Introduction to Human Geography - 2nd Edition Chapter 12 Human Settlements

Human Settlements Connor STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this section , the student will be able to . Understand the similarities and differences between rural and urban . Explain urban origins and how the earliest settlements developed independently in the various hearth areas . Describe the models of rural and urban structure , comparing and contrasting urban patterns in different regions of the world . Connect the nature and causes of the problems associated with overurbanization in developing countries CHAPTER OUTLINE Introduction Rural Settlement Patterns Urbanization Urban Patterns Conclusion Works Consulted and Further Reading Page 236

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS INTRODUCTION Rural areas cover a multitude of natural and cultural landscapes , activities , and functions , including not only villages and agricultural areas , ranging from traditional to intensive monoculture systems , forests , various parks , and wilderness , but also services and commercial sites , as well as educational and research centers . rural areas provide living space for their inhabitants and for and fauna and , as buffer zones , balance functions between unpopulated wilderness zones and overloaded centers of dense development . Because of this complex diversity , our understanding of rural areas must consider more than how land is used by nature and humans . That is , our understanding must also encompass the economic and social structures in rural areas in which farming and forestry , handicraft , and small , middle , or large companies produce and trade , where services , from the most local to the most international ( such as tourism ) are provided . In addition , some rural areas represent valuable ecological balance zones through preservation or conservation establishments . All these factors create and evolve into a tight interdependence , interconnection , and competition . Yet , today , over 54 percent of the world population ( million ) lives in urban areas and the proportion of the urban population is growing at a rapid rate . Thus , urbanization is one of the most important geographic phenomena in today world . Towns and cities are in constant . Historically , cities have been by technological developments such as the steam engine , railroads , the internal combustion engine , air transport , electronics , telecommunications , robotics , and the internet . As the result of the global shift to , and economies , the growth of cities and urbanization of rural areas are now irreversible . Moreover , another phase of transformation is under way , involving global processes of economic , cultural , and political changes . Within the cities of the developed world , the economic reorganization has determined a selective recentralization of residential and commercial land use connected especially with a selective industrial decentralization . In contrast to the core regions , where urbanization has largely resulted from economic growth , the urbanization of peripheral regions has been a consequence of demographic growth , generating large increases in population ( overurbanization ) well in advance of any levels of urban or rural economic development . Luxury homes and apartment complexes , corresponding with a dynamic formal sector of the economy , contrast sharply with the slums and squatter settlements of people , working in the informal ( not regulated by the state ) sector . RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS There are many types of rural settlements . Using as criteria the shape , internal structure , and streets texture , settlements can be into two broad categories clustered and dispersed . Page 237

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Clustered Rural Settlements A clustered rural settlement is a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other , with surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings . The layout of this type of village historical circumstances , the nature of the land , economic conditions , and local cultural characteristics . The rural settlement patterns range from compact to linear , to circular , and grid . Compact Rural Settlements This model has a center where several public buildings are located such as the community hall , bank , commercial complex , school , and church . This center is surrounded by houses and farmland . Small garden plots are located in the ring surrounding the houses , continued with large cultivated land areas , pastures , and woodlands in successive rings . The compact villages are located either in the plain areas with important water resources or in some hilly and mountainous depressions . In some cases , the compact villages are designed to conserve land for farming , standing in sharp contrast to the often isolated farms of the American Great Plains or Australia ( Figure ) Figure A Compact Village in India Author User Source Commons License BY SA Page 238

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Linear Rural Settlements The linear form is comprised of buildings along a road , river , dike , or seacoast . Excluding the mountainous zones , the agricultural land is extended behind the buildings . The river can supply the people with a water source and the availability to travel and communicate . Roads were constructed in parallel to the river for access to inland farms . In this way , a new linear settlement can emerge along each road , parallel to the original riverfront settlement ( Figure ) Figure Linear Village of Author Mark Mercer Source Commons License BY SA Circular Rural Settlements This form consists of a central open space surrounded by structures . Such settlements are variously referred to as a , or ( Germany ) and ( France ) or Kraal ( Africa ) There are no contemporary historical records of the founding of these circular villages , but a consensus has arisen in recent decades . The current leading theory is that were developed at more or less the same time in the century , to a model developed by the Germanic nobility as suitable for small groups of mainly Slavic . Also , in the medieval times , villages in the , France , were often situated on and built in a circular fashion for defensive purpose ( Figures and ) Although far from the German territory , has a unique , circular German village . Located southwestern , is the only round village in the country . The village was established around 1770 by who came to Page 239

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS the region as part of the second wave of German colonization . In the middle of the village is a covered well surrounded by a perfect circle of mulberry trees behind which are houses with stables , barns , and their gardens in the external ring . Due to its uniqueness , the beautiful Village plan from the baroque era has been preserved as a historical monument ( Figure ) Figure Bastide in France Author User Source Commons License BY SA Figure Kraal A circular village in Africa Figure , Author User Author German Wikipedia user Source Commons Source Commons License BY SA License BY SA Page 240

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Dispersed Rural Settlements Dispersed Rural Settlements A dispersed settlement is one of the main types of settlement patterns used to classify rural settlements . Typically , in stark contrast to a settlement , dispersed settlements range from a scattered to an isolated pattern ( Figure ) In addition to Western Europe , dispersed patterns of settlements are found in many other world regions , including North America . Figure Settlement Author Corey Parson Source Work License BY SA Scattered Rural Settlements A scattered dispersed type of rural settlement is generally found in a variety of , such as the foothill , tableland , and upland regions . Yet , the proper scattered village is found at the highest elevations and the rugged terrain and pastoral economic life . The population maintains many traditional features in architecture , dress , and social customs , and the old market centers are still important . Small plots and dwellings are carved out of the forests and on the upland pastures wherever physical conditions permit . Mining , livestock raising , and agriculture are the main economic activities , the latter characterized by terrace cultivation on the mountain slopes . The regions , with hills and valleys covered by plowed , vineyards , orchards , and pastures , typically have this type of settlement . Isolated Rural Settlements This form consists of separate scattered throughout the area in which farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than Page 241

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS alongside other farmers in settlements . The isolated settlement pattern is dominant in rural areas of the United States , but it is also an important characteristic for Canada , Australia , Europe , and other regions . In the United States , the dispersed settlement pattern was developed in the Middle Atlantic colonies as a result of the individual immigrants arrivals . As people started to move westward , where land was plentiful , the isolated type of settlements became dominant in the American Midwest . These farms are located in the large plains and plateaus agricultural areas , but some isolated farms , including hamlets , can also be found in different mountainous areas ( Figures and ) Figure Isolated Horse Farm Author Randy Source License Figure , Norway Author Source Commons License I . Used with permission . Page 242

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS URBANIZATION Urban Origins Mesopotamia 3500 . Huang , 1500 EC . Nile Valley Valley 3200 2200 200 . Figure Five Hearths of Urbanization Author User and Corey Parson Source Commons License BY SA The earliest towns and cities developed independently in the various regions of the world . These hearth areas have experienced their agricultural revolution , characterized by the transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural food production . Five world regions are considered as hearth areas , providing the earliest evidence for urbanization Mesopotamia and Egypt ( both parts of the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia ) the Valley , Northern China , and ( Figure ) Over time , these hearths produced successive generations of , diffusion of urbanization to the rest of the world . The first regions of independent urbanism were in Mesopotamia and Egypt from around 3500 . the land between the and Euphrates rivers , was the eastern part of Figure Fertile Crescent the Fertile Crescent ( Figure ' I USE a ' Source Commons ) From the Mesopotamian Basin , License I BY SA Page 243

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS the Fertile Crescent stretched in an arc across the northern part of the Syrian Desert as far west as Egypt , in the Nile Valley . In Mesopotamia , the growth in size of some of the agricultural villages formed the basis for the large states of the Sumerian Empire such as Ur , and , in Iraq . By 1885 , the Sumerian had been taken over by the , who governed the region from Babylon , their capital city . Unlike in , internal peace in Egypt determined no need for any defensive . Around 3000 . the largest Egyptian city was probably Memphis ( over inhabitants ) Yet , between 2000 and 1400 , urbanization continued with the founding of several capital cities such as and . About 2500 , large urban settlements were developed in the Valley ( especially ) in modern Pakistan , and later , about 1800 , in the fertile plains of the Huang He River ( or Yellow River ) in Northern China , supported by the fertile soils and extensive irrigation systems . Other areas of independent urbanism include ( and Mayan civilizations , in Mexico ) from around 100 . and , later , America from around 800 ( Inca Empire , from northern Ecuador to central Chile ) Figure ) near modern Mexico City , reached its height with about inhabitants between 300 and 700 . Figure , Mexico Author Commons License Public Domain Page 244

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS The ideas eventually spread into the Mediterranean area from the Fertile Crescent . In Europe , the urban system was introduced by the Greeks , who , by 800 , founded famous cities such as Athens , Sparta , and . The city center , the acropolis , Figure ) was the defensive stronghold , surrounded by the agora suburbs , all surrounded by Figure Athens , Greece , Acropolis a defensive wall . Except for Athens , with Author approximately inhabitants , ed ' a the other Greek cities were quite small tense I by today standards ( ooo inhabitants ) The Greek urban system , through overseas colonization , stretched from the Sea to the Black Sea , around the Sea , and continued to the west until Spain ( Figure ) Although the Macedonians conquered Greece during the century , Alexander the Great extended the Greek urban system eastward toward Central Asia . The location of the cities along Mediterranean coastlines the importance of sea trade for this urban civilization . flan PENINSULA Area at Figure Greek in the Mediterranean Author User Source Commons License BY SA Page 245

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS With the impressive feats of civil engineering , the Romans had extended towns across southern Europe ( Figure ) connected with a system of roads . Roman cities , many of them located inland , were based on the grid system . The center of the city , forum , surrounded by a defensive wall , was designated for political and commercial activities . By 100 , Rome reached approximately one million inhabitants , while most towns were small ( inhabitants ) Unlike Greek cities , Roman cities were not independent , functioning within a organized system centered on Rome . Moreover , the Romans had developed very sophisticated urban systems , containing paved streets , piped water and sewage systems and adding massive monuments , grand public buildings ( Figure ) and impressive city walls . In the century , when Rome declined , the urban system , stretching from England to Babylon , was a urban system and transportation network , laying the foundation for the Western European urban system . ROMAN COLONIES mid second century fter emperor ( each point Is one ) Figure Roman Empire and its Colonies Figure Colosseum in Rome , Italy Author User Author User Source Commons Source Commons License BY SA License BY SA Dark Ages Although urban life continued to in some parts of the world ( Middle East , North and Africa ) Western Europe recorded a decline in urbanization after the collapse of the Roman Empire in the century . During this early medieval period , also known as the Dark Ages , feudalism was a rurally oriented form of economic and social organization . Yet , under Muslim in Spain or under Byzantine control , urban life was still . As Rome was falling into decline , Constantine the Great moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium , renaming the city Constantinople ( current Istanbul , Turkey ) With its strategic location for trade , between Europe and Asia , Constantinople became the world largest city , maintaining this status for most of the next 1000 years ( Figure ) Page 246

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Figure Byzantine Empire Author User Source Commons License BY SA Most European regions , however , did have some small towns , most of which were either ecclesiastical or university centers ( Cambridge , England and Chartres , France ) defensive strongholds ( gateway towns ( Switzerland ) or administrative centers ( Cologne , Germany ) The most important cities at the end of the millennium were the seats of the kingdoms the Islamic , the Byzantine Empire , the Chinese Empire , and Indian kingdoms . Urban Revival in Europe From the century onward , a more extensive money economy developed . The emerging regional and trading patterns provided the foundations for a new phase of urbanization based on merchant capitalism . By 1400 , long distance trading was well established based not only on luxury goods but also on metals , timber , and a variety of agricultural goods . At that time , Europe had about 3000 cities , most of them very small . Paris , with about people was the dominant European city . Besides Constantinople ( Byzantium ) and Cordoba ( Spain ) only cities from northern Italy ( Milan , Florence ) and Bruges ( Belgium ) had more than inhabitants . Between the and centuries , fundamental changes occurred that transformed not only the cities and urban systems of Europe but also the entire world economy . Merchant capitalism increased in scale and the Protestant Reformation and revolution of the Renaissance stimulated economic and social reorganization . Overseas colonization allowed Europeans to shape the worlds economies and societies . Spanish and Portuguese colonists Page 247

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS were the to extend the European urban system to the worlds peripheral regions . Between 1520 and 1580 Spanish colonists established the basis of a Latin American urban system . Centralization of political power and the formation of national states during the Renaissance determined the development of more integrated national urban systems . Industrial Revolution and Urbanization Although the urbanization process had already progressed by the century , the Industrial Revolution was a powerful factor accelerating further urbanization , generating new kinds of cities , some of them recording an unprecedented concentration of population . Manchester , for example , was the shock city of European industrialization in the century , growing from a small town of inhabitants in 1750 to a world city by 1911 with million . Industrialization spread from England to the rest of Europe during the half of the century and then to different parts of the world . Moreover , followed by successive innovations in transport technology , urbanization increased at a faster pace . The canals , railroads , and transportation urbanization toward the interior of the countries . In North America , the shock city was Chicago , which grew from inhabitants in 1837 to million in 1930 . Its growth as an industrial city followed especially the arrival of the railroads , which made the city a major transportation hub . In the century , the new innovations helped urban development . By the century , urbanization had become an important dimension of the . The higher wages and greater opportunities in the cities ( industry , services ) transformed them into a pull factor , attracting a massive of rural workers . Consequently , the percentage of people living in cities increased from percent in 1800 to 54 percent in In developed countries , 78 percent live in urban areas , compared with 49 percent in developing countries , the region or the country level of development . Distribution Most developed countries have a higher percentage of urban people , but developing countries have more of the very large urban settlements ( Table , Figure ) In 1950 , out of the world 30 largest metropolitan areas , the three metropolitan areas were in developed countries New York ( Tokyo ( Japan ) and London ( UK ) two of which ( New York and Tokyo ) had more than 10 million inhabitants . After 30 years , in 1980 , a change was recorded . Although metro New York increased from million to million , Tokyo , with million inhabitants , became the largest metropolitan area in the world , a position which the city still maintains . In addition , except for Osaka , the second metropolitan area from Japan , two large metropolitan areas in developing countries were added , Mexico City ( Mexico ) and Sao Paulo ( Brazil ) The number Page 248

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS of large metropolitan areas continued to increase after 2010 , adding more developing countries such as India ( Delhi and Bombay ) China ( Shanghai and Beijing ) and Pakistan ( from Asia and Egypt ( Cairo ) and Democratic Republic of the Congo ( from Africa . Each of these metropolitan areas is expected to have over 20 million inhabitants after 2020 , adding Delhi and Shanghai to the largest metropolitan areas with over 30 million inhabitants . In the United States , New is the largest metropolitan area , in which the population was constantly increasing from million in 1950 to million in 1980 and million in 2010 , having the potential to reach 20 million in 2030 . Yet , unlike the developing countries , characterized by a very fast urban growth rate , the developed countries had recorded a moderate urban growth rate . Table The World 30 Largest Metropolitan Areas , Ranked by Population Size 1950 , 1980 , 2010 , 2020 , 2025 , 2030 ( in millions ) 1950 1980 2010 2020 2025 2030 World New New Mexico Mexico Sao Sao Sao Mexico Mexico New Sao Mexico Sao United New New New New New New States Los Los Los Los Los Los Long Long Long Long Long Long Santa Santa . Santa Santa Santa Santa Ana Philadelphia Detroit 27 Boston 25 San a ry Year mil 10 mil 15 mil mil mil mil 30 mil 1950 22 1980 19 2010 13 2020 12 2025 2030 Page 249

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Figure Percentage Urban and Urban Author United Nations , DESA , Population Division Source United Nations Population Division License BY The relationship between the size of cities and their rank within an urban system is known as rule , describing a regular pattern in which the city in a country or region is the size of the largest city . According to the rule , the city is the size of the largest , the city is the size of the largest city , and so on . In the United States , the distribution of settlements closely follows the rule , but in other countries , the population of the largest city is disproportionately large in relation to the and city in that urban system . These cities are called primate cities ( Buenos Aires , for example , is 10 times larger than Rosario , the second largest city in Argentina ) Yet , cities do not necessarily have to be primate in order to be functionally dominant ( economic , political , cultural ) within their urban system . The functional dominance of the city is called centrality . Moreover , some of the largest , closely integrated within the global economic system and playing key roles beyond their own national boundaries , qualify as world cities . Today , because of the importance of their markets and associated business services , London , New York , and Tokyo dominate Europe , the Americas , and Asia , respectively . URBAN PATTERNS North American Cities The contemporary North American scene dramatically displays how its population has the settlement landscape to meet the needs of a modern society . In North American cities , a city center , commonly called downtown , has historically been the nucleus of commercial and services land use . Page 250

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS It is also known as the central business district ( usually being one of the oldest districts in a city and the nodal point of transportation routes . The gives visual expression to the growth and dynamic of the industrial city , becoming a symbol of progress , modernity , and . It contains the densest and tallest nonresidential buildings and its accessibility attracts a diversity of services . Urban decentralization also patterns in the city , producing today metropolitan areas . If during the half of the century the concentric zone model was idealized , in which urban land is organized in rings around the , today urban model highlights new suburban growth characterized by a mix of peripheral retailing , industrial areas , complexes , and entertainment facilities called edge In addition , the sector and multiple nuclei ( multiple growth points ) models of urban structure were developed to help explain where different classes tend to live in an urban area ( Figures , and ) All models show new residential districts added beyond the as the city expanded , with groups seeking more desirable , peripheral locations . I Central Business District ( Wholesale , light manufacturing Low class residential Medium class residential High class residential I Commuter zone Figure Theory Author Corey Parson Source Original Work License BY SA I I I Low class residential Middle class residential I High class residential Figure Sector Theory Author User 91 Source Commons License Public Domain Page 251

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Business I , Outlying business I Law class I Medium class residential High class I Residential Heavy I Figure Theory Author User 91 Source Commons License Public Domain Metropolitan clusters produce uneven patterns of settlement across North America . Eleven urban , also known as , exist in the United States and Canada , 10 of them being located in the United States ( Figure ) Corridor , or , with its roughly 50 million inhabitants , representing 15 percent of the population , is the most heavily region of the United States ( Figure ) The region , located on less than two percent of the nation land area , accounts for 20 percent of the . The Emerging Figure Map of Emerging US Author User Source Commons License BY SA Page 252

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Like many other cities in the core regions , North American cities are also recognized for their prosperity . Yet , some problems still exist such as squeeze ( less money from taxes ) poverty , lessness , neighborhood decay , and infrastructure needs . By contrast , some inner cities experience the process of , invaded by people who work downtown and who are seeking the convenience of less expensive and centrally located houses , larger and with attractive architectural details . European Cities One characteristic of Europe is its high Figure Megalopolis level of urbanization . Even sparsely Author am settled Northern Europe , over 80 percent ' a ' of the people live in urban area ( Iceland 94 License I BY SA ' percent ) Southern and Eastern Europe are the least , with an average of percent . While widespread urbanization is relatively recent in Europe , dating back only a century or two , the spread of cities into Europe can be associated with the classical Greek and Roman Empires , making many cities in Europe more than years old . Among the largest metropolitan areas are Paris ( mill . London ( mill . and Madrid ( European cities , like North American cities , the operation of competitive land markets and they also suffer from similar problems of urban management , infrastructure maintenance , and poverty . Yet , what makes most European cities distinctive in comparison with North American cities is their long history , being the product of several major of urban development . The three zone models ( concentric , sector , and multiple nuclei ) characterizing North American urban areas are also valid in Europe , but there are differences regarding the spatial distribution of social groups , who may not have the same reasons for selecting particular neighborhoods within their cities . The European Central Business Districts ( for example , are inhabited by more residents than of the United States , most of them being people attracted by the opportunities to have access to commercial and cultural facilities , as well as to occupy beautiful old buildings located in some elegant residential districts . As a result , European are less dominated by business services than American . are , in general , very expensive urban areas . Consequently , poor people are more likely to live in outer rings in European cities . Because many of today most important European cities were founded in the Roman and medieval periods , there are strict rules for preservation of their historic Page 253

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS , such as banning motor vehicles , maintaining structures , plazas , squares , and narrow streets , and preserving the original architecture , including the former cities walls . Impressive palaces , cathedrals , churches , monasteries , accompanied by a rich variety of and constitute the legacy of a long and varied history ( Figure ) The diversity of Europe geography means that are important variations not only from the Germanic cities to the cities of Mediterranean Europe but also from these areas to the eastern European cities , which experienced over 40 years of communism . State control of land and housing determined the development of a pattern of land use , expressed by huge public housing estates and industrial zones . In some cases , the structure of the old cities has been altered , and the new urban development has extended over rural areas ( Figure ) Figure , square and city hall David Stanley Source Commons License BY Figure , interaction Author Paul Source Commons License BY SA Page 254

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Europe has overlapping metropolitan areas , the most extensive megalopolis , Blue Banana , also known as the Axis , being a discontinuous urban corridor in Western Europe , with a population of around 111 million inhabitants . It stretches approximately from Northwest England across Greater London to the states and along the German , Southern Germany , in France in the west , and Switzerland to Northern Italy in the south ( Figure ) New regions that have been compared to the Blue Banana can be found on the Mediterranean coast between and , as part of the Golden Banana or European , and in the north of Germany , where another conurbation lies on the North Sea coast , stretching into Denmark , and from there into southern . Figure The Bananas of Europe Author User Source Commons License BY SA Sustainable Cities versus Suburban Sprawl Suburban Sprawl The growth in automobile ownership in the , the new infrastructure systems , and the home , as well as the tremendous amount of of territory from surrounding counties , resulted in a dramatic Page 255

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS spurt in suburban growth ( Figure ) Thus , sprawl is endemic to North American urbanization . Low density and suburban development is a positive aspect of suburbanization . Today , about 50 percent of Americans live in suburbs . Sprawl is less common outside European cities . Yet , the personal and environmental costs of this development are also . Noteworthy among these are automobile dependence , increased commute time and cost of gasoline , as well as air pollution and health problems . Even worse , more and more agricultural land is lost in favor of residential developments . Equally important , local governments must spend more money than is collected through taxes to provide services to the suburban areas . Figure Suburban sprawl outside of Chicago , Illinois Author User Source Commons License Public Domain Sustainable Cities The compromise solution is smart growth , known as compact city in Europe , particularly in the United Kingdom . Smart growth is urban planning that concentrates growth in compact areas , strategically designed with adequate infrastructure and walkable , urban centers . Characteristics of smart development include higher density living spaces , preserving open space , farmland , and natural and cultural resources , providing a variety of transportation choices , making development decisions predictable , fair , Page 256

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS and , equitably distributing the costs and of development , and encouraging community collaboration in developing decisions . Smart growth and related concepts are not necessarily new , but are a response to car culture and sprawl . Smart growth values , regional considerations of sustainability over a focus . Yet , in practice , the process experiences challenges even from citizens , in some cases expressing their opposition to the local smart growth projects . CONCLUSION In summary , of the terms rural or rurality and delineation of rural from urban areas have been long debated topics in many . Rural space comes into existence in certain areas , by a series of factors such as land use ( especially for agriculture ) population density , agricultural employment , and built areas . Generally , rural areas are considered to be synonymous with more extensive land use activities in agriculture and forestry , low population density , small settlements , and an agrarian way of life . Rural space is divided into territorial entities , with variable scales , covering the local or regional economy , and each unit includes both agricultural and activities . Different countries have varying of rural for statistical and administrative purposes . Although urbanization is a global phenomenon , today about percent of the worlds population still lives in rural There are many types of rural settlements . Early villages had to be near a reliable water supply , be defensible , and have land nearby for cultivation , to name but a few concerns . They also had to adapt to local physical and environmental conditions , conditions that can be with a practiced eye . Villages in the Netherlands are linear , crowded on the dikes surrounding land reclaimed from the sea . Circular villages in parts of Africa indicate a need for a safe haven for livestock at night . A careful examination of the rural settlement of a region reveals much about its culture , history and traditions . Most people can agree that cities are places where large numbers of people live and work , and are hubs of government , commerce , and transportation . But how best to the geographical limits of a city is a matter of some debate . So far , no standardized international criteria exist for determining the boundaries of a city . Often , different boundary are available for any given city . The city proper , for example , describes a city according to an administrative boundary , while urban agglomeration , considers the extent of the area , to delineate the city boundaries . A third concept of the city , the metropolitan area , its boundaries according to the degree of economic and social interconnectedness of nearby areas . The United Nations , the most comprehensive source of statistics regarding urbanization , emphasizes the fact that more than one half of the world population now lives in urban areas ( percent in 2016 ) and virtually all countries of Page 257

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS the world are becoming increasingly . Yet , given the fact that different countries use different , it is to know exactly how the world has become . Canada and Australia consider urban any settlements of inhabitants or more , for example , while a settlement of is a urban center in Peru . Other countries consider other limits for urban settlements such as inhabitants in and in Japan . Consequently , in 2016 , the percentage of urban population by continent was as follows North America , 81 percent , the most continent in the world Latin America , 80 percent Europe , 74 percent , 70 percent Asia , 48 percent and Africa , 41 KEY TERMS DEFINED Annexation legally adding land area to a city Blue Banana a discontinuous corridor of urbanization in Western Europe , from North West England to Northern Italy the United States megalopolis , extending from Boston to Washington central business district ( the central nucleus of commercial land uses in a city Centrality the functional dominance of cities within an urban system a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories Clustered rural settlement an agricultural based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other , with surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings Concentric zone model a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings City an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent , government unit Dark Ages early medieval period , Dispersed rural settlement a rural settlement pattern in which farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors Dualism the juxtaposition in geographic space of the formal and informal sectors of the economy Edge city a nodal concentration of shopping and space situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas , typically near major highway intersections Fiscal squeeze increasing limitations on city revenues , combined with increasing demands for expenditure principles for mass production based on techniques , management , mass consumption based on higher wages , and sophisticated advertising techniques Gateway city serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation Page 258

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS invasion of older , centrally located , neighborhoods by households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and residences Hearth areas the locations of the earliest urban civilizations Informal sector economic activities that take place beyond record , not subject to formalized systems of regulation or remuneration a traditional African village of huts , typically enclosed very large city characterized by both primacy and high centrality within its national economy Megalopolis ( region ) a continuous urban complex ( the chain of metropolitan areas ) along a area ( a clustered network of cities ) Merchant capitalism the earliest phase in the development of capitalism as an economic and social system model a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities economic principles in which the logic of mass production coupled with mass consumption is by the addition of more production , distribution , and marketing systems Primacy condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the and cities Primate city the largest settlement in a country , if it has more than twice as many people as the settlement Protestant Reformation a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther rule statistical regularity in size distribution of cities and regions Renaissance a period in European history , from the to the century , regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history growth of population in metropolitan central cores , following a period of absolute or relative decline in population Revolution a concept used by historians to describe the emergence of modern science during the early modern period Sector model a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors , radiating out from the central business district Shock city a city recording surprising and disturbing changes in economic , social , and cultural life in a short period of time Sprawl development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing area Suburbanization growth of population along the fringes of large metropolitan areas Page 259

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Underemployment situation in which people work less than even though they would prefer to work more hours Urban area a dense core of census tracts , densely settled suburbs , and land that links the dense suburbs with the core Urban forms physical structure and organization of cities Urban system interdependent set of urban settlements within a region urbanism way of life , attitudes , values , and patterns of behavior fostered by urban settings Urbanization increasing concentration of population into growing metropolitan areas World city city in which a disproportionate part of the worlds most important business is conducted that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental cultural differences Zone in transition area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the WORKS CONSULTED AND FURTHER READING , and , 2001 . the concept of rural development A European perspective . In The challenge of rural development in the EU accession countries . Third World EU Accession Workshop , June , ed . and , Washington , The World Bank Blue Banana . 1996 . Urban geography An analytical Saddle River , Pearson Prentice Hall Central Intelligence Service . hup . The circular villages of the region . villages of cities in the Americas by year of foundation . Gould , Clarke , Smith , and , 1996 . A geography of the Third World . Second edition . New York Page 260

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ) Green , and Pick , 2006 . Exploring the urban community A GIS approach . Upper Saddle River , Pearson Prentice Hall , Gregory , Pratt , and Watts , 2003 . The dictionary of Human Geography . MA Publishing Knox , and , 2005 . Urbanization An introduction to Urban Geography . Second Edition . Upper Saddle River , Pearson Prentice Hall Knox , and , 2010 . Human Geography Places and regions in global context . Fifth Edition . Upper Saddle River , Pearson Knox , and , 2013 . Human Geography Places and regions in global context . Sixth Edition . Upper Saddle River , Pearson Kraal . Rural settlement patterns . Knox , Del Casino , and Robbins , 2017 . World regions in global context People , places , and environments . Sixth Edition . Upper Saddle River , Pearson Means , 2007 . Circular villages of the tradition . Population Reference Bureau . 2016 World population data sheet . 2000 . World regional geography . New York . Freeman and Company . Settlement patterns . Encyclopaedia . Lewis , Price , and , 2006 . Diversity amid globalization World regions , environment , development . Third Edition . Upper Saddle River , Pearson Prentice Hall , 2013 . Contemporary Human Geography . Upper Saddle River , Pearson , 2016 . Contemporary Human Geography . Upper Saddle River , Pearson . Page 261

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY HUMAN SETTLEMENTS . and Portuguese Empires , 2000 . Economic development . Seven Edition . New York United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . World urbanization prospects The 2011 revision . File The 30 Largest urban agglomeration ranked by population size at each point in time , line . United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . World urbanization prospects The 2014 revision . File The 30 Largest urban agglomeration ranked by population size at each point in time , line . United Nations . The worlds cities in 2016 . desa population publications urbanization data . Degree of urbanization ( percentage of in total population ) by continent in 2016 . search ?

maps World Bank . World Development Indicators Urbanization . Population Reference Bureau . 2017 World Population Data Sheet . or 201 World Po . Adapted from . Population Reference Bureau . Accesses May 12 , 2018 . Adapted from United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . World Urbanization Prospects The 2014 Revision . File The 30 Largest Urban Agglomeration Ranked by Population Size at each point in time , wup 2014 WU . Adapted from . Accessed June 10 , 2017 . publications resources . Accessed 10 June 2017 . Population Reference Bureau . Accesses May 25 , 2017 . Population Reference Bureau . Accesses May 25 , 2017 . statistics 270860 . Accessed 25 May 2017 . Page 262