Interpersonal Communication A Mindful Approach to Relationships Nonverbal Communication

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Bias Ice everything ' Adult awn I I on . Pa Dag Two . ar Problem full . Come ' Such i , i ) a Head ' on Each Student . Choi , Parent ' Child Male , Chapter Nonverbal Nonverbal communication is as communication that is produced by some means other than words ( eye contact , body language , or vocal cues , for example ) Over the past decade , Botox has been used to paralyze facial muscles for the purpose of reducing the appearance of Wrinkles . However , the unintended consequence of this practice is reduced facial expression ! The frozen facial expression was recently celebrated by , who interviewed a noted plastic surgeon about Holl wood most notable frozen faces ( See Figure ) The reality starlet pictured is only , but she is already a fan of Botox , as you can tell by her taught forehead , Youn says . Some stars start treatment early , hoping to prevent Wrinkles , but risk robbing their face of natural emotions in the process ! Imagine the lack of a variety of emotional facial Figure Celebrity Frozen Face Kim Kardashian at the 2009 Film Festival for the premiere of World . by David . This is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution license . 154

expressions if everyone face was frozen . world would be a less interesting place , and it would be more challenging to stimulate accurate meaning in minds of others , we Will begin this by discussing the importance of nonverbal communication . of Nonverbal Communication in . Understand the importance of nonverbal communication . Differentiate between the functions of nonverbal communication . Understand the functions of nonverbal communication in interactions . ma 32 LU ' Understand and provide examples of the of nonverbal communication . Earlier in this book , we introduced the concept of you can not , not The foundation for this idea is that even we may not be sending verbal messages , we are continually sending nonverbal messages . As such , it very important to understand how nonverbal messages impact our daily interpersonal interactions . In this section , We re going to discuss the role that nonverbal communication plays in our daily lives and the six functions of nonverbal communication . The Role of Nonverbal in Everyday Life communicate constantly . Its the primary way that we communicate with other people . In this section , re going to explore the role that nonverbal communication plays in our lives . Nonverbal has Communicative Value meaning associated with nonverbal communication in any given interaction can not be underestimated . In this chapter , you will learn about the many types of nonverbal communication present in the interaction . For example , if you are having a conversation your friend who just broke up with her girlfriend , you will use than the words , I just broke up my girlfriend to understand how to communicate with your friend . Your friend facial expression , way of standing , rate of speech , tone of voice , and general appearance , just to name a few , will indicate to you how you should respond . If she is sobbing , gasping for air , hunched over , and appears emotionally pained , you might attempt to comfort her . If she says , Ijust broke up my girlfriend and sighs while placing her hand over her heart , she might appear relieved . Your response might be , it seems like you may be a little relieved . Were things not going well ?

nonverbal communication plays a tremendous role in successfully engaging in interactions . The successful use of nonverbal communication requires an awareness of the value of nonverbal communication and the belief that it is valuable . hen individuals are unaware of the importance of nonverbal communication , they may be overlooking crucial interactional information . For example , one I '

of the authors of this textbook was once meeting with a colleague who was repeatedly during a meeting . Later , when she and her colleague were discussing the meeting , he said , Didn you notice that I was ?

She told him she did notice that he was , but she was unsure why . VVe will discuss this further in the ambiguity of nonverbal communication . In this example , the author colleague was aware of the importance of nonverbal communication and attempted to use it deliberately . In addition to awareness , individuals must believe that nonverbal is valuable . If your guardian ever said to you , it what you said , it was how you said it , then your guardian was demonstrating a belief that nonverbal is essential . Arr individual may acknowledge that nonverbal communication exists but may discount its value . For example , one of the authors had a recurring argument with the author spouse , who would sigh or roll her eyes as a response in interaction . The author would ask the spouse what it meant , and the spouse would inevitably , I can sigh or roll my eyes without it meaning This is not an uncommon response , but the authors of this text hope to dispel this perception . For a better understanding of the value of communication , Google value of Your search will return over a billion links . it is not possible to review all of the search results , read through a few of the articles . For this exercise we found titles like The Value of Effective Communication in the and Why Communication Is Today Most Important In ac , we ( a mos i , ar ic es re ) va ue news ar ic es ( readers that effective communication secures customer , creates bonds between employees , and increases revenues . Nonverbal Used for Relational Purposes Nonverbal communication is an essential element in relating to others . Nonverbal communication is often the very first way in which we invite a relationship with another , or , at the very least , invite communication . To communicate with another , we must make eye contact with a few exceptions . Thus , relationships begin with nonverbal communication . Also , consider how humans relate to others through touch , scent , hand gestures , physical appearance , and more . Humans often use nonverbal communication to relay to others an interest in continuing a conversation or leaving a conversation . For example , you may run into a colleague and strike up a spontaneous conversation in the hall . The conversation is , and you each relate to the other that you are enjoying conversing about work . Your colleague may recognize that he needs to get to a meeting and relates this information to you by looking at his watch , beginning to back away , or looking at the door he needs to enter . Another way in which we relate to others via nonverbal communication is through the communication of emotion . Through a myriad of nonverbal behaviors , we can communicate emotions such as joy , happiness , and sadness . The nonverbal expression of emotion allows others to know how to communicate with us . Nonverbal is Ambiguous A particularly challenging aspect of nonverbal communication is the fact that it is ambiguous . In the seventies , nonverbal communication as a topic was trendy . Some were under the impression that we could use nonverbal communication to read others like a One of the authors remembers her cousin wife telling her that she cross her arms because it signaled to others that she was closed off . It would be wonderful if crossing arms signaled one meaning , but think about the many 156

meanings of crossing one arms . An individual may have crossed arms because the individual is cold , upset , sad , or . It is impossible to know unless a conversation is paired with nonverbal behavior . Another great example of ambiguous nonverbal behavior is flirting ! Consider some stereotypical behavior of flirting ( smiling , laughing , a light touch on the arm , or prolonged eye contact ) Each of these behaviors signals interest to others . The question is whether an individual engaging in these behaviors is indicating romantic interest or a desire for platonic fI ( you ever walked away from a situation and explained a son behavior to another friend to determine whether you were being with ?

If so , you have undoubtedly experienced the ambiguity of nonverbal communication . Nonverbal is Culturally Based Just as we have discussed that it is to recognize the value of nonverbal communication , we must also that nonverbal communication is culturally based . Successful interactions with individuals from other cultures are partially based on the ability to adapt to or understand the nonverbal behaviors associated with different cultures . There are two aspects to understanding that nonverbal communication is culturally based . The first aspect is recognizing that even if we do not know the appropriate nonverbal communication with someone from another culture , then we must at least acknowledge that there is a need to be flexible , not react , and ask questions . The second aspect is recognizing that there are specific aspects of nonverbal communication that differ depending on the culture . entering a new culture , we must learn the rules of the culture . Regarding recognizing differences , you may encounter someone from a culture that communicates very differently from you and perhaps in an unexpected way . For example , one of the author brothers , Patrick , was working in Afghanistan as a contractor on a military base . He was working with a man from Africa . During their first conversation , he held Patrick hand . Patrick later told his sister , the author , this story and said he wasn sure how to respond , so he just rolled with Patrick response allowed for the most flexibility in the situation and the best chance of moving forward productively . Imagine if he had withdrawn his hand quickly with a surprised look on his face . The outcome of the interaction would have been very different . Patrick response also exemplifies the second aspect of understanding that nonverbal communication is culturally based . Patrick was hired by a contractor to work on the military base in Afghanistan . The contracting firm could have trained Patrick and his coworkers about communicating with the various cultures they would encounter on the base . For example , many people from the Philippines were working on the base . It would have been helpful for the to explain that there may be differences in spatial distance and touch when communicating with other males from the Philippines . Researching and understanding the nonverbal communication of different countries before entering the can often mean a smoother entry phase , whether conducting business or simply visiting . Attribution Error A final area to address before examining specific aspects of nonverbal communication is attribution Attribution error is defined as the tendency to explain another individual behavior in relation to the individual internal tendencies rather than an external factor . For example , if a friend is late , we might attribute this failure to be on time as the friend being irresponsible rather than running through a list of external factors that may have influenced the friends ability to be on time such as an emergency , traffic , read the time wrong , etc . It is easy to make an error when trying to attribute meaning to the behaviors of others , and nonverbal communication is particularly vulnerable to attribution error . 15 ' I

On Saturday , September , 2018 , Serena been a victim of an umpire attribution error on the part of the judge . Let just say Serena did suffer as a result of attribution error . The judge spotted Serena Williams gesturing in the audience and assumed that the gesture was explicitly directed toward Serena as a means to coach her . Her coach later acknowledged that he was coaching via nonverbal signals , but Serena was not looking at him , nor was she intended to be a recipient . Her coach indicated that all coaches gesture while sitting in the stands as though they are coaching a practice and that it a habit and not an communication behavior . This is a perfect example of attribution error . The judge attributed the coaches gesture to the coach intending to communicate rather than the gesture merely being due to habit . The judge attribution error may have cost Serena comeback match . the stakes may not be so high in interaction , attribution error can create relational strife and general misunderstandings that can be avoided if we recognize that it is necessary to understand the intention behind a nonverbal behavior . Omnipresent According to , omnipresent is indicative of being at the time . Nonverbal communication is always present . Silence is an excellent example of nonverbal communication being omnipresent . Have you ever given someone the silent treatment ?

If so , you understand that by remaining silent , you are trying to convey meaning , such as You me or really upset with Thus , silence makes nonverbal communication omnipresent . Another way of considering the omnipresence of nonverbal communication is to consider the way we walk , posture , engage in facial expression , eye contact , lack of eye contact , gestures , etc . sitting alone in the library working , your posture may be communicating something to others . If you need to focus and don want to invite communication , you may keep your head down and avoid eye contact . Suppose you are walking across campus at a brisk pace . VVhat might your pace be communicating ?

discussing the omnipresence of nonverbal communication , it is necessary to discuss Paul assertion that humans can not , not communicate . This assertion is the first axiom of his interactional view of communication . According to , humans are always communicating . As discussed in the silent treatment example and the posture and walking example , communication is found in everyday behaviors that are common to all humans . might conclude that humans can not escape communicating meaning . Can Form Universal Language discussing nonverbal communication is a universal language , caution must be used . VVe must remember that understanding the context in which nonverbal communication is used is almost always necessary to understand the meaning of nonverbal communication . However , there are exceptions concerning Paul calls basic These will be discussed a bit later in the chapter . Can Lead to Misunderstandings Comedian Samuel . tremendous expertise in explaining how nonverbal communication can be misunderstood . comedic routines focus on how Tourette syndrome affects his daily living . Tourette syndrome can change individual behavior , from uncontrolled body movements to uncontrolled vocalizations . often appears to be winking when he is not . He explains his wink can cause others to believe he is when he isn . He also tells the story of how he met his 15

wife in high school . During a skit , he played a criminal and she played a police officer . She told him to freeze , and he ( to ( ve ( due to Tourette ) She misunderstood his movement to mean he was being and thus took him You can watch routine here . Although nonverbal misunderstandings can be humorous , these misunderstandings can affect interpersonal as Well as professional relationships . One of the authors once went ( an interview for ajob she was not offered . She asked the interviewer for feedback , and he said , your answers sounded The author did ( think to do so in the moment , but what she should have said is that she may have sounded canned because she frequently thinks about Work , her work philosophy , and how she approaches ( Thus , her tone may have been more indicative of simply knowing how she feels rather than As you continue to learn about nonverbal communication , consider how you come to understand nonverbal communication in interactions . Sometimes , the meaning of nonverbal communication can be fairly obvious . Most of the time a head nod in conversation means something positive such as agreement , yes , keep talking , etc . At other times , the meaning of nonverbal communication isn clear . Have you ever asked a friend , did she sound rude to you about a customer service representative ?

If so , you are familiar with the ambiguity of nonverbal communication . Usually Trusted Despite the pitfalls of nonverbal communication , individuals typically rely on nonverbal Body Language communication to understand the meaning in interactions . Communication scholars agree that the majority of meaning in any interaction is attributable to nonverbal communication . It isn necessarily true , but we are taught from a very early age that lack ( eye contact is indicative of lying . We have learned through research that this myth is not necessarily true this myth does tell a story about how ( ur culture views nonverbal communication . That view is simply that nonverbal communication is important and that it has meaning . Another excellent example of nonverbal communication being trusted may be related to a scenario many have experienced . At times , children , adolescents , and teenagers Will be required by their guardians ( say , I sorry to a sibling ( the . Alternatively , you may have said yes ( your guardians , but your guardian doesn believe you . A might say in either of these scenarios , it wasn what you said , it was how you said Thus , we find yet another example of nonverbal communication being the for meaning in an interaction . According to research , as much as 93 of meaning in any interaction is ( nonverbal Figure Explanation of Message Meaning 159

( Albert asserts that this 93 ( meaning can be broken into three parts ( Figure ) Work is Widely reported and accepted . Other researchers and say that meaning attributed ( nonverbal communication in interactions ranges from 60 to 70 . Regardless ( the actual percentage , it is ( noting that the majority ( meaning in interaction is deduced ( nonverbal communication . The Six Functions of Nonverbal Communication As we have established , nonverbal ( plays an important role in communicating successfully and effectively . Because nonverbal communication plays a significant role in interactions , nonverbal communication Was studied heavily in the early days of studying . communication . These studies resulted in the discovery of multiple utilitarian functions ( nonverbal communication ( Figure ) Complementing Re Complementing is defined as nonverbal behavior that is used in combination With the verbal portion ( the message ( emphasize the meaning of the entire message . An excellent example ( complementing behavior is when a child is exclaiming , so excited While jumping up and down . The child body is further emphasizing the meaning ( so Figure Six Functions of Nonverbal Communication Contradicting At times , an individual nonverbal communication contradicts verbal communication . Recently , when visiting an aunt house , one of the author folded her arms . She asked the author if she was cold and if she needed to turn up the air conditioning . The author said no because she was trying to be polite , but her aunt did ( believe her . The author nonverbal communication gave away her actual discomfort ! In this case , the nonverbal ( was truly more meaningful than verbal ( Consider a situation where a friend says , The concert was amazing , but the friend voice is monotone . A response might be , oh , you sound real Communication scholars refer to this as contradicting verbal and nonverbal behavior . When contradicting occurs , the verbal and nonverbal messages are incongruent . This incongruence heightens our awareness , and we tend to believe the nonverbal communication ( ver verbal ( 160

is a form of nonverbal communication that emphasizes a word or a part of a message . The word or part of the message accented might change the meaning of the message . can be accomplished through multiple types of nonverbal behaviors . Gestures paired with a word can provide emphasis , such as when an individual says , no ( slams hand on table ) you don understand By slamming the hand on a table while saying , the source draws attention to the word . Words or phrases can also be emphasized via pauses . Speakers will often pause before saying something important . Your professors likely pause just before relaying information that is important to the course content . Repeating Nonverbal communication that repeats the meaning of verbal communication assists the receiver by reinforcing the words of the sender . Nonverbal communication that repeats verbal communication may stand alone , but when paired with verbal communication , it servers to repeat the . For example , nodding one head while saying yes serves to reinforce the meaning of the word yes , and the word yes reinforces the head nod . Regulating Regulating the flow of communication is often accomplished through nonverbal behavior communication . Paul and state that regulators are acts which maintain and regulate the nature of speaking and listening between two or more interactions ( 1969 , 82 ) You may notice your friends nodding their heads when you are speaking . Nodding one head is a primary means of regulating communication . Other behaviors that regulate conversational flow are eye contact , moving or leaning forward , changing posture , and eyebrow raises , to name a few . You may also have noticed several nonverbal behaviors people engage in when trying to exit a conversation . These behaviors include stepping away from the speaker , checking one for the time , or packing up belongings . These are referred to as behaviors . Without the regulating function of nonverbal behaviors , it would be necessary to interrupt conversational content to insert phrases such as I have to However , when fail to recognize regulating behavior , verbal communication will be used instead . Substituting At times , nonverbal behavior serves to replace verbal communication altogether . Substituting nonverbal behaviors must be understood within a context more often than not . For example , a friend may ask you what time it is , and you may shrug your shoulders to indicate you don know . At other times , your friend may ask whether you want pizza or sushi for dinner , and you may shrug your shoulders to indicate you don care or have no preference . Emblems are a specific type of substituting nonverbal behavior that have direct verbal translation . Emblems may be understood outside of the context in which they are used . Some highly recognizable emblems in the culture are the peace sign and the okay sign . Emblems are a understood concept and have made their way into popular culture . The term may not be applied within popular culture . In the popular television show , Friends , the main characters Ross and Monica are siblings . Ross and Monica are forbidden to flip the bird to each other , so they make up their own , which involves holding one palms upward in a fist and bumping the outside of the 161 ' I

. the bird in tra ( manner or doing so Ross and Monica style , each of represents an does not require context for accurate interpretation . will be discussed in greater depth later in the chapter . Keg Takeaways Nonverbal cues help the receiver decode verbal messages . Each of nonverbal is distinct . functions of nonverbal are evident in everyday interactions . Create a list of five situations in which nonverbal communication helped you to accurately interpret verbal . Use the functions of nonverbal communication in your description . Reflect upon the functions of nonverbal and provide an from your life for each function . Experiment ith communication . Use an unexpected nonverbal cue when having conversations with friends the day . For , use a contradictory nonverbal cue such as shaking your head while yes . Note your friends reaction be ready to provide an explanation to your friend . Categories of Nonverbal Communication . Know the of nonverbal communication influencing interpersonal communication . Understand how the categories of nonverbal communication influence perception . ca . Understand research findings associated with the categories of nonverbal communication . addition to the functions of nonverbal communication , there are categories of nonverbal communication . This chapter will address several categories of nonverbal that are of particular importance in interpersonal relationships . These categories include haptics ( touch ) voice ) kinesics ( body movement gestures ) expressions ( eye and face behavior ) physical appearance . Each of these categories influences interpersonal have an impact on the success of interpersonal interactions . Haptics Haptics is the study of touch as a form of nonverbal . Touch is used in many ways in our , 162

lives , such as greeting , comfort , affection , task , and control . You have engaged in a few or all of these behaviors today . If you shook hands with someone , hugged a friend , kissed your romantic partner , then you used touch to greet and give affection . If visited a salon to have your hair cut , then you were touched with the purpose of task . You may have encountered a friend who was upset and patted the friend to ease the pain and provide comfort . Finally , you may recall your parents or guardians putting an arm around your shoulder to help you walk faster if there was a need to hurry you along . In this case , your was using touch for control . Several factors impact how touch is perceived . These factors are duration , frequency , and intensity . Duration is how long touch endures . Frequency is how often touch is used , and intensity is the amount of pressure applied . These factors influence how individuals are evaluated in social interactions . For example , researchers state , a handshake preceding social interactions positively influenced the way individuals evaluated the social interaction partners and their interest in further interactions while reversing the impact of negative This research demonstrates that individuals must understand when it is appropriate to shake hands and that there are negative consequences for failing to do so . an appropriately timed handshake can erase the negative effects of any mistakes one might make in an initial interaction ! Touch is a form of communication that can be used to initiate , regulate , and maintain relationships . It is a very powerful form of that can be used to communicate messages ranging from comfort to power . Duration , frequency , and intensity of touch can be used to convey liking , attraction , or . Touch can be helpful or harmful and must be used appropriately to have effective relationships with , friends , and romantic partners . Consider that inappropriate touch can convey romantic intentions where no exists . Conversely , fear can be instilled through touch . Touch is a powerful interpersonal tool along with voice and body movement . It also essential to understand the importance of touch on psychological . and Jason created the touch deprivation scale to examine the lack of in an individual life ( Table ) As you can see , and found that there are three different factors related to touch deprivation the absence of touch , longing for touch , and sexual for touch . First , the absence of touch is the degree to which an individual perceives that touch is not a normal part of their interactions . Many people can go days or even weeks without physically having contact with another person . People may surround thern on a bas at work , but this doesn that they can engage in physical contact with other people . Second , there is the longing for touch . It one thing to realize that touch is not a normal part of your interactions , but its something completely different not to have that touch and desire that touch . For some people , the lack of touch can be psychologically straining because humans inherently have a desire for physical contact . For some people , this lack of physical contact with other humans can be satisfied by having a pet . Lastly , some people desire touch so much that they engage in sexual activity just as a way to get touched by another human being . Obviously , these types of situations can be risky because they involve sexual contact outside of an intimate relationship . In fact , hooking up can be detrimental to someone psychological wellbeing . In the and study , the researchers found that there was a positive relationship between touch deprivation and depression and a negative relationship between touch deprivation and . The study also found that those individuals who felt that they did not receive enough touch growing up ( tactile ) also reported higher levels of touch deprivation as adults . I

This is just a further indication of important touch is for children and adolescents . In this section , we are going to discuss , is , vocal utterances , other words , serve as a form of communication . Our discussion will begin vocal characteristics , including timbre , pitch , tempo , rhythm , and intensity . Timbre According to online dictionary , timbre refers to quality given to a sound by its overtones such as resonance by which ear recognizes and identifies a voiced speech ( re accessed on November 25 , 2018 . Pitch refers to the frequency rang between high and low . Pitch is not generally thought of much unless an ( pitch stands out . For example , if a female vocal pitch is low , meaning might be assigned to the low pitch , just as meaning might be attached to a male voice with a pitch . Also , pitch that is at a or lower end of a range will be noticed if there is a momentary or situational change to an individual pitch that will trigger an a be described as The situation will determine whether squealing children are thought to be excited or scared . of meaning . For example , when children become excited or scared , they may Tempo Tempo refers to the rate at which one speaks . Changes in tempo can emotions such as excitement or anger , physical wellbeing , or energy level . One of author aunts is a brittle diabetic . When talking to aunt , author can detect whether aunt blood sugar is too low if her aunt is speaking extremely slow . Rhythm refers to the pattern used speaking . Unusual speaking rhythms are often imitated . Consider speaking rhythm of a surfer dude or a valley One of the most forms of rhythm used in a speech was Martin Luther King , I a Dream speech . More recently , the speaking rhythm of President Obama and Trump are easily and often imitated by comedians . Intensity Finally , intensity refers to how or softly an individual speaks . Intensity can be tied to emotion . individuals speak loudly , the increased volume may be used to convey anger , emotional distress , happiness , or heightened excitement . individuals speak at a lower volume , the decreased volume may be an effort to diffuse an intense conversation . Lower could also be the result of sharing bad news , discussing taboo or sensitive topics ( when people whisper sex or she died ) or conveying private information . Other Vocal Features is another term for and refers to features involved in speaking , 164

Instructions Read the following questions select answer corresponds with how you perceive physical contact other people . Do be if some of the items appear similar . Please use the scale below to rate the degree to which each statement applies to you Strongly Disagree Neutral Strongly Agree Disagree . I do receive as much touch my life as normal people . I receive a normal , healthy amount of touch from people . Human touch is a daily occurrence my life . Touch from other people is a very common natural part of my daily life . I often go for days without being touched by someone . I often feel like I untouchable because of the lack of touch from others in my life . I receive a variety of forms of from a variety of different people . I can go periods of time without being touched by another person . There are ( lays when I would do just to be touched by someone . 10 . I have longed for the touch of another person , any person . 11 . Some days I to be held , but have no one to hold me . 12 . I often wish I could get more hugs from others . I ve engaged sexual behaviors for the pure purpose of being touched by someone . 14 . I would never engage sex with someone , just to be touched . To compute your scores follow the instructions below Absence of Touch Step One Add scores for items , Step Two Add scores for items , Step Three Add 18 to Step One . Step Four Subtract the score for Step two from the score for Step Three . Longing for Touch Step Add scores for items , 10 , 12 '

Sex for Touch Step Add scores for item 13 Step Two Add scores for item 14 Step Add ( Step One . Step Four Subtract the se ( re for Step Two from the score for Step Three . Interpreting Your Score ( absence of touch , scores should be between 35 . If your score is above 17 , you are ( to have an absence of touch . If your ( re is below 16 , then touch is a normal part of your daily life . longing for touch , scores should be between and 20 . If your se ( re is above 10 , you are considered to have a longing for touch your life . If your score is below , then touch is a normal part of your daily life . sex for touch , scores should be between and 10 . If your score is above , you have probably engaged in sexual intimacy as a way of receiving touch your life . If your ( re is below , then you probably have not sexual intimacy as a way of receiving touch your life . Reference , 2009 ) Development and validity testing of a measure of touch deprivation . Human Communication , 12 , Table Touch Deprivation Scale such as characteristics of speech just discussed , pauses and silences , and nonverbal vocalizations . Pauses and Silences Pauses and silences are an important part of creating meaning during an interaction . Pauses draw attention to important parts of messages . The pregnant pause is an pause that precedes weighty information . Pauses are a type of silence that are brief in nature , but prolonged silence such as minutes , hours , or even days can be used to convey meaning as well . Consider a conversation in which the other person does not respond to . meaning is conveyed ?

Is the individual thinking ?

Is the individual hurt , or too shocked to speak ?

Myriad meanings of silence help emphasize the of silence and that it is as impactful as verbal communication , if not more so . 166 , Vocal Fillers , or Verbal Surrogates , vocal fillers , or verbal surrogates are sounds we make as we attempt to fill dead air while we are thinking of what to say next . In United States , urn or uh are most used . In conversation , these may pass unnoticed both sender or receiver , but consider the recognition of increases when listening to a speaker who says uh or um during a speech . giving a presentation , the speaker may even call attention to by speaking of them directly , and audience members may become distracted by . One of the author classmates used to count the number of used by a particular professor who was known to frequently use um when teaching . Though focusing on may be common , it is best for the speaker to attempt to reduce an excessive amount of and for listeners to focus on the meaning rather than the and Kinesics Kinesics , first coined by , is the study of how gestures , facial expression , and eye behavior communicate . Gestures can generally be considered any visible movement of the body . movements stimulate meaning in the minds of others . Facial Expressions Facial expressions are another form of kinesics . Paul and asserted that facial expressions are likely to communicate affect or liking . and present seven emotions that are recognized throughout the world . These emotions are often referred to by the acronym . and include surprise , anger , disgust , fear , interest , sadness , and happiness . Facial expressions are especially useful in communicating emotion . Although not all facial expression is universally recognized , people are generally able to interpret facial expressions within a context . generally consider happiness is indicated by a smile . Smiling might , however , also communicate politeness , a desire to be pleasing , and even fear . If an individual attempts to use a smile to diffuse a volatile interaction where the individual fears being attacked verbally or physically , then the smile may be an indication of fear . In this case , the smile can not be accurately interpreted outside of the context . In a study investigating preferences for facial expressions in relation to the Big Five personality traits , it was found that most participants showed the strongest preferences for faces communicating high levels of agreeableness and extraversion . Individuals who are high in openness preferred a display of all communicated Big Five personality traits . In relation to females who report being highly neurotic , they preferred male faces displaying agreeableness and female faces communicating disagreeableness . Male faces communicating openness were preferred by males who were higher in neuroticism . Interestingly , males reporting higher levels of neuroticism had a lower preference for female faces communicating openness . This study underscores the importance of facial expressions in determining who we prefer . is the study of how individuals communicate through eye behavior . Eye contact is generally the first form of communication for . Consider when a stranger speaks to you in a grocery store from behind you with a question such as , Can you reach the Frosted Flakes for me When a general question such as this is asked with no eye contact , you may not be aware that the question was meant for I ' I

vou . Often when discussing eye behavior , researchers refer to Research consistently demonstrates that females gaze at interaction partners more frequently males . 12 Also , gaze been studied concerning deception . Early research determined of eye contact in the interpretation behavior . people gaze too long or for too little , there is likely to be a negative of this However , later researchers acknowledge that there is a much greater range of acceptable gazing as by verbal communication . Gestures Kinesics serve multiple functions when as emblems , illustrators , affect displays , and regulators . Emblems Many gestures are emblems . You may recall from earlier in the chapter that gestures are clear and unambiguous and have a verbal equivalent in a given culture . Only a handful of emblematic gestures seem to be universal , for example , a shrug of the shoulders to indicate I don Most emblems are culturally determined , and they can get you into difficulty if you use them in other countries . In the United States , some emblematic gestures are the ) hitchhiking sign , the circled thumb and index finger Ok sign , and the for victory sign . However , be careful of using these gestures outside the United States . The sign in Iran , for example , is an obscene gesture , and our Ok sign has sexual connotations in Ethiopia and Mexico . 17 emblems can be used as direct substitutions for words , illustrators help emphasize or explain a word . Recall the lyric in All Star She was looking kind of dumb with her finger and her thumb in the shape of an on her The gesture is often used to illustrate Affect displays show feelings and emotions . Consider how music and sports fans show enthusiasm . It is not uncommon to see grown men and up and down at sports events during a particularly exciting moment in a game . However , there are different norms depending on the sport . It would simply be inappropriate to demonstrate the same nonverbal gestures at a golf or tennis game as a football game . Regulators , as discussed earlier , are gestures that help coordinate the flow of conversation , such as when you shrug your shoulders or wink . Head nods , eye aversion , hand movements , and changes in posture are considered to be cues in conversation . Individuals may sit back when listening but shift forward to indicate a desire to speak . contact shifts frequently during a conversation to indicate listening or a desire to speak . Head nods are used as a sign of listening and often indicate that the speaker should continue speaking . 168

is the study of communication through space . Space as communication was heavily studied by Edward Hall , and he famously categorized space into four distances . These distances represent how space is used and by whom ( Figure ) Hall first distance is referred to as intimate space and is often referred to as our personal This bubble ranges from to 18 inches ( the body . This space is reserved ( those with ( we have close personal relationships . The next distance is referred to as personal space an ( ranges from 18 inches to feet . You will notice that , as the distances move further away from the body , the intimacy of interactions decreases . Personal space is used for conversations with friends or family . If you meet a friend at the local coffee shop to catch up ( life , it is likely that you will sit between 18 inches an ( ur feet ( your friend . The next distance is social distance , ranging ( feet to 12 feet . This space is meant ( acquaintances . Finally , the greatest distance is referred to as public distance , ranging from 12 feet to 25 feet . In an uncrowded public space , we would not likely approach a stranger any closer than 12 feet . Consider an empty movie theatre . If you enter a theatre with only one other customer , you will ( likely sit in the seat directly behind , beside , or in front of this individual . In all ( you would sit further than 12 feet from this individual . However , as the theatre begins to fill , individuals will be forced ( sit in Hall distances that represent more intimate relationships . How awkward do you feel if you have to sit directly next to a stranger in a theatre ?

Social Space ( to 12 feet ) Figure Edward Hall Four Spaces Artifacts 169 Artifacts are with which we adorn our bodies or which we carry with us . Artifacts include glasses , jewelry , canes , shoes , clothing , or any object associated with our that meaning . One very famous artifact that most everyone can recognize is the glasses of Harry Potter . Harry Potter style of glasses has taken on their own meaning . What does his style of eyewear when donned by others ?

Clothing also stimulates meaning . Do you recall Barney famous line suit up in How I Met Your Mother ?

Why was it necessary to suit up ?

Recently , Snoop Dogg was given a star on the Hollywood of Fame . Snoop Dogg was wearing a beautiful , classic hair overcoat . In contrast , he was wearing bulky jewelry . VVhat do these two types of artifacts communicate ?

One of the authors is a big fan . The author interpreted the classic overcoat as Snoop having excellent taste and the jewelry as strength and wealth . Together the artifacts were interpreted as power . as explained by Thomas . is the use of time to communicate . The use of time is considered to be culturally bound , with cultures using monochronic time and others using time . Cultures using monochronic time in one task at a time . Cultures using time engage in multiple tasks at the time . This use of time involves with individuals feeling free to work on multiple tasks simultaneously rather than completing a task before moving to the next task , as in the monochronic use of time . When considering how time is used , it is necessary to consider individual preferences as well as cultural preferences . Traditionally , the . is a monochronic culture along with Canada or Northern Europe . Korea is an example of a culture along with Latin America , the Arab part of the Middle East , and Africa . However , one can live in each of these cultures and express the opposite orientation toward time . One of the authors is uptight when it comes to time . She is highly monochronic . This author went to a conference in Puerto Rico , which represents a orientation toward time . Buses usually run 30 minutes late , if not longer . Time is a bit more fluid rather than incremental in cultures . Unfortunately , the author failed to take this into account and nearly missed a presentation . This resulted in stress that could have been avoided had she to pay more attention to the time orientation of those around her . Finally , generally refers to the of scent on perceptions . Scent can draw others in or repel them , and the scent can have different impacts on different people . According to . the global estimated sales value of the fragrances worldwide in 2016 was 47 billion . dollars . This is in addition to 39 billion dollars in shower and bath products and another billion in deodorants . The total spending in these categories was billion dollars . These figures underscore the importance of smelling good across the globe . Consider the impact of failing to manage one natural scent in the workplace . Countless articles in the popular media address how to deal with a smelly Thus , it is crucial to be aware of one scent , including the ones we wear in an effort not to offend those around us . Although smelling bad may end a relationship or at least create distance , an attractive scent may help individuals begin a new relationship . Have you ever purchased a new scent before a first date ?

If so , you are aware of the power of scent to attract a . Although we regularly try to cover our scent , we also attempt to control the scent of our environments . The air freshener market in 2016 was valued at billion dollars . Go to your local grocery store and investigate the number 170

of products available to enhance environmental scents . Be prepared to spend a significant amount of time to take in the products to keep our environments ' i i . i ' The of money spent on fragrances for the body ind home highlights the of scent to humans . Ask yourself the following questions . meaning do you associate with a scent a scent ?

comparing men fragrances to Women fragrances , what differences do you notice . Are there scents that immediately transport you back in time , such as the smell of honeysuckle or freshly baked cookies ?

Regardless of the scent you prefer , when using scent to communicate positively with others , do not make the mistake of believing the scent you like is loved by those around you ! Physical Appearance Although not one of the traditional categories of nonverbal communication , we really should discuss physical appearance as a nonverbal message . Whether we like it or not , our physical appearance has an impact on how people relate to us and View us . Someone physical appearance is often one of the first reasons people decide to interact with each other in the first place . Dany Ivy and Sean argue that physical appearance is a important factor in nonverbal communication The connection between physical appearance and nonverbal ( needs to be ( le for two important reasons ( I ) The decisions we make to maintain or alter our physical appearance reveal a great deal about who we are , and ( the physical appearance of other people impacts our perception of them , how we communicate with them , how approachable they are , how attractive or unattractive they are , and so on . In fact , people ascribe all kinds of meanings based on their perceptions of how we physically appear to them . Eve thing from your height , skin tone , smile , weight , and hair ( color , style , lack of , etc . can communicate meanings to other people . To start our discussion , We re going to look at the three . In the , psychologist and physician Herbert Sheldon introduced the idea of In Sheldon , there were three overarching body types the , the endomorph , and the . To figure out where you probably fit within Sheldon , complete Table , the Scale . Instructions For each statement , you will have three possible answers choose the answer that most resembles who you are . I I ' I

. If you attempt to encircle your right mist with left thumb and A ) the two do not touch ) the two meet ) the two overlap . My body A ) carries too much fat ) is lean and muscular ) is very skinny . I would say that I A ) chubby ) average ) very thin . I tend to be A ) very inactive ( sedentary ) fairly active ) hyperactive I tend to A ) overeat ) eat a normal amount ) eat anything I Want and no gain weight in . I go to a gym A ) I am heavier than the people there ) I look like the people there ) I am much smaller than the people there . regards to gaining weight A ) I am always trying to lose weight ) I can gain and lose weight , but tend to stay around the same Weight ) I ean gain weight . Strangers have told that I should A ) lose weight ) stay the same , I look good ) gain weight 172

. I think metabolism is A ) too slow ) just right ) too fast 10 . My bone structure is A ) very large ) large to medium ) small to frail Each letter corresponds with a specific somatotype . Add the number of times you answered each letter below . A ) Endomorphy ( Mesomorphy ( Ectomorphy Table Scale Now , the Scale is based on the general traits that the three different possess . Most people are more familiar with their looks ( Figure ) Now , may be wondering to yourself , where did these three terms come from in the first place ?

ell , Sheldon created these terms from the three germ layers ( three primary cell layers ) of embryonic development Endoderm ( inner layer ) develops into the gastrointestinal tract Mesoderm ( middle layer ) develops into the cardiovascular and muscular systems Ectoderm ( outer layer ) Ectomorph Mesomorph Endomorph develops into the skin and the nervous systems In Sheldon original theory , the different also possessed unique personality traits . Table Figure . Sheldon contains the Somatotype Perception Scale . Take a second to complete the measure . Somatotype Perception Scale is just that , stereotypes that some people have associated the three different body However , the media often still portrays these stereotypes in television and '

. people still these stereotypes . Physical Appearance and Society . someone ( al ( has been shown to lives 111 a ) LI of different wa Physically attractive are viewed as more by peers . Physically attractive people are seen as smarter . Physically attractive job applicants are likely to get hired . Physically attractive people more . Physically attractive journalists are seen as more likable credible . Physically attractive defendants in a court case were less likely to be convicted , and if they were , juries less . Taller people are perceived as credible . People who are overweight are less likely to get job interviews or . Now , list is far from perfect doesn ( Thu necessarily take possible scenario into . Paul , there are differences between ' Mi ' 33 females males in how they attraction and how they are influenced by . Moreover , culture can play a large physical attractiveness impacts peoples perceptions . For example , the ( la ic of culture determines what is considered physically attractive stems the paintings of Peter Rubens ( who is for his use of as a depiction ideals ( see Figure ) the United States today , and that are portrayed in leading roles fall the . There are examples endomorphic leading players , but the majority of people on television shows and iii are played by people who are body types . In fact , these trends tend to be seen in all of our major media iii the United States ( news , magazines , comic books , live theatre ) Body Positivity There are groups in the If States that are attempting to help break down these walls within our society . For example , iii the past few years , there been a as body . In reality , the idea isn that new . 1996 , Connie Elizabeth Scott founded The Body Positive . In her book , embody Learning to Love Your Unique Body ( And Quiet that Critical ) Connie defined body positive as a way of living that gives you permission to love , 11 ,

care ( and take pleasure in your body throughout your lifespan . Struggles will inevitably occur , especially during times of transition ( goes ' on to note that practicing body positivity a I allows you to what you need to live with as much and balanced care as possible . Experiences of and suffering become opportunities ( learn what is required to further your growth so you can find greater and Practice Intuitive The Body Positive has created a basic model for body positivity that consists of five basic reclaim health , practice intuitive , cultivate , Cultivate Se declare your authentic beauty , and build community ( Figure ) Reclaim The first competency of the Be Body Positive Model is reclaiming one health . For ( the health care has consistently used someone body mass index as an indication of someone I the ?

is ?

Figure Five of the Be Body Positive research that measurements ( physical Model activity and metabolic , such as blood Build Community pressure , blood lipids , and blood sugar levels , are far better indicators of physical health than body As such , reclaiming one health is realizing that the weight ( and diet industry is a machine that isn very effective . The weight loss and diet is estimated to be worth billion by People spend a ton of money here even though the effects ( dieting are abysmal , With most people gaining back the weight they lost and adding ( Now , this is not ( say that people who are unhealthy should relish their . Instead , body positivity is about understanding that health isn a number . One number that is often used to declare someone health is their body mass index . You can calculate your own using this calculator from . Here are the general categories associated with explaining someone Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obesity Morbid Obesity In reality , doesn distinguish between fat and muscle , so many elite bodybuilders have 175

that say they re obese when have little to no fat . It even possible to have healthy . According to Patrick . Former Executive Editor Quiet Strong Best friend of Health , healthy , Fights obesity ( lU ( 10 a size no more Lonely Cheats . Instructions For each row of personality , select the adjective that you think most represents as a person . inches for a man or 35 inches for a Sneaky Argues normal blood pressure , Afraid Gets cholesterol , and blood sugar Sad Sick normal sensitivity to insulin LAZY good physical As such , the focus of reclaiming health isn about a number on a scale , but about being healthy . many people still have Assumes the stereotype in society associating fatness leadership sickness , which modern medicine knows 11 . Low pain ' Aggressive tolerance . Athletic . A High pain threshold Intuitive care is learning to trust our bodies regarding both eating and exercise . It about , bein attuned to our body and Caring Poor athlete Immodest I ' what our body needs . It not about limiting ) ense Humorous Energetic , to 800 calories day or exercising for nine hours every day . Instead , it about learning to listen to our bodies mindfully . Intuitive is realizing that our bodies need food and exercise , so we need to listen to them and provide them what they need . At ' I ) I ) I ' the same time , intuitive realizes that this is going to look different for everyone . In other words , there is no perfect diet or TANG ?

exercise routine that will be beneficial for Add the number of personality circled in each column separately . Some people get a runners high , and others ill never experience that euphoric feeling discuss . Other people can easily pack on muscle , while others can spend hours and hours in the gym and simply not see the type of they desire . Basically , our bodies are different and have inherent limitations on what they achieve . people have unrealistic expectations for their body can ( and should ) look like and what their body can achieve , they are considered to have body . Before progressing further , take a moment and complete Table ( The Body Short Form ) 176

As we ve discussed with mindfulness throughout this text , one of the problems many people face is an overly critical brain that seems to run . Cultivating is about learning to make affirming choices and not listening to the vulture sitting on our shoulders . A lot of the practices we ve discussed with mindfulness are in line with this idea of cultivating . Declare Your Own Everyone is beautiful . Yet , we live in a that places premiums on certain types of attributes that get labeled physically attractive or Declaring your om authentic beauty is about choosing to see an ( express as we an ( external qualities combined . Exploring beauty through a body positive lens teaches us to have a dynamic , engaged relationship with the world around us . honor our bodies as we pass through each ( stage of life , which leads to true because we don confuse it with a desire to transform our physical selves to meet someone else definition of beauty . Now , we do not deny that we are bombarded by messages in our society that dictate beauty standards , and it hard to avoid these images and not let them impact how we evaluate our physical appearance . Learning to declare your authentic beauty is a process and not a process that going to happen overnight . Instead , it important to point out those statements when We see them and label them for What they are . The more We start recognizing these vulture statements , the easier it will be to acknowledge our beauty . Build Community The last competency in the Be Body Positive Model is building a community of people who seek to build each other up instead of taking each other . Many colleges and universities even have Be Body Positive groups on campus to help support each other as we all learn to be more body positive . MINDFULNESS ACTIVITY For this activity , we want you to think through the Be Body Positive Model within your om life . Answer the following questions . How has the health care system failed you with regards to reclaiming your health ?

How can you take control and reclaim your health ?

hat obstacles do you have in front of you ?

How can you overcome them ?

How can you approach food and exercise from a position of Do you think you do this now ?

If not , what is preventing you from thinking about food and exercise from this approach ?

hen was the last time you had a critical thought about your physical appearance ?

How did you respond to that thought ?

as it from a position of ?

If not , how could you have cultivated in that moment ?

are five things that make you beautiful ?

Do you have a group of people in your life that celebrate being body positive ?

If not , how could ' you go about creating circle for The Matching Hypothesis One obvious area where physical appearance plays a huge part in our lives is in our romantic relationships . Elaine and her colleagues coined the matching hypothesis back in the The basic premise of the matching hypothesis is that the idea of opposites attracting really doesn pertain to physical attraction . When all else is equal , people are more likely to themselves in romantic relationships with people who are perceived as similarly attractive . In a classic study conducted by Shepherd and Ellis , the researchers took pictures of married couples The researchers then had groups of female and male college students sort the images based on physical attraction . Not surprisingly , there was a positive and mixed up the images of the husbands and wives relationship between the physical attractiveness of the husbands and the attractiveness of the wives . Other physical appearance variables beyond just basic attractiveness have also been examined with regards to the matching hypothesis . A group of researchers led by Julie found that matching also explained the dating habits of young In their study , et al . found that individuals who were overweight were less likely to date someone who was physically attractive . Overall , research generally supports the matching hypothesis , but physical attractiveness is not the only variable that can impact romantic partners ( socioeconomic status , education , career prospects ) However , the matching hypothesis is a factor that impacts many people ultimate dating selection ability . Research Spotlight In a series of different studies , Shaw Taylor et al . tested the matching hypothesis . In one of the studies , the researchers collected the data for 60 females and ( 50 males on online dating platforms ( we refer to these 120 people as the ) They then used the site activity logs to collect information about who the matched with on the dating website and whether those people responded . Based on this contact information , the researchers also collected the pictures of those people who were contacted , so the researchers collected 966 photos ( female , 439 male ) The physical attractiveness of the group of photos was evaluated on a scale of very unattractive ( to very REA attractive ( by people within the authors department . Matching behavior ( or swiping right ) was not based on the initiator physical appearance . So , people often matched with others who were physically more attractive than them . However , people only ( to respond to when their physical attractiveness was similar . Shaw Taylor , Men ( Cheshire , 201 ) Out of my league A world test of the matching hypothesis . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 37 ( 9947 178

Instructions Please read each carefully indicate the extent ( which you agree with each statement . Please use the scale below to rate the degree to which each statement applies to you . Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Disagree I often ( id all or part of my body seen by others . My sex life has not been affected by related to my physical appearance . I have avoided seen by others because of my concerns related to my physical appearance . I do not worry that my body isn sufficiently lean or muscular . I am comfortable showing my body public situations . I often eat alone because I don people to know how much ( little I am eating . My is not influenced by my weight . I worry a lot about how I ( ok . I am generally not of how I look I am around others . When people tell me that I look good , I generally think they are lying . To compute your scores follow the instructions below Step One Add scores for items , 10 Step Two Add scores for items , Step Three Add 30 to Step . Step Four Subtract the score for Step two ( the score for Step Three . Interpreting Your Score The average score for females on this measure is , so scores above ( for males ) are high and indicate a higher degree of body , while those below ( for males ) are lower degrees of body ( This is a research measure an ( not a diagnostic one . If you think you may be someone suffering from body , we would highly encourage you to seek out help from a mental health professional who specializes in the care an ( treatment of body ( Reference , 2001 ) Intercultural Power in context . Tapestry Press . Table Body Short Form 179 '

Keg Takeaways Communication is multifaceted with combination of verbal and nonverbal cues culminating in a communication experience . Vocal cues as rate , and volume have an impact on whether communication is effective . Facial expressions and body movements enhance communication , but may detract from effectiveness of communication . List and the categories of nonverbal communication . For each category , make a list of corresponding nonverbal behaviors that are discussed in this chapter and add to this list from your ( experiences . Recall a situation in which you interacted with someone whose nonverbal behaviors stood out for positive reasons . Describe the situation and nonverbal behaviors . do you consider nonverbal behaviors to be positive ?

Recall a situation in which you interacted with an individual Whose nonverbal behaviors from the individual ability to communicate effectively . Describe these nonverbal behaviors and suggest What the individual could do . Improving Nonverbal Skills . Explain the areas of nonverbal communication that can be assessed and improved . Discuss the importance of observation when it comes to improving nonverbal behaviors . ca . Understand that nonverbal communication is a skill that requires practice . In this chapter , ve examined a wide range of issues related to nonverbal communication . But its one thing to understand nonverbal communication and something completely different to communicate using nonverbal behaviors effectively . In this section , we re going to explore some ways that you can start to improve your nonverbal skills . The Nonverbal Mindset it comes to effective communication , you need to develop an appropriate mindset towards nonverbal communication . First , individuals must be aware that nonverbal communication plays a significant role in creating meaning . 180

Second , individuals must believe nonverbal communication is important and impactful . Awareness of nonverbal communication Without the belief that it is important can result in negative outcomes . For example , students in nonverbal communication begin to learn about the importance of clothing and general appearance in creating impressions . Some students rebel against the idea that appearance and clothing matter stating , people should accept me no matter what I am wearing . While this would be ideal , the fact of the matter is that humans size up other humans using visual cues in initial interactions . Lastly , individuals can analyze their nonverbal communication . This can be accomplished in several ways . Individuals might observe the behavior of individuals seem to be liked others and to whom others are socially attracted . The individual should then compare the behaviors of the popular person to their own behaviors . What differences exist ?

Does the other individual smile more , make more or less eye contact , engage in more or less touch , Based on this comparison , individuals can devise a plan for improvement or perhaps no improvement is needed ! Nonverbal In addition to awareness of nonverbal communication , that nonverbal communication is important and analyzing one own behavior , individuals should be aware of nonverbal immediacy . is defined as physical and psychological closeness . More , defines immediacy as behaviors increasing the sensory stimulation between individuals . behaviors include being physically oriented toward another , eye contact , some touch , gesturing , vocal variety , and talking louder . Immediacy behaviors are known to be impactful in a variety of . In instructional , organizational , and social , research revealed powerful positive impacts attributable to immediacy behaviors , including and compliance , liking , relationship satisfaction , satisfaction , and learning , etc . In the health care setting , the positive outcomes of immediate interaction are Well documented patient ( 11 , understanding of medical patient perceptions of provider credibility , patient perceptions of confidentiality , parent recall of medical directives given by pediatricians and associated cognitive learning , affect for the provider , and decreased apprehension when communicating with a physician . Individuals can increase their immediacy behaviors through practice ! Keg Takeaways Voice , body movement , eye contact , and facial expression can be assessed and improved upon to become a more effective communicator . Successful communicators can be observed and modeled . Practicing nonverbal communication is no different from practicing other skills , such as playing an instrument or cooking . Record your voice and listen to the recording several times . Use the questions included in the analyze your voice section of this chapter . Make a note of areas where you believe you are doing well and areas where you may need improvement . Ask a friend to listen to your voice and respond to the question for additional ' I

feedback . Video record a conversation Ween you and a . Make sure everyone approves of being recorded . As a group , review your facial expressions , and gestures . Discuss your nonverbal behavior as a group being certain to areas of success and ask for constructive feedback if you are comfortable doing so . Select a nonverbal specific behavior such as greeting through a wave or eye contact . Use this nonverbal behavior in a manner that is inconsistent with the accepted use of this nonverbal behavior . For , avoid eye contact with a friend or kiss a friend on the cheek instead of saying hello . Make a note of your reaction as well as the reaction of your friend . Be prepared to explain your behavior to your friend . Take an inventory of your nonverbal skills by answering the following questions . Do you believe nonverbal is important ?

or why not ?

Which of nonverbal communication are your strengths and weaknesses ?

How can you improve on these weaknesses ?

In this chapter , we discussed the importance of nonverbal communication . To be an effective nonverbal communicator , it is necessary to understand that nonverbal communication a tremendous amount of information . However , the meaning of nonverbal communication often be understood the context of the interaction . There are very few nonverbal behaviors that can be understood outside of context . This chapter also discusses the functions of nonverbal communication . Nonverbal communication serves many purposes and works to clarify the meaning of verbal communication . Verbal communication and nonverbal communication , in combination , increase the chances of stimulating accurate meaning in the minds of others . One without the other dilutes the effectiveness of each . Finally , this chapter discusses the of nonverbal communication . The of nonverbal communication allow us to account for the multitude of cues sent between the sender and receiver . The human brain account for cues resulting from eye contact , facial expressions , distance between sender and receiver , touch , sound , movement , and scent . Amazingly , the human brain processes all of these cues very quickly and with a high degree of accuracy . 182

End of Chapter Accent Affect Displays Attribution Error Complement Pitch Contradict Regulate Emblems Regulators Eye Gaze Repeat Haptics Rhythm Illustrators Substitute Tempo Intensity Timbre Kinesics Verbal Surrogates Nonverbal Vocalization REAL WORLD CASE STUDY Addie was assigned a roommate for freshman year in college . Addie noticed that her roommate didn make much eye contact , avoided touch , and didn smile very often . After a few weeks , Addie noticed that her roommate began to look at her more when talking and smiled when she came into the room . Meanwhile , Addie made friends in some of her classes and invited them to her room to study . Addie roommate didn look at anyone and didn smile . Addie friends complained that her roommate didn like them and that she was a little strange . information might Addie provide to her friends to give them insight into Addie The roommate nonverbal behavior may have consequences for her in social settings . Is it her responsibility to adapt her nonverbal communication or the responsibility of those around her to try to understand that she is simply different ?

I END OF TER If Mary stomps her foot while saying , No , I won go with Which tion of nonverbal is she using ?

Repeating Contradicting Ronnie says frequently when speaking . This aspect of is to as a . Pitch . Rate Pause Choose the best example of an . a . Using two in the shape of a to sign Peace Shaking of the head to say no in the air while up Rubbing while saying 311111 king a cradle with the arms when hat is the difference in the repeating function of nonverbal and the of nonverbal ?

a . Complementing nonverbal behavior can stand alone , whereas repeating can not . Repeating nonverbal can stand alone , whereas can not . Repeating behaviors are more ful than nonverbal . There is no difference between ' complementing and repeating verbal behavior . Repeating behaviors are more appropriate iii the function of nonverbal is best represented the nonverbal behavior is the opposite of verbal . Repeating Substituting Contradicting . is the study of how use of space communicates . Haptics Kinesics is the study of how touch . Haptics Kinesics . If Lacey is standing within 18 inches of her friend , she is standing in which of Hall a . Personal Social Public Parallel 184

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44 Ibid . 45 Richmond , Smith , 2001 ) Nonverbal immediacy in the relationship . Communication Research Reports , 18 ( 46 Ibid . END OF CHAPTER ANSWER KEY ) A ) A ) A 187 (