Introduction to Anthropology Textbook Contents

Co me His Preface A What Is Anthropology ?

Introduction The Study , or Anthropology Is Vast The Approach Four Approaches within the Guiding Narrative 14 Overcoming Ethnocentrism 19 Western Bias in Our Assumptions about Humanity 21 Holism , Anthropology Distinctive Approach 25 Comparison and Cultural Relativism 28 Reaching for an Insider Point of View 30 Key Terms 34 Summary 34 Critical Thinking Questions 35 Bibliography 35 A Methods Cultural and Archaeological 39 Introduction 39 Archaeological Research Methods 40 Conservation and Naturalism 44 Ethnography and Ethnology 50 Participant Observation and Interviewing 53 Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis 55 Collections 57 Key Terms 63 Summary 64 Critical Thinking Questions 65 Bibliography 65 A Culture Concept Theory Theories of Cultural Change 67 Introduction 67 The Homeyness of Culture 68 The 70 The Elements of Culture 73 The of Culture 78 Modes of Cultural Analysis 82 The Paradoxes 86 Key Terms 94 Summary 95 Critical Thinking Questions 95 Bibliography 95

CHAPTER Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence 97 Introduction 97 What Is Biological Anthropology ?

98 What in a Name ?

The Science of Taxonomy 101 It All in the Genes ! The Foundation of Evolution 103 Evolution in Action Past and Present 108 What Is a Primate ?

121 Origin of and of Primates 125 Our Ancient Past The Earliest 129 Key Terms 137 Summary 139 Critical Thinking Questions 139 Bibliography 139 A The Genus Homo and the Emergence of Us 141 Introduction 141 the Genus Homo 142 Tools and Brains Homo habilis , Homo , and Home erectus 145 The Emergence of Us The Archaic Homo 151 Tracking Genomes Our Human Story Unfolds 168 Key Terms 174 Summary 174 Critical Thinking Questions 175 Bibliography 175 A Language and Communication 179 Introduction 179 The Emergence and Development of Language 180 Language and the Mind 188 Language , Community , and Culture 193 and Ritual 196 Language and Power 199 Key Terms 206 Summary 206 Critical Thinking Questions 206 Bibliography 207 A Work , Life , and Value Economic Anthropology 211 Introduction 211 Economies Two Ways to Study Them 212 Modes of Subsistence 213 Gathering and Hunting 214 Pastoralism 219 Plant Cultivation Horticulture and Agriculture 224 Exchange , Value , and Consumption 232

Industrialism and 237 Key Terms 246 Summary 247 Critical Thinking Questions 247 Bibliography 247 CHAPTER Authority , Decisions , and Power Political Anthropology 251 Introduction 251 Colonialism and the Categorization of Political Systems 252 Acephalous Societies Bands and Tribes 254 Centralized Societies and States 257 Modern 264 Resistance , Revolution , and Social Movements 272 Key Terms 276 Summary 277 Critical Thinking Questions 277 Bibliography 278 A Social Inequalities 281 Introduction 281 Theories of Inequity and Inequality 282 Systems of Inequality 290 Intersections of Inequality 296 Studying In Addressing within Anthropology 301 Key Terms 304 Critical Thinking Questions 305 Bibliography 306 A The Global Impact of Human Migration 311 Introduction 311 of the World 312 Early Global Movements and Cultural Hybridity 315 Peasantry and Urbanization 322 Inequality along the Margins 324 Key Terms 334 Summary 334 Critical Thinking Questions 335 Bibliography 335 A Forming Family through Kinship 339 Introduction 339 What Is Kinship ?

340 Family and Household 342 Reckoning Kinship across Cultures 347 Marriage and Families across Cultures 353 Key Terms 361 Summary 362 Critical Thinking Questions 363 Bibliography 363 CHAPTER 12 Gender and Sexuality 367 Introduction 367 Sex , Gender , and Sexuality in Anthropology 368 Performing Gender Categories 376 The Power Patriarchy and Matriarchy 383 Sexuality and Queer Anthropology 388 Key Terms 395 Summary 395 Critical Thinking Questions 396 Bibliography 396 CHAPTER 13 Religion and Culture 399 Introduction 399 What Is Religion ?

400 Symbolic and Sacred Space 409 Myth and Religious Doctrine 412 Rituals of Transition and Conformity 416 Other Forms of Religious Practice 421 Key Terms 426 Summary 427 Critical Thinking Questions 428 Bibliography 428 A Anthropology of Food 431 Introduction 431 Food as a Material Artifact 432 A Approach to Food 437 Food and Cultural Identity 442 The Globalization of Food 448 Key Terms 452 Summary 452 Critical Thinking Questions 453 Bibliography 453 A Anthropology of Media 457 Introduction 457 Putting the Mass into Media 458 Putting Culture into Media Studies 461 Visual Anthropology and Ethnographic Film 462 Photography , Representation , and Memory 465

News Media , the Public Sphere , and Nationalism 468 Community , Development , and Broadcast Media 472 Broadcasting Modernity and National Identity 474 Digital Media , New 475 Key Terms 481 Summary 481 Critical Thinking Questions 481 Bibliography 482 A Art , Music , and Sport 455 Introduction 485 Anthropology of the Arts 486 Anthropology of Music 495 An Anthropological View of Sport throughout Time 502 Anthropology , Representation , and Performance 505 Key Terms 511 Summary 511 Critical Thinking Questions 511 Bibliography 512 CHAPTER 17 Medical Anthropology 515 Introduction 515 What Is Medical Anthropology ?

516 520 Theories and Methods 523 Applied Medical Anthropology 531 Key Terms 540 Summary 541 Critical Thinking Questions 541 Bibliography 542 A Relationship 545 Introduction 545 Humans and Animals 546 Animals and Subsistence 552 Symbolism and Meaning 556 559 Animal Industries and the Animal Trade 562 Key Terms 569 Summary 569 Critical Thinking Questions 570 Bibliography 570 CHAPTER 19 Indigenous Anthropology 573 Introduction 573

Indigenous Peoples 574 Colonization and Anthropology 583 Indigenous Agency and Rights 589 Applied and Public Anthropology and Indigenous Peoples 601 Key Terms 604 Summary 605 Critical Thinking Questions 605 Bibliography 605 A Anthropology on the Ground 609 Introduction 609 Our Challenging World Today 610 Why Anthropology Matters 614 What Anthropologists Can Do 618 Key Terms 624 Summary 624 Critical Thinking Questions 624 Bibliography 625 Index 627