Introduction to Human Geography - 2nd Edition Chapter 6 Religion

Religion David Darrell STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this section , the student will be able to . Understand the of religion as a historical spatial phenomenon . Explain the of sacred spaces and places to understandings of culture locally , regionally , and globally . Describe the hearths and diffusion patterns of the major religions of the world . Connect religious belief and values to trade , colonialism , and empire CHAPTER OUTLINE Introduction Overview of Major Religions Diffusion of Major Religions Religious Summary Key Terms Works Consulted and Further Reading Page 107

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION INTRODUCTION I love you when you bow in your mosque , kneel in your temple , pray in your church . For you and I are sons of one religion , and it is the This chapter is an exploration of the geography of religion . Like language and ethnicity , religion is a cultural characteristic that can be closely bound to individual identity . Religion can provide a sense of community , social cohesion , moral standards , and architecture . It can also be a source of oppression , social discord , and political instability . Religion is more than magical explanations for natural phenomena it is also a governing philosophy of behavior and an organizing cosmology of the universe . The following pie chart gives us an idea of the relative size ( in terms of adherents ) of the world major religions ( Figure ) Bear in mind that these numbers are estimates there is no world governing body collecting detailed statistics of religion . Christians and Muslims make up over half of the worlds population . The next category , the , are a large but diffuse body containing people who do not identify with any religion . Hindus , who cluster in the Indian subcontinent , are the next largest group . The category of Folk religion is similar to that of I 1551 I I I Folk I 0016 Unaffiliated 16 Figure Global Religious Percentages This pie chart shows the relative of the World Major Religions . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Page 108

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION is a large group of religions that are bound into one category solely for logical consistency . Folk religions may consist of ancestor worship in China , animism in central Africa , or any other number of indigenous , local religions . The Other category contains newer religions that are just gaining their footholds and other religions that may be fading in the contemporary milieu . Judaism is included in the chart , although it has comparatively few adherents . It is included for two reasons . First , it provided the cultural spoor for both Christianity and Islam , and second , it is the predominant religion of the modern state of Israel . In some places , religion can be considered a separate element of civil society , but in many others , religion can not be meaningfully separated from daily life or governance . Charts such as this can be somewhat misleading , as can maps of religion ( Figure . All these methods of tabulating religion rely on estimates with varying degrees of accuracy . One problem is determining the predominance of a particular religion . Does predominance require over percent ?

What if no religion in a country has a majority ?

In the case of this map , if no religion has a majority , but there are two large religions ( for example Christianity and Islam in ) then the country is split between the two . If there are numerous fragmented groups , then the group with a plurality is used . In some parts of the world , some forms of religious expression are discouraged or banned outright . For example , in North Korea , the state ideology is known as , which is not a traditional religion with supernatural elements . The practice of Buddhism or Christianity in North Korea must necessarily be circumspect . In other places , religion has reached the status of being nominal ( in name only ) in which people identify with a religion , but the practices of that religion have little impact on their daily lives . World Buddhist 13 Folk Hindu Jewish I Muslim 5000 7500 Figure World Religions by State 2012 Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Page 109

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION State religions are religions that are recognized as the religion of a country . In some places with a state religion , such as Denmark or the United Kingdom , the status of one religion has little effect either on the practice of other religions or on the society at large . In places like Saudi Arabia or Pakistan , however , the religion is closely connected to the power of the state , most obviously in the form of blasphemy laws which allow for state penalties ( including death ) for violations of religious statutes . Maps such as this one can be very misleading in the sense that they present homogeneous , religious landscapes by country ( Figure ) This is , of course , untrue and it represents one of the problems with mapping the level of aggregation . As any spatial phenomenon is into larger and larger groups , the details of those groups are often lost . An example of the importance of scale is seen in the following graphic . Although Mormons make up 88 percent of Utah County , Utah , they are only 61 of the state of Utah , and a mere of the United States . Scale and Predominant Religion ' mum Figure Percent Mormon to the County , State , and National level Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Page 110

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION Religions in History The current religious map of the world is best thought of as a snapshot . The religious landscape has been continuously changing throughout human history and will continue to change in the future . New religions are founded and old ones die out . New religions are often made using pieces of older religions Christianity and Islam deriving in part from Judaism and Buddhism deriving from are not aberrations , but instead are examples of a common occurrence . Within the relatively recent past , it has been possible to watch the creation and diffusion of several new religions just within the United States . the Jehovah Witnesses , Seventh Day , and Scientology are all religions that were founded in the in the relatively recent past . The Religious Contribution to Culture and Identity Religions are not isolated social phenomena . They exist within a cultural complex that nurtures and sustains them , or conversely , demeans and undermines them . Religion can be closely bound to other elements of identity , or nationality . In many societies , the boundaries between religion and social life , family structure , and law and politics are nonexistent . Religion in those places is the center of all life and everything else revolves around religious concepts . A place that is purely governed by a religious structure is known as a theocracy . There are very few of these in the modern world , although many states have strong religious . Many modern societies have built barriers between religious and political life . These places are called secular and are much more common in the developed world . Religion , along with ethnicity and language , are very often core components of an individual identity . It can the way a person sees the world , what clothing is appropriate , gender roles , employment , and even your position within the greater society . As such , it has tremendous cultural , and this is visible in the landscape . and religion Religion has a motivating factor that few other social phenomena can match . When people are doing something for God , they generally have fewer limits than in other spheres of life . One of the ways this lack of limits is manifest in the landscape is through religious architecture . Sacred spaces can be religious structures , but they can also be historic , cemeteries , mountains , or rivers . Anything that humans use to generate a sense of the divine can be considered a sacred space . Sacred spaces have expectations of behavior . In some places , it is still possible to claim sanctuary in a sacred place . The small altars that mark roadside fatalities in the United States can be considered sacred spaces , as could a closet that is used as a prayer room . Page 111

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION Elements of culture may be manifest in different types of churches , temples on the landscape , as well as clothing , the food grown , and small home . Another way that religion manifests in the visible sphere is through codes of acceptable dress as well as acceptable public behaviors . A less obvious way that religions may the landscape is through religious on dietary choices . Food production can be by religions . Many religions have doctrine regarding what is acceptable food , and what is not . Halal , Kosher and are all representative of food restrictions . Religions that prohibit the consumption of pork will probably not have swine farms . Cattle wander through the countryside in India , since they are religiously protected from harm . Another effect that religion has on the landscape is the effect of pilgrimage . Many religions have an activity that requires gathering at a particular place . Probably the pilgrimage is the of Islam , but this isn actually the largest in the world . That would be the Hindu Mela . The Camino Santiago is a Christian pilgrimage that ends in Santiago de , Spain . Pilgrimage is not just visible through the pilgrims , but in the entire infrastructure that develops to support the pilgrims . OVERVIEW OF MAJOR RELIGIONS Types of Religions We often break religions into one of two basic types ethnic and . Ethnic religions are associated within one group of people . They make little to no effort at ( converting others ) although that possibility may exist . The largest ethnic religion is . Judaism is another ethnic religion . Through migration , both of these religions have become dispersed around much of the world , but they are closely tied to their own ethnic groups . religions seek to convert others . For some religions , it is a requirement for practitioners to spend part of their lives in missionary work attempting to convert others . Another way of dividing religions is into the categories of polytheistic ( many gods ) and monotheistic ( one god ) Although the difference between monotheistic religions and polytheistic religions seems unbridgeable , there are religions that have managed to combine elements of polytheism and monotheism into the same religion . For example , in ( Voodoo ) entities that had previously represented African gods are recast as Catholic saints , who themselves are divine in the Catholic cosmology . Combining two religions to create a new religion is known as syncretism . A Brief Description of the Major Religions Christianity Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of . It dates to some time in the century AD since the Western Page 112

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION world uses the Christian calendar . Christianity began as an offshoot of Judaism , and includes the Hebrew Bible ( known to Christians as the Old Testament ) as well as the New Testament as its canonized scriptures . It has three main branches Catholic , Orthodox , and Protestant ( Figure ) Catholic and Orthodox Christianity split roughly one thousand years ago , while the Catholic Schism began in the sixteenth century . The split between the Orthodox and Catholic hierarchies centered around whose authority in the church was . The split between Protestantism and Catholicism mostly centered on practices conducted by the Catholic Church that the future Protestants did not believe were suitable for a religious organization . The three branches of Christianity have their own spatiality , with a great deal of overlap between them . Orthodox Christianity is mostly seen in Russia , Eastern Europe , and Southern Europe with notable examples in Africa ( Ethiopia ) and in places where large numbers of people from these places have migrated ( the United States , Canada ) Catholic Christianity is seen in a wider range of places . It largely formed around the historic Roman Empire , then spread to the north and west of Europe . Catholicism did not stop there , however . The age of colonial expansion transplanted Catholicism to such widespread places as the Philippines , much of the Americas and Caribbean , and large parts of Africa . Protestantism is the most recently developed Christian branch , but it has also diffused widely . The initial Protestant countries were in northern Europe , but again due to colonialism , Protestant Christianity was exported to places like the United States , South Africa , and New Zealand . The current expansion of Christianity , particularly in Asia , is largely due to the growth of Protestantism . Christian Map I Protestant Figure Christian Places This dot map shows structures designated as Christian from . Note how it varies from Figure in that it shows a religious landscape that is more fragmented and interspersed . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Page 113

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION Each Christian branch has developed a distinct appearance in the landscape . Orthodox churches are meant to invoke a sense of the divine . Buildings are elaborate , both inside and outside . Catholic churches also tend to be elaborate , in a similar vein to Orthodox churches , but with a different architectural tradition . This is understandable due to the fact that these two branches of Christianity arose in different places with different ideas of architectural grandeur and beauty . Protestant churches as a collective are less elaborate that their close relatives . This is a of the early history of Protestant churches , which were often rejections of the elaborate ceremony and ostentatious display of the Catholic Church . Islam Islam is a monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad ( an Arab religious and political . The word Islam means submission , or the total surrender of oneself to God . An adherent of Islam is known as a Muslim , meaning one who submits ( to God ) Both Islam and Christianity inherited the idea of the chain of prophecy from Judaism . This means that such as Moses ( Judaism ) and Jesus ( Christianity ) are considered prophets in Islam . Muslims believe that Muhammad is the very last in that chain of prophecy . Islam has two main branches , and many smaller ones . Of the two main branches and Shi a , is much larger , comprising roughly 80 of all Muslims ( Figure ) The split between the two largest branches of Islam centered around the question of succession , that is to say , who would be the rightful leader of the world . Currently , there is no single voice for the global Muslim community . Other forms of Islam include ( mystical ) Islam and Ahmadi Islam . India is the Figure Muslim Places This dot map shows structures designated as Muslim from . The distribution of the different branches ( particularly and ) belie any hard lines in the religious landscape . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Page 114

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION number three Muslim country , but there are times as many Hindus in India as there are Muslims . The Muslim world is somewhat more contiguous than the Christian world . This is mostly due to the fact that the Muslim expansion did not occur in two phases in the same way that Christianity did . As can be seen in the following map , and Shi a countries are somewhat spatially separated . Only the countries of Iran , Iraq , and are majority Shi a . There are sizable minority Muslim sects in the world . Many of these groups , such as the , are subject to discrimination by other Muslim populations or governments . The worlds most theocratic governments are Muslim , particularly those of Iran and Saudi Arabia . This is notable in that these two countries are also regional rivals and the two most powerful states in the Muslim world . Buddhism Buddhism is an offshoot of that dates to the century . It was founded by near the modern border between Nepal and India . The three largest branches of Buddhism are , and ( Figure ) The main differences between the branches are their approaches to canonized doctrine . Buddhist Places 500 043 i 500 5000 7500 10000 Figure Buddhist Places This dot map shows structures designated as Buddhist from . It does not break Buddhism into its major branches of , and . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent ( Figure ) Its origins can be traced to the ancient civilization ( 1500 ) a product of the invasion of peoples . A conglomerate of Page 115

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION diverse beliefs and traditions that assembled organically over a period of centuries , has no single founder . Due to its concurrent growth with Indian civilization , has historically been tightly bound to the caste system , although the modern Indian state has worked to ameliorate the more damaging effects of this relationship . Hindu , I , 5000 7500 Figure Hindu Places This dot map shows structures designated as Hindu from . Although heavily associated with the modern Indian state , large numbers of Hindus now live elsewhere . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Chinese Religions Not strictly located in China , Chinese religions are closely tied to ( a nature religion ) a philosophy of living ) and ancestor worship . Chinese religious structures are associated with people of Chinese descent within and external to China . Because of the diversity of religious practices and beliefs , this category is best thought of as a complex of beliefs , rather than a set of beliefs and practices . is a Century amalgamation of Islam and . It is in many ways emblematic of syncretic religions . Syncretic religions are created by the combination of two or more religions , with the addition of doctrinal elements to create cohesion between the disparate pieces . Founded by Dev i ( 1469 1539 ) reconciles and Islam by recasting Hindu gods as aspects of a single god , in a manner similar to the Catholic Trinity . Although heavily associated with the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , has spread widely through relocation diffusion ( Figure ) It has about 26 million adherents . Page 116

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION 7500 Figure Places This dot map shows structures designated as from . Although originating in the Punjab on the Indian Subcontinent , it has diffused widely . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Judaism Judaism is a monotheistic religion originating in the Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean ( Figure ) Although it has no single founder , it holds the Torah as its holy book . In the modern context of Judaism , there are three major Judaism Places ' Jewish Figure Jewish Places This dot map shows structures designated as Jewish from . It does not break Judaism into Orthodox , Conservative and Reform . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Page 117

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION Orthodox , Conservative and with their own set of interpretations of correct practice . Judaism , as the initial religion , other religions ( particularly Christianity and Islam ) Animism , and Others This category combines together religions that are all quite different . They are here due to their similar ties to places or ethnicities , not because they share any doctrinal or historical connections . Before continuing on a discussion of the following religions , it is important to make a point clear . It is possible to practice more than one religion . Many people in the world practice two or more religions with no sense of contradiction . In many parts of the world , or beliefs persist alongside the newer religions . Animism is a broad category , found in a variety of environments ( Figure ) The underlying theme is the idea that almost anything in the people , mountains , rivers , rain , etc . is alive and worthy of recognition as such . Animism is frequently practiced with other ideologies or philosophies . i was founded by Mirza Ali ( in 1863 . i was an offshoot of another religion , that in itself was a derivative of Islam . Although traditional Muslims believe that Muhammad was the last of the prophets ( the seal of the prophets ) many religions have been founded on the idea that there could be other , later people who also spoke for god . is believe that new messengers would be sent to humanity to remind people of their universal relationship to god and one another . The late date and historic context of this religion informed a religion that explicitly rejected racism and nationalism . One ' i , Other Religions Religious Places ' Animism ' i A ' soon 7500 Figure Other Religious Places This dot map shows some structures designated as Animist , I , and Zoroastrian from . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Page 118

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION of the notable characteristics is that although is are not one of the larger religions on Earth , they have a temple on every permanently inhabited continent . is another ancient religion that arose in India . It is best known for its concept of ahimsa , or nonviolence . the ethnic religion of Japan is often practiced in conjunction with Buddhism . It is polytheistic and dates back centuries . The most important consideration of is that the rituals are so ingrained in Japanese national identity that the religion can either be considered vibrant and relevant , or moribund and ritualistic , depending on the perspective of the viewer . Syncretic Religions Syncretic religions are formed by the combination of two or more existing religions to produce a new religion ( Figure ) Some of the larger syncretic religions have already been mentioned , such as i or . Cao Dai is a religion founded in twentieth century Vietnam . It has strains of and Buddhism and represents an attempt to reconcile many diverse religious traditions into a single religion . Voodoo arose in French Caribbean colonies as a combination of Catholicism and the beliefs of another set of West African peoples , the Ewe and the Fon . Practitioners speak to God using called loa that function as saints do in both the Catholic and worlds . is a syncretism formed from many West African religious traditions and Catholicism . It has existed in Brazil for centuries . It believes in a creator god ( and a series of ( places I tandem ble Cao Dai I Voodoo . 5000 7500 Figure Syncretic Religions This dot map shows structures designated as , Voodoo , or Cao Dai from . Notice that Cao Dai has diffused from its origin in Vietnam to Australia and the United States . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Page 119

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION New Religions Much like any other human phenomena , new religions are formed continuously . They are usually adaptations or combinations of existing religions . It is impossible to list the most recent arrivals . This category includes such religions as Scientology , the Church , no Ie and Wicca . What about the Nonreligious ?

Sometimes the nonreligious are considered a religion unto themselves . This is generally not true . The nonreligious category is amorphous . There are no documents of beliefs that all nonreligious people must abide by . There is no arching nonreligious creed . It is another category that contains a large , diverse population with divergent beliefs and practices . Within these categories , however , there are notable manifestations . First , there are those places which are atheistic or . This label is problematic . It provides only the perspective of the government of these places . In many places that officially have no religions , practitioners simply do not advertise their religious affiliations . In other places , religious attendance has declined to a point that many people have no connection to a particular religious tradition . The label agnostic refers to the idea that the existence of a higher power is unknowable . It is important to point out that religions do not necessarily require the existence of a force . relies on nature as its driving force . DIFFUSION OF MAJOR RELIGIONS Religion uses nearly all forms of diffusion to reproduce itself across space . Hierarchical diffusion generally involves the conversion of a king , emperor , or other leader who then others to convert . Relocation diffusion , often through missionary work , brings great leaps forward by crossing space to secure footholds in places . Contagious diffusion is most often seen in a religious context as the result of direct . All these forms of diffusion produce patterns of diffusion that are complex . It is impossible to know why certain religions have appeal in particular times or places , but they do , and that appeal can wear off over time . Another important thing to remember is that the religious landscape is just a snapshot . In the same way that it has always changed , it will continue to do so . These maps can reinforce this idea in that they demonstrate the historical nature of current religious . Remind yourself that these religious occurred at different times . This will help explain why some places will become Buddhist or Christian at one point in history , but become Muslim at another . Page 120

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION The Diffusion of Buddhism Buddhism originated near the current border . Like many other religions , it spread in other directions , particularly to the south and east ( Figure ) of I . in 7500 , Figure Diffusion of Buddhism ?

This map shows the distinct waves of the diffusion of Buddhism . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Due to its position as the oldest large , religion , Buddhism is a good example of the lifecycle of a religion . From its origins , the religion spread across what is now India and Nepal . It spread in all directions but looking at a current religious map reveals that the process did not end 1500 years ago . Much of its territory on the Indian subcontinent would become mostly Hindu or Muslim . To the east and south , however , the religion continued and expanded . It is not unusual for a religion to prove popular far from its place of origin . In fact , that is the key to a successful religion . The Diffusion of Christianity Christianity was founded in the eastern Mediterranean , although much like Buddhism , its greatest successes were found in other parts of the world ( Figure ) Christianity initially grew in areas dominated by the Roman Empire , but it would adapt and thrive in many places . With the collapse of the Empire , Christianity became the only source of social cohesion in Europe for centuries . Later , Christianity was promoted through the process of colonialism , and as such , it was by the process that distributed it . The spread of Christianity helped drive the process that created the modern world . Page 121

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION Diffusion of Christianity Figure Diffusion of Christianity This map shows the distinct waves of the diffusion of Christianity , the initial wave from its foundation , and the subsequent wave associated with European Colonialism . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA The Diffusion of Islam The most recent of the world largest religions , Islam is also the one that is expanding the fastest ( Figure ) This is not necessarily through conquest or conversion , but mostly through current demographics . Islam provides a blueprint . mu Figure Diffusion of Islam This map shows the distinct waves of the diffusion of Islam . Author David Source Original Work License BY SA Page 122

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION for most aspects of life and as such , has often been associated with rapid expansion driven by military conquest . Although military conquest occurred in the past , military campaigns have been rare since the fall of the Ottoman Empire . The relative of Buddhists , Christians , and Muslims have in fact changed little in half a millennium . Although there has been some migration of Muslims into western Europe , the percentages of Muslims in each country is small . France has the largest percentage of Muslims at . To keep this in perspective , that is much lower than the percentage of Muslims in Spain in 1492 . RELIGIOUS CONFLICT Human beings have struggled against one another for a variety of reasons . Religious disagreements can be particularly intense . Sectarian violence involves differences based on interpretations of religious doctrine or practice . The struggles between the Catholic and Orthodox churches , or the wars associated with the Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation , are examples of this form of . The current violence seen between and Muslims is also in this category . Closely associated with this kind of is religious fundamentalism . Religious fundamentalism rests on a literal interpretation and strict and intense adherence to the basic principles of a religion . The arises when religious fundamentalists see their as being pious . Extremism is the idea that the end of a religious goal can be by almost any means . Some groups that are convinced that they have divine blessing have few limits to their behavior , including resorting to violence . Another form of religious violence is between completely different religions . Wars between Muslims and Christians or Hindus and Buddhists have been framed as wars for the or detriment of particular religions . What is described as religious strife , however , is often not . Although some religions are over doctrinal differences , most stems from more secular a desire for political power , a struggle for resources , ethnic rivalries , and economic competition . The Palestine is a struggle over territory , resources , and political recognition . The crisis in has less to do with religion and more to do with differences in ethnicity , national origin , and identity . Massacres in Africa are better framed as farmers versus herders . The long running violence between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland is better framed as a violent dispute between one group who holds allegiance with the Republic of Ireland and the other who holds allegiance with the United Kingdom . This is not to say that religious violence does not exist . It does . The most obvious example of this in recent years has been the emergence of Islamic State . This organization carries all the worst examples of religious sectarianism toward other Muslims ( the Shi a ) attempted genocide of religious minorities ( and Christians ) and brutal repression through the apparatus of the state . Page 123

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION SUMMARY Religion can be key to a person identity . It manifests both as an internal sentiment as well as in structures in a landscape . The religious world is always changing , but at a pace that is generally very slow . New religions are created , while other religions may fade away , or change . The general historical trend has been toward a small number of religions gaining ground over local , ethnic religions . Religious differences can lead to , although many presented as religious in nature have their roots elsewhere . Just like language , religion is another way of sorting people into groups , either for good or bad . Another such way of sorting people is ethnicity , the subject of the next chapter . KEY TERMS DEFINED Agnostic The belief that existence of the supernatural is unknown or unknowable . Atheistic The belief that there is nothing supernatural . Branches A large division of a religion . Canonized doctrine The officially recognized documents or ideas of a religion . Ethnic religions A religion associated with a particular ethnic group . Monotheism The belief in one god . Pilgrimage A journey to a sacred place . Polytheism The belief in many gods . Prophecy Communication with a supernatural power . Seeking converts to a religion . Religious fundamentalism The belief in the absolute authority of a religious text . Sacred spaces Places associated with a sense of the divine . Sanctuary A haven or place of safety , often by law . Schism The fracturing of an organization . Sectarian violence Violence between different sects of the same religion . Secular A condition of separation between a state and any religion . State religion The religion of a state . This is not the same as theocracy . Syncretic religion A religion formed by the combination of other religions . Theocracy A state ruled by religious principles . religion A religion that seeks converts . WORKS CONSULTED AND FURTHER READING , 1992 . After Jews And Arabs Remaking Culture . edition . University Of Minnesota Press . Page 124

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY RELIGION Black , Jeremy . 2000 . Maps and History Constructing Images of the Past . Yale University Press . Buddhist Pilgrimage Tours Pilgrimage Tour Buddha Tour Buddha Tours Buddhist Destination Holy Buddha Places In Buddhist Destinations Buddhist Temples Buddhist Accessed March 17 , Cao , 2005 . The Church as a Surrogate Family for Working Class Immigrant Chinese Youth An Ethnography of Segmented Sociology 66 ( Catholic Pilgrimages , Catholic Group Travel Tours By Accessed March 16 , David . 2018 . Using International Content in an Introductory Human Geography In Curriculum Internationalization and the Future of Education . Accessed August 22 , uploads sites 11 2014 01 . Gregory , Derek , ed . 2009 . The Dictionary of Human Geography . ed . MA . Packages 2011 Travel , Tour Operators Trips 2011 Accessed March 17 , Knowles , Anne Kelly , and Amy . 2008 . Placing History How Maps , Spatial Data , and GIS Are Changing Historical Scholarship . Pilgrims Beat a Path to the Camino Travel The Accessed March 16 , travel 2011 may 02 camino . 2018 . Accessed January , Thompson , Lee , and Tony Clay . 2008 . Critical Literacy and the Geography Classroom Including Gender and Feminist New Zealand Geographer 64 ( World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Accessed January , Bank , World . 2017 . Metadata DataBank . Accessed August . data source all concepts . Data source Pew Research Centers Forum on Religion Public Life explorer . Data source Pew Research Centers Forum on Religion Public Life 2015 04 02 Page 125

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 13 . 14 . RELIGION Data source United States Census Bureau TIGER 2016 , Data source . Data source . Data source . Data source . Data source . Data source . Data source . Data source . Adapted from Proliferation of Buddhism . Spiegel Online international spiegel Adapted from research resources Adapted from article Page 126