Introduction to LGBTQ+ Studies A Cross-Disciplinary Approach Screening LGBTQ+

Part VI Culture queer Pertaining to a person or group that does not fall within the gender binary of heterosexuality . 350 Screening LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter , students will be able to do the following Summarize the cinematic history of genders and , including homosexuality , bisexuality , and transgender identity . Summarize the history of censorship as it relates to normative genders and , including homosexuality , bisexuality , and transgender identity . Identify key approaches to critiquing explicit and coded identities and themes in . Discuss at least one approach in detail and apply it to an original interpretation of queer . WHAT IS FILM AND MEDIA ?

What do Robert Who Framed Roger Rabbit ?

1988 ) Penny Marshall A League Their Own , and David Fight Club ( 1999 ) have in common ?

According to news website , they all among the best queer you did know were queer ! The reviewer reads homoerotic in Fight Club plot , which revolves around illicit contact shrouded in secrecy . But if homosexuality never crosses the viewer mind , is the still queer ?

The question of what counts as and media is anything but straightforward .

Screening 351 Many have debated what makes a gay gay , a queer queer , and so on . Must the plot revolve around someone emergent sexuality , as in Todd Haynes Carol ( 2015 ) or Donna Desert Hearts ( 1985 ) Does an character ?

How do we know a character unless it is explicitly stated ?

Must we assume all characters are straight until proved queer ?

What about Charles Stein ( 2001 ) in which the title character dates a woman and comes out before the right man ?

Are made by directors intrinsically queer ?

A range of scholars have explored these questions . In a book on the early lesbian Dorothy , for example , writes that , though contain no overtly lesbian characters or plots , they devote constant and deliberate attention to how women dress and act and perform , as much for each other as for the male Doty , meanwhile , suggests that in many popular texts , queerness is less an essential , property than the result of acts of production or reception . This does not mean the queerness one attributes to mass culture texts is any less real than the ness others would claim for these same texts . As with the constructing of sexual identities , constructing the of texts results in some real In other words , queerness may emanate from the viewer as much as from a kiss onscreen . As Richard Dyer notes , In the process of investigation , the by , for , and about category at the With these concerns in mind , this chapter outlines the history of queer representations in screen media and considers the ways both texts and audiences produce queerness in the face of legal and cultural restrictions on overtly queer content . Representation is important for marginalized groups , but applying labels to individuals and content raises ethical issues . With the aim of advocacy and comprehensibility , this chapter makes provisional use of categories such as gay and trans while remaining sensitive to historical . Elsewhere , queer operates as a for sexual identities , behaviors , and aesthetics . Similarly , the sections of this chapter are makeshift , a subjective organizing tool to render the content more easily digestible . Part of the work of queer theory is to scrutinize and deconstruct categories , and the of genre and textbook chapter applied here are no exceptions . Finally , this chapter critiques many of the texts it describes . Critique does not necessarily indicate that the texts in question are unworthy of watching . Rather , recognizing their as symptoms of the systems in which they are produced and consumed is essential to representation Portrayal of a person or group by a representative who acts for them or in their interests .

352 Introduction to Studies form The way a story is told , including choices such as editing , cinematography , wardrobe , and framing . content The substance of a story , typically entailing narrative , characters , and dialogue . Figure . The investigative journalist and documentary maker Dave France ( right ) and oy ( accepting a Award for their documentary How to Survive a Plague . Awards . the viewing process . Helping readers learn to identify and analyze these systems is , I believe , a teXtbook core responsibility . FORM AND CONTENT Although the thoughts and feelings they generate are real things , ber that media texts never present objective realities . From Madeleine outrageously campy Codependent Lesbian Space Alien Same ( 2011 ) to documentaries such as David France The Death and if 1011725072 ( 2017 ) are representations ( ure ) They created through subjective human processes such as writing , casting , acting , costuming , editing , and more . However realistic and emotionally affecting , characters are works of art and whose lives stop where the does . Likewise , documentaries are based on real events but are always interpretations of those re never fully objective . Analyzing screen media means considering not just what stories are told but also the techniques and , editing , casting , and so to tell them and how those elements work alongside the content to construct meaning . In literary , form refers to the way a story is told , and content refers to the events , and characters of which it consists . Content might be thought of as the what of a text form as how it depicted . Making a or a episode entails many decisions beyond plot and dialogue ,

Screening ranging from camera angles to casting , to wardrobe , to sound mixing , and they all produce certain effects . The language of form offers a means for examining these decisions and their effects . A trope , meanwhile , is a common or overused theme or When overused , it becomes a are discussed further later in the chapter . The frequent trope of dramatic death in , commonly called Bury Your Gays , includes suicide ( William 1961 The Children Hoar , Lea Pool 2001 Lost and , Atom an 2009 Chloe ) homicide ( Anthony 1999 The Talented , 1999 Boys Don Cry , Ang Lee 2005 Mountain , Patty 2003 Monster ) and ( 1993 ' a , Ryan Murphy 2014 The Normal Heart , Bryan Singer 2018 Bohemian Rhapsody ) These tragic are so ubiquitous that Ruby Rich wryly noted that , in 1999 , only lesbian happy ending involve a portal into ohn Films involving a queer character tragic death are necessarily bad or homophobic , but the persistent , minimally varying association of queerness with unnatural death is reductive and harmful in much the same way that the automatic association of with male sexuality is reductive and harmful . Historically , moreover , these have been cultural or legal for representation to exist at all . To understand the reasons why the , production , and consumption of and media remain so complicated today , this chapter devotes attention to . Because such context is essential to understanding the contemporary conditions and manifestations of and media , the chapter focuses almost exclusively on the United States . Watch For Pride Month in 2018 , them . collaborated with Joey on a short series called , in which created that deliberately queered the Hollywood narrative . One short , Kiki and the A Short about Being Trans in High School , makes fun of the Hollywood high school comedy ( What from teenage comedies can you identify in this short ?

In what ways have these been queered and through a lens ?

What techniques does the use to tell the story ?

Do you them effective ?

trope A pattern , phrase , rhetorical device , or plot point that has been used so often it can be categorized and anticipated .

354 Introduction to Studies HISTORICAL AND LEGAL As this chapter title suggests , the history of and media is bound up with social and political constraints that have consistently limited the expression and representation of genders and . Restrictions notwithstanding , all sorts of gender and sexual diversity have found ways to make themselves visible and since cinema early days . Beginnings through the Hays Code In the 19305 , the Motion Picture Production Code , often called the Hays Code , established moral guidelines that produced for public sumption had to follow . These guidelines prohibited or restricted the depiction of subject matter such as profanity , drug , religious effrontery , and childbirth scenes a motion picture was not to lower the moral standards of those who see But before the Code was imposed , featured more homosexual content than one might expect . See , for example , Harry Beaumont The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) and Cecil The of the Cross ( 1932 ) depictions of gay and lesbian characters were often and insulting mincing , dissolute men and mannish women . These stereotyped conceptions of homosexuality the prevailing notions of idea that queerness equated to in a male body or vice versa . In sexologist Richard von words , an invert possessed the masculine soul , heaving in the female Though these stereotypes persist today and have been explored in such venues as David Thorpe Do Sound Gay ?

2014 ) queer and feminist theory have helped dispel the assumption that logical sex ( male or female ) is inherently connected to gender ( masculine or feminine ) or indeed that there are only two sexes or two genders . Poverty stopped many from attending movies when the Great sion hit , so tried tactics to lure audiences . These tactics encompassed controversial material ranging from unprecedented violence to sexual perversion , including homosexual characters . in response to this trend , Will Hays , then president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America ( now Motion Picture of America ) banned all gay male characters in in Representations of homosexuality were barred under this ban on the basis of representing sex perversion or any inference of it depictions of interracial relationships were also

Screening 355 ust because the Hays Code forbade queer content doesn mean none existed , however . Think of the pink elephant game , in which the objective is not to think about pink elephants . Knowing something is not supposed to be present often seems to make the possibility of its presence more acute . For this reason , censorship is notoriously ineffective for enforcing silence on a topic . Further , censorship often begets tendencies that seek out whose direct expression has been Chon has called reading against the and Onward The Hays Code later years dovetailed with the Red Scare of the and Senator McCarthy smear campaigns . Howard documentary The Lavender Scare ( 2017 ) explores the wave of homophobia that arose in conjunction with the Red Scare . The were a time of extreme scrutiny for gay men and lesbians , leading to and other forms of discrimination against individuals suspected of inclinations . Homosexuality was viewed as dangerously and associated with communist huge stigma during the Cold War years . Still , depictions of queer men and occasionally women during this time . Partly because of the Hays Code proscription on positive portrayals of perversion , these characters were often or mentally ill . Indeed , the American Psychiatric Diagnostic and Statistical Manual listed homosexuality as a mental illness until 1973 and renamed gender identity disorder as gender dysphoria only in 2013 . It unsurprising that depictions of queer characters have frequently conformed to prevailing popular and medical opinion . ness and psychological disturbance remain linked in productions such as Darren Swan ( 2010 ) Sonny The Roommate ( 2011 ) and Phoebe Killing Eve ( Code Film and Television The saw pushes for civil rights and freedom of expression in many walks of life . the Hays Code was laid to rest in 1968 . Having proved unpopular and largely unenforceable , it was replaced by the precursor to the current rating system , again from the Motion Picture Association of America ( general audiences ) mature ) restricted ) and ( under 16 not admitted ) The ratings of ( parental homophobia Fear or hatred for queerness and queer people .

356 Introduction to Studies Figure . Vito Russo , author and cofounder of . guidance suggested ) suggested for those under 13 ) and ( under 17 not admitted , replacing ) were added later . As Vito Russo book The Celluloid Closet ( adapted into a 1995 by Rob Epstein and ) points out , historically have a much lower threshold for obscenity than do those of heterosexual relations ( That is , a scene where a man kisses another man has been treated as much more to incur an a man kissing a Free Expression Then and Now The US . Supreme Court case to address homosexuality in terms of free speech was One , in 1958 . In it , the court ruled that neutral or positive homosexual content was not inherently obscene . The case had major implications for the media industry , because productions with content or themes could not be instantly labeled as even if they the of the laws , which blocked content considered obscene from being distributed by mail , or

Screening 357 other moral strictures that had historically mandated content considered obscene . Progressive changes in the portrayal of individuals , and issues across media owe much to the continued activism of many groups , from local to international , and changes in public opinion . In 1985 , Vito Russo and Gomez , among others , founded the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( now simply called so as not to erase those who identify in ways other than gay or lesbian ) in response to negative media coverage of the AIDS crisis . promotes inclusive language that does not . For example , it successfully lobbied the New York Times , the Associated Press , and other outlets to drop homosexual in favor of gay in 1987 . also hosts a media awards ceremony each year , compiles indexes related to in mainstream film , and publishes an annual report addressing the inclusion of elements in Underground and Experimental Film In spite of these legal and cultural restrictions , a gay underground cinema arose with iconoclastic independent such as Andy and Kenneth Anger . Blow job ( 1964 ) consists of a single long of the face of a man on whom another man is forming oral sex . Anger , who worked with the sexologist Alfred , made experimental films with homoerotic undertones ( and sometimes overtones ) 1947 ) which features a group of muscular male sailors and sexually suggestive imagery , led to obscenity charges against a distributor who screened it . A theater manager who screened Anger Scorpio Rising in 1963 faced similar charges . In both cases , the charges were dismissed . Though born in Hollywood , the lesbian filmmaker Barbara Hammer spurned the mainstream ( She directed the groundbreaking ) in short that consists primarily of , nonlinear images of naked women walking around outdoors . The later Nitrate Kisses ( 1992 ) funded partially by the National Endowment for the Arts , features intimate footage of deviant couples , a thread related to the author Willa and her rumored lesbianism , and the victimization of lesbians in Nazi Germany . Unprecedented and garde as Hammer style was , she has met criticism from within the feminist community for her association of female bodies with fruit , trees , and other natural images that some View as complicit with the construction of women as passive , and fertile . Representing a trait , behavior , or identity as a sickness or inevitable tragedy .

358 Introduction to Studies camp An aesthetic that privileges poor taste , shock value , and irony and poses an intentional challenge to the traditional attributes of high art . It is often characterized by showiness , extreme , and tackiness . Figure . Barbara Hammer , MOVEMENTS , AESTHETICS , AND SENSIBILITIES Camp Amid the War 11 baby boom , suburban projected an idyllic image of the nuclear family suburban homes with white picket fences , father as breadwinner , morn . This image and its performative became the target of parody and critique by dissidents , prime among them . One of such dissent came to be known as camp . Camp is an aesthetic that privileges poor taste , shock value , and irony , intentionally challenging the traditional attributes of high art . It is often characterized by showiness , extreme , and such as the popular pink lawn ornaments from which Waters iconic takes its name . Although largely ironic , camp can also devolve from earnestness gone awry , as in attempts at profundity that fall absurdly short of their targets . Paul Showgirls ( 1995 ) and Steven Burlesque ( 2010 ) exemplify the latter . In Notes on Camp , the cultural critic Susan Sontag suggests that nothing in nature can be campy (

Screening Figure . Items on display at the Camp Notes on Fashion exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art in 2019 . Regan . Since the , the camp cinema of John Waters has delighted some audiences while others . Pink Flamingos ( 1972 ) Poi ( 1981 ) and Hairspray ( 1988 ) lampoon the strictures and hypocrisies of the suburban United States , featuring the drag queen Divine and acts of subversion . Divine went far beyond , too . Legend holds Divine to be the inspiration for the villainous sea witch Ursula in Disney The Little Mermaid ( 1992 ) More recently , Liz and Carly Mensch comedy series GLOW ( has embraced the campy phenomenon of the same name , giving life to the erstwhile women wrestling venture full of caricatured and storylines . New Queer Cinema The rise of independent festivals such as Sundance and Telluride in the and smaller productions that lacked the backing of major studios , from work to indie narrative . Following the activism of the and then the crisis , a movement of unconventional , experimental ,

360 Introduction to Studies Figure . Cheryl . and unapologetic emerged in the early . Rich termed this movement New Queer Cinema , describing it as one favoring pastiche and appropriation , by art , activism , and such new entities as music video . It reinterpreted the link between the personal and the political envisioned by feminism and the activism pioneered at Stonewall . New queer cinema such as Gus van Sant My Own Private Idaho ( 1991 ) and Derek Edward II ( 1991 ) featured overtly queer content , often through outsider characters . Many also engaged with or alluded to the AIDS crisis , including Richard Fung 1991 Chinese Characters , Marlon Riggs 1989 Tongues Untied , Todd Haynes 1991 Poison and 1995 Safe , and Gregg 1992 The Living End . Cheryl ( Watermelon Woman ( 1996 ) calls out the erasure of Black lesbians in Hollywood and the persistence of racist over the years . The follows character as she stages interviews with both and lesbian activists , including Sarah and Camille . Paris Is Burning ( 1990 ) documents New York City ball culture , Black and lives and communities involved in the dance vogue scene . Iconic as it has become , scholars including bell hooks and Butler have questioned the racial politics .

Screening 361 who is white and from a privileged background , arguably off a marginalized community and the celebration of drag as a means of subversion and liberation . Critiques notwithstanding , Steven Canals , Brad , and Ryan Murphy joined forces to create Pose ( an series that draws from Paris Is in its representation of the same ballroom culture . has contributed in directorial and production roles to that production as well . Mainstream Gay ?

Whereas new queer cinema was largely by the directors , writers , and producers creating its , began to enter bigger markets in the early years of the . Ang Lee Mountain ( 2005 ) for example , featured the ( straight ) stars Heath Ledger and ake as covert lovers . Subsequently , such as ' I Frida ( 2002 ) Lisa The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) Ryan Murphy The Normal Heart ( 2014 ) Morten The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) and Barry ( Moonlight ( 2016 ) have all featured ( and disproportionately straight ) actors and achieved mainstream prominence , including major award nominations . Figure . Barry Jenkins , the director of the 2016 that won the Academy Award for Best Picture .

362 Introduction to Studies TELEVISION AND STREAMING MEDIA Actress , comedian , and talk show host Ellen ( is now an internationally recognizable who regularly appears on the Forbes annual World 100 Most Powerful Women lists , but her success required the resuscitation of a career that went Virtually comatose from 1997 to 2003 . came out publicly as a lesbian on her sitcom , Ellen ( in 1997 . The show returned for one more season but was subsequently canceled . Many speculate that the final season poor ratings owed to network ABC refusal to risk alienating conservative audiences by promoting it . Thanks largely to Ellen milestone pronouncement , and television saw a spate of characters , personalities , and . sitcom Will Grace premiered in 1998 , ended in 2006 , and rebooted in 2017 . It features a gay male lead as well Figure . Ellen . Glenn Francis .

Screening as a prominent gay supporting character . Although the show was breaking and put ( some ) gay issues on a national stage , its characters played into many stereotypes and offered an almost exclusively white , and normative representation of homosexuality . Ron Becker the spike in ( mostly and ) programming in terms of increasingly segmented The representation of certain safe forms of appealed to straight audiences among growing discourses of liberal . As commercial productions , the at least and shows is always to some extent a business decision . Media studios and companies are unlikely to take a chance on thing they do believe will prove . The marked a point at which many companies began to view sexual identity groups and audiences as viable marketing demographics . This trend continues in various venues , such as corporate Pride , market rainbow merchandise , and lifestyle networks such as and Here . Showtime Queer as Folk ( made a splash in 2000 , a groundbreaking of a British series that had premiered the year before . The show , shot in , Canada , followed a group of friends and lovers through their lives in Pittsburgh , Even though it was predominantly white , and , Queer as Folk was pioneering in terms of promoting safe sex and portraying healthful , happy characters living with HIV . The show also prominent issues often associated with gay male , for better or for worse , such as polyamory , body , drug and alcohol use , and homophobic discrimination in the workplace and beyond . The Word ( considered by many the female version of Queer as , premiered on Showtime in 2004 . It achieved slightly greater diversity than its predecessor , featuring several of color , interracial relationships , a trans character , and a deaf character . With a racially diverse cast , ABC The Fosters ( has established success among a mainstream audience for which shows such as Glee ( and Modern Family ( helped pave the way . The Fosters explores an array of issues to people , such as transitioning and bullying , as well as more universal themes related to relationships , family , and the challenges of puberty ( More recently , the animated series Horseman ( 2020 ) broke ground with its portrayal of asexual Todd Chavez , including his coming out and navigation of ace relationships . ace relationships An asexual person is known as ace , and they have asexual relationships .

364 Introduction to Studies Figure . Sherri Saum ( and Teri Polo ( right ) play wives and foster parents on ABC The Fosters . Greg Hernandez . ARTIST AND ACTIVIST SPOTLIGHT CHARLES A major contemporary queer icon , Charles ( gained fame in the early as a drag performer , actor , supermodel , and He has appeared in iconic including Jamie But a Cheerleader ( 1999 ) and To Wong Foo , 1995 ) also produces , hosts , and judges the hit reality series Drag Race , in which he mentors competitors pursuing a cash prize and the coveted title of America Next Drag Superstar . Although massively popular , the show use of offensive terms and which he later trans contestants possessed an unfair advantage over cis contestants have drawn criticism . Streaming Services Some lament the fall of the Video rental store with the rise of digital video services , but the latter has proved a boon to and television and many consumers who search for that content . The

Screening 365 to say these platforms removed the stigma , perceived or real , that might prevent interested audiences from renting or purchasing queer movies in person . These new delivery options ( and , later , streaming , a service began offering in 2007 ) opened veritable of viewership , especially in conservative cities , rural areas , and other environs where queer media was difficult to come by . Digital platforms such as Prime Video , Hulu , Hoopla , and have further extended the reach of mainstream , indie , and international , often at little or no direct cost to viewers . Streaming and Visibility Retail giant Amazon broke ground with ill ( now ) parent ( the first show produced through Amazon Studios and aired on its streaming platform , Prime Video . follows Maura , newly out , and her family through their lives in Los Angeles . Cis actor Tambor won a Golden Globe for his performance in a show that presents many challenges trans populations face in society , including bathroom policing , violence , and versions of feminism . Figure . Charles ( second from ) at 2019 .

366 Introduction to Studies Figure . Laverne Cox . Luke Harold . Breaking through in series Orange 15 the New Black ( which explores the experiences of a diverse group of women in prison , Laverne Cox ( has emerged as among the most prominent trans performers in the world . Her role as Sophia sheds light on the particular barriers and forms of dehumanization that trans individuals face in prison , addition to harassment from guards and inmates access to medically necessary materials may be curtailed . Also on , Lena and starred in an episode , Thanksgiving , of Aziz comedy series Master None ( 2021 ) The episode , which depicts the ence of a Black lesbian coming out to her family , won a Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series . Comedy Specials Streaming video has also comedians , providing ready access to audiences who live far ca standup circuits . The vibrancy of queer women in comedy has been a revelation

Screening 367 Watch Hannah gave a TED Talk in the wake of her groundbreaking comedy special ( What do you think meant when she said that with she wanted to break comedy ?

How do you think streaming media contributed to career skyrocketing after she claimed to quit ?

for many in recent years . In addition to performers with established reputations ( Rosie , Ellen , Wanda Sykes , and Cho ) a new set has taken viewers by storm , thanks largely to streaming platforms . As with and television , some content expressly addresses aspects of queer example , Cameron Esposito viral clip about her lesbian side Some , such as Hannah special ( 2018 ) upend the genre , critiquing misogyny and homophobia and the ways the two structure the art world , comedy , and everyday life . Tig became famous for her standup in the , ing a set in which she lifts her shirt to reveal a chest that has undergone , as part of her breast cancer treatment , a double mastectomy . She would later write , produce , and star in One Mississippi ( an autobiographical comedy that aired on Amazon Prime and spouse , the writer and actor Stephanie . other Web Content Since the proliferation of cable options in the , the screen media market has fragmented further with the advent of the internet and the means to reach millions instantly with relatively little overhead , or equipment . In 2011 , the lesbian Hannah Hart ( broke out with My Drunk Kitchen , a You ' I comedy series whose short parody cooking show conventions and feature Hart inebriated nary ventures . Around the same time , azz became perhaps the youngest out trans individual to achieve national prominence in the United States . She began making media appearances at age six and later

368 Introduction to Studies Figure . Hannah Hart . Gage . created the YouTube series Am and the Oprah Network have produced , respectively , a reality series and a documentary about . queer figures such as Ies Torn ( Dreams ) Fortune ( Chelsea ) and ( A Tough Act to Follow ) have been able to get around gatekeepers by producing short available on YouTube . They gained massive through a combination of recorded and live performances and their social media presence . Indeed , social media platforms such as Facebook , Instagram , and Twitter have created unprecedented reach and a sense of better or celebrities and the public . YouTube has also become a popular medium for coming out via emotionally affecting videos that sometimes accrue millions of views .

Screening 369 Watch You uber Eugene Lee Yang , best known for his work at and with the Try Guys , comes out in a music video ( that he directed himself and that expresses artistically his experience as a gay Asian man . The video had garnered nineteen million views by 2021 . How does this music video express the challenges and of coming out ?

How do you think using shaped the impact of this video ?

FILM AND MEDIA STUDIES CRITICAL CONVERSATIONS The community is anything but monolithic , and perspectives on and media are accordingly myriad . This section highlights some points of particular contention within the . Coming Out One of the predominant in and media is the Coming Out Story , in ( 1983 ) Alice Wu Saving Face ( 2004 ) Dee Pariah ( 2011 ) and Greg Love , Simon ( 2018 ) These focus primarily on the protagonists realization or closure of their queerness . Sexuality is framed as a confession or sure , something that a closeted character hides or denies until a dramatic outing scene , often the plots climax . Coming out stories are important , but it is also important to challenge the status of heterosexuality as the assumed default until a different orientation is declared . see chapter ) establishes the bounds of acceptable queerness and that which deviates from it , often replicating other nant social norms with regard to race , sex , class , and ability . For ple , ABC popular Modern presents gay men ( a married couple played by Jesse Tyler Ferguson and Eric ) positively , but they are rendered respectable through other aspects of their identity white , A political and sometimes narrative approach that works to establish lives as no different from straight lives beyond the genders one is attracted to . It is an approach that invokes the rhetoric of sameness in appeals for civil rights and social acceptance .

370 Introduction to Studies wealthy , monogamous , and constituents of a more or less traditionally structured nuclear family . The shows message about queerness may therefore be read as Look , were just like heterosexuals , overriding rather than embracing difference . Debates over in and television abound . For example , Glee provides numerous queer characters and storylines . Yet as Frederik notes , they ultimately consolidate the heterosexual matrix by portraying queer characters who are routinely victimized yet nonetheless happy and conformist , as though simply ing with the punches eventually yields contentment ?

Moreover , people of color are still dramatically underrepresented . Gloria and Mike Royce web series One Day at a lime ( 2020 ) follows a family and presents diversity in terms of both characters and . Bisexual Erasure Maria San Filippo and others have critiqued bisexual erasure or invisibility within cinema . Even when bisexual themes , characters , and are present in , San Filippo observes , they are typically referred to as gay , queer , or lesbian , terms that fail to acknowledge bisexuality as its own Kevin Smith Chasing Amy ( 1997 ) Alfonso tu mama ( 2001 ) David Lynch ( 2001 ) Charles Kissing jessica Stein ( 2001 ) Ang Lee Mountain ( 2005 ) and Luca Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) all unambiguously depict both and relationships , yet they are seldom framed in terms of bisexual identity or desire . Trans people are often excluded from mainstream ( and independent ) media , even from narratives about trans lives . Among the focused on trans individuals that have found commercial and ical success , many feature actors exclusively Hilary Swank in Boys Do Cry ( 1999 ) Felicity in Duncan Tucker ( 2005 ) ared in Dallas Buyers Club ( 2013 ) and Eddie in Tom Hooper The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) Laura observes , too , that much writing on trans media focuses on representations of trans individuals rather than on trans Because being out in Hollywood has always posed professional and and to physical

Screening 371 impossible to know the full extent of sexual and gender diversity that has existed among , performers , writers , and others . ARTIST AND ACTIVIST SPOTLIGHT THE The siblings ( made history in announcing their respective in 2012 and Lilly in 2016 . Lana is widely considered the major trans director . Though most famous for their futuristic action franchise that began with The Matrix , the have made contributions in terms of queer content . Crime thriller Bound ( 1996 ) features two women who conspire in a . Wishing to avoid the cliche , or insultingly diluted depictions of lesbian sex in , the hired the sex educator and activist Susie Bright as a consultant for the sex scenes . Beyond critical success and Emmy nominations , the ' series ( was a milestone in trans media . Created primarily by trans and featuring a trans character played by the actress Clayton , who is trans , offers a nuanced of trans lives and issues . Figure . Directors Lilly ( left ) and Lana ( at a screening of Cloud Atlas at Fantastic Fest .

372 Introduction to Studies IT GETS BETTER ?

In 2010 , the writer and activist Dan Savage and his husband , Terry Miller , founded the It Gets Better Project in response to a rash of by children and teenagers subjected to homophobic bullying and harassment . The campaign entailed the launch of a channel and viral video ad featuring Savage and his family along with the message that , however tough things are at present , they will improve with time . Although the campaign brought attention to homophobia and its consequences , it also drew criticism from within the community . Many queer activists and scholars , particularly individuals of color including ( 2010 ) and ' 2010 ) have pointed out that Savage promise is predicated on a narrative of upward mobility and that is unavailable to many of the most vulnerable queer It has also been critiqued for its failure to the extent to which its makers racial , economic , and physical privilege has helped clear their path . Activism and action are careful thought and equally so . CONCLUSION This chapter is only a brief introduction to the wonders , shortcomings , and manifold complexities of film and media . Like raw , it has been sliced , diced , and rearranged to into the narrow of its container . Readers who wish for more can avail themselves of the links and suggested readings and viewings that offer helpful paths to further , deeper exploration . PROFILE GIVING VOICE TO BLACK GAY MEN THROUGH MARLON RIGGS TONGUES UNTIED Marquis Marlon Riggs , a Black gay documentarian and activist whose work was most prominent during the and early , released his classic Untied in 1989 . Riggs notes that it is a for black gay men , though its reception and praise has far exceeded this is a canonical in the archive of Black queer cinema , along with Riggs other Notions ( 1986 ) Color Adjustment ( 1991 ) and Black Is . Black ( 1994 ) Ethnic Notions looks at racist stereotypes and caricatures of Black people in the United States Color surveys forty years of Black people in

Screening 373 television and Black 15 . Black explores how multifaceted Black identity is . Untied was a vanguard because it was one of the first to explore the of Black gay identity . This Untied as a explicitly about Black gay identity and culture . It also meditates on Riggs biography and relationship to the content , marginalized voices , Black gay cultural practices , and the politics of sexuality within Black communities . Riggs himself was in many ways the subject of his . He was born in 1957 in Texas and grew up during the civil rights movement in the century . Part of a loving family in a Black community , Riggs was a smart , athletic , articulate child . When he graduated from high school and began college at Harvard University , he dated women while constantly trying to deny his attraction to men . For a while he tried to convince himself that men were ugly and disgusting and that loving men was vile . But eventually he conceded his sexual attractions and began living life as a Black gay man ?

After entering into a partnership with another man , he was compelled to bring his talents to bear on his and others lives . Ultimately , Riggs felt the imperative to no longer remain silent about the and lives of Black gay male identity , so he took to the reel . Unlike many documentary directors at the time , he put himself in front of the camera . His center the lives of Black people , and it was Untied that brought gay Black people to the forefront . He brings all this to his , and Untied can be understood as in part a representation of many things Riggs himself experienced throughout his life . Riggs was quite hesitant to make the , remarking in an interview that everything within me was saying , No , no do do it . Find body else who will talk about being HIV positive . Find somebody else who will talk about being an Uncle Tom . Find somebody else who will talk about being called nigger and punk and faggot and so 27 Amid the epidemic in the 19805 and , when many people were dying from illnesses ( and were Black gay men ) Black queer at the time sought to answer the questions of how to speak in the face of death and how to give voice to the dying . Even when not with deadly diseases , Black gay men lived in social conditions that were not hospitable to their ing . They were marked as pariahs who , even if they were HIV negative , were seen as always capable of infecting innocent ( read and ) people with their deviant lifestyles . The act of calling someone a faggot or nigger is an attempt to silence that person , which

374 Introduction to Studies often worked . Many Black gay men remained fearful of expressing their because of the verbal and physical violence they could be met with . This has been occurring for too long for too long has a racist and homophobic society disallowed Black gay men from simply living as Black gay men . So Riggs thought it absolutely necessary to break this silence . As a , Tongues Untied was one of the first to speak explicitly about Black gay life in ways that were not denigrating . The features a wide range of other cultural producers of Black art , featuring the music of Billie Holiday and Nina Simone and poetry by Essex ( who also appears in the film ) and Beam . It also categorization in its documentary , experimental , poetry , and interview . Tongues Untied represented Black gay men in unconventional ways in both content and form . It depicted more than a image of Black gay life and conveyed not only the Black man refused entry into the gay bar because of his Blackness or the violent attack that left the gay man bleeding on the sidewalk it also demonstrated the resilience of Black gay men , from their public protest marches in ity with other struggles to their intimate community , to their humorous musicology and vogue dancing ( All this is groundbreaking , rarely depicted . Figure . Voguing dancer .

Screening 375 The vast majority of the is dark . Its background is pitch black as it faces Black men speaking about their experiences . Many of the images shown are in black and white , colors that might have existed . The darkness of the is symbolic of not only the Blackness of the Black men discussed but also the profound void that the imposed silence on Black gay men creates . It symbolizes isolation , loneliness , the lack of voice . So often it is remarked that giving voice to the marginalized is important . But what does this mean ?

For Riggs and Tongues Untied it means loosening the tongue , as noted in the . The tongue is a part of the body integral to speech , and its loosening marks a shift from lessness to being able to speak one truths . Racism and homophobia , or homophobic racism and racist homophobia , have shackled the voices of Black gay men . And their silence is and has been killing them , allowing them to ask for things they need or to express their desires or to convey the aspects of their lives . As the Black lesbian feminist poet Lorde famously said , Your silence will not protect you . 28 It is a silence imposed on them , so to actualize liberation it is necessary for Black gay men to reclaim their voices . Moreover , the tongue is an instrument of pleasure and sexuality . It is used to lick , it is a key component in sucking , and it is integral to vocalizing lust and yearning . sex has been , and thus , to loosen the tongues of Black gay men gives them a voice and also allows them to express their sexual desires more freely . Riggs , in the title of his , breaks the silence of Black gay men around and actual sexual acts . Another prominent theme throughout is the complex culture of Black gay men . This rich complexity is showcased primarily through three voguing , snapping , and responses to homophobia . Voguing is a dance originating in the late and roots in underground ballroom scenes in the that were almost entirely queer people of color . It is inspired by the style of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and model poses in Vogue magazine . strike poses in quick succession , integrating angular movement and holds with the arms and legs . The dance acts as a cultural site of expression in a world that denies the unapologetic expression of Black and queer livelihood , thus serving as a site of catharsis among these marginalized people . In turn , snapping is , of course , snapping one . But this tice takes on a larger meaning in Black gay communities . Snapping is a sly yet profound retort to a number of things . The snap communicates in diverse languages and with varying connotations . It must , because Black gay men have so long been silenced . Snapping acts as a way to speak beyond conventional means snapping is a vital communication

376 Introduction to Studies tool for Black gay men who have been disallowed from speaking . There are a variety of different snaps , named in ways that describe their ment and purpose ( classic snap , point snap ) For a demographic so violently silenced , it is imperative that new forms of voice be created . Deprived of verbal voice , Black gay men can snap and say just as many things . Encompassing these practices and the many others of Black gay communities is how the broader world treats people who are Black and gay . Riggs encapsulates this at one point in the a medley of voices spew various epithets used to foreshadow and do harm to Black gay punk , homo , faggot , motherfucking coon , and freak . These are terms solely for denigrating Black and gay identity . Racist and homophobic terms such as these do more than speak badly of Black and gay people they are themselves forms of violence . As such , these terms negatively how Black gay men in particular feel and behave in the world . For instance , especially in the still in the men had to often hide their for fear of homophobic violence ( yet still were subject to racist violence ) If outed as gay , they would often be met with physical and verbal forms of harm . These violent practices led many Black gay men , and sexual minorities on the whole , to face a constant fear for their lives , unable to live publicly in affirmation of their gay identities . To live in such constant fear necessitated an outlet . Quite often the only solace Black gay men could during the 19805 was other Black gay men . Often , communing with other Black gay men was the only time each could be his full self . Viewers see an example of this in Untied when a group of Black gay men are sharing a meal together , sharing anecdotes about their lives . They converse about encountering homophobic vitriol , about confronting that vitriol , and about strategies used to survive in its aftermath . Such moments are life sustaining , and such moments allow for the tiny accumulation of boldness , acceptance , and love that constitute revolutionary acts . What also weighed on Black gay men , especially during the 19805 , was how other people in the Black community forced an impossible choice , a choice described in the as Come the , what is he Black or gay ?

This is an impossible choice for Black gay men because it is impossible to separate the two are always , at the same time , Black and gay . Recognition of this is perhaps the primary lesson learned by that the various aspects of our identities and oppressions converge and make up one another rather than being separable into discrete categories . For example , one is Black and woman and faces bias on both of those grounds together , not

Screening 377 one at a time . So when the revolution comes , they will be Black and gay , because it could be no other way . Black gay life is circumscribed by these , indeed , but it is not determined by them . In other words , Black gay men have a rich social life despite these and in the face of these . Riggs the perfect consolidation of this tension in Black gay men lives . Tongues is , then , a showcasing one possible way of holding on to the pain and the joy and how holding on to these two things is revolutionary . Consider what Riggs says in an interview titled Tongues Untied Lets Loose Angry , Loving Words I really spoke of black men loving black men being not just a revolutionary act , but within the context of black male , the revolutionary act . It not the overthrow of whitey . learning to love within all the conditioning of learning to hate ourselves . To me that truly a radical break from our past ?

Revolution happens when we radically depart from the current state of things , a state of things that rests on the foundation of white supremacist and homophobic violence . In this context , Riggs is arguing that Black men loving one another is not just one revolutionary act among many others of equal weight it is the revolutionary act . Because so much of world was structured by racism and homophobia , to love Black men marked a way of inhabiting the world in a profoundly revolutionary way . It can not be overstated how profound Black men loving Black men is , especially amid the epidemic in the when there was an underground culture of looking for illicit , often unprotected sex with other a sexual crisis . This practice grated life . To clarify for two Black gay men to choose one another for unprotected sex , for pure pleasure and sexual autonomy , amid the AIDS crisis is not to be reduced simply to sexual irresponsibility or , even worse , ignorance . No , it is , rather , a commitment to living one sexual life as fully as possible despite how much one very identity has been . For two Black gay men to have sex during this epidemic is an affirmation of closeness , of touch of disregard for the various ways they have been told that their bodies and desires are disgusting and literally illegal . I will not do what they have done to us , the act says . I will love every inch of you , every And this is an unwavering love for those who have been said to be unlovable . Riggs , in giving voice to Black gay men , is voicing precisely this sentiment . Tongues Untied remains relevant today because there is still a lack of Black gay male representation in film and media . Love between Black

378 Introduction to Studies marginalized To be rendered less important , less powerful , and less visible than what is considered the norm or mainstream . gay men is still a taboo topic for , only starting to change with the acclaim a like Moonlight ( 2016 ) received . That Untied is still one of only a few that explicitly take up Black gay male life shows that there is still a lack of representation , which signals a larger silencing of Black gay male experience in social life . Returning to this could reassert the importance of Black gay identity , could usher in a shift in the cultural imaginary . All in all , the radical , revolutionary act is love , loving those who have been said to be unlovable . Tongues Untied is an ode to how breaking the silence and giving voice to the oppressed is revolutionary . So often in the 19705 Black identity and liberation was understood as one thing , by the masculinist revolutionary calls of Black Power and Black Nationalism . But Riggs revolution is one focused on more than just the overthrow of whitey it is focused on how Black men can learn to love one another . Real transformation , at least for Riggs , is in the ending of the silence Black gay men have been forced to keep . When the is called in Untied the deadliest weapon , perhaps Black gay men can come together and love unapologetically and openly . And as said in the opening minutes of the , through coming coming together of Black gay activists we can make a serious revolution together . PROFILE HOW ONE DAY AT A TIME AVOIDS NEGATIVE QUEER Popular media , for better or worse , helps teach audiences what is valued and what is possible . Inclusive representation , or portrayals of people with diverse bodies and identities in the media , can how we see ourselves and feel and behave toward other people . In a Washington Post article , Amber explains that coverage of topics and people that have historically been considered taboo can take the emotional burden off people by educating people about gender , pronouns , der expression and sexual orientation . Studies have shown that when we see sympathetic depictions of marginalized groups , our opinions of those groups One study found that people are more accepting of transgender individuals after seeing them depicted onscreen , which could have positive implications for persuading the public to support policies that combat transgender Representation aids in educating , familiarizing , and also developing empathy for people we may otherwise be biased toward .

Screening 379 Representation is important in itself , but it needs to be handled responsibly . Reliance on reductive stereotypes or can reinforce harmful messages despite the best intentions . There is more queer on television and in media today than ever before , which is an incredible achievement . annual Where We Are on report found a larger than ever percentage of not only queer characters on network , cable , and streaming television but also queer characters of color for the season , percent of regular series characters were ( up from percent ) and queer characters of color outnumbered white queer characters for the But times we celebrate too soon . visibility is important , but it is not always an advancement in and of itself . There are more queer television characters , but they are often limited to a few categories safe and celibate , deeply , or otherwise preoccupied with homophobia to the detriment of their mental health and development . To consider contemporary examples of representation in media , this explores how the series One Day at a Time showcases nuanced queer characters in a way that offers drama , empowers queer youth , and provides learning opportunities and positive depictions for queer viewers , allies , and allies to be . One Day at a Time focuses on a family that faces issues and challenges . The grandmother is a devout Catholic from Cuba , and part of her narrative arc is becoming a citizen at a time when Latin American immigration is a painfully charged topic in the United States . Her daughter , Penelope Alvarez , is a single mother , as well as a war veteran who suffers from depression and stress disorder . Penelope struggles to become a nurse practitioner and often deals with ism and sexism in the doctor where she works . Most importantly for this chapter , Penelope daughter , Elena , is a lesbian teenager ( 1014 ) To explain why Elena is a worthy lesbian character on television , we need Figure . Isabella Gomez plays Elena , a lesbian Latina teenager , on One Day at a Time . eff Hitchcock . nuanced Containing layers of meaning , having subtle differences .

380 Introduction to Studies calling out Approaching problematic behavior or language combatively striving to shame a group or individual for their behavior to serve as a warning to others . privileged Receiving advantages that are not available to everyone . to discuss a trope that is regularly featured in queer narratives plot arcs that center homophobia and the calling out of bigotry . Most shows that explore homophobia or resort to ing out for dealing with discrimination . To call someone out is to expose their problematic behavior , often in a stern way that allows onlookers to also judge them . In Speaking Up Without Tearing Down , Loretta . Ross writes , Calling out happens when we point out a mistake , not to address or rectify the damage , but instead to publicly shame the offender . In calling out , a person or group uses tactics like humiliation , shunning , scapegoating , or gossip to dominate others ?

The network has perfected the scene . In their hit show Pretty Little Liars , the teenager Emily Fields has a relatively conservative mother who is to learn that her daughter is lesbian . Pam Fields journey to acceptance begins when her husband , who in the military , gently chides her for judging their daughter so harshly I do like this , but Emily is struggling with this I can see it . She is alive and healthy , and after everything Ive seen , alive and healthy counts for a lot , believe 35 The turning point for Pam comes at an even more severe session , when multiple members of Emily high school English faculty confront a belligerent father who insists that Emily only won her spot on the swim team because of the school gay agenda . Pam moment of redemption is not , as we might hope , an embracing of Emily on her own terms or a realization that nothing has changed or broken about her daughter or their relationship instead we get a moment of protective instinct that pits Pam against this other parent even more egregious form of homophobia My daughter never got anything she did earn . Thats how we raised her . That is who she is . So you drop this . or I show you what a real agenda is ! The audience does not get to witness a substantial transformation by , at best , we see her realize that her daughter is subjected to a lot of pain and anger in the outside world , and she does not want to add anymore still do understand , but I love you . You are my child , and nobody hurts my 37 Before she can apologize for her prejudice , Emily stops her with a hug . The gesture suggests that Pam has done enough hard work for the day and that Emily should acknowledge her for that alone . Pam and Emily have a very moving relationship throughout the series , but Pretty Little Liars erases the discord in the family about ly lesbian identity by contrasting Pam tortured religious homophobia with the privileged white man supposedly much worse homophobia . Pam saying , essentially , My love for you and desire to protect you more to me than my misgivings about your sexuality , is not the same as saying , I am sorry that I had an unhealthy reaction that made

you feel unsafe and less loved . I am your mother , and I love you the same now as I did when you were When the message is always and only I love you more than I hate queerness , the bar for compassion and acceptance remains very low . It magically lets family members and friends off the hook for problematic core beliefs , and it reinforces the idea that an teen happiness rests entirely on the benevolent epiphanies of the prejudiced people in her life . It necessitates that bigots come around before the character can have a happy ending . It also often makes the teen character take responsibility for or accept the homophobia of adults . One Day at a moves away from the narrative in favor of calling in . Calling in usually involves a more sympathetic way of addressing problematic behavior are agreements between people who work together to consciously help each other expand their . They encourage us to recognize our requirements for growth , to admit our mistakes and to commit to doing ' The emphasis is on educating and changing an individual , rather than shaming them . mother , Penelope , is not on board when she comes out as a lesbian ( The refreshing and positive aspect is that the Figure 1015 . plays Penelope Alvarez , Elena mother , on one Day at a Time . Screening 381 calling in Approaching problematic behavior or language with sympathy asking why the behavior occurred , explaining why it is oppressive , and devising a new course of action collaboratively .

382 Introduction to Studies Policies , beliefs , and behaviors that assume everyone adheres to the gender binary , or that everyone is heterosexual . gender binary The idea that there are only two genders , male and female , and that everyone should and will identify accordingly . ing in is not Elena responsibility . In season , episode 11 , Pride and Prejudice , Penelope makes every effort to support her daughter coming out . The audience realizes that Penelope is battling her own homophobia , but at no point does she make that Elena problem . Penelope notices that out of everyone in their other child , a close family friend , her own is the only one struggling with Elena news I feel really weird about this Elena stuff . I hate that I feel weird about it but I do . While Penelope is out her about her sexuality , she knows to put on a supportive face because her reaction could affect Elena for the rest of her life . She turns to trustworthy adults for help . She meets with a friend , Ramona , who is an out lesbian , to talk about her reservations I a monster . My daughter came out to me and I am not totally okay with it . And I hate myself for it . Often this sort of conversation could turn into Ramona making Penelope feel ashamed of herself or guilting her into magically getting over her homophobia because she wants to prove she is a good person . Instead , Ramona Penelope How do I know if a girl coming over is a friend or more ?

Does she all of a sudden think men are disgusting ?

her process of coming to terms with the loss of in her life You re just not there yet . Its a complete adjustment in how you see your daughter . Your heart is okay you just need a little time waiting for your mind to catch up . Aside from the inclusive narrative , Elena serves to educate audiences about queer identity and the gender binary . The first season of One Day at a Time focuses heavily on Elena ing and how or if the occasion will that she is gay . According to the website My Quince , This ceremony plays an important part in preserving the heritage and cultures of the individual . Similar to the process of planning a wedding , the requires the same amount of effort , time , and proper preparation in order to make the person birthday a memorable event . The event traditionally a teenage girl entering womanhood and marriageability at age now the family also has to reckon with Elena expression of womanhood not matching the underlying message and expectations of a traditional . According to , The marks an important milestone in a girl life . Part birthday party , part rite of passage , it symbolizes a girl entrance into womanhood when turning 15 , traditionally showcasing her purity and readiness for marriage . It is similar to debutante balls , a tradition of Southern white society in the United States , which signify that a teen girl has reached the age thought suitable to be married to a man . Elena resistance to

Screening 383 the events manifests as concern about her dress and about the role of her relatively absent father , who is supposed to close the event with a dance . Elena grandmother happens to be a skilled seamstress and insists on making Elena dress however , the grandmother best design does not appeal to Elena . In season , episode 13 , the grandmother confronts Elena about why she is not yet excited about her ensemble . Elena suggests , What you picking up on is that I not really wearing a dress . What about instead of heels I wear my Doc Martens ?

Elena confirms that she wants a feminist that undoes some of the traditions . Ultimately , the grandmother the dress and reveals it to Elena the night before the . The audience does not see it yet , but we know she did something ant to the dress that is truer to Elena gender expression . When she is revealed at the event , we see that the grandmother eliminated the skirt portion entirely , so that now the glamorous glittering bodice of the gown is a top paired with a white suit . She is wearing masculine pants but with a generous amount of feminine sparkle . One concession Elena makes is that she dances with a boy , ably for the benefit of her father , who is still unhappy with Elena coming out as well as the unconventional interpretations of her quinceanera . Dancing with a boy while being dressed similarly to him actually lights Elena queerness , and it is at this point that the father decides to leave the and not participate in the dance . Note that during this episode , the father homophobia is not centered . Beyond Penelope entreating him to show up at the , no undue amount of energy is spent trying to the father into accepting Elena or changing his mind about identities . No one realizes he is gone until the moment the dance is supposed to start . Elena is sad to see he is gone , but that sadness could have as much to do with the familiar disappointment of being let down by her father as his homophobia . She is immediately joined on the dance by her is a more choice in any case , since she has been the sole provider for the family . Penelope says simply , I got you , as she holds Elena , before they are soon joined by the closest family and friends who make up loving support One Day at oz Time does not present a utopia where everyone is accepted without . It instead refuses to queerness or to divide the world between people who love you and people who hate you . It educates viewers on the dilemmas surrounding queer brown grant youth and demonstrates an alternative possibility , in which adults recognize that their bigotry is their own problem and that the happiness Policies , beliefs , or behaviors enacted by straight people that discriminate against queer people . gender expression The external presentation of gender , through body language , pronoun choice , and style of dress . bigotry Intolerance or bias toward an identity or group of people .

384 Introduction to Studies of a young person does not rest entirely on the acceptance of their family . KEY QUESTIONS One controversy this chapter discusses is the question of what exactly an or television show is . Must it have explicitly queer characters , or is a queer aesthetic such as camp enough to qualify it ?

Discuss the this chapter outlines . Are stereotyped always negative ?

What about when their creators are themselves queer ?

Are stereotypical representations better or worse than no representations at all ?

Diversity of all kinds has been a historic weak point for the and media industries . How do different elements of ( race , sexuality , class , age , ability , etc . interact with one another in and media ?

List to ten or shows that you believe fall under the heading . How do or dont they represent diverse voices ?

RESEARCH RESOURCES Compiled by Susan Wood Discuss Choose one or two resources listed in this chapter , and discuss them in relation to what you have learned about queer . Present Choose a key topic or event found in this chapter . Then locate one or two resources from the Quick Dip and Deep Dive sections and develop a presentation for the class . Explain the of the topic , and provide additional details that support your explanation . Create What idea , person , or event from this chapter really moved you ?

Do more research on that idea , person , or event based on the resources in this chapter . Then create your own artistic response . Consider writing a poem , drawing a picture , or editing a photograph in a way that demonstrates both what you have learned and how you feel about the issue or person .

Screening 385 Debate Find a partner or split into groups , and choose a topic , idea , or controversy from this chapter . each ner or group present an opposing perspective on it . Use at least two of the resources in this chapter to support your argument . QUICK DIP ONLINE RESOURCES Advocate The Advocate ( is an online , also available in print ) Its print version was established in 1967 , making it the oldest continuously published periodical in the United States . Its website provides commentary and news about the spectrum of experiences and , including news , tics , and arts and culture . Its Art and Entertainment page has and television sections that cover Hollywood , indie , and cinema and reviews , news , and interviews about current . is a website established in 2002 to provide feminist and queer perspectives on pop culture and media . Its name refers to the historical and lasting impact on media and culture of the coming out of the character Ellen Morgan ( played by Ellen ) in 1997 in the fourth season of the ABC network sitcom Ellen . The Movies and sections on the website provide reviews of lesbian and bisexual films and . With thousand followers as of 2021 , the Twitter account of the organization All About Trans is a useful source for commentary on trans voices in popular media of all kinds . The organization goal is to foster dialogue between the trans community and media professionals in order to promote visibility and accurate portrayals of trans people in media . Established in 2009 by Bernard and Alexandra Vega , provides a platform for commentary on

386 Introduction to Studies news and popular culture from feminist and queer perspectives . straddle has won numerous awards since its inception , notably the 2015 Media Award , and it has been been nominated for many others , including the Digital Award . Its arts , pop culture , and sections provide reviews , news , and analysis of recent and in production , as well as for series . Critical Media Project Created by educators associated with the University of Southern nia School for Media and Communication , the Critical Media Project provides material for use by students from ages eight through college . Its website ( includes an overview of representation in the media and a lesson plan with activities geared to teaching critical thinking and empathy , and there is a focus on teaching students to read media texts . It includes many media examples , from commercials to movies to series and news clips and has an , common format . The Critical Media Project is a free , online resource , but some materials have copyrights . is a San organization established in 1977 to promote and showcase queer cinema ( The annual International Film Festival is a showcase for new works and new artists and takes place during Pride Month with screenings in the Castro District , the historic San Francisco gay neighborhood . Distribution was established in 1981 and is the only distributor focusing solely on . Streaming Media is a major streaming media platform available only through and public libraries ( Its catalog of over thirty thousand includes both classic and recent , including major award winners like Moonlight , cult and indie , world cinema in all genres , and documentaries . As of 2021 its Cinema page provides access to 226 narrative from 1950 to the present , including works by key directors such as Cheryl and from the prestigious Film and . This platform also includes more than 265 documentaries in Stories collection . A handful of these

Screening 387 focus on media representation , such as Homo Promo Vintage Trailers , Lavender Limelight Spotlight on Lesbian Filmmakers , and A Bit of Scarlet Gay Characters in War Cinema . enables fast turnaround times for closed captioning on demand for not already captioned . The New York organization ( has offered screenings of and educational programs for young for thirty years , including the widely known annual New York Film Festival . This festival was established in 1988 and is one of the most prestigious and comprehensive queer festivals in the world . also sponsors queer cinema screenings in the New York City area . is an advocacy organization established in 1982 by UCLA dents with a mission of using cinematic storytelling to promote equality for sexual and gender minorities . In partnership with the UCLA Film and Television Archive , the organization works to protect historic and archival . The annual Film Festival showcases queer cinema from around the world . In addition to screenings , the organization offers mentoring programs for young . Rowan Ellis Ellis is a and a speaker and activist for women and issues . videos ( Videos ) offer analysis and criticism of popular culture and media from a feminist and queer perspective . Ellis is on the list of top one hundred and in 2021 was nearing . On Twitter , she is . Complex is among the leading queer of color critics with almost thirty thousand Twitter followers ( in 2021 . She tweets regularly about issues beyond media representation but maintains an overall focus on relating to sexuality and in media . Beyond Twitter , she reviews and provides

388 Introduction to Studies critical commentary on entertainment media for Black Girl Nerds , Bazaar , the Playlist , Rotten Tomatoes , and other media reviews and criticism sources . Where We Are on , by the Media Institute The Media Institute was founded in 1985 to highlight role in providing visibility to the community and shed light on negative representations . The Research arm regularly publishes useful analysis of media representations . This resource offers a detailed look and executive summary of the number and type of characters and the level of diversity on series from multiple platforms , including streaming , cable , and network . Chapters include numbers of characters by , by sexual orientation , and by gender identity , and series are included . The Where We Are on report has been published every year since 2005 , allowing quantitative comparisons , year to year and longer range , of some of the key changes of representation in the media landscape . There is no other consistently published resource that provides this type of data . See the most recent report at . DEEP DIVE BOOKS AND FILM Camera obscura Feminism , Culture , and Media Studies Established in 1976 , this journal is a mainstay for ship in the areas of media studies and audiovisual culture examined from feminist and queer perspectives . It is published by Duke University Press . Camera Obscura has published or groundbreaking articles . Ruby Rich , an film studies theorist , serves on its editorial advisory board . Browse the journal at . The Celluloid Closet , directed by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey This film is based on the activist and historian Vito Russo classic 1981 ( revised edition 1987 ) book The Celluloid Closet in the Movies . It provides an overview of depictions from the silent era to of the early . Including footage from over 120 films , as well as interviews with directors and actors , this documentary

Screening 389 was the of its kind in examining representations in popular , mainstream with such scope . Like the book on which it is based , it uncovers sometimes surprising early depictions of homosexuality in and analyzes the historical development of queer representations in relation to motion picture industry censorship known as the Hays Code and the Production Code ( United States Sony Pictures Classics , 1995 ) The Celluloid Closet Homosexuality in the Movies , by Vito Russo This classic work in studies was published in 1981 . Russo , a prominent activist and historian , covers the ity of characters and themes in Hollywood cinema from the silent era to the . In 1995 , Rob Epstein and directed a documentary of the same title based on his work . This documentary picks up where Russo left off and includes such as Thelma and Louise ( rev . ed . New York Harper and Row , 1987 ) Fabulous ! The Story of Queer Cinema , directed by Lisa and Covering mainstream and indie cinema landmarks , such as Todd Haynes Poison ( 1991 ) and Ang Lee Mountain ( 2005 ) this 2006 documentary provides analysis and interviews of the and representations of experiences and communities in the United States . Fabulous ! is often described as the descendant of the classic documentary The Celluloid Closet Homosexuality in the Movies but with a focus on queer cinema rather than on representations in mainstream , mostly heteronormative cinema . Though not unanimously well reviewed , it provides a look that is hard to elsewhere at late and early popular queer cinema ( United States Orchard Films and Independent Film Company , 2006 ) New Queer Cinema The Director Cut , by Ruby Rich Rich , a professor in the Film and Digital Media Department and tor of the Social Documentation Program at the University of California , Santa Cruz , is a key scholar in the of media criticism . She created the genre term new queer cinema in 1992 to describe the directions cinema was moving and how it differed from the past aesthetically and politically . This work provides access to many of her

390 Introduction to Studies seminal past publications and to newer material . She covers festivals , the landscape of queer cinema , and important contributors to the genre , including Todd Haynes , Derek , Julian Hernandez , and Ang Lee ( Duke University Press , 2013 ) Queer Cinema and Visual Culture , by . This MIT offering from 2017 includes readings , and assignments and analyzes War II cinema through the lens of queer theory ( The Queer Fantasies the American Family Sitcom , by Pugh Pugh , professor of English at the University of Central Florida , heteronormative sitcoms , such as Leave It to Beaver , and temporary sitcoms featuring characters , such as Modern . He analyzes homophobia , the sexualization of girls , and gay stereotypes . This is an text ( New Brunswick , Rutgers University Press , 2017 , 33010 ) Transgender Cinema , by Rebecca provides a history of depictions of transgender people from the silent era through the present in documentaries , classic and cult ture , television , and world cinema . She examines these and their effects on both popular understandings of transgender people and transgender people . There are few recent , length , scholarly treatments of transgender cinema with this scope . This work a gap in media criticism , which often focuses on sexual orientation more than on gender identity ( New Brunswick , Rutgers University Press , 2019 ) GLOSSARY ace relationships . An asexual person is known as ace , and they have asexual relationships .

Screening 391 bigotry . Intolerance or bias toward an identity or group of people . calling in . Approaching problematic behavior or language with sympathy asking why the behavior occurred , explaining why it is oppressive , and devising a new course of action collaboratively . calling out . Approaching problematic behavior or language combatively striving to shame a group or individual for their behavior to serve as a warning to others . camp . An aesthetic that privileges poor taste , shock value , and irony and poses an intentional challenge to the traditional attributes of high art . It is often characterized by showiness , extreme artifice , and tackiness . content . The substance of a story , typically entailing narrative , characters , and dialogue . form . The way a story is told , including choices such as editing , wardrobe , and framing . gender binary . The idea that there are only two genders , male and female , and that everyone should and will identify accordingly . gender expression . The external presentation of gender , through body language , pronoun choice , and style of dress . Policies , beliefs , and behaviors that assume everyone adheres to the gender binary , or that everyone is heterosexual . Policies , beliefs , or behaviors enacted by straight people that discriminate against queer people . A political and sometimes narrative approach that works to establish lives as no different from straight lives beyond the genders one is attracted to . It is an approach that invokes the rhetoric of sameness in appeals for civil rights and social acceptance . homophobia . Fear or hatred for queerness and queer people . marginalized . To be rendered less important , less powerful , and less visible than what is considered the norm or mainstream . nuanced . Containing layers of meaning , having subtle differences . Representing a trait , behavior , or identity as a sickness or inevitable tragedy . prejudice . A preconceived positive or ( usually ) negative feeling toward someone or something . privileged . Receiving advantages that are not available to everyone . queer . Pertaining to a person or group that does not fall within the gender binary of heterosexuality . representation . Portrayal of a person or group by a representative who acts for them or in their interests .

392 Introduction to Studies trope . A pattern , phrase , rhetorical device , or plot point that has been used so often it can be categorized and anticipated . NOTES . Dry , Queer Films You Did Know Were Queer , from Fight Club to Showgirls , July , 2017 , Directed by Dorothy ( Indiana University Press , 1994 ) 63 . Doty , Making Things Queer Interpreting Mass Culture ( University of Minnesota Press , 1993 ) xi . Dyer , Now You See It ( New York , 2013 ) 23 . trope ( noun ) accessed April 14 , 2019 , Rich , New Queer Cinema The Director Cut ( Duke University Press , 2013 ) Leff and . Simmons , The Dame in the Kimono Hollywood , Censorship , and the Production Code ( Lexington University Press of Kentucky , 2013 ) 270 . Psychopathia With Especial to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct , a Study ( New York , 1906 ) 399 . and Griffin , Queer Images A History of Gay and Lesbian Film in America ( and , 2006 ) 10 . Hollywood Sex , Immorality , and Insurrection in American Cinema , New York Columbia University Press , 1999 ) 11 . Lewis , Hollywood Hard Core How the Struggle over Censorship Created the Modern Film Industry ( New York New York University Press , 2002 ) 304 . 12 . Something Missing Herel Homosexuality and Film Reviews during the Production Code Era , journal If Cinema and Media Studies 58 ( 2018 ) 20 , 13 . Russo , The Celluloid Closet Homosexuality in the Movies , rev . ed . 1981 New York Harper and Row , 1987 ) 14 . Media Institute , Where We Are on , 15 . Sontag , Notes on Camp ( London Penguin , 2018 ) 16 . Rich , New Queer Cinema , 17 . Becker , Television in the Gay Nineties Network sion , Quality Audiences , and Gay Politics , Velvet Light Trap 42 ( 1998 ) 18 . It All Hang Out ( New York Hyperion , 1995 ) 19 . Cameron Esposito , Cameron Who Does Sleep with Men ( from Same Sex Symbol ) April , 2014 , 20 . Am jazz ,

Screening 21 . Teenage Queerness Negotiating in the Representation of Gay Teenagers in Glee , journal of Youth Studies 16 , no . 2013 ) 22 . San Filippo , The Word Bisexuality in Contemporary Film and Television ( Indiana University Press , 2013 ) 23 . Tracing the History of Trans and Gender Variant Filmmakers , Spectator 37 , no . 2017 ) 24 . In the Wake of It Gets Better , Guardian , November 16 , 2010 , School Daze , October , 2010 , Bully gers , 25 . Marlon Riggs , An Interview with Marlon Riggs Tongues Untied Lets Loose Angry , Loving Words , interview by Robert , March 1990 , 26 . I Shall Not Be Removed The Life of Marlon Riggs , directed by Karen Everett , 1996 . 27 . Tongues Untied Filmmaker Interview with Marlon Riggs , season , episode , July 15 , 1991 , 28 . Lorde , The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action , paper delivered at the Modern Language Association Lesbian and Literature Panel , Chicago , December 28 , 1977 , 29 . Riggs , An Interview with Marlon Riggs . 30 . Amber , The Importance of Social Media When It Comes to Kids Feeling Seen , Washington Post , September 19 , 2019 , 31 . See , for example , Gregg , and Hewes , The Contact Hypothesis , Communication 72 , no . 2005 ) 32 . Flores , Lewis , Miller , and . Taylor , Transgender Prejudice Reduction and Opinions on Transgender Rights Results from a Mediation Analysis on Experimental Data , Research and Politics , no . 2018 ) 33 . Color of Change , Women Media Center , RespectAbility , React to Where We Are on Findings , October 30 , 2018 , 80 80 80 80 . 34 . Ross , Speaking Up Without Tearing Down , Teaching Tolerance , no . 61 ( 2019 ) 35 . Buckley , Moments Later , season , episode 11 , Pretty Little Liars , January , 2011 . 36 . The New Normal , season , episode 17 , Pretty Little Liars , February 14 , 2011 . The New Normal .

394 Introduction to Studies 38 . Ross , Speaking Up Without Tearing Down . 39 . What Is a and Why Is It So Important ?

My Quince , accessed 23 , 2015 , 40 . The , a Rite of Passage in Transition , New York Times , une , 2016 , 41 . season , episode 13 , One Day at a Time , une , 2016 .