Introduction to Human Sexuality Part II Chapter 16 Variations in Sexual Behavior

CHAPTER 16 Chapter 16 Variations in Sexual Behavior , AND EMERSON WOLFE , LEARNING OUTCOMES Distinguish between sexual disorders in the ( coercive , and functional sexual behaviors ( consensual , less common ) Give examples of atypical sexual behavior , including noncoercive ( fetishism , transvestism , sexual sadism and sexual masochism , etc . and coercive ( exhibitionism , obscene phone calls , voyeurism , Describe some of the dynamics involved in these behaviors as well as treatment strategies for coercive . INTRODUCTION This week reading is both fascinating and , potentially , triggering . We are covering variations in sexual behaviors , which includes everything from consensual activities , such as agreed upon sex play involving bondage ( blindfolding , binding , tying up a partner , etc ) to sexual activities , such as exhibitionism ( exposing your genitals to someone without their consent ) Inevitably , we must take cultural norms and shifts into account as we examine how the field ( and society ) responds and treats folks engaged in behavior . With that in mind , issues of consent , levels , and legal matters are all factors to consider . Additionally , we are tasked with being curious in our academic thinking around sexual norms , taboos , and behaviors in order to best navigate psychological of disordered typical sexual behaviors . DISORDERS OF THE are persistent and recurrent sexual interests , urges , fantasies , or behaviors of marked intensity involving objects , activities , or even situations that are atypical in nature ( Fisher , 2020 ) Although are not innately pathological , a disorder can evolve if paraphilia invokes harm , distress , or functional impairment on the lives of the affected individual or others . A total of eight are listed in the ( American Psychiatric Association APA , 2013 ) and include pedophilia , exhibitionism , voyeurism , sexual sadism , sexual masochism , fetishism , and fetishism . Indeed , if these interests cause a clinically significant level of distress or dysfunction for the person or if they were conducted a consenting other ( child , adult , animal , or corpse ) then they become a disorder ( 2018 ) 218

CHAPTER 16 219 Behavior in which an individual has recurrent , intense sexually arousing fantasies , sexual urges , or behaviors involving ( nonhuman Paraphilia objects , children or other persons , or ( the suffering or humiliation of self or partner Derive pleasure from exposing genitals to an unsuspecting person ' Engages in associated with intense distress or impairment i Fetishism is sexual arousal from an object Partialism is sexual arousal from a part of the body Sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies of rubbing up against or fondling unsuspecting persons Sexual masochism is being aroused by being made to suffer ( beaten , humiliated , bound ) Pedophilic disorder Sexual arousal for children or adolescents Sexual sadism Sadism is being aroused by inflicting suffering on another person Derive sexual pleasure from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked , disrobing , or engaged in intimate behavior One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them online here on . People with have historically been rejected by society . In some cases , such as voyeurism and pedophilia , the behavior is unacceptable ( and illegal ) because it involves a lack of consent on the part of the recipient of the sexual advance . But other are rejected simply because they are unusual , even though they are consensual and do not cause distress or dysfunction to the partners . Sexual sadism and sexual masochism , for instance , are usually practiced consensually , and thus may not be harmful to the partners or to society . When considering the evolution of acceptance of sexual behaviors in different cultures , we can actively see shifts in attitudes about acceptability ( sex for pleasure , masturbation , etc ) Current research in areas of sexual behavior once thought to be entirely deviant ( find that practitioners who are experiencing levels of shame or distress have high levels of psychological ( loyal , 2018 , 2020 ) Again , as sociocultural norms about the appropriateness of behaviors change , the revision of the ( APA , 2013 ) changed its classification system ofthese behaviors . Similarly , the World Health Organization International Classification of Disease ( has also shifted many of their definitions and eliminated three from their diagnostic list ( Reed , First , 2017 , 2020 ) summarized ( 2019 ) We can think of a paraphilia as simply representing an unusual sexual interest that does not require any type of treatment . In contrast , a disorder represents an unusual sexual interest that is personally distressing to the individual involves victimization of others ( 365 ) Types of Paraphilia Pedophilic disorder in girls and in 20 boys is a victim of child sexual abuse , making pedophilia a common paraphilia ( 2020 ) Offenders are usually family friends or relatives . Types of activities vary and may include just looking at a

220 EMERSON WOLFE , child or undressing and touching a child . However , acts often involve oral sex or touching ofthe child or the offender . Studies suggest that children who feel uncared for or lonely may be at higher risk for sexual abuse . Associated features The key feature of this disorder is that the individual experiences sexual arousal when with children that may be equal to , if not greater than , that which they experience with individuals who are physically mature . This may also include recurring sexual dreams , behaviors , or urges concerning children that are 13 years old or younger . Some pedophiles are attracted to both boys and girls . Some are attracted to only children , while others are attracted to children as well as adults . These issues must be persistent for at least months and must cause impairment to everyday functioning to be considered symptoms . individual is 16 years old and exhibits these behaviors with someone that is at least years younger , he would be considered for this disorder . To be diagnosed as having pedophilia , the individual must be at least 16 years of age . The disorder typically begins in adolescence , although some individuals with Pedophilia report that they did not become sexually aroused by children until middle adulthood . Pedophiles may limit their activity to exposing themselves to the child ( sometimes known as flashing ) touching and fondling the child gently , undressing the child and looking at him or her , or masturbating in front ofthe child . Gender and cultural differences in presentation The word is derived from the Greek words ( child ) and philia ( love ) Awareness of Pedophilia has been raised in the past two decades , and it has become more difficult for these individuals to find children with whom to act out their fantasies . In response to the scarcity of vulnerable children , many pedophiles have turned to and child pornography . Males are more often diagnosed with this disorder than women . Pedophilia is more prevalent among Caucasians than among other ethnicities . It is also known that if a male prefers males , it is more likely that he will repeat his pedophilic actions . This has led certain religious or otherwise radical activists to suggest that pedophilia and homosexuality are one and the same , resulting in further media attention to an already topic . One of the biggest issues in assessing behavior as pedophilic or normal is the criteria for pedophilia by Western standards . Some cultures allow child weddings , or unions between mature males and prepubescent females . In some tribal societies across the globe , pedophilic behavior is considered perfectly normal men often take wives in addition to wives . The men engage in sexual activity with these until it is deemed time for the young boy to choose a wife of his own . At this point , the boys husband will then aid him in choosing a wife , and the boy will be allowed to leave to start a family of his own . Clearly , it is important to note any religious or cultural backgrounds in individuals being examined as having pedophilia . This is a very difficult situation , as some groups have voiced the concern that any pedophile can simply convert to a belief system that accommodates and excuses their behaviors . Epidemiology There is very little known about the prevalence of pedophilia at this time because , due to the severely negative stigma associated with having pedophilia , many people with pedophilia rarely seek help from a mental health professional . The ratio of sex offenders against female children and sex offenders against male children is about . It important to consider that not all sex offenders who victimize children are pedophiles only about 40 percent of convicted sex offenders meet the diagnostic criteria for the disorder . Note The large commercial market in pornography suggests a much higher prevalence than the limited medical data indicates .

CHAPTER 16 221 EXHIBITIONIST DISORDER The term exhibitionist was first used in 1877 by French physician and psychiatrist Charles . Various earlier texts discuss genital , however . Exhibitionism is the act of exposing in a public or context those parts of one body that are not normally exposed for example , the breasts , genitals or buttocks . The practice may arise from a desire or compulsion to expose themselves in such a manner to groups of friends or acquaintances , or to strangers for their amusement or sexual satisfaction or to shock the bystander . Exposing oneself only to an intimate partner is normally not regarded as exhibitionism . In law , the act of exhibitionism may be called indecent exposure , exposing one person , or other expressions . When exhibitionistic sexual interest is acted on with a person or interferes with a quality of life or normal functioning , it can be diagnosed as exhibitionist disorder in the . The states that the highest possible prevalence for exhibitionistic disorder in men is to . It is thought to be much less common in women . In one survey , men were twice as likely as women to have exposed their genitals to a stranger ( 2019 ) DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR EXHIBITIONISTIC DISORDER A . Over a period of at least months , recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the exposure of one genitals to an unsuspecting person , as manifested by fantasies , urges , or behaviors . AND . The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a person , orthe sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning . Specify whether Sexually aroused by exposing genitals to prepubertal children . Sexually aroused by exposing genitals to physically mature individuals Sexually aroused by exposing genitals to prepubertal children and to physically mature individuals . Specify if In a controlled environment This specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to expose genitals are restricted . In full remission The individual has not acted on the urges with a person , and there has been no distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other areas , for at least years while in an uncontrolled environment . Associated features In some cases masturbate while exposing themselves ( or while fantasizing that is exposing ) to another person . There is a pattern in which males exhibit themselves and there are three characteristic features of the exhibition ) It is performed for unknown women . It takes place where sexual intercourse is impossible ( a crowded shopping center ) It seems designed to surprise and shock the woman . The male exhibitionist usually exposes his erect penis , but it is not necessarily essential for the activity . Ejaculation may occur at the moment of exposure or develop later with masturbatory stimulation . Some are aware of a conscious desire to shock or upset their target while others fantasize that the target will become sexually aroused by their display . Child adult presentation Generally , society accepts exhibitionism in children as a natural curiosity , not a disorder , however ifthe behaviors continue a paraphilia is probable . Disorder appears to develop before the age of 18 , and rarely is found in people over the age of SO .

222 EMERSON WOLFE , Gender and cultural differences in presentation Most reported cases of exhibitionism involve males . Some scientists argue that women who undress in front of windows ( as to invite a person to watch ) or who wear low cut gowns are in a sense . Exhibitionism generally appears in Western society and is believed to be almost absent in such countries , Burma , and India . Additionally , in American society it can be a crime when committed by a male , particularly when there is an erection present . Epidemiology Prevalence and incidence are not easily defined because people with this disorder usually do not seek treatment voluntarily . Exhibitionism is one of the three most common sexual offenses , the other two being voyeurism and pedophilia . It is rarely diagnosed in general mental health clinics , but most professionals believe that it is probably under diagnosed and . Risk Factors appear to be Antisocial history , Antisocial personality disorder , Alcohol misuse and Pedophilic sexual preference . Voyeuristic Disorder Voyeurism is the sexual interest in or practice of spying on people engaged in intimate behaviors , such as undressing , sexual activity , or other actions usually considered to be ofa private nature . The term comes from the French voir which means to see . A male voyeur is commonly labelled as Peeping Tom or a lags , a term which originates from the Lady legend . However , that term is usually applied to a male who observes somebody secretly and , generally , not in a public space . DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR VOYEURISTIC DISORDER A . Over a period of at least months , recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked , in the process , or engaging in sexual activity , as manifested by fantasies , urges , or behaviors . AND . The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a person , or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning . AND The individual experiencing the arousal acting on the urges is at least 18 years of age . Specify if In a controlled environment This specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to engage in voyeuristic behavior are restricted . OR In full remission The individual has not acted on the urges with a person , and there has

CHAPTER 16 223 been no distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other areas of functioning , for at least years while in an uncontrolled environment . Associated features Voyeurism , a form of paraphilia , refers to the achievement of sexual gratification by observing or spying on unsuspecting people , especially while they dress , undress , or engage in sexual activity . The observers , often known as Peeping Tom , may not feel guilt or remorse when intruding upon other individuals privacy . Voyeuristic individuals may rationalize their behavior , claiming no harm , no foul . Voyeurism is considered a crime in several states , but the definition of voyeurism varies from state to state . The voyeur may wait outside their victims window and masturbate to the subject undressing , taking a shower , or even a couple having sex . They also may wait until afterwards to masturbate while replaying the incident in their mind . The voyeur may risk injury by assuming precarious positions to catch a preferred view of their target . Child adult presentation Lack of maturity and understanding prevents children from being diagnosed with voyeurism . Gender and cultural differences in presentation Men are much more likely to be diagnosed with voyeurism than women . There does not seem to be any differences with the cultural presentation of voyeurism . However , with the social nature of the prohibited activity it appears to be an important factor in the sexual arousal pertaining to voyeurism . Some suggest that Voyeurs tend to harbor feelings of inadequacy and to lack social and sexual skills ( APA , 2013 ) Epidemiology The onset for the disorder is normally before the age of 15 years . Some studies have shown that men express voyeuristic tendencies more often than women , but the disorder is not unique to males ( American Psychiatric Association , 2013 ) The prevalence of voyeuristic disorder is per ( 12 ) among the male population and per ( among the female population . The prevalence rate of this abnormality is not known . Some research suggests that people in the are showing more voyeuristic characteristics due to the increase in reality television shows being aired . Risk factors appear to be Childhood sexual abuse , Substance misuse , Sexual preoccupation and . Revenge Porn One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them online here ?

224 EMERSON WOLFE , One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them online here ?

Disorder is a interest in rubbing , usually one pelvic area or erect penis , against a person for sexual pleasure . It may involve touching any part ofthe body , including the genital area . A person who practices acts is known as a . derives from the French verb , meaning to rub . The term , originally meaning floor polisher , entered police jargon around 1882 . acts were interpreted as signs of a psychological disorder in 1887 and in ensuing work by French psychiatrist Valentin , who described three acts of in an 1890 study . It was popularized by German sexologist Richard von in his book Psychopathia , borrowing from French terminology . disorder is a sexual dysfunction disorder characterized by sexual arousal from rubbing against or touching a person . DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DISORDER A . Over a period of at least months , recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a non consenting person , as manifested by fantasies , urges , or behaviors . AND . The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a non consenting person , or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning . Specify if In a controlled environment This specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to touch or rub against a non consenting person are restricted . In full remission The individual has not acted on the urges with a nonconsenting person , and there has been no distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other areas of functioning , for at least years while in an uncontrolled environment . Associated features A person who is suffering from usually experiences symptoms such as intense sexually arousing fantasies , sexual urges , or behaviors involving touching and rubbing against a person for over a period of at least six months . These fantasies , urges , and behaviors can cause distress and problems associated with work , social atmospheres , and other important daily activities .

CHAPTER 16 225 is sexual arousal based on grabbing or rubbing one hands against an unexpecting ( and consenting ) person . It usually involves touching breasts , buttocks or genital areas , often while quickly walking across the victim path . Some psychologists consider a manifestation of , while others distinguish the two . is also known as mashing . Mashing has been reported exclusively among males ( 2000 ) Mashing usually takes place in crowded places , such as buses , elevators , or subway cars . The man usually incorporates images of his mashing within his masturbation fantasies . Mashing is related to , which is the fondling of strangers . Mashing can be so furtive and fleeting that the victim may not realize what has happened . Child adult presentation Typically , children under the age of 12 do not have due to lack of understanding and maturity . Most individuals who participate in are between the ages of and typically increase the age of 15 and decrease after the age of 25 . Epidemiology is associated with fantasies , but it occurs most commonly in adolescents . This disorder is not associated with traumatic experiences in either adolescent or adult life . Risk Factors appear to be Nonsexual antisocial behavior and Sexual . The estimates that 10 of men seen in clinical settings for or have disorder , indicating that the population prevalence is lower . However , acts , as opposed to disorder , may occur in up to 30 of men in the general population . The majority of are male and the majority are female , although female on male , female on female , and male on male exist . This activity is often done in circumstances where the victim can not easily respond , in a public place such as a crowded train or concert . Usually , such sexual contact is viewed as a criminal offense a form of sexual assault albeit often classified as a misdemeanor with minor legal penalties . Conviction may result in a sentence or psychiatric treatment . MIXED FETISHISTIC DISORDER A fetish ( from French from Portuguese from Latin , artificial and , to make ) is an object believed to have supernatural powers , or in particular a object that has power over others . Later Sigmund Freud appropriated the concept to describe a form of paraphilia where the object of affection is an inanimate object or a specific part ofa person . Sexual fetishism or erotic fetishism is a sexual fixation on a nonliving object or body part . The object of interest is called the fetish the person who has a fetish for that object is a fetishist . A sexual fetish may be regarded as a aid to sexual excitement , or as a Fetishistic disorder if it causes significant psychosocial distress for the person or has detrimental effects on important areas of their life . Sexual arousal from a particular body part can be further classified as partialism . Partialism is sexual interest with an exclusive focus on a specific part of the body other than the genitals . Partialism is categorized as a fetishistic disorder in the only if it causes significant psychosocial distress for the person or has detrimental effects on important areas of their life . Individuals who exhibit partialism sometimes describe the anatomy of interest to them as having equal or greater erotic attraction for them as do the genitals . Partialism occurs in heterosexual , bisexual , and homosexual individuals . The foot is considered one of the most common .

226 EMERSON WOLFE , The following are some ofthe commonly found among people Formal name Common name Source Foot fetish Eye fetish Armpit fetish Arm its Breast fetish i Buttocks fetish Buttocks Nose fetish Hair fetish button fetish Navel fetish Hand fetish Hands Leg fetish In a review of 48 cases of clinical fetishism in 1983 , fetishes included clothing ( rubber and rubber items ( footwear ( body parts ( leather ( and soft materials or fabrics ( A 2007 study counted members of Internet discussion groups with the word fetish in their name . Of the groups about body parts or features , 47 belonged to groups about feet ( about body fluids ( including , about body size , about hair ( hair fetish ) and about muscles ( muscle worship ) Less popular groups focused on navels ( navel fetishism ) legs , body hair , mouth , and nails , among other things . Of the groups about clothing , 33 belonged to groups about clothes worn on the legs or buttocks ( such as stockings or skirts ) 32 about footwear ( shoe fetishism ) 12 about underwear ( underwear fetishism ) and about wear such as jackets . Less popular object groups focused on headwear , wrist wear , pacifiers , and diapers ( diaper fetishism ) While medical definitions restrict the term sexual fetishism to objects or body parts , fetish can , in common discourse , also refer to sexual interest in specific activities . This broader usage of fetish covers parts or features of the body ( including obesity and body modifications ) objects , situations and activities ( such as a variety of often erotic practices or involving bondage , discipline , dominance and submission , sadomasochism , and other related interpersonal dynamics ) such as ( urination ) and coprophilia ( poop ) have been described as fetishes . Many people who reveal that they have fetishes do experience any significant distress or dysfunction from their behavior , hence they do not meet the criteria for fetishistic disorder ( 2019 ) In some instances , such as in cases of necrophilia ( corpses ) or zoophilia ( animals ) consent is an issue thereby rendering a more likely determination of fetishistic disorder . involves being attracted to body modifications on another person that are the result of amputation . is only a sexual fetish when the person who has the fetish considers the amputated body part on another person the object of sexual interest . Under the , fetishism is sexual arousal from nonliving objects or specific body parts , excluding clothes used for ( as that falls under disorder ) Fetishism usually becomes evident during puberty , and may develop prior to that . No single cause for fetishism has been conclusively established , though issues of classical and operant conditioning have been studied .

CHAPTER 16 227 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR FETISHISTIC DISORDER A . Over a period of at least months , recurrent and intense sexual arousal from either the use of nonliving objects or a highly specific focus on non genital body part ( as manifested by fantasies , urges , or behaviors . AND . The fantasies , sexual urges , or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning . AND The fetish objects are not limited to articles of clothing used in ( as in disorder ) or devices specifically designed forthe purpose of tactile genital stimulation ( vibrator ) AND Specify Body part ( Nonliving object ( Other Specify if in a controlled environment This specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to engage in fetishistic behaviors are restricted . in full remission There has been no distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other areas of functioning for at least years while in an uncontrolled environment . Sexual Masochism And Sexual Sadism Disorders The Entryway ) iH is licensed under BY Sexual masochism disorder ( is the condition of experiencing recurring and intense sexual arousal in response to enduring moderate or extreme pain , suffering , or humiliation . Conversely , Sexual sadism disorder is the condition of experiencing sexual arousal in response to the extreme pain , suffering or humiliation of others . The words sadism and sadist are derived from Marquis de Sade . Many of Marquis de Sade books , including Justine ( 1791 ) Juliette ( 1797 ) and The 120 Days of Sodom ( published posthumously in 1905 ) are written from a cruelly sadistic viewpoint . bondage , domination , sadomasochism ) is a colloquial term relating to individuals who willingly engage in consenting forms of pain or humiliation , typically for sexual purposes . The term describes the activities between consenting partners that contain sadistic and masochistic elements . Many behaviors such as erotic

228 EMERSON WOLFE , spanking , tickling and that many people think of only as rough sex also contain elements of sadomasochism . It is not currently a diagnosable condition in either the or system . One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them online here on . There are a lot of about practitioners ( those that engage in behaviors ) importantly , practices are relatively common , with some surveys indicating that 14 of men and 11 of women have had at least one experience with sadomasochistic experiences ( 2019 ) For many people , behaviors are not pathological , in fact , people who practice are no more psychologically disturbed than anyone else and there no correlation to having been a victim of childhood sexual assault ( 2019 ) Additionally , the personality of practitioners indicate they experience less neuroticism , more extraversion , more openness to new experiences , more conscientiousness ( safe , sane and consenting ) have less fear of rejection , and higher subjective than average ( 2018 ) Similar to issues in fetishism , one must look at high levels behaviors in order for a diagnosis to occur . DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SEXUAL SADISM DISORDER A . Over a period of at least months , recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another person , as manifested by fantasies , urges , or behaviors . AND . The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a non consenting person , or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning . Specify if in a controlled environment This specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to engage in sadistic sexual behaviors are restricted . in full remission The individual has not acted on the urges with a non consenting person , and there has been no distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other areas of functioning , for at least years while in an uncontrolled environment .

CHAPTER 16 229 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SEXUAL MASOCHISM DISORDER A . Over a period of at least months , recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the act of being humiliated , beaten , bound , or otherwise made to suffer , as manifested by fantasies , urges , or behaviors . AND . The fantasies , sexual urges , or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning . Specify if With If the individual engages in the practice of achieving sexual arousal related to restriction of breathing . Specify if in a controlled environment This specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to engage in masochistic sexual behaviors are restricted . in full remission There has been no distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other areas of functioning for at last years while in an uncontrolled environment . The prevalence of sexual masochism disorder in the population is unknown , but the suggests that of males and of females may be involved in , whether they have sexual masochism disorder or not . Extensive use of pornography depicting humiliation is sometimes associated with sexual masochism disorder . Behaviors associated with sexual masochism disorder can be acted out alone ( binding , pins , of electric shock , or ) or with a partner ( physical restraint , blindfolding , paddling , spanking , whipping , beating , electric shock , cutting , pinning and piercing , and humiliation such as by being urinated or defecated upon , being forced to crawl and bark like a dog , or being subjected to verbal abuse ) Behaviors sometimes include being forced to or being treated like an infant . Erotic asphyxiation is the use of choking to increase the pleasure in sex . The fetish also includes an individualized part that involves choking oneself during the act of masturbation , which is known as asphyxiation . This usually involves a person being connected and strangled by a homemade device that is tight enough to give them pleasure but not tight enough to suffocate them to death . This is dangerous due to the issue of hyperactive pleasure seeking which can result in strangulation when there is no one to help if the device gets too tight and strangles the user . One or more interactive elements has been excluded from this version of the text . You can view them online here ?

coercive disorder refers to the preference for over consenting sexual partners . It differs from sexual sadism disorder in that although the individual with this disorder may inflict pain or threats of pain in order to gain the compliance of the victim , the infliction of pain is not the actual goal of the individual . The condition is typically described as a paraphilia and continues to undergo research , but does not appear in the current or . Alternate terms for the condition have included , Coercive Disorder , and Preferential Rape . With coercive disorder , the individual employs enough force to subdue a victim , but with sexual sadism disorder , the individual often continues to inflict harm regardless of the compliance of the victim , which sometimes escalates not only to the death of the victim , but also to the mutilation of the body . What is experienced

230 EMERSON WOLFE , by the sadist as sexual does not always appear obviously sexual to Sadistic rapes do not necessarily include penile penetration of the victim . In a survey of offenses , 77 of cases included sexual bondage , 73 included anal rape , 60 included blunt force trauma , 57 included vaginal rape , and 40 included penetration of the victim by a foreign object . In 40 of cases , the offender kept a personal item of the victim as a souvenir . On personality testing , sadistic rapists apprehended by law enforcement have shown elevated traits of impulsivity , callousness , and psychopathy . Although there appears to be a continuum of severity from mild ( or ) to moderate ( coercive disorder ) to severe ( sexual sadism disorder ) it is not clear if they are genuinely related or only appear related superficially . Very little is known about how sexual sadism disorder develops . Most of the people diagnosed with sexual sadism disorder come to the attention of authorities by committing sexually motivated crimes . Surveys have also been conducted to include people who are interested in only mild and consensual forms of sexual humiliation ( Most of the people with sexual sadism disorder are male , whereas the sex ratio of people interested in is closer to . People with sexual sadism disorder are at an elevated likelihood of having other sexual interests . PARAPHILIA DISORDERS CONSENSUAL Disorder of by is licensed under BY Transvestism is the practice of , which is the act of wearing items of clothing and other accoutrements commonly associated with the opposite sex within a particular society . The term refers to an action or a behavior , without attributing or implying any specific causes or motives for that behavior . is not synonymous with being transgender . A fetishist is a person who as part of a sexual fetish ( though , alone , does equal disordered behavior , 2019 ) According to the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , this fetishism was limited to heterosexual men however , does not have this restriction , and opens it to women and men , regardless of their sexual orientation . There are two key criteria before a psychiatric diagnosis of disorder is made . Recurrent , intense sexually arousing fantasies , urges , or behavior , involving . This causes clinically significant distress or impairment , whether socially , at work , or elsewhere . Thus , transvestism is not considered a mental illness unless it causes significant problems for the person

CHAPTER 16 231 concerned . disorder , fetishism and sometimes transvestism are also often used to describe any sexual behavior or arousal that is in anyway triggered by the clothes of the other gender . Especially the latter is problematic , because transvestism and are neither a sexual fetish , nor do they necessarily have anything to do with sexual behavior or arousal . Also , not every sexual behavior where clothes of the opposite gender are involved is disorder , they are also often used in sexual role play without being a fetish . Also , many transgendered people before coming out in sexual or social . This behavior is likewise not considered disorder , as it is not for sexual pleasure , rather it is simply their gender expression . There is a popular stereotype that most transvestites are gay men , however that not the case 87 identified as straight and 83 are currently married ( or married before , 2019 ) Most are said to be heterosexual men , although there are no studies that accurately represent either their sexual orientation or gender , and most information on this is based on anecdotal evidence or informal surveys . Some male disordered people collect women clothing , nightgowns , baby dolls , slips , and other types of nightwear , lingerie stockings and pantyhose , items of a distinct feminine look and feel . They may dress in these feminine garments and take photographs while living out their secret fantasies . Many men love the feeling of wearing silk or nylon and adore the silky fabric of women nightwear , lingerie and nylons . This is where the issue of culture and gender , combined with disordered normative behavior becomes all the more pressing to consider . Why is it culturally acceptable for female identifying folks to wear men clothing but not ( and indeed if there any form then it considered disordered ?

Perhaps the even the issue of distress should be evaluated in terms of actual distress due to the behavior or distress due to cultural ideas about clothing . DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DISORDER A . Over a period of at least months , recurrent and intense sexual arousal from cross dressing , as manifested by fantasies , urges , or behaviors . AND . The fantasies , sexual urges , or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other important areas of functioning . Specify if With fetishism If sexually aroused by fabrics , materials , or garments . With if sexually aroused by thoughts or images of self as female . Specify if in a controlled environment This specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to are restricted . in full remission There has been no distress or impairment in social , occupational , or other areas of functioning for at least years while in an uncontrolled environment . FUTURE As indicated earlier , cultural and social norms are consistently shifting , which can impact acceptance ofa of sexual behaviors . Currently , the ( APA , 2013 ) identifies eight ( types of diagnoses . Interestingly , the International Classification of Disease recommendations in the definition of has opted to remove fetishism , masochism , sadism ( not to be confused with coercive sexual sadism ) and transvestism since these behaviors are not inherently harmful ( 2018 ) Instead , in the are focused on and criminogenic behaviors . This has been applauded as a step in the right direction in terms

232 EMERSON WOLFE , of reducing stigma of normative , albeit occasionally atypical , sexual activities . the refers to the international version via the World Health Organization ( the is still synced with the ) interests have been increasingly important to study as the growth of the internet is allowing individuals access to communities made up of others with atypical interests . Potter ( 2013 ) suggested that such communities may allow people to experiment with atypical behavior in a safe manner , rather than acting upon such interests . However , the question remains whether individuals can entertain atypical sexual fantasies ( rape fantasies or sexual interest in children ) and not be moved to act on them ( Potter , 2013 as cited in Mundy , 2019 , Indeed , more research is required in these domains . LICENSES LICENSED CONTENT , SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION Introduction to Psychology Canadian Edition and Charles is licensed under a Creative Commons International License , except where otherwise noted . Adaptations Reformatted . Added learning objectives . Modified content for language , application to subject and cohesion . Updated sources . All Rights Reserved . 2017 , August 31 ) Is your sexual fantasy normal ( Video ?

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License All Rights Reserved . License Terms Standard YouTube license . 2018 , June ) How revenge porn turns lives upside down Video . how turns lives upside down . Creative Commons International . Green , 2015 , February 20 ) 101 Video ! License All Rights Reserved . License Terms Standard YouTube license . 2018 , March 21 ) Erotic choking Video . watch ?

License All Rights Reserved . License Terms Standard YouTube license . Washington Post ( 2017 , July ) The legality of revenge porn Video . watch ?

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