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CHAPTER 53 Europe Population Geography I The Agreement The movement of people across space is inherently geographic . At its broadest , this is called mobility . Mobility includes all sorts of spatial movement daily commuting , migration , tourism , and more . Throughout the study of mobility , note the movements across space , but in doing so , they examine why and how the movement happens . One key , or actually a law , to mobility is the geographic concept . Distance is a variable that is crucial to the study of Geography in fact , it is shown in Waldo First Law of Geography Everything is related to everything else , but near things are more related than distant things . The United States is well known for its mobility in fact , arguably America has the most mobile society in the world . Urban Americans are active commuters , sometimes going over an hour each way to and from work in a car or bus or train . American wealth allows for extensive ownership of automobiles . Not counting , the United States trails only New Zealand in number of road motor vehicles ( more than two wheels ) per 1000 people . The American road system is unmatched around the globe in a combined measure ( paved ) and quantity ( miles of road ) America large land area provides the spatial availability for numerous large cities . Cities are known to have a attraction for migrants and travelers . Additionally and key to this essay topic , the 257
258 JOEL QUAM AND SCOTT CAMPBELL United States has a large land area , divided into fifty states , yet existing without internal borders acting as barriers to mobility . With the American history as a clearly viewed positive example , Europe sought to organize itself as a set of countries . See the essay on The Development of the European Union ) The European Union was established in 1993 by the Treaty , named for the city in the Netherlands , where the treaty was signed . At that time , there were fifteen member countries , having now expanded to . The European Union ( EU ) subsumed the prior organization , the European Economic Community ( It was under the auspices ofthe that an interest in mobility in Europe began . Likely there were observations about and comparisons to the United States . The United States is much larger than Europe ( not including Russia ) yet America lack of internal border stops allowed it to produce much more efficiency transportation mobility than found in Europe . Could borders in the be regulated more like American borders ?
The initial agreement was among only five of the countries of the . Like the EU agreement , this was named for the city where it was signed ( in ) The trio of Belgium , the Netherlands , and were joined by West Germany and France in concurring to gradually reduce controls at common international borders . Like the broadening into the EU , the number of countries interested in joining the Agreement also expanded . Though it originally existed outside of the and EU , in 1999 the Agreement officially was integrated into the laws of the European Union , though it allowed for Ireland and the United Kingdom to opt out . Countries joining the EU after 1999 were expected to become members of the Agreement as well , but were also able to postpone immediate enrollment . Thus , it is that , and do not yet count within the fold . The appeal of open borders brought countries to participate in the system , including Norway , Iceland , Switzerland , and the of Monaco , Vatican City , and San Marino . The Agreement has widespread support in Europe , though some populist politicians preach fear of terrorists maneuvering through Europe open borders . Supporters counter that security is maintained and improves with integration of Europe , not with fragmentation . With over 400 million people living in countries , the benefits to trade , travel , and tourism have been significant . Even by 2010 , three countries ( Italy , France , Germany ) ranked in the top six countries in the world , in terms of total road passenger miles . Not surprisingly , the United States was the top country in this statistic . In 2014 in the measure of tourist trips per person , the top countries included Finland , United States , Sweden , Denmark , Norway , 10 France . Cartography by .
EUROPE POPULATION GEOGRAPHY I 259 Here we see a sign at the border of , where there is no border control . Travelers simply drive into , in the same way that a simply would drive into Wisconsin . Did You Know ?
Where Waldo ?
Geographer Waldo , mentioned above , was inspiration for that popular series of books and images . In times of great concern , countries may reestablish border controls , as some countries did during the European migrant crisis in 2016 . border . Photo by on . CITED AND ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY , a Area Member in 2019 . January , Marc . 2015 . Europe Dilemma Is a Success ?
Carnegie Europe . May 27 , Ian . 2020 . Area . College of GIS class . Ian . 2016 . Is the Dream of Europe without Borders Becoming a Thing of the Past ?
The Guardian , january , 2016 , sec . World news .