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CHAPTER 61 Europe Urban , geography is prose , maps are hy II the second president of , Photo on is the capital city of , a small Baltic country with a striking historical mix in recent decades of communism followed by capitalism and followed by independence . itself displays a remarkable contrast between its Old Town and its modern European city center . Anthropologically , we know that settlement in this strategic coastal location in Northern Europe began before 3000 however , historical reference to a named town did not occur until 1219 . Until the century , the town and eventually the city was known as , originally a place name reflecting Danish territorial control . When became independent in 1918 ( for the years between world wars ) the city was , an Estonian language reference to its fortified walls , as a suffix meaning castle or fortification . The medieval fortifications began in the or century on the city limestone plateau ( or hill ) known as . Early on , these fortifications provided shelter and defense as needed , but were not used for habitation . The structures that now define Old Town mainly were built originally in the and centuries . 291
292 JOEL QUAM AND SCOTT CAMPBELL ( again , the early name for ) was primarily under Danish control from 1219 one century . In the late century , joined the profitable and influential Trading League ( Hansa ) where Estonian trade peaked in the prosperous century . However , Denmark sold some of its northern European lands , including , to the German Order ( also known as the Teutonic Knights ) This brought German influence and culture to . The War of brought Russian , TOW 17 ) Swedish , and Polish interests into the region . In the early part of the war in 1561 , sided with Sweden . This allegiance remained true until 1710 . During the War , those buildings inside the fortification remained intact , while many structures outside the wall and in the lower town were destroyed . Although saved from war , much inside the protection of the upper town walls was ruined by the Great Fire of 1684 . The Northern War of again brought Russian forces to , as the city capitulated in 1710 . Under tsarist rule initially by Peter the Great , the city developed industrially and renewed its harbor role in trade . In 1870 rail service between and Petersburg was established , increasing economic links with the Russian Empire . World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution signaled the end of the empire hold on and the region . Brief German presence passed with the German failure to win the war . In the diplomatic arrangements , became an independent country . One of the first steps of independence was the change of the capital name from . During the years of Soviet rule after World War II , Estonians viewed this interwar independence as a golden age . By 1939 the population of reached 145 thousand , amidst avid days of Estonian cultural expression . In the secret protocol attached to the Pact ( pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany ) the Baltic States were placed within the Soviet sphere of influence . This set up the Soviet annexation of , and in 1940 . However , in 1941 the Nazis attacked the USSR anyway and in August of that year they occupied . Eventually in September 1944 , Soviet forces regained the city . While there was war damage to , most of the Old Town remained intact . During Soviet days , benefitted from the close ethnic links between and Estonians . Their language family , shared with Hungarian and scattered small ethnic groups like Sami peoples , brings the ability to understand both languages . Easy transport from , Finland , to brought exposure to Western culture , as did Finnish broadcasts , understood and received in . The Baltic States were at the forefront of the movement to end the Soviet Union and to create multiple new independent countries . Through the Singing Revolution ( opposition to Soviet rule and censorship ) Estonians propelled this drive for independence and attained it in 1991 .
EUROPE URBAN GEOGRAPHY II 293 Old Town of Photo by on Since gained sovereignty , and as its capital city and focal point have pushed freedom , liberty , democracy , and capitalism forward quickly and forcefully . is visited by over four million tourists yearly . The medieval setting of the Old Town , city walls , stone towers , and cobblestone streets is a delight for visitors and has earned designation as a World Heritage City . Even so , has modernized quickly , adding skyscrapers and technology . The modern is a global city that features and digital lifestyles . Check this video for a quick look watch ?
time JOEL QUAM AND SCOTT CAMPBELL 294 at night Photo by Denis on Overall , is a remarkable city , blending historical and cultural influences from varied centuries and effects of Danish , German , Russian , Soviet control mixed with two stretches of independence , plus shared linguistic and ethnic roots with . population now is about 434 thousand , ethnically mixed with 51 Estonian and 36 Russian . Did You Know ?
It would have been highly fitting if World Chess Champion ( Mikhail Tal had been from , but actually he was born in , the capital of neighboring , According to Estonian lore , the structures built on cover the burial site of the Estonian ( and Finnish ) mythical hero , In Star Trek lore , is a messianic figure in Klingon history . Probably unrelated !
EUROPE URBAN GEOGRAPHY II 295 CITED AND ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY , jorge . 2019 . Town Square . Attribution Generic ( BY ) History of . Accessed June .