Perspectives An Open Invitation to Cultural Anthropology Contents

CONTENTS xi WHY THIS BOOK ?

Xi ABOUT THE SOCIETY FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGES WHY OPEN ACCESS ?

xiii Xiii xiii I . Part . Introduction to Anthropology WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY ?

WHAT IS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY ?

WHAT IS CULTURE ?

A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THINKING THE ( OTHER ) OF ANTHROPOLOGY 10 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES WHYIS ANTHROPOLOGY IMPORTANT ?

GLOSSARY 25 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 26 BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 . The Culture Concept 29 THOUGHTS ON CULTURE OVER A CUP OF COFFEE 29 STORIES AS A REFLECTION ON CULTURE 30 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES OF CULTURE 35 BACK IN THE COFFEE SHOP 40 GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHORS 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 . Doing Fieldwork Methods in Cultural Anthropology 45 FINDING THE FIELD 45 TRADITIONAL GRAPHIC APPROACHES 49 GRAPH TODAY 54 ETHNOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES AND PERSPECTIVES 56 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 63 WRITING ETHNOGRAPHY 65 GLOSSARY 67 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY 68

Language THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE TO HUMAN CULTURE THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LANGUAGE HUMAN LANGUAGE COMPARED WITH THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OF OTHER SPECIES UNI OF LANGUAGE DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS STRUCTURES OF LANGUAGE LANGUAGE VARIATION LANGUAGE IN ITS SOCIAL SETTINGS LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY LANGUAGE CHANGE HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS GLOBALIZATION AND LANG GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR Subsistence STUDYING SUBSISTENCE SYSTEMS MODES OF SUBSISTENCE THE GLOBAL AGRICULTURE SYSTEM CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY Economics MODES OF PRODUCTION MODES OF EXCHANGE CONSUMPTION AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM POLITICAL ECONOMY UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITY CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY Political Anthropology A Comparison BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY LEVELS OF INTEGRATION EGALITARIAN SOCIETIES POLITICAL ORGANIZATION TRIBAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION RANKED SOCIETIES AND STRATIFIED SOCIETIES STATE LEVEL OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION CONCLUSION ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY 70 70 71 75 76 76 78 83 87 88 92 94 96 97 98 12 14 14 15 15 19 20 27 35 39 41 42 43 43 48 48 50 50 51 52 61 66 68 73 75 76

10 . 11 . 12 . Family and Marriage RIGHTS RESPONSIBILITIES STATUSES AND ROLES IN FAMILIES KINSHIP AND DESCENT KINSHIP TERMS MARRIAGE AND FAMILY FAMILIES AND CULTURE CHANGE GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR Race and DUDE WHATARE YOU ?

IS ANTHROPOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF RACE ?

RACE IN THREE NATIONS THE UNITED STATES BRAZIL AND ETHNIC GROUPS A MELTING POT OR A SALAD BOWL ?

POPULAR CULTURE SPORTS DIVERSITY CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY Gender and Sexuality INTRODUCTION GENDER ACCORDING TO ANTHROPOLOGISTS FOUNDATIONS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF GENDER APPROACHES TO STUDYING GENDER CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHORS 214 DEFINING RELIGION THEORIES OF RELIGION ELEMENTS OF RELIGION CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR Globalization OVERVIEW AND EARLY GLOBALIZATION THE ACCELERATION OF GLOBALIZATION SELECTIVE IMPORTATION AND ADAPTATION GLOBALIZATION IN GLOBALIZATION AND RESPONSES TO GLOBALIZATION IMPLICATIONS FOR ANTHROPOLOGY CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHORS 182 183 183 188 190 199 200 202 204 205 207 215 220 222 223 226 226 227 228 231 231 233 262 271 272 274 286 288 289 291 300 300 301 304 305 306 308 311 316 319 322 326 327 328

14 . 15 . 13 . The History of Anthropological CENTRAL CONCEPTS THE FALL OF COLONIALISM AND THE RISE OF NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES SPECIALIZATION A WIDE RANGE CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY Culture and Environmental Anthropology in the LIVING IN THE CULTURAL ECOLOGY POLITICAL ECOLOGY ADDITIONAL APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGY IN CONSERVATION CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY Performance OVERVIEW EVERYDAY PERFORMANCE CONSTITUTING SOCIAL REALITY PERFORMANCES CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHORS Media Anthropology Meaning Embodiment , Infrastructure , and Activism A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDIA ANTHROPOLOGY MEDIA WHAT MAKES MEDIA POSSIBLE ?

PARTICIPATORY MEDIA AND MEDIA ACTIVISM IN ANTHROPOLOGY CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY 335 336 340 342 350 350 351 351 357 357 361 364 368 373 375 377 378 379 379 382 383 386 391 394 401 402 403 407 408 409 412 415 419 421 421 421 17 . Health and Medicine THE PERSPECTIVE MENTAL HEALTH THE EXPERIENCE OF ILLNESS IN PLACE BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES CONCLUSION GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR 18 . Seeing Like an Anthropologist Anthropology in Practice DEVELOPMENT WE NEVER ASKED ABOUT IT BEFORE SEEING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST I WILL IT UNTIL I DIE AN ISOLATED CASE ?

REFLECTIONS GLOSSARY ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 . Public Anthropology TWO PUZZLES DEFINING PUBLIC ANTHROPOLOGY PUTTING PRESENT CONCERNS IN PERSPECTIVE PUBLIC AN RELATION TO APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY THE UPS AND DOWNS OF PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT TAKING STOCK OF WHERE WE ARE AND WHERE WE ARE HEADING A FRAMEWORK FOR RESHAPING THE DISCIPLINE FACILITATING SOCIAL CHANGE CONCLUDING QUESTIONS CENTER FOR A PUBLIC ANTHROPOLOGY HOW THE BLOOD CAME BACK TO THE ABOUT THE AUTHOR BIBLIOGRAPHY Image Credits 425 426 428 433 434 437 439 440 441 444 445 446 448 449 449 451 452 453 453 453 456 456 458 463 464 466 467 468 469 476 480 480 484 484 489

PREFACE Welcome to Perspectives and Open Access Anthropology ! We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook , a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology . Different from other introductory textbooks , this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author . Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural . Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic . We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and , in all of the chapters , we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples . We start with Laura Nader observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a lem . In our complicated world of increasing migration , nationalism , and climate challenges , cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a world . Indeed , as Katie Nelson reminds us , anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre . Robert advocates for anthropology ability to empower people and facilitate good . calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today . This book brings Nader , Nelson , and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over . We need you , as students , to see the possibilities . As instructors , we want to help you easily share knowledge and understanding . We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume . WHY THIS BOOK ?

For students , we promise readable and interesting Writing on topics that will be covered in your first year anthropology course . The chapters contain links to support your use and enjoyment of the book . They are designed to help learn the material . Use this book , even if it is not your course text , and then ask your instructor tough questions ! Use social media to ask us questions or to send us details are below . For instructors , we invite you to build your own book , the perfect book for your course . The available chapters mirror the lecture topics in many courses . The chapters form a Whole and they can also . Choose the ones you need , assigning some of these chapters and not others . We know that there is some overlap in the chapters . This is a consequence of multiple authors Writing about topics which , obviously and necessarily , do not exist Without reference to other topics in anthropology . This overlap is teachable because it reinforces the holistic approach used by cultural anthropologists to understand the people with whom we work . In addition to the chapters , the Perspectives website ( teaching resources , including a collection of video lectures as well as on the of anthropology from members of our discipline . The interviews explain how these

PERSPECTIVES AN OPEN INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY scholars became anthropologists and what they see as the importance and relevance of anthropology today . We hope you will use this textbook with your students , either as a text or in tion with other textual and digital materials . Changes in the Second Edition The core content of the book remains the same in the second edition , but we have made some in response to feedback from instructors and students . New Chapter A new introduction , written by Katie Nelson and Lara , places cultural anthropology in a context and offers students information about the variety of careers and in the discipline of anthropology . Enhanced Experience and Pagination The book has been reformatted so that the online and electronic versions are easier to read and navigate . The second edition has consistent page numbering in the electronic and print versions . Chapter Order Because the second edition of the book has grown to 19 chapters , the book has been divided into two parts . Chapters in the first section cover the fundamental topics found in most cultural anthropology courses . The Development of Anthropological Ideas , written by Laura Nader , leads the second section , which focuses on discussion of some of the specialized topics typically covered in cultural anthropology courses . Since the chapters may be read in any combination or order , instructors have a wide range of specialized topics from which to choose to enhance their course . A Note About The Print Version A print version of the book is available for purchase through Amazon . The price the cost of the printing itself , which is consistent with the books Creative Commons licensing . All the content in the print version is available free of charge in electronic format from the Perspectives site . ABOUT THE SOCIETY FOR ANTHROPOLOGY IN COMMUNITY COLLEGES This book is produced by the Society for Anthropology in Community ( as we call ourselves , are teaching anthropologists who work in community colleges and universities across North America . We teach first year of whom have never taken an course . We believe strongly in the importance of learning about cultural diversity and we assert that the ideas and skills of anthropologists can inform work in any career . has been building this book since 2012 . We have assembled a terrific writing team of authors who teach in colleges and senior anthropologists who share our commitment to creating an open and accessible textbook . tweets and is on Facebook . We encourage you to tweet at us or post on our Facebook page when you are using this book . is an official section of the American Anthropological Association .

xiu WHY OPEN ACCESS ?

This book was motivated by interest in supporting a diversity of anthropology students , including first generation college learners and students with lower incomes . Frequently , these are the students we teach . Further , have an interest in progressive social values and believe in the power of education in anthropology to improve the living conditions and situations of people abroad and at home . We want these messages to find their ways to as many people as possible , even if students aren formally enrolled in an anthropology course . This book is published under a creative commons license ( which grants permission to instructors to copy , distribute , or remix the chapters to suit your educational needs as long as you credit the original author and the Original source of the material . The contents of this book may not be used for commercial purposes , meaning it can not be sold in any form . THE COVER DESIGN We put considerable thought into the cover of Perspectives . We wanted a cover that provokes sion Without stereotyping . We chose a design that prompts and classroom engagement , while remaining friendly and inviting . We invite instructors to use the cover as a teaching tool . Consider cussing that the cover is a story that may be told in many ways . Consider the possibilities of this scene Who are these people ?

Where are they in this snapshot and where are they off to ?

What did they have for breakfast and who will they meet in the course of their day ?

Similarly , examine this cover along with other recent and past covers of a range of Cultural Anthropology textbooks . What are the messages being sent by the different types of images that represent Cultural Anthropology ?

We aren sure the cover is quite perfect yet , so please teach its strengths and its limitations for standing what anthropology then let us know what you decide in your class . Please be in touch with us via social media or email if you have suggestions or questions . If you would like to be involved with this project by writing a chapter or creating ancillary materials , please contact us . The dynamic nature of an open access book means that there is always room to add new chapters or other materials . Thank you for adopting Perspectives . Nina Brown , Community College of Baltimore County Thomas , University of Laura de , San Diego College This book would not have been possible without the generous contributions of many people . We would like to thank the Executive Board of the Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges for their support of this project starting in 2012 as well as members who contributed their time and

xiv AN OPEN INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY expertise . Jeanne Thompson ( Cypress College ) and Philip Stein ( Pierce College ) served on the committee and played a central role in shaping the book from the beginning . We also appreciate the assistance of Janine , Director of Publishing for the American Anthropological Association , who helped us develop this book as an open access publishing project . We would like to express our gratitude to Robert ( Hawaii Pacific University and Center for a Public ) who championed this project from its earliest stages and elevated our efforts through his outreach to authors and Willingness to share resources . His commitment to a public anthropology that seeks to address the central issues of our time while engaging broad audiences was a central inspiration for our work . In addition , we thank the following people for their expertise . Peer Reviewers Jessica , Napa Valley College Anthony , County Community College Beverly Bennett , Wilbur Wright College , City Colleges of Chicago Lin Bentley Keeling , El Paso Community College Ronald , University of Baltimore Chuck , College of Carol , Austin Community College Jeffrey , University of California , Santa Barbara Danielle James , Community College of Baltimore County , University of California , Diane Levine , Pierce College Brandon Lundy , State University Bob Muckle , University Carol , State University Karen Muir , Columbus State Community College Philip , State University of New York , Christian Palmer , Windward Community College , University of Hawaii Anastasia , River College Philip Stein , Pierce College Tim Sullivan , College Jeanne Thompson , Cypress College Andrew Walsh , University of Western Book Design and Production Stacy , Natalie Karst , and Janet Keller , Stuart Williams , cover design Grapevine Publishing Services , page design and typesetting