms China into a 1811 Simon Bolivar helps Venezuela for its independence from Spain , 1994 Nelson Mandela is elected the first black movements in Bolivia , Colombia , Of 501131 Africa after Years of and struggling against apartheid . 1837 Queen Victoria begins her reign in the Science and Technology United Kingdom . 1856 Henry Bessemer develops a method for 1868 Tokugawa resigns as the last of iron into steel . Japan . 1886 Josephine Cochran receives a patent for the 1916 Jeanette Rankin becomes the first woman first workable dishwasher . elected to the United States House of 1903 Orville and complete the first . controlled aircraft . FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD

Politics Politics Communist control The country collapses in Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , of Israel is , Hungary , Poland , established . and Romania . I 1951 1983 2001 . I Politics World Science and Technology society and Politics Terrorists attack the War II is fought The Soviet Union launches culture The World Trade Center in New York in Europe , North the satellite Sputnik , Internet becomes City and the Pentagon in Africa , and Asia ning the space race . available to the tan , on September , between the Axis general public . powers and Allies . 1905 Albert Einstein introduces the theory of 1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels introduce The relativity . Communist Manifesto . 191 Marie Curie wins the Nobel Prize in chemistry 1880 Tchaikovsky pens the 1812 for discovering several radioactive elements tare to commemorate Russia victory over including radium . Napoleon in 1812 . 1925 George Washington Carver publishes a book 1921 Pablo Picasso paints Tire Three Musicians , one on how to industrial uses for agricultural of the most renowned Cubist works . products . 1937 Zora writes Their Eyes Were 1969 Neil Armstrong becomes the person to Watching God . walk on the moon . 1997 Rowling publishes the Harry Potter 1996 Ian clones a mammal , Dolly the book . sheep . 2004 Lance Armstrong wins a record Tour de and cum France bicycle race . 1824 Louis Braille introduces a reading system for the blind . FACTS ABOUT THE WORLD

oz on an Biographical Dictionary Abbas ( leader , he took back . land that had been lost to the Ottomans . He also made great contributions to the economy and culture . 91 ) Abu ( The first caliph , he ruled the Muslim world after Muhammad death . 80 ) Akbar ( Mughal emperor , he new lands and worked to make the Mughal government stronger . He also began a tolerant religious policy that helped unify the empire ( 92 ) Muslim geographer , he collected information from Arab travelers in order to write an accurate geography book . 95 ) Dante See Dante . Muslim mathematician , he laid the tion for modern algebra . 96 ) Aquinas , Thomas ( Dominican philosopher , he argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian belief . 273 ) Aristotle ) Greek philosopher , he wrote about astronomy , and many other . His idea that people should observe the world carefully to draw logical conclusions helped shape science . 355 ) the Great ( ruler , he overthrew Sunni Baru . His reign was the high point of culture . 145 ) The last Inca king , he was killed by Francisco Pizarro . 425 ) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY Attila ( Leader of the Huns , he led invasions of Constantinople , Greece , Gaul , and northern Italy and was greatly feared by the Romans . 33 ) Augustus ( 63 14 ) First Roman emperor , was originally named Octavian . He gained control of Rome after defeating Marc Antony battle . As emperor , tus built many monuments and a new forum . 25 ) See . Indian emperor , he founded the Mughal . 92 ) Bacon , Francis ( English philosopher , he argued that science could be pursued in a systematic , logical fashion . His ideas helped develop the method . 364 ) Benedict ( Italian saint and monk , he created a set of rules for monks to low . 236 ) Sandro ( Italian Renaissance painter , he is famous for painting scenes from Roman myths . 308 ) Tycho ( Danish astronomer of the Scientific , he emphasized the importance of careful observation . 360 ) Pieter ( Belgian painter of the Northern Renaissance , he painted people in everyday activities . 314 ) Filippo ( 1446 ) Italian Renaissance architect , he used mathematical formulas to design strong buildings . 309 )

Cabot , John Cromwell , Oliver Constantine ( 28 ( First Christian Roman emperor , he , reunited the two halves of the Roman Cabot , John ( Italian sailor who Empire He also moved , Capital to sailed for Henry VII of England , he reached Constantinople . 31 ) the Coast of Canada ( 450 ) Copernicus , Pedro ( 1520 ) Portuguese sailor , 1543 ) Polish astronomer his book on the he Claimed Brazil for Portugal ( 449 ) Revolution of the Celestial , Spheres helped Calvin , John ( Christian reformer , he taught about predestination good begin the ( 359 ) lives and obeying GOd , laws . 332 ) Cortes , Hernan ( If 1491 1557 Spanish conquistador , he went to Mexico a a a ) in search of gold and Conquered the Aztec French explorer , he sailed up the Saint , Empire . 413 ) and land In North Cromwell , Oliver ( Leader of for France . 450 ) ment , he overthrew King Charles I in 1642 Cervantes , Miguel de ( day ) and became ruler of En land ( 484 ) Spanish writer , he wrote Don ' Quixote . 316 ) Charlemagne ( King of the Franks , he was a brilliant warrior and strong leader . He was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 . 237 , 239 ) Charles I ( King of England , his with Parliament caused the English Civil War . He was beheaded in 1649 . 484 ) Charles II ( King of England , he was the son of Charles . He was asked by ment to rule England after the death of Oliver Cromwell . 485 ) Chaucer , Geoffrey ( Medieval English poet , he wrote The Canterbury Tales . 270 ) Clovis ( Frankish king , he built a huge kingdom in Gaul . 33 ) Columbus , Christopher ( Italian sailor supported by the rulers of Spain , he reached the Americas in 1492 . 449 , 450 ) Confucius ( Chinese philosopher , he emphasized ethical behavior for and governments . 177 ) as an I ' 33 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

A . ea in da Gama , Vasco Franklin , Benjamin da Gama , Vasco See Gama , Vasco da . da Vinci , Leonardo See Leonardo da Vinci . Dante ( Italian poet , he wrote The Divine Comedy in the Italian language . 306 ) Descartes , French philosopher , he believed that ing should be accepted as true if it had not been proven . His ideas helped develop the method . 365 ) Dias , Portuguese explorer , he sailed around the southern tip of Africa . 449 ) Denis ( French Enlightenment philosopher , he edited a book called the Encyclopedia . 476 ) Diocletian ( 316 ) Roman emperor , he divided the Roman Empire into two halves . 31 ) Drake , Francis ( English sailor , he was sent to the Americas to steal gold and silver from Spanish ships . 451 ) Du Fu ( One of China greatest poets , he lived during the Tang dynasty . 73 ) Albrecht ( German Renaissance artist , he is famous for his prints and woodcuts . 315 ) Eleanor of ( Queen of France and England , she was one of the most powerful women in Europe in the Middle Ages . 246 ) Erasmus , Dutch priest , he published In Praise of Folly in which he criticized clergy . His criticisms helped inspire the Protestant Reformation . 314 ) il ( Ruler of Persia , he founded the Empire . 90 ) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY ( Muhammad daughter , she holds a place of honor in the Islamic religion . 65 ) Ferdinand ( King of Spain , he and his wife Isabella completed the . They forced Jews in Spain to become Christian or leave and banned Islam . 284 ) Francis of ( Italian saint , he encouraged people to be kind to others and founded the Franciscan Order . Franklin , Benjamin ( American colonial leader , he argued that the British government had no right to tax the because they had no representation in Parliament . 481 ) Eleanor of

, Galileo , Galileo ( Italian scientist , he was the scientist to use experiments to test theories . He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted Church teachings . 361 ) Gama , Vasco da ( Portuguese sailor , he sailed around Africa to reach India . 449 ) Genghis Khan ( kahn ) Ruler of the Mongols , he led his people in attacks against China and against other parts of Asia . His name means universal leader . 180 ) Gregory VII ( A powerful medieval pope , he fought with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the power to choose church officials . 263 ) Johann ( German printer , he developed a printing press that used movable type . 313 ) Henry IV ( Holy Roman Emperor , he fought against Pope Gregory over the power to choose church . 263 ) Henry VIII ( King of England , he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England , or Anglican Church . 333 ) Henry the Navigator ( Prince of Portugal , he helped promote exploration by Portuguese sailors . 448 ) Hans ( Swiss Renaissance painter , he is known largely for his portraits . 315 ) Ibn ( 1368 ) Muslim traveler and writer , he visited Africa , India , China , and Spain . 95 ) Muslim doctor , he wrote a book on medicine that was used out Europe until the . He is known in the West as . 96 ) Ignatius of ( Spanish noble and saint , he founded the Society of Jesus , or the Jesuits . 336 ) Tokugawa See Tokugawa . Isabella ( Queen of Castile in Spain , she helped complete the . She and her husband banned Islam and forced in Spain to become Christian or leave . She also helped pay for the voyages of Christopher Columbus . 284 ) James II ( King of England , he tried to Roman Catholicism to land , a Protestant country . He was replaced as ruler by William and Mary . 485 ) Jefferson , Thomas ( American leader and author of the Declaration of Independence , he believed that Britain had no right to govern or impose taxes on the colonies . 481 ) Jesus ( AD . 30 ) Founder of Christianity , he is considered the Savior by Christians and a prophet by Muslims . 61 ) Joan ( French peasant girl , she rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years War . 278 ) Justinian ( Emperor of the eastern Roman Empire , he organized all Roman laws into a legal system called Justinian Code . He also reconquered much of the Mediterranean and built Hagia Sophia . 36 , 41 ) as an ' BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

, Johannes Louis XVI ( French king at the time i I of the French Revolution , he refused to sign a constitution his wer . He was , Johannes ( German tried and later . 288 ) me he that the planets the Luther , Martin ( German priest ' 6005 ) Wife credited with starting the Reformation , he hi ' 59 nailed a list of complaints about the , a Success er ' Church to a church door in , Omar See Omar . Kublai Khan ( Mongol Germany 330 ) ruler , he completed the conquest of China Machiavelli , Niccolo ( Italian writer and politician , he wrote The Prince in he advised leaders 011 how I , to rule . 306 ) La 95 de ( Madison , Ja ( American colonial priest , he protested the treatment of leader he was the primary author of the American Indians . He attempted to convert ' the Indians to Christianity . 457 ) van ( hook ) Dutch scientist , he was the person to use a microscope as a instrument . 363 ) Leo ( 1554 ) Muslim traveler , he wrote about his journeys in Africa . 144 ) Leonardo da Vinci ( dah ) Genius of the Renaissance , he as A . 15 Magellan , Ferdinand ( Portuguese explorer who sailed for Spain , his crew was the to circumnavigate the globe . 449 ) Jewish scholar , he tried to unite the work of Aristotle with Jewish ideas . 356 ) or ( 1550 ) Native American guide , and interpreter for the Was a painter , sculptor , engineer , ish con She hel ed town planner , and mapmaker . 308 ) his of Li Bo ( One of China greatest poets , he lived during the Tang dynasty . 173 ) Li ( greatest female poet , she lived during the Song dynasty . 73 ) Locke , English philosopher , he thought that government was a contract between the ruler and the people . 479 , 483 ) Louis XIV ( French king , he believed that he ruled by divine right . 478 ) Aztecs . 414 , 415 ) Musa ( died 1332 ) Mali greatest and most famous ruler , he was a devout Muslim . He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca that helped spread Mali fame . 138 , 141 ) French queen and wife of King Louis XVI , she lived and was executed during the French Revolution . 488 ) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY and founded the Yuan dynasty . 181 , 187 ) Constitution . 487 )

Medici , Cosimo de Pizarro , Francisco Medici , Cosimo de ' day ) Omar ( 10484 . 1131 ) Italian banker and leader of poet , mathematician , and , Florence , he wanted to make Florence he The . 97 ) the greatest city in the world . His actions helped bring about the Renaissance . 302 ) Mehmed II ( Ottoman sultan , he defeated the Byzantine Empire in 1453 . Maya king , he had ( 89 ) a temple built in the city of to , Angela ( Ital . record his achievements as a ruler . 393 ) ian saint , she founded the Order . died 1471 ) Inca ( 336 ) ruler , he greatly expanded the Incas Michelangelo ( territory . 423 ) Italian Renaissance artist , he designed Patrick ( 4005 ) Christian saint , he converted the buildings , wrote poetry , and created people of Ireland to Christianity . 235 ) and paintings , 308 , 311 ) Early Italian Moctezuma II ( Renaissance scholar , he wrote about the ( The last Aztec emperor , he was importance of knowing history . 310 ) killed in the Spanish conquest led by Pizarro , Francisco ( Spanish . 413 ) he conquered the Inca Empire . 425 ) French Enlightenment thinker , he believed that government should be divided into separate branches to protect people freedom . 480 ) Muhammad ( Founder of Islam , he spread Islam teachings to the people of Arabia . His teachings make up the Qu ran . 59 ) 1026 ) Japanese noble and writer , she wrote The Tale of Genji , the world first known novel . 205 , 209 ) Newton , Sir Isaac ( English scientist , he studied and the work of lier scientists . He four laws that explained how the physical world works . 362 ) Oda ( 1582 ) Japanese shogun , he fought to unify all of Japan . 217 ) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

or I . Polo , Marco , William Polo , Marco ( Italian trader , he to China and later wrote about his trip . During his time in China he served as a government official in Kublai Khan court . 299 ) Ptolemy ( AD 1003 ) Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer , he studied the skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region . 356 ) Francois ( 1553 ) French Renaissance writer , he poked fun at the ideas of the Middle Ages . 316 ) Richard I ( King of England , he led Christian soldiers in the Third Crusade . He earned the respect of his enemies as well as Christian soldiers for his bravery and his fairness . Robespierre , A leader of the French Revolution , his execution ended the Reign of Terror . 489 ) Rousseau , French philosopher , he believed in popular sovereignty and the social contract between citizens and their governments . 480 ) saladin ( Muslim general , he led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade . 266 ) Heinrich ( 1890 ) Famous archaeologist , he discovered the location of Troy . 14 ) Shah ( Ruler of the Mughal Empire , he built the Taj Mahal to honor his wife . 93 ) Shakespeare , English Renaissance writer and playwright , he is considered by many to be the greatest lish writer of all time . 317 ) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY , See . Japanese regent , he was one of Japan greatest ers . He was in bringing and Chinese ideas to Japan . 202 ) Smith , Adam ( British economist , he argued that governments should not interfere in economic matters and that nomic growth came when individuals were free to make their own choices . 477 ) I ( man ruler , he governed the empire at its height . 90 ) died 1255 ) Founder of the Empire of Mali , his reign is recorded in legends . 136 ) Sunni Ali ( died 1492 ) Emperor of , he conquered Mali and made into a powerful state . 143 ) Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty , he conquered much of Asia , reformed the military , and created codes of law . 167 ) Theodora ( Empress of the eastern Roman empire and Justinian wife , she helped her husband rule . 37 , 41 ) Titian ( Italian painter , he painted many scenes from history . 308 ) Tokugawa ( Japanese shogun , he all of Japan and began the Tokugawa nate . 21 ) Manin ( ruled 1068 ) King of the Empire of , his kingdom was visited by Muslim writers . 134 ) William ( English professor , he translated the Bible into lish . He was later executed as a heretic . 332 )

Xavier , Francis ( Jesuit Zheng He ( HUH ) 1433 ) Chinese priest and missionary , he introduced admiral during the Ming Dynasty , he led Catholicism to parts of India and Japan . great voyages that spread China fame ( 338 ) throughout Asia . 183 ) I Yang Jian ( yang ) Chinese Zhu ( loo ) or , he China after the Period of Emperor of China and founder of the Ming Disunion and established the Sui dynasty . dynasty , he led an army that overthrew the ( 167 ) Mongols . 182 ) Urban Urban ( Medieval pope , he called . on Christians to launch the First Crusade . 264 ) van , Jan ( ern Renaissance artist , he was best known for his portraits . 315 ) Voltaire ( French , he mocked government and religion in his writings . 476 , 477 ) William and Mary ( Rulers of England , they agreed to the English Bill of Rights , which limited their powers and recognized some rights for English citizens . 485 ) William the Conqueror ( Powerful French noble who conquered England , he brought feudalism to Britain . 244 ) Mary ( British writer , she argued that women should have the same rights as men . 477 ) Wu ( Empress of China during the Tang dynasty , she ruled ruthlessly and brought prosperity to China . 168 ) ta an I ! as an Voltaire BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY