Introduction to Community Psychology Part I Chapter 2 History

. HISTORY Paul Toro By the end of this chapter , you will be able to Know major events in the history of Community Psychology Identify key perspectives that have vied for prominence in the Be familiar with founders of Community Psychology Understand the future directions of theories and in Community Psychology 23

24 Leonard , lack , and ( Editors ) Photo by Silas is licensed under the License Any historical account ( whether it involves politics , culture , or a profession ) is bound to be subjective , so it makes sense that much of the history of the of Community Psychology will also be subjective . Most existing Introductory Community Psychology textbooks ( 2019 , Hill , Thomas , Elias , Dalton , 2012 , Duffy , Vera , Wong , 2019 ) begin by discussing the social , political , and professional that the development of the . Although we will review some of this history , we will focus mainly on the past years , since the term Community Psychology was used by those attending what we now call the Conference of 1965 ( Bennett et , 1966 ) HISTORICAL CONTEXT Adapted from Vietnam War by is licensed under BY Dow Chemical Demonstration 1968 by Duke Archives is licensed under Leaders ill the Head of the Civil March on on by Archives Foundation is licensed under BY One needs to consider the social and political events of the in understanding the beginnings of Community Psychology . These were turbulent times , marked with protests and demonstrations involving the Civil Rights movement in the US . In 1965 , the Voting Rights Act , an important

Introduction to Community Psychology 25 accomplishment of the Civil Rights Movement , was signed into law by President Lyndon . The Feminist Movement was also developing momentum during the and into the 19705 , as would a similar rights movement for gays and lesbians , the environmental movement , and widespread protests against the Vietnam war . This atmosphere was ideal for the development of the of Community Psychology , whose values emphasized social justice . During this time , there also was widespread of mental patients , as various media accounts portrayed horrendous conditions in mental hospitals . The development of antipsychotic medications such as Thorazine and the growing research evidence on the harmful effects of mental hospitalization ( Asylums by ) were key factors in this movement . In 1961 , the report of the Commission on Mental Health and Illness was released , which recommended that we reduce the size of mental hospitals and train more professionals and to meet the largely unmet need for mental health services in our society ( Bloom , 1975 ) These recommendations , vigorously championed by President Kennedy , led directly i , to the passage of the 1963 Community Mental Health Centers Act , which established services widely throughout the nation . The Community Mental Health Movement was gaining momentum and many large state mental hospitals across the nation would be closed in the next 20 years . With these developments in the background , it was in 1965 that a group of clinical psychologists gathered in , MA , and gave birth to the of Community Psychology , which they hoped would allow them to become social change agents to address many of these pressing social justice issues of the 19603 . Click on this for a more comprehensive description of events that led up to the Conference .

26 Leonard , lack , and ( Editors ) THE FIRST DECADE Photo by margin is licensed under the Ab Ay License In the years immediately after the 1965 Conference , a number of training programs in community mental health and Community Psychology developed in the US . For example , Ed established one of the doctoral programs in the US at University in 1966 . A doctoral program was also established in 1966 at the University of Texas at Austin by Ira . By 1969 , there were 50 programs offering some training in Community Psychology and community mental health , and by 1975 there were 141 graduate programs offering training in these areas . Several important early settings for community research and action also developed , often in connection with one of the training programs . These settings included the Primary Mental Health Project at the University of Rochester , founded by Emory ( 1975 ) click here to see a video of describing this innovative program ) The Primary Mental Health Project children in the primary grades ( showing some initial trouble adjusting to school and provided help through the school year from child associates . his graduate students , and staff built this intervention for a single school in Rochester in 1958 and it is used by schools worldwide today . The Primary Mental Health Project was one of the widely researched and publicized prevention programs developed by community psychologists . provided training for a large number of people who later would become prominent in Community Psychology ( below is family tree initially developed by Fowler 81 Toro ,

Introduction to Community Psychology 27 Marc Paul . oro man Geoff Nelson Chris Chris . Whipple Ron Harvey Tonya Hall Scot Temple Ray Dirk . Anne Hightower Jim Paul Doug 28 Leonard , lack , and ( Editors ) The Community Lodge project , initially developed by George at a Veteran Administration psychiatric hospital , was another of these important early settings . The Lodge provided an alternative to traditional psychiatric care by preparing groups of hospitalized mental patients in a shared housing environment for simultaneous release into the community . The released patients established a common business to support themselves ( a lawn care service ) and eventually took full control of the Lodge project from the professionals who helped them establish the Lodge initially . The rigorous evaluation of the Lodge found that patients randomly assigned to the Lodge spent less time in a hospital than those in the control group who received traditional services ( et , 1969 ) later helped to establish the doctoral program in Ecological Psychology at Michigan State University and also provided training for many community psychologists . In 1966 , just a year after the Conference , Division 27 ( Community Psychology ) of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) was established . Shortly after , Kelly ( 1966 ) one of the attendees and another founder of Community Psychology , published an article on the ecological perspective in the widely circulated American Psychologist . Like and , Kelly has been important in training a large number of community psychologists . The Journal of Community Psychology and the American Journal of Community Psychology were both published in 1973 . These journals have become the two most professional journals in the . The Community Psychology textbooks came out during the decade ( Bloom , 1975 Zax Spector ) Both of these texts viewed Community Psychology as an outgrowth of the broader of Clinical Psychology . Over time , the would portray Community Psychology in a much broader context , deriving i from many other sources in addition to Clinical Psychology . Other important publications of this decade included Ryan the Victim ( still , today , one of the most cited publications in the ) and Annual Review of Psychology chapter on social and community interventions . At the end of this decade , the Austin Conference was an opportunity to bring together the key in this during the 10 years , and provide informal opportunities to examine the conceptual independence from Clinical Psychology .

Introduction to Community Psychology 29 THE SECOND DECADE Photo by is licensed under the License The late and early could be considered the heyday of Community Psychology . During this time period , the political climate made Community Psychology both relevant and necessary , and membership in the US in APA Division 27 ( Community Psychology ) rose to over in 1983 ( Toro , 2005 , The Midwest Ecological Community Psychology Conference took place in 1978 at Michigan State University . This conference provided an opportunity for community psychologists and students to get together informally to discuss new developments , new training programs , and new research . This conference has now expanded beyond the Midwest to other regions of the US . These conferences have provided a new generation of community psychologists opportunities to put their theoretical ideas about collaboration , empowerment , and the creation of settings into practice in their own environments . For a history of these conferences , see Flores , Evans , Brown . and . Case Study provides more information about students assuming a major role in the conference organization over time . Professors planned and organized the few informal Midwest Ecological Community Psychology Conferences , but something very special happened in 1980 at the conference at Bowling Green State University . At the end of that meeting , several community psychologists were in a room discussing who would host next year event , when a graduate student in the room spoke up suggesting that because the conference was meant for graduate students , then the students should be planning and organizing it . Following this suggestion , students from the University of Illinois Chicago began the tradition of these conferences being . The Midwest Ecological Community Psychology Hands Passing at Event is licensed under BY

30 Leonard , lack , and ( Editors ) Conferences have kept going since then with student leadership . This informal support system has led to many networking opportunities over the years for faculty and students to get to know each other , and it has led to many job and training opportunities . As an example , at one of these meetings , Stephen was invited to participate in a session to demonstrate how behavioral approaches could be integrated into the of Community Psychology . brought two of his graduate students , Yolanda and , and both had a chance to meet Chris Keys at the meeting . This contact eventually led to both graduate students their jobs in Chicago . This is just one example of the networking that continues to lead to important professional and personal relationships among attendees of this conference . During this second decade , many community psychologists in the US became with the of Community Psychology association as one of APA many divisions . There was a desire to bring more into the . In addition , there were concerns about APA increasingly emphasizing clinical practice issues over all others . Also , there was a recognition that the term psychology no longer well with the work of many community psychologists . The group organizational name was then changed to the Society for Community Research and Action ( and the Biennial Conference on Community Research and Action occurred in 1987 . Though many community psychologists still remain members of APA and its Division 27 , now has more APA members than ones who belong to APA the Biennial has become the major national professional venue for Community Psychology . Looking back on this second decade , this was a time ' of soul searching in the of Community Psychology , the separation from APA and the initiation of the Biennial Conference both being signs ( of this . Another sign came from a string of dueling Different community psychologists were trying to strongly encourage the to adopt one particular emphasis . In his Presidential address to the of Community Psychology , Emory argued for prevention to become front and center in the . A few years later , argued for an emphasis on empowerment rather than prevention . Ed argued for an emphasis on an ecological perspective in the , as did ames Kelly . Kelly ecological analysis sought to understand behavior in the context of individual , family , peer , and community . Prevention , empowerment , and the ecological perspective are three of the most important aspects of the world view that Community Psychology has adopted . We can embrace all the various perspectives in Community Psychology without dismissing those who have a perspective different from our own , in what might be called a big tent ( Tom , 2005 ) A belief in the value of respect for diversity can apply to how we interact with our own colleagues in Community Psychology . During this second decade , two new textbooks were published in 1977 by Heller and and . 1977 ) text , like his controversial Presidential address , presented a much more radical view of Community Psychology that emphasized the empowerment of the poor and otherwise disadvantaged , and a more active advocacy stance for community psychologists of the future . In the late and early , there was growth in the of Community Psychology Photo by ( is licensed under the License

Introduction to Community Psychology 31 outside of the US and Canada . This growth included the courses taught in Latin America ( at the University of Puerto Rico for more information see Montero ) and in Australia ( see ) where the professional organization of community psychologists outside of North America occurred in 1983 . Since this time , some of the greatest growth in formal membership has occurred in Community Psychology organizations in areas of the world outside of North America ( Toro , 2005 ) THE THIRD DECADE Photo by is licensed under the In 1987 , Kelly edited a special issue of the American of Community Psychology to commemorate the which had just turned 20 years old ( Kelly , 1987 ) Some of the 12 articles in the issue were brief reminiscences , while others were more substantive . Beth , for example , urged community psychologists to enter an even wider range of domains , including schools , work sites , religious organizations , voluntary associations , and government . Annette made an analogy to developmental stages in reviewing the status of our at the time . She suggested that Community Psychology had progressed through adolescence and was entering early adulthood . Extending this analogy , the is now over 50 years old , well into middle And , consistent with the sorts of issues that suggested might crop up during middle age , perhaps our is concerned about its legacy .

32 Leonard , lack , and ( Editors ) Photo by Glenn is licensed under the License Perkins , 1987 ) The dueling addresses mentioned above continued into the third decade . Annette in her 1986 Presidential address emphasized prevention , much like did in his address almost 10 years earlier . Beth in her 1992 Presidential address urged community psychologists to engage in new ways to cope with the social problem of homelessness . Irma , based at the University of Puerto Rico , emphasized the need to empower the disenfranchised in her 1993 Presidential address . During this third decade , another new Community Psychology textbook was published ( Levine In 1988 , there was a major conference in Chicago , IL trying to better the theories and methods used by community psychologists ( Tolan , Keys , 1990 ) Those in attendance discussed the role of theory in Community Psychology research . There was also an extended examination of the central and complex methodological issue of taking into account the ecological levels of analysis . Also addressed were issues of implementing their research , which for community psychologists is a matter of their values in working collaboratively with community partners .

Introduction to Community Psychology 33 THE FOURTH DECADE , i We , Sid It li ) i ' a ' I um at teamwork Pull Work , itch ( I ( pur mim in ( I ( if ( pi yin WOH , engage with . all nun ! share up 2017 ?

Photo by is licensed under the Starting in 1995 , Sam ( 1999 ) a community psychologist from New York City , developed a program that has come to be called Housing The program , described in Chapter ( 2019 ) targets persons who are both homeless and seriously mentally ill . The intervention is a reaction to poorly researched transitional housing models that have rapidly become common in the US . Housing First combines permanent housing with ongoing support services . In a few randomized trials , Housing First clients have become stably housed quicker , and remained housed for longer , than those in the control groups . Positive results have also recently been obtained in an evaluation of Housing First across Canadian cities ( et , 2016 ) Housing has also become very popular in Europe and in other developed nations . For the past three years , there has been an annual international conference to continue this work ( 2018 )

34 Leonard , lack , and ( Editors ) More attention during this decade was provided to one of the key themes of the participatory approaches to research , which are characterized by the active participation of community members in the planning , implementation , and evaluation of research . Greater knowledge of this approach was essential for developing ways to collaborate with community members in order to and intervene with the numerous social problems they faced . Due to this need , the Chicago Conference on Community Research was hosted at University in Chicago in lune of 2002 ( et , 2004 ) and it focused on the of the theories and that can guide participatory research . In 2004 , the main professional organization promoting Community Psychology in North America , gained solid security , perhaps for the time in its history , by acquiring the American of Community Psychology from its original owner , the international publisher Plenum . by is licensed under the License THE FIFTH DECADE TO THE PRESENT ' I , Photo by is licensed under the License As another sign of the international growth of Community Psychology , in 2005 the European Community Psychology Association was formed . Prior to this development , Europeans had for many years a more informal Network for Community The European Community Psychology Association has been operating an annual conference , held in different cities throughout Europe . As yet another sign of international growth , the International Conference on Community Psychology was held in 2006 in San , Puerto Rico . Held in years , so as not to with Biennial held in years , there have been International Conferences held in Portugal , Chile , Mexico , and South Africa . This international growth is very consistent with Community Psychology values emphasizing cultural diversity . Many community psychologists from around the world are actively collaborating with those in various nations around the world and an internationalization of the is occurring in terms of practice , research , training , and theory ( Reich , 81 Montero , 2007 )

Introduction to Community Psychology 35 In 2005 , following the anniversary of the founding of the , a special issue on the history of Community Psychology was published in the of Community Psychology ( Fowler Toro , Articles in the special issue included a genealogical analysis of the of 10 key founders of the ( Fowler Toro , an account of trailblazing women in Community Psychology ( et , 2008 ) and documentation of the development of Community Psychology in different regions of the world . Many community psychologists have made substantive contributions to the development of the through their applied work , and have also impacted the development of the through their teaching , mentorship , and conference presentations . et al . 2009 ) tried to gauge the of community psychologists based on publications and citations to articles in the American Journal of Community Psychology and Journal of Community Psychology . Although many publications were by males from academic institutions , there were also publications from women , including Barbara who contributed groundbreaking research dealing with a psychosocial stress model . She was also one of the original founders of the of Community Psychology . et al . did that the number of women publishing articles has increased over time , as is evident in Case Study . In 1970 , around the time of the founding of the of Community Psychology , women comprised approximately 20 of recipients in psychology . By 2005 , nearly 72 of new psychology doctoral students were women . In many ways , articles published in journals are records of changing times as they illustrate how marginalized groups , like women , have transitioned to greater prominence . and in 2010 found that in the early , women represented less than 12 of publishing authors in the two major Community Psychology journals , but by 2008 , the number of women publishing in the two journals had increased to 61 . The from this study highlight the evolving role of women in the of Community Psychology . Community Psychology continued to make advances during this period in attempting to better understand social change in a world that is both complicated and often unpredictable . This has increasingly worked to take into consideration dynamic feedback loops , which need to transcend

36 Leonard Jason , lack , and ( Editors ) simplistic linear cause and effect methods . In other words , the theories and methods of the of Community Psychology are increasingly trying to capture a systems perspective , or the mutual that Kelly ecological model has pointed to , regarding how people adapt to and become effective in diverse social environments . New methods during the past 15 years have helped community psychologists conceptualize and empirically describe these dynamics , with quantitative and qualitative research methods that support contextually and community interventions ( 2016 ) More attention is being directed to mixing qualitative , and quantitative research methods in order to provide a deeper exploration of contextual factors . More sophisticated statistical methods help community psychologists address questions of importance as they work to describe the dynamics of complex systems that have the potential to transform our communities in fresh and innovative ways . Finally , this free online textbook that you are reading , like the earlier development of the Ecological Community Psychology Conferences , is an illustration of how community psychologists put the principles and theories into practice . Community psychologists believe that giving psychology away is the best course of action for an organization committed to prevention , social change , social justice , and empowerment . In addition , during the effort to assemble this online textbook , the editors worked with leadership to provide free Student Associate membership to undergraduates , which is another example of recent efforts to help lower barriers to participation in the of Community Psychology . Photo by Gordon is licensed under the License UP

Introduction to Community Psychology 37 Photo by vomit is licensed under the License This chapter has reviewed the last years in which the of Community Psychology has developed after its start in 1965 at the Conference . With a focus on prevention , ecology , and social justice , the has offered society new ways of thinking about how we might best solve our social and community problems . The chapter has documented key events that have occurred , including organization changes , key publications and conferences , and international developments . The has had some growing pains , but now appears to be and mature . Critical Thought Questions . Do you think that the of Psychology , in general , could use the ideas of Community Psychology to change the way they approach solving mental health problems ?

How can prevention be used to solve some of the problems for people who are homeless or addicted to drugs ?

The early pioneers of the of Community Psychology were challenging the way that psychologists were delivering services to others . Can you think of a particular mental health problem that this might apply to ?

If you were to make an argument to some friends about the advantages of a more community oriented approach , what might you say to help convince them of the of this alternative way of thinking about social issues ?

Take the Chapter 38 Leonard , lack , and ( Editors ) View the Chapter Lecture Slides REFERENCES , Goering , 2016 ) A of Housing First with Assertive Community Treatment for homeless Canadians with serious mental illness . Psychiatric Services , 67 ( 2008 ) Women in community psychology The story . Journal of Community Psychology , 36 , Bennett , Anderson , Cooper , Klein , 1966 ) Community psychology A report of the Boston Conference on the Education of Psychologists for Community Mental Health . Boston Boston University Press . Bloom , 1975 ) Community mental health A general introduction . CA . 1975 ) New ways in school mental health Early detection and prevention of school maladaptation . New York Human Sciences Press . Sanders , Maynard , 1969 ) Community life for the mentally Chicago Aldine . Fowler , Toro , A . Personal lineages and the development of community psychology 1965 to 2005 . Journal Psychology , 36 , Fowler , 81 Toro , A . The many histories of community psychology Analyses of current trends and future prospects . Journal Psychology , 36 , 2019 ) Introduction to the of Community Psychology . In , Introduction to Community Psychology Becoming an agent of change . Retrieved from chapter , 2016 ) Handbook of methodological approaches to based research Qualitative , quantitative , and mixed methods . New York Oxford University Press . Keys , Taylor , Davis , 2004 ) Participatory Community Research Theories and methods in action . Washington , American Psychological Association . Kelly , 1966 ) Ecological constraints on mental health services . American Psychologist , 21 , Kelly , 1987 ) anniversary symposium and recommendations on the anniversary of . American of Community Psychology , 15 ( Hill , Thomas , Elias , Dalton , 2012 ) Community psychology Linking individuals and communities . Belmont , CA . Levine , Perkins , 1987 ) Principles of Community Psychology Perspectives and applications . New York Oxford University Press . Duffy , Vera , Wong , 2019 ) Community Psychology ( ed ) New York . Adams , Cowman , A . 2009 ) Frequency

Introduction to Community Psychology 39 and citations of published authors in two community psychology journals . Journal of Community Psychology , 37 , 1977 ) Community psychology Values , research , and action . New York Holt , Winston . Reich , Montero , 2007 ) International Community Psychology . History and theories . New York , NY Springer . Tolan , Keys , 81 , A . 1990 ) Researching Community Psychology Issues of theories and methods . Washington , American Psychological Association . Toro , A . 2005 ) Community psychology Where do we go from here ?

American Journal of Community Psychology , 35 , 1999 ) From streets to homes An innovative approach to supported housing for homeless adults with psychiatric disabilities . of Community Psychology , 27 , lune , 2018 ) Housing First Why person centered care matters ?

Third International Housing First Conference , Italy . by is licensed under the License