Interpersonal Communication A Mindful Approach to Relationships Verbal Elements of Communication

Image by mann rom Chapter Verbal Elements of Communication Have ' ever said ) that else misinterpreted as ) else ?

Some of the ) problems 111 ) from the use . For . two , Kelly , are each other . Kelly te . about for , te . Kelly is worried because she . Janie A . She wonders why he texted ins ead of , yes or okay . was iii a hur . he just texted in because he was excited to see Kell ' This gives us 2111 understanding of how how our perceptions . Kelly and had two different perceptions of the event . One person was worried , and the other was excited . Chapter Verbal ) A we know that words are powerful . The words that we use can impact how other people perceive us how to perceive others . ua . a of a ) of ) or written words or ) other . of the use of words iii a structured way . 11 helps us understand others wants , needs . and desires . 2111 help ate ions , but it also pull us apart .

Language is so vital to communication . Imagine if never learned a language how would you be able to function ?

language , how could you develop meaningful connections with others Language allows us to express ourselves and obtain our goals . Language is most important element in human communication . Language is made up of words , which are arbitrary symbols . In this chapter , will learn about how words work , functions of language , and how to improve Verbal communication . How Words Work . Discover how words have different rules . Determine the level of abstraction . ma 32 LU ' Comprehend the concept of . One person might call a shopping cart a buggy , and another person might call it a cart . There are several ways to you would like a beverage , such as , liquid refresher , soda , Coke , pop , or A pacifier for a baby is sometimes called a , sookie , or mute Linguist Robin asks , How can something that is physically just puffs of air , a mere for reality , have the power to change us and our world This example illustrates that meanings are in people , and words don necessarily represent what they mean . Words and Meaning can have different rules to help us understand the meaning . There are three rules semantic , and Semantic Rules First , semantic rules are the dictionary of the word . However , the meaning can change based on the context in which it is used . For instance , the word fly by itself does not mean anything . It makes more sense if put the Word into a context by saying things like , There is a fly on the ' I Will fly to Dallas tomorrow That girl is so fly or The on your pants is open ! would not be able to communicate with others if did not have semantic rules . A cute example of this is about a teacher who asked about a period . One male student in her class went on and on about how girls have monthly periods , but he did not realize that the teacher meant the use of periods for punctuation at the end of a sentence . Hence , semantic rules need to be understood to avoid embarrassment or misunderstandings . Syntactic Rules Second , syntactic rules govern how we help guide the words we use . Syntactic rules can refer to the use of grammar , structure , and punctuation to help effectively convey our ideas . For instance , We can say are you as opposed to where you are , which can convey a different meaning and have ( 122

perceptions . The thing can happen when you don place a comma in the right place . The comma can make a big difference in ( people a message . A great example ( how syntactic rules is the Star character , Yoda , who often speaks With different rules . He has said , Named must be your fear before banish it you can and Happens ( every guy sometimes this This example illustrates that syntactic rules can vary based on culture or background . Another example is Figure . In this case , we learn the importance that a comma can make in written in language . In the first instance , Let eat grandma ! is quite different than the second one , Let eat , grandma ! The first implies cannibalism and the second a family dinner . As the image says , punctuation saves lives . Figure Commas Matter Pragmatic Rules Third , pragmatic rules help us interpret messages by analyzing the interaction completely . We need ( consider the words used , how they are stated , ur relationship with the speaker , and the objectives of our communication . For instance , the words I want to see you now would mean different things if the speaker was your boss versus your lover . One could be a positive connotation , and another might be a negative one . The same holds true for humor . If we know that the other person understands and ates sarcasm , we might be ( re likely to engage in that behavior and perceive it differently from someone who Lakes every word literally . Most pragmatic rules are based ( culture and experience . For instance , the term Netflix and chill often means that two people will hook up . Imagine someone from a different country who did not know what this meant they would be shocked if they thought they were going to watch With the other person and just relax . Another example would be Want ( have a drink ?

which usually an alcoholic beverage . Another way ( saying this might be to say , Would you like something to drink ?

The second sentence does not imply that the drink has to contain alcohol . It is common for people to text in capital letters when they are angry or excited . You would interpret the text differently if the text was not in capital letters . For instance , I ( ve you might be perceived differently from I LOVE YOU ! Thus , when communicating with others , you should also realize that pragmatic rules can impact the message . Words Create Reality 123

Language helps to create reality . Often , humans will label their experiences . For instance , the word success has different interpretations depending on your perceptions . Success to might be a certain type of car or a certain amount of income . However , for someone else , success might be the freedom to do what they love or to travel to exotic places . Success might mean something different based on your background or your culture . Another example might be the word Intimacy to one person might be something similar to love , but to another person , it might be the psychological connection that you feel to another person . can impact a person reality of what they believe and feel . If a child complains that they don feel loved , but the guardians argue that they continuously show affection by giving hugs and doing fun shared activities , who would you believe The child might say that they never heard their guardians say the word love , and hence , they don feel love . So , when we argue that words can create a son reality , that is what we mean . Specific words can make a difference in how a person will receive the message . That is why certain and politicians will spend hours looking for the right word to capture the true essence of a message . A personal trainer might be careful to use the word as opposed to fat , because it just sounds drastically different . At Disney world , they call their employees cast members rather than workers , because it gives a perception that each person has a part in helping to run the show . Even on a resume , you might select words that set you apart from the other applicants . For instance , if you were a cook , you might say culinary It gives the impression that you weren cooking food , you were making masterpieces with food . Words matter , and how they are used will make a difference . Words Reflect Attitudes we first fall in love with someone , we will use positive adjectives to describe that person . However , if you have fallen out of love with that person , you might use negative or neutral words to describe that same person . Words can reflect attitudes . Some people can label one experience as pleasant and another person can have the opposite experience . This difference is because words reflect our attitudes about things . If a person has positive emotions towards another , they might that that person is , mature , and thrifty . However , if the person has negative feelings or attitudes towards that same person , they might describe them has childish , old , and cheap . These words can give a connotation about how the person perceives them . Level of Abstraction we think of language , it can be pretty abstract . For example , when we say something is interesting , it can be positive or negative . That is what we mean when we that language is abstract . Language can be specific . You can tell someone specific things to help them better understand what you are trying to say by using specific and concrete examples . For instance , if you say , You are a , the person who receives that message might get pretty angry and wonder why you said that statement . To be clear , it might be better to something like , When you slammed that door in my face this morning , it really upset me , and I didn think that behavior was The second statement is more descriptive . In 1941 , linguist . created what is called the abstraction ladder ( Figure ) The abstraction ladder starts abstract at the top , while the bottom rung and is very concrete . In Figure , we ve shown how you can go from abstract ideas ( information ) through various levels of more 124

Abstract Information Research Academic Fields Humanities Social Sciences Communication Studies Concrete Interpersonal Communication Figure Abstraction Ladder concrete ideas down to the most concrete idea ( interpersonal communication ) Ideally , you can see that as We move down the ladder , the topic becomes more and concrete . In our daily lives , we tend to use high levels of abstraction all the time . For instance , growing up , your guardians probably helped you With homework , cleaning , cooking , and transporting you from one event to another . Yet , we don typically say thank you to everything we might make a general comment , such as a thank you rather than saying , Thank you so much for helping me With my math homework and helping me figure out how to solve for the volume of It takes too long to say that , so people tend to be abstract . However , abstraction can cause Figure Perception is Key problems if you don provide enough description . 125

( is known as communication about ( Yet , are relationship messages that are sent among people who communicate . These messages can be verbal , nonverbal , direct , or indirect . For instance , if you see two friends just talking about what they did last weekend , they are also sending as they talk . can convey affection , appreciation , disgust , ridicule , scorn , or contempt . Every time you send messages to others , notice that they be sending you . Do they seem upset or annoyed with certain things that you say ?

In this book , we want to stress the importance of mindfulness when speaking . You may not realize what you are sending out to others . Words and Meanings can have meanings or connotative meanings . In this section , we will learn about the differences and the triangle of Researchers the names of Ogden and Richards noticed that Cuddle Best Friend ( to . Object Figure Signifier , Signified , and Referent ( occur when people associate different meanings with the same . Their model ( Figure ) illustrates that there is an indirect association between a word and the actual referent or thing it represents . As you can see , when you hear the word dog , it conjures up meaning for different people . The word dog itself is a symbol and signifier , or sound elements or other linguistic symbols that represents an underlying concept or meaning . hen we the word dog , it is what we call the signified , or the meaning or idea expressed when someone hears the word . In this case , maybe you have a dog , and you really see that dog as your best friend , or , as in my case , you call him your ) 126

little cuddle monster because always wants to be connected to at all . Again , our meaning that we attach to the symbol is still separate from physical entity itself . In this case , there is a real dog named Teddy , who is the referent , or the physical thing that a word or phrase denotes or stands for . can have a meaning , which is the dictionary . These are words that most people are familiar with , and they all can agree on the understanding of that word . If you asked a person what a car or a phone is , they would most likely know you are talking about when you use those words . can have a Connotative meaning , which is a subjective definition of the word . Word might mean something different from what you meant . For example , you may someone referring to their baby . You could fairly safely assume that the person is referring to their infant , but just as easily they could be referring to a significant other . Keg Takeaways denotative and connotative meanings . are the dictionary definition , and connotations are what the words imply . Sometimes confusion occurs because people are too abstract in their language . To be clear and concise in language , you need to be descriptive and as possible . involves several meanings and can be conveyed and verbally . Create an example of an abstraction ladder of how communication can range from general to very specific . Denotative and Connotative Ability . In groups , find ten random Words from the dictionary and ask everyone to mite down at least five connotations of each of the words . Then , compare your lists . Discuss the similarities and differences between your word choices . Create a love board . As a class , make a list of all the ways you could tell someone you love them . Then , discuss how your might cause some misunderstandings or confusion . I

Functions of Language . Distinguish the differences between instrumental and regulatory functions . Appreciate the interactional and imaginative functions of language . 22 ( DEC LU ' personal , ritual , and cultural functions . Based on research examining how children learn language , it was found that children are to create meaning In other Words , children learn language so they can understand and be understood by others . As children age , language serves different functions . Instrumental and Regulatory Functions Children will communicate in a fashion that lets know what they Want to do . children are born , have to figure out if the child is hungry , thirsty , dirty , or sick . Later , when the child acquires language , the child can let the guardian know what they Want by using simple words like eat or drink . Instrumental functions use language to a need . In Chapter , we learned about Hierarchy of Needs . For us to meet our needs , we need to use language that other people understand . Language can help us define what we can or do . Often , you might see campaigns that say Don drink and drive or Don text and drive to help control behaviors while driving . Regulatory functions of language are to influence the behaviors of others through requests , rules , or persuasion . These functions do not necessarily coincide with our needs . These might be advertisements that tell us to eat healthier or exercise more using specific products . and Imaginative Functions Interactional functions of language are used to help maintain or develop the relationship . Interactional unc ions a so ie ) a ie in ion . es mi inc ( ian you , ease , or care I about Imaginative functions of language help to create imaginary constructs and tell stories . This use of fantasy usually occurs in play or leisure activities . People who in video games Will sometimes engage in imaginative functions to help their character be more effective and persuasive . Personal Functions Next , we have personal functions , or the use of language to help you form your identity or sense of self . people are asked , how do you describe yourself ?

For some people , this is a challenging question because it showcases what makes you who you are . The words you pick , as opposed to others , can help define who you are . Perhaps someone told you that you were funny . You never realized that you were funny until that person told you . Because they used the Word funny as opposed to silly or crazy , it caused you to 12

have perceptions about yourself . example illustrates how words as a personal function for us . Personal functions of language are used to express identity , feelings , and options . Heuristic and Representational Functions heuristic function of language is used to learn , discover , and explore . The heuristic function could include asking several questions during a lecture or adding commentary to a child behavior . Another example might be is that tractor doing ?

or why is the cat sleeping ?

Representational functions of language are used to request or relay information . These statements are straightforward . They do not seek for an explanation . For instance , my cat is asleep or the kitchen light isn Cultural Functions know a lot about a culture based on the language that the members of the group Some words exist in other languages , but we do not have them in English . For instance , in China , there are five different words for shame , but in the English language , we only have one word for shame . Anthropologist Franz Boas studied the people of Island , Canada , in the late and noted that they had many different words for In fact , it become a myth over the years that the have 50 different words for snow . In reality , as Laura Kelly points out , there are a number of languages , so this myth is problematic because it attempts to generalize to all of Instead , the language tends to long , complicated words that describe ideas whereas , in English , We have a sentence to say the same thing . As such , the language probably of different Words that can describe snow . Analyzing the Hopi Native American language , Edward and Benjamin Lee discovered that there is not a difference between nouns and ver To the Hopi people , their language showcases how their world and perceptions of the world are in constant flux . The Hopi believe that everything is evolving and changing . Their conceptualization of the world is that there is continuous time . As mote , After a long and careful analysis the Hopi language is seen to contain no words , grammatical forms , construction or expressions that refer directly to What we call time , or to past , 10 present or A popular theory that helps us understand culture and language coexist is the Edward and Benjamin Lee created this hypothesis to help us understand cultural differences in language use . The theory suggests that language impacts perceptions by showing a culture Worldview . The hypothesis is also seen as linguistic determinism , which is the perspective that language our thoughts . Sometimes , language special rooted characteristics or linguistic relativity . Language can express not only our thoughts but our feelings as well . Language does not only represent things , but also how we feel about things . For instance , in the United States , most houses Will have backyards . In Japan , due to limited space , most houses do not have backyards , and thus , it is not represented in their language . To the Japanese , they do not understand the concept of a backyard , and they don have a Word for a . All in all , language helps to describe our world and how we understand our world . Keg Takeaways I ' I

Instrumental functions explain that language can help us accomplish tasks , and regulatory function explains that language can help us control behavior . Interactional functions help us maintain information , and imaginative functions allow us to create worlds with others . we talk with others , language can be personal , ritual , or cultural . Personal functions help us identify ourselves . Ritual functions of language involve words that we routinely say to others , such as hello or Cultural functions of language help use describe the worldview or perspectives of culture . a clip of your favorite show and record how many statements are regulatory versus instrumental . do you think these differences exist ?

Do you think it would differ depending on the program ?

Ask several classmates to describe themselves . Then , randomly read a set of descriptions to another classmate and ask them to identify who this person is . Discover if these personal characteristics are viewed by others or not . Determine why these differences might exist . Create a list of words that exist in English but are not found in other languages . Then , create a list of words that exist in other languages but not in English . Determine why those Words might not exist in English or other cultures . The Impact of Language . Understand how influence perceptions . Comprehend how language can impact affiliation with others . Identify the difference between sexist and racist language . By now , you can see that language how we make sense of the World . In this section , we will understand of the ways that language can impact our perceptions and possibly our behavior . To be effective communicators , we need to realize the different Ways that language can be significant and instrumental . Naming and Identity New typically spend a great deal of time to pick just the right name for their newborn . VVe know that names can impact other people Our names impact how we feel and how We behave . For instance , if you heard that someone was named Stacy , you might think that person was female , nice , and friendly , and you would be surprised if that person turned out to be male , mean , and aggressive . People with unusual names tend to more emotional distress than those with common Names impact our identity because others will typically negative perceptions of unusual names or 130

unique of . Names over and acceptance . For instance , was even a first the movie , iii the . 19 ( Noah . Olivia . Alex . William . Ava . Emery are Very distinctive , which . James . Isabella . Corey recognizable . Think about , Benjamin . Charlotte . Cameron unique . It . you Lucas Amelia you distinguish from others . Some of 10 . Logan 10 . Evelyn 10 . Skylar ( or Skyler ) some cultural or ethnic . the popular book , the authors showed a relationship between socioeconomic They discover that a popular usually starts with , and then it popular With lower . it is Very conceivable to the socioeconomic status of people you associate with based on their birth ( late and . Figure shows of the popular baby for girls and boys , along With that are . Affiliation we others to associate with us or have affiliation With us , We the way We speak and the Words We use . All of those things can impact how other people relate to us . Researchers found that when potential partners employed the word choices regarding pronouns , then interest also increased . At the time , couples that used similar word choices when texting each other increased their relationship This study that we inadvertently other people use of when We focus on What they say . If you have been in a romantic relationship for a long period , you create special expressions or jargon for the other person , that specialized vocabulary can create greater closeness and un ling . The line of thinking occurs for groups iii a gang or persons iii the . If we Figure Popular Baby 13

adapt to the other person communication or converge , then we can also impact perceptions of affiliation . Research has shown that people who have similar speech also have more positive feelings for each However , speech can also work in the opposite direction when we diverge , or when we communicate in a very different fashion . For instance , a group from another culture might speak the same dialect , even though they can speak English , in order to create distance and privacy from others . Sexism and Racism Before discussing the concepts of sexism and racism , we must understand the term Bias is an attitude that is not objective or balanced , prejudiced , or the use of words that intentionally or offend people or express an unfair attitude concerning a person race , ethnicity , sexual orientation , age , disability , or illness . explore more on the issue of biased language later in this chapter . Sexism or bias against others based on their sex can come across in language . Sexist language can be defined as words , phrases , and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude , trivialize , or diminish either Language can impact how we feel about ourselves and others . For instance , there is a magazine called Mother , but there is not one called Even though the reality is that many men who work also have families and are fathers , there are no words that tend to distinguish them from other working men . women are distinguished when they both work and are mothers compared to other women who solely work and also compared to women who are solely mothers wives . Think about how language has changed over the years . used to have occupations that were highly in the workplace and had words to describe them . For instance , policemen , firemen , and chairmen are now police officers , firefighters , and . The same can also be said for some occupations . For instance , stewardess , secretary , and waitress have been changed to include males and are often called flight attendants , office assistants , and servers . Thus , to eliminate sexism , we need to be cautious of the word choices we use when talking with others . Sexist language will impact perceptions , and people might be swayed about a persons capability based on the word choices . Similarly , racism is the bias people have towards others of a different race . Racist language conveys that a racial group is superior or better than another race . Some words in English have racial connotations . Blair , and Adam Pearson wrote In the United States and many other cultures , the color white often carries more positive connotations than the color ) lack Terms such as Black , Black Plague , black cats and the black market all have negative connotations , and literature , television , and movies have traditionally portrayed heroes in white and villains in black . The empirical work of John and others throughout the ( that these positive and negative associations with the colors ) lack and white , independent of any explicit connection to race , were evident among Black and White children as young as years old as well as adults . there is an ongoing debate in the United States about whether President Trump use of the phrase Chinese when referring to the is racially insensitive . The argument for its racial insensitivity is that the President is specifically using the term as an other technique to allow his followers to place blame on Chinese people for the . as a result of the use of the phase Chinese , there have been numerous violent attacks against individuals of Asian descent within the United States . Notice that we don say people of Chinese descent here . The people that are 132

generally inflamed by this rhetoric don take the time to distinguish among people they label as It is important to note that many Words do not any type of sexual or racial connotations . However , some people might use it to make judgments or expectations of others . For example , when describing a bad learning experience , the student might say Black professor or female student as opposed the student and professor argued . These can be problematic and sometimes not even necessary in the conversation . When using those types of Words , it can create slight factors of . Muted Group Theory Muted group theory was initially developed to explain the way humans , specifically men and women , The theory claims that communication is , just that , man . Similar to standpoint theory , group theory argues that the dominant members of society , typically men , create a language and system of communication that or reduces other groups , specifically women . Muted group theory has been described as feminist theory , and even this nomenclature is a great example of the claims that the theory is The term feminist exists in a dominated culture and language and connotes a negative conception of that which it is used to describe . Even the fact that there is not a popular term used to describe those who for the rights and equal status of men , points to the fact that there is a problem . The word feminist exists because it deviates from what is perceived as the Even the terminology we use to describe Women , and a theory that calls attention to their subversion , we see as even more subversion . Figure represents the basic conceptualization of muted group theory . The blue circle represents the group , and the solid arrow points to their perception of reality . Meanwhile , the pink circle represents the muted group , and the dashed line represents their perception of reality . Often what happens in society is that the dominant group perception of reality is just seen as reality . As such , the muted group perception of reality is seen as less than or more fanciful than the dominant group perception . In reality , the muted group often sees things that really do exist in a society that the dominant group either can not see or chooses not to see based on its position in society as the dominant group . of Reality Figure Muted Group Theory One area in our society where we can examine group theory is about status . Here are just a few statements that wealthy people have hen talking about a couple planning their wedding , I feel sorry for them , because they have a budget . VVhat do you mean , you don know if you should get them ?

Whenever I Want new clothes , I I ' just ask my for the money The guy was looking on a website for cars , when a rich coworker asks , why don you just buy the car with cash so you don have to make payments ?

When the guy told his coworker he couldn afford to for a car in cash , his rich coworker replied , don you just have your parents buy it for you ?

If you re making . and your salary gets down to ( and you have to cut , it very severe to you . But it no less severe to these other people with these big People who don have money don understand the stress . Could you imagine what it like to say I got three kids in private school , I have to think about pulling them out ?

How do you do that ?

You don get the vote if you don pay a dollar in taxes . But what I really think is it should be like a corporation . You pay a million dollars , you get a million votes . Ho that ?

The perspectives illustrated in these statements are ones that most of us can not easily relate to . The opposite is also true . People who live in the top often have very flawed perceptions of what life is like for those who don have piles of money sitting around . Often those in the dominant group ( in this case the top ) have no conceptualization of what life is like for those in muted groups ( the bottom 99 ) As such , those in muted groups often have a much clearer perception of reality . Some research in this theory has been done on other subverted groups such as new kids at They found that it was normative patterns that created a system of subversion in the classroom . a new student arrived , they went against the popular normative habits of the class and , in doing so , ostracized themselves . Other students simultaneously asserted and solidified their dominance while lowering the status of the new student . This same thing can be seen in our society . As women seek to make themselves known and heard , they are continually reduced , and standards are reinforced . Research Spotlight Heather ( 2010 ) focused on the subversion aii ( of women in email communication within businesses . She found that women are consistently marginalized and muted in organizational emails in the workplace . This is surprising because it would seem that without the nonverbal cues of communication , there would be less of women in ( communication . in this study , one can see that it is the centric verbiage that has created this divide in social aii ( organization status . Even A as women attempted to themselves , they were increasingly ( and subverted . 2010 ) Muted voices a critical look at in organizations . journal of European Training , 34 ( 53 ) 1111 . 100121 Keg Takeaways Names can impact how we perceive others . It can also impact how we feel about ourselves . can increase affiliation with others through converging our language to others . 134

can decrease affiliation with diverging our language with others . Sexism and racism can be displayed our language . It is important to be aware of words we use so that we do not across as sexist or racist . Create a list of names that you heard that are unique . What makes these names so unique and memorable ?

Ask friends to give their perceptions of those names . Does that match with you think ?

Why or not ?

Engage in a normal conversation with a friend or family member . having them know what you are doing , slowly and subtly converge your communication style to theirs . Record your observations . Then , with the person , to diverge your communication style . your observations . Ask if the person noticed any communication changes . How did it make them feel ?

How did you feel ?

Make a list of all the words in the English language that are sexist or racists . Try to research those words on the Internet and determine these words are or racists . Then , provide alternatives for these words to be politically correct . of Language Differentiate between informal and formal language . Determine the different types of informal language . Understand improper language and biased language . If you read or different types of programming , you will probably notice that there is a difference in language use based on the environment , who you are talking to , and the reason for communicating . In this section , we will discuss the different types of language . The types of language used will impact others view you and if they will view you positively or negatively . Formal . Informal Language You probably know by now that how we communicate in different can greatly . For example , how you compose a text to your best friend is going to use different grammatical structures and words than when you compose an email to your professor . One of the main reasons for this difference is because of formal and informal language . Table provides a general overview of the major differences between formal and informal language . Formal Language Informal Language Used in carefully edited ) Used in impromptu , conversational ) Used in academic or official content . Used in everyday communication . 13 '

The sentence structure is long and complicated . The emphasis is on grammatical correctness . Uses the passive voice . Often communicated from a detached , third person perspective . The sentence structure is short , choppy , and . The is on easily understood messages using phrases . Uses the active voice . Perspective is less of a problem ( I , or ) the use of contractions . can actively include contractions . Avoid the of emotionally laden ideas an ( words . Language shoul ( be objective . Language should avoid the use of colloquialisms . Only use an after it has been spelled out once . All sentences should ) complete ( clear and ) The use of pronouns should be avoided . It allows for the inclusion of emotions and empathy . Language can be subjective . It perfectly appropriate to use colloquialisms . People use acronyms alwa spelling out what it means . Sentences may be incomplete ( lacking a clear subject or verb ) The use of personal pronouns is common . Avoids artistic languages as much as possible . a range of artistic language choices ( anaphora , hyperbole , onomatopoeia , Arguments are supported by facts and ( research . Language is gender neutral . Avoids the imperative voice . Table Formal . Informal Language Formal Language Arguments are supported by personal beliefs and opinions . Language includes gender references . Uses the imperative voice . hen applying for a job , you will most likely use formal language in your cover letter and resume . Formal language is official and academic language . You want to appear intelligent and capable , so formal language helps you accomplish those goals . Formal language often occurs when we write . Formal language uses full sentences and is grammatically correct . Formal language is more objective and more complex . Most legal agreements are mitten in formal language . Informal Language Informal language is common , everyday language , which might include slang words . It is continuous and casual . use informal language when we talk to other people . It is more simple . Informal tends to use more contractions and abbreviations . If you look at your text messages , you ill probably see several examples of informal language . Jargon Jargon is the specialized or technical language of a specific group or profession that may not be understood by If you are really into cars or computers , you probably know a lot about the different parts and functions . Jargon is normally used in a specific context and may be understood outside that context . Jargon consists of a specific vocabulary that uses words that only certain people understand . 136

business world is full of jargon . Joanna created a list of commonly heard jargon phrases used in the business Low Hanging Fruit Leverage Open the Kimono Giving 110 Out of Pocket Drink the Bio Break Blue Sky Training Tiger Team Idea Shower or Thought Shower Moving the Goal Post Drill Down Cain Traction If you re like us , chances are you ve heard a few of these jargon phrases in your workplace . Heck , you may have even found yourself using a few of them . Your workplace may even have some jargon only used in your organization . Take a minute and think through all of the jargon you hear on an average day . Colloquialisms Colloquialisms are the use of informal words in Colloquialism varies from region to ion . Exam ) les mi be wan na instead of want to or instead of min It shows us row a uses lan re in their lives . Here a short list of some common ( you may have used yourself am ) Be blue to be sad Beat around the bush to avoid a topic Buzz off go away ) ne ee ( Co bananas , or go nuts go insane or be shocked Gon na A . going to Hit a writer block unable to mite Hit the hay to go to sleep Pop into my head to have a new thought to be persistent Threw me for a loop to be surprised someone under the bus to throw the blame on another person want to all you all you all 13 ' I

Slang refers to words that are by certain groups , such adults and Slang is more common when speaking to others rather than mitten . Slang is often used with people who are similar and have experience with each other . Here is a list of some common slang terms may use in your life BAE ( before all else ) 011 leek ( looking perfect ) Bye ( saying goodbye to someone you don like ) The Tea ( gossip ) Bro ( typically a male friend ) Cash ( money ) Cheesy ( cheap or ) Ship ( wanting people to be in a relationship , whether real or fictional ) someone who is both a friend and an enemy ) Thirsty ( being overly eager or desperate ) Throw Shade ( to insult another person ) being acutely aware of social injustice within society ) How many of these slang words do you use ?

hat other slang words do you find yourself using ?

it comes to slang , it important to understand that this list is constantly evolving . hat is common slang today could be completely passe tomorrow . common slang in the United States is not universal in English speaking countries . Idioms Idioms are expressions or figures of speech whose meaning can not be understood by looking at the individual words and interpreting them Idioms can help amplify messages . Idioms can be used to provide artistic expression . For instance , knowledge is power ! Idioms can be hard to grasp for speakers . As such , many instructors in the English as a ( Second world spend ' good ( 1011 of time to iin idioms to non presents a wide array of different idioms . About . meet you at . a basket case A wreck . He was a basket case after he was thrown off the basketball team . a breath of fresh air . She a breath of fresh air . a change of heart Change my mind . I ve had a change of heart . a blessing in disguise Something ) ad that turns out good . Losing his job turned out to be a blessing in disguise . a ( lead end ' hat a ( lead end to find a new one . a gut feeling Feeling in my stomach . I have a gut feeling that everything is going to turn out all right . a matter of opinion It a matter of opinion whether eating ( is a gourmet treat . a piece of cake That test was a was a piece of cake . easy ) a You spent . for a watermelon ! hat a . You were cheated . a pain in the neck A pest . His little brother is a real pain in the neck . 13

be in hot water in the same ) oat on same wavelength be on the ball Be trouble . If you tell boss off , you really ) in water . re the same situation . re all in the same be cool . have the same i ( and . re on the same wavelength . Very sharp . ery smart . He really on the ball . it only a matter of time be that as it may Very soon . It only a matter of time until his boss realizes that he is the one stealing money from the till . As stand . Be that as it may , I think you should reconsider your decision to move to Antarctica . 11 ) up in the air bend over backwards Big deal ! cost an arm and a leg Really angry . His father was up in arms he learned that he had crashed his new car . Not sure . Plans are up in the haven decided to do yet . Go out of your way . She really bent over backwards to make my stay enjoyable . Not important ( Losing 2111 old sock is not a big deal . Very expensive . His new Ferrari cost an arm and a leg . cross your fingers For good luck . Cross your that I pass the English exam with colors . draw a blank Easier said than done Am fed up with from scratch I can remember . I drew a blank when I tried to remember his brother name . More ( than it seems . and tire ( of something . I fed up with whining friends who have everything ! Make from basic ingredients . Her carrot cake was made from scratch . for the time being For now . For the time being , everything is fine at work . get cold feet get out of the Wrong side of the bed Feel too scared to do something . John wanted to ask out but he got cold feet an ( decided not to . In a bad mood . He must have gotten up out of the wrong side of the bed today . get the picture get your act together give it a shot give him a piece of your mind give him the cold shoulder go all out go downhill go up in smoke have a chip on your shoulder had it up to here mixed feelings Understand . Do you get the picture ?

Get stop wasting time . You better get your act together or you re going to fail all your classes . Try . not try bungee jumping . Give it a . Get angry and tell someone off . Ifl were you I would give him a piece of your mind . Ignore someone . Brett walked right past me without saying a word . He gave me the cold shoulder . Do your utmost for someone or something . His parents went all out for his graduation party . Get worse . After he got divorced , everything went downhill . His dreams of being a professional athlete went up smoke when he broke his leg . I think you are great . He such a chip on his shoulder that he hardly ever relates to anyone . Can take any more . I ve had it up to here with noisy students ! Positive an ( negative feelings together . I very mixed feelings about her a fisherman . second thoughts throw a fit I all ears 139 Thinking again about a decision . I having second thoughts about trekking in this summer . Get really angry . His mother threw a fit when she heard that he lost her iPhone . To listen intently . Tell me about your wedding all ears .

in the bag in the ( of nowhere Just my luck ! keep an eye on Certain . His new job is in the bag . He signed the contract . out in the . Their ski chalet is in the middle of nowhere . Bad lu ( Just my lu ( to lose the winning ti ( ket . carefully . you keep an eye on my nephew while I walk the dog ! bear in mind Keep it in mind . Bear in mind , learning a new language isn as easy as it seems . learn by heart let the cat out of the bag make my day miss the point no way don have a clue don have the faintest idea Memorize . You have to learn irregular verbs by heart . Spill the beans . Tell a secret . I ) on let the cat out of the bag . Keep his surprise ( lay party a secret . Make my ( lay great . The guy I have a crush on called me . He made my ( lay . I ) on ( the basic meaning . You are missing the point . Impossible . You got all A on your exams aii ( you never studied . way ! I have no idea . I don have a clue what the professor was talking about . I ) on understand . I don have the faintest idea of what that article was talking about . off the top of my head on the ( lot out of sight , out of mind out of the blue play it by ear thinking . Off the top of my head , I think its worth million . He arrived at clock on the dot . You someone you don see anymore . Suddenly . who called me out of the blue Make no things spontaneously . Let play it by ear tonight and see what comes up . pull someone leg re ( tape read between the lines safe an ( sound see eye to eye gI ) slipped my mind small talk talk shop the icing on the ( take the last straw time flies you can say that again Kid someone . Stop pulling my leg . I know you are kidding ! Bureaucracy . It almost impossible to set up a business in Greece because there is so much re ( tape . Understand what is not stated . If you read between the lines , you realize that he is trying to dump you . Fine . The Boy Scouts returned safe and sound from their camping adventure in Yellowstone National Park . Agree . He doesn see eye to eye with his parents at all . Pretend to not want something that you are desperate for . It just sour grapes that he is criticizing villa in Italy . Forgot . I meant to call you last night , ut it slipped my mind . Chitchat . It important to be able to make small talk when you meet new people for the first time . Talk about work . a boring ! talked and they re all dog walkers ! Something that makes a good thing great . And the icing on the cake that the movie for whi ( he earned 12 million , also won the Oscar for best picture . The thing that ruins everything . hen my asked me to cancel my wedding to complete a said that the last straw aii ( I quit ! Time goes fast . Time flies when you are having fun . You agree emphatically . Kanye is a great singer . You can say that again ! 11211116 it wouldn be caught ( lead ) Everything you can think of . This camp has every activity you can think swimming , canoeing , basketball and you name it . Not even ( lea ( would I do something . I wouldn be caught ( lead wearing that dress to the ) all . 140

she ( loll full of beans full of like two in pod Someone . for helping me out . You re ( loll . for child . Little children usually full of ) Not true . She full of ) doesn know she is . similar . His two brothers are like peas in a pod . piece of . My test was so piece of cake . frog in my smell a go to the dogs cat got your tongue for the birds the nose Suspicious . Doubling your money in hour sounds to me . I can . Ahem ! Sorry I frog in my . Something is suspicious . The didn believe the fact , he smelled . Co downhill . Everything is going to the dogs in our town the new took office . Silent for no . the matter ! got your tongue ?

Awful . How was the new movie Oh , it was for the birds . Pay lots of money . They ( the nose to hold their we ( Palace . tongue cheek all thumbs get off my drive me up wall spill the ) hit the ceiling Being ironic . I that tongue cheek . I was kidding . Clumsy . He couldn put that simple just all thumbs . me alone . Bug off ! Get off my back ! Drive me crazy . Rude people drive me up wall . Tell secret . Hey , don spill the beans . It secret . Blow up . His ( hit the ceiling when he saw his dreadful report card . go fly kite Get lost ! Oh , me alone ! Co fly a kite ! dressed to kill in stitches feel like a million dollars the end of my rope my head is killing me that out of the question I beat Dressed fancy clothes . Cinderella was dressed to kill when she arrived the . Laughing a lot . were all stitches when we heard the joke . Feel great . Ijust slept for 15 feel like million dollars . Can stand it . The mother of four little children is the end of her rope . Something hui . My head is killing should aspirin . Impossible . Mel Stand up an ( sing in front of the of the question ! Very tired . It knock your socks of ! me hands down Thrills you . You love this summer action movie . It knock your socks off . Don know . VVhat the of Outer ! Beats me ! No . Hands down is the world most ) island . perfectly . I stand such ( no fun all . iii the neck A big problem . dishes is in the neck . like pulling teeth for crying loud I at my wits end like horse Very difficult . Trying to get to cooperate is like pulling teeth . Oh no ! For lou ( me finish this you ?

I desperate . I my uit end trying to deal with two impossible bosses . A waste of time . Trying to get my father to ever change his mind is like beating ( horse . out of this world Fantastic ! My to was out of this world ! cost an arm leg 141 Very expensive . A Rolls Royce costs ( leg .

go in the nick of time Try to guess why . Our English teacher gives us tests a week and this no tests at all . Go . Just in time . The hero arrived in the nick of time to save the desperate ( I up to my eyeballs in I had 21 ball situation Very busy . I up to my eyeballs in work this week . A great time . I had a ball at Sandy slumber party . Both sides win . Selling their old stock of iPhones was a situation . They got rid of the useless phones , and we bought them really cheaply . I ( It a steal the sticks break the ice give me a break like talking to the wall see eye to eye It about time pays peanuts sleep like 21 log easy as pie Very busy . Lets get together next week I swamped . Fantastic bargain . a new computer for 300 dollars is 21 steal . out in the country . would want to live in the would you do for excitement ?

Start a conversation . Talking about the weather is a good way to break the ice when you meet someone new . Leave me alone ! Come on ! Cive me a I ve been working all day and I ust want to play a little bit of Angry Birds A waste of time . Dealing with many teenagers is like talking to 21 won even respond to your questions . Agree . I hardly ever see eye to eye with my parents . Its time . It about time you started your Pays hardly anything . Thisjob pays an . Sleep soundly . Last night I slept like a log aii ( didn hear the thunderstorm at all . Do great . I aced the math test . I got 100 . Super easy . The English test was as easy as pie . Someone who tells secrets . Don tell Sophie your secrets or the whole town will know them . don bug me Don bother me . Don bug busy . by the skin of my teeth can make head nor tail of ( 218 El ( Barely manage something . I passed the test by the skin of my teeth . I can understand . I can make head nor tail of this math chapter . Very calm . The policeman was cool as a cucumber when he persuaded the man not to ) off the Brooklyn Bridge . here under a Creative ( Attribution License . Table Common Idioms Cliche is an idea or expression that has been so overused that it has lost its original Cliches are common and can often be heard . For instance , light as a feather or happily ever after are cliches . They are iin because ex ideas and thou that are ) in ( everyday use . They are prevalent in advertisements , television , and literature . Improper Language Improper language is not proper , correct , or applicable in certain There are two different ) 142

types of improper language vulgarity and cursing . First , Vulgarity includes language that is offensive or lacks good taste . Often , Vulgar is lewd or obscene . Second , cursing is language that includes evil , doom , misfortune on a person or group . It can also include curse or profane words . People might differ in their perceptions about improper . Biased Language Biased language is language that shows preference in favor of or against a certain , shows prejudice , or is demeaning to Bias in language is uneven or unbalanced . Examples of this include mankind as opposed to Consider Using A Businessman Businessperson , Business Owner , Executive , Leader , Manager , etc . Chairman lair or Chairperson Cleaning Maid , Cleaning Person , Housekeeper , Maintenance , Office , etc . Male Nurse Nurse Male Flight Attendant or Stewardess Flight Attendant Female Doctor or Doctor Manpower Personnel or Staff Congressman Legislator , Member of Congress , or Member the House of Representatives Postman Postal Employee or Letter carrier Ancestor Forefather Policeman Police Law Enforcement Officer Fireman Disabled People with Disabilities Schizophrenic Person Diagnosed with Schizophrenia ( Lesbians , Gay Men , Bisexual Men or Table Biased Language One specific type language is called spin , or the manipulation of language to achieve the most positive interpretation of words , to gain political advantage , or to deceive others . In essence , people utilizing spin can make language choices that frame themselves or their clients in a positive way . Ambiguous Language Ambiguous language is language that can have various meanings . Google Jay Leno headlines videos . Sometimes he uses advertisements that are abstract . For instance , there is a restaurant ad that , People are our best ingredient ! VVhat comes to mind when hear that ?

Are they using people in their food ?

Or do they mean their customer service is what makes their restaurant notable hen we are trying to communicate with others , it is important that we are clear in our language . 143 ( need others to know what we mean and not imply meaning . That is why you need to make sure that you don use ambiguous language . Euphemisms Euphemisms also make language unclear . People use as a means of saying something more politely or less bluntly . For instance , instead of telling your guardians that you failed a test , you might say that you did . People use because it sounds better , and it seems like a better way to express how they feel . People use all the time . For instance , instead of saying this person died , they might the person passed away . Instead of saying that someone farted , you might say someone passed gas . Relative Language Relative language depends on the person communicating . People backgrounds vary . Hence , their perspectives will vary . I know a college professor that complains about her salary . However , other college professors would love to have a salary like hers . In other words , our language is based on our perception of our experiences . For instance , if someone asked you what would be your ideal salary , would it be based on your previous salary ?

Your parents ?

Your friends Language is relative because of that reason . If I said , Let go eat at an expensive restaurant , what would be expensive for you ?

For some person , it would be 50 , for another , 20 , for someone else it might be 10 , and yet there might be someone who would say is expensive ! Static Evaluation Often times , we think that people and things do not chang , but they do change . If you ever watch afternoon talk shows , you might see people who go through amazing transformations , perhaps through weight loss , a makeover , or surgery or some sort . These people changed . Static evaluation states that things are not constant . Things vary over time , and our language should be representative of that change . For instance , Max is bad . It is important to note that Max might be bad at one time or may have displayed bad behavior , but it may not represent how Max will be in the future . MINDFULNESS ACTIVITY For the entire , we want you to take a minute to pause before you text or email someone . we text or email someone , we typically just put our thoughts together in a quick fashion . Take a second to decide how you plan to use your words . Think about which words would be best to get our message across effectively . After you have typed your message , take another few to reread the message . Be mindful of how others might interpret your message . they read it at face value , or would they misinterpret the message because there is a lack of nonverbal messages ?

Do you need to add emojis or to chang how the message is conveyed ?

Researchers have found that when college students can address their emotions and are mindful of their feelings , it can enhance written communication with After 144 doing this activity , try to be more mindful of things you send to other people . Keg Takeaways Formal language is more careful and mannered speech , whereas informal language is appropriate in casual conversation . Informal language includes ( Jargon , or technical language ( Colloquialism , or informal expressions ( Slang , or nonstandard language ( Idioms , or expressions or of speech ( cliches , or sayings that are overused and predictable . Create a list of jargon or slang words that you use and mean . Determine if there are differences between how words are used now compared to the past . Create a list of colloquialisms or idioms . Find an international student and see if these words make sense . What was confusing or unclear ?

Find cliches that are used in other cultures . Determine if you can find an American equivalent of each cliche . Improving Verbal Examine ways to improve your vocabulary . Increase your awareness and adaptation of language . Realize the importance of checking for understanding . In this chapter , you learned the importance of language . In this last section , we will discuss Ways to improve your verbal communication skills . To be a great interpersonal communicator , it is extremely important that you also know how to use language in the most effective way . Improving Language Skills From an early age , you probably had words that you used most frequently because you were familiar with those Words . As you get older and become more educated , your vocabulary probably expanded to help you become successful . Language is used to help express our feelings , intentions , and comprehension of An extensive vocabulary is a keen predictor of someone social status , education , and profession . you like it or not , the words we use and the grammatical structure of we use those words can impact our standing in school , Work , and society . Here are some tips to help you improve your vocabulary .

Use Repetition First , be sure to use repetition . To become familiar with a word , you need to see it over and over again . Besides , you need to use it in conversations over and over again . The more times you repeat the word , the more likely you will memorize it , and it will become part of your daily repertoire . Group Similar Words Together Second , group similar words together . You should never learn vocabulary by looking at a list of words . Think of words as different pieces of puzzle . It doesn make sense to look at each piece of the puzzle individually . Rather , you need to fit them together to see the whole picture . The same thing should occur with words . You should memorize words that have similarities in some way . For instance , create a vocabulary around a theme , such as music , or an adjective , such as beautiful . Build Your Vocabulary Third , it is essential to make vocabulary that is personal to you . Vocabulary can be defined as all the words understood by a person or group of people . As early as four months , a baby can start to distinguish between language sounds and other sounds . According to David Crystal , language acquisition happens quite rapidly By age , people can recognize and speak 200 words . By age , people can recognize and speak about 2000 words . By age , people can recognize and speak about That means your average infant to toddler is learning three to four new words every ( lay . Infants are hardwired to learn a language . If you want to ensure your child can speak multiple languages , it best to expose them to multiple languages during this crucial developmental cycle . Even though we start as infants , we continue to improve our right through middle ag Most adult native range from ( words Average native of age already know ( words Average native of age already know words Adult native learn almost new word a day until middle age Adult vocabulary growth basically stops at middle age As you can see , most native adults have fairly substantial , but we do see a drop in new language acquisition as people enter into their middle age . As such , its important to keep learning . One way to keep learning is to find words that have meaning for you . If you have ever heard a story about survival from someone who has gone through something , they probably used words that touched you and helped you to connect to the story . In the same fashion , you should find words that can relate to your story . When we find words that have personal meaning to us , we can use those words more effectively in our own vocabulary . Here are some essential tips for building your vocabulary . Keep a journal of words you don know . If you don know a word , look it up in a dictionary . I . Learn to recognize both Latin and Greek roots of words . Play vocabulary games ( anagrams , Boggle , crossword puzzles , scrabble ) Make synonym and antonym word lists . Take a writing editing course . 146

Read Lastly , you should read . It doesn matter what you read . As long as you are reading , you will probably come across words that you are unfamiliar with . you do come across a word you don know , take the time to look it up . This practice is especially important when reading academic works because they are often full of words . Next time you read and run across a word that you don know , be sure to the so that you can comprehend what is being said . would also recommend reading articles and books that stretch you . Don read books like the Twilight and Potter because those are written on ajunior high or reading level . Increase Your Awareness and Adaptation of Language After learning to improve your vocabulary , it also important to increase language awareness and adaptation . we talk about language awareness , are referring to a person ability to be mindful and sensitive to all functions and forms of For our purposes , We define language adaptation as the ability to alter one linguistic choices in a competent manner . As such , it not just about being aware of language that leads to effective interpersonal interactions , but our ability to adapt our linguistic choices with different people to maximize the effectiveness of our interpersonal communication . There are a couple of ways that people can increase their language awareness and adaptation . The first way is to in meaningful interpersonal communication with someone different from you . This person can be from a different or different region of the from you . you speak to someone very different from , you might notice how they use language differently or how they prefer certain words over others . Another way might be to watch a foreign film . Check out different international films that have been nominated for an Academy Award . Most of them will be dubbed in English or have English subtitles . Pay attention to how the characters communicate with each other to create meaning . Does it give you an appreciation for how you speak ?

Lastly , spend some time with a small child , preferably under the age of five . Pay attention to how the child communicates with you versus others ( their friends , siblings ) Children under five are still acquiring words and learning to talk . you communicate with someone who has a very limited , it might help you see how you can adapt your language so that they will understand you . Check for Understanding As a speaker , you want to know that the receiver of your message understood what you said . This concept is also known as checking for understanding or verifying what has been said is also Even if a person is smiling and nodding at you when you talk , it does not necessarily mean that they are paying attention to . They might be to be polite or friendly . The best way to check for understanding is to use the acronym TAP . Think of communication like a tap dance if you don hear any tapping , would it really be a tap dance ?

The same thing can be applied to communication . Did you communicate if the other person didn understand you or get What you were to say ?

First , the in TAP means to talk first . In other Words , you explicitly present all the content . As you are talking , you are also to make sure that the other person is listening to you talk . Second , the A in TAP stands for ask questions . After you talked to the person , try to ask specific 14 ' I

questions . Rather than saying , did you hear inc ?

or were you listening , which are both questions , it would be more beneficial to ask , what did Ijust say ?

or what did you hear me say ?

Third , the in TAP means to be prepared to listen . Listen carefully to what the other person says . It is during this phase that you can see if they understood your message . Was the correct ?

VVhat emotions are they displaying after you said the message and asked questions ?

If we don ask questions , then can be sure that the message was received effectively . Keg Takeaways The first part of this section provided several different ways to help you improve ( use repetition , group like words together , build your vocabulary , and read ) Further and increase awareness ( a person ability to be mindful and sensitive to all functions and forms of language ) and adaptation of language ( the ability to alter one linguistic choices in a communicatively competent manner ) It important to remember the three basic steps to ensure understanding ( talk first ) A ( ask questions ) and ( prepare to listen ) Go through the various key terms within this chapter . Did you know all of the before reading this chapter ?

terms did you find difficult to understand ?

Read a speech from either Vital Speeches of the Day or American Rhetoric . After a speech , find a video where the speaker was interviewed . how the speaker sounds when both giving a speech and when answering questions . Analyze the speaker use of both language awareness and adaptation . Find someone who does not speak English as their first . During your interaction with that person , put into practice the TAP Method for understanding . How easy was it for you to understand this other person ?

Why ?

How did it feel to use the TAP method ?

you effective during your interpersonal interaction ?

In this chapter , we discussed the importance of verbal communication . To be an effective verbal communicator , it is necessary to understand that the words you use convey meanings that you might intentionally or unintentionally communicate to others . However , the meaning of language can vary from person to person . This chapter also discusses the various rules of language . Verbal communication many purposes and works to clarify the meaning of nonverbal communication . The type of language that you use can impact how others will see you . 148

Finally , this chapter discusses the of Verbal communication . The of Verbal communication allow us to understand how misunderstandings might occur if language is not used effectively . End of Chapter Abstract Language Abstraction Ladder Language Adaptation Language Awareness Ambiguous Language Linguistic Determinism Bias Linguistic Relativity Biased Language Buzz Word Personal Function Racism Colloquialism Racist Language Connotation Racist Language Converge Regulatory Function Denotation Relative Language Discourse Representational Function Diverge Hypothesis Euphemism Sexism Formal Language Sexist Language Heuristic Function Sexist Language Idiom Slang Imaginative Function Spin Informal Language Static Evaluation Instrumental Function Vocabulary Interactional Function Jargon REA was introverted and timid who moved to a new school . One day , he was searching on the Internet and he came across a negative wel ) site about him posted by some of his classmates . On the webpage , many of the students called him horrible names and made some damaging and hurtful remarks about his looks and sexuality . day , the words would get worse . The language became unbearable , and he went through a lot of because all of the statements about him were . had endured cyberbullying . He had considered suicide . Cyberbullying seems to ) a problem these days . Think about the ways you 149

. hat are some ways to help ?

hat should do ?

How should he respond ?

END OF CHA . The fact that the Words Come Here ! can have different interpretations based on the source of the message is related to semantic verbal syntactic pragmatic discourse . According to the abstraction ladder , which of the following statements is the most abstract ?

a . You are lazy ! You need to tell me What I need to do to lose five pounds this . You should Workout . You need to eat healthier . That dress is too small on you and does not fit . Larry is madly in love with Sarah . You can tell this when he tells he brings her or mites new songs to sing to her . Larry is using to convey his feelings . abstraction connotation denotation discourse ' Saying I love you every you see your grandmother is a function . regulatory imaginative interactional personal ritual . In this chapter , you learned all of the following except how affects perceptions language can impact affiliations there are three different rules to understanding language language can be sexist or racist language can influence perceptions of credibility 150

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