Interpersonal Communication A Mindful Approach to Relationships Introduction to Human Communication

' like two ! av ' 35 ' CHAPTER Introduction to Human Communication If you re like most people taking their first course or reading your first book in ( nal communication , may be wondering what it is that you re going ( be studying . Academics are notorious for not agreeing on of concepts , which is also true of interpersonal communication scholars . laid ( ut the fundamental underpinnings ( this academic area called interpersonal communication , at least two communicators intentionally orienting toward each other as both subject and object ( se actions embody each other perspectives both toward self and toward This simplistic ( of interpersonal communication frustrates many scholars because it ( es not provide clear parameters for the area ( study beyond two people interacting . Mark and John Daly noted that four areas ( contention are commonly seen in the discussion ( interpersonal communication number of communicators involved , physical proximity ( the communicators , nature of the interaction units , and degree of formality and structure ?

Number of Communicators Involved As the definition from in the previous paragraph noted , most scholars agree that interpersonal communication involves at least two Although a helpful tool to separate interpersonal communication from small group or organizational communication , some scholars argue that looking specifically at one dyad is an accurate representation of interpersonal . For example , if you and your dating partner are talking about what a future together might look like , you can not exclude all relational baggage that comes into that discussion . You might be by your own family , friends , coworkers , and other associates . So although there may be only two people interacting at one point , there are strong influences that are happening in the background . Physical Proximity of the Communicators In a lot of early writing on the subject of interpersonal communication , the discussion of the importance of physical proximity was a common one . Researchers argued that interpersonal communication is a endeavor . However , with the range of mediated technologies we have in the 21 Century , we often communicate With people through social networking sites , text messaging , email , the phone , and a range of other technologies . Is the interaction . between two lovers as they break a up Via text messages any less interpersonal than when the break up happens ?

The issue of is an interesting one , but we argue that in the 21 Century , so much of our interpersonal interactions do use some kind of technology . Nature of the Interaction ' Units One of our primary reasons for communicating with other people how and why they communicate . As such , some messages may help us understand and predict how people is trying to understand them and Figure Interpersonal Communication mu I and ) Interpersonal ( by and Thill . This file is licensed under the ( 21 Attribution ) license . of ( Imagine you and your boyfriend or girlfriend just fought . You are not sure what caused the fight in the first place . During the ensuing conversation ( once things have settled ) you realize that your feels that when you with others in public , it diminishes your relationship . Through this conversation , you learn how your behavior causes your girlfriend to get upset and react angrily . You now have more information about how your girlfriend communicates and what your does to cause these types of interactions . Some would argue this type of conversation has a high degree of ' CI ( I .

On the other hand , if like a stranger post on , have you ( in interpersonal Is this minimal form of interaction even worth calling interpersonal communication ?

Degree of Formality and Structure The final sticking point that many scholars encounter when discussing interpersonal communication are the issues of formality and structure . A great deal of research in interpersonal has focused on interpersonal interactions that are considered informal and unstructured ( friendships , romantic relationships , family interactions ) However , numerous interpersonal interactions do have a stronger degree of formality and structure associated With them . For example , you would not interact with your physician the same way you would with your romantic partner because of the formality of that relationship . often communicate with our managers or supervisors who exist in a formal organizational structure . In all of these cases , we are still examining interpersonal relationships . Communication ?

Understand communication needs . Discuss physical needs . Explain identity needs . Describe social needs . ma 32 LU ' Elucidate practical needs . Most people think they are great communicators . However , very few people are naturally good . Communication takes time , skill , and practice . To be a great communicator , you must also be a great listener . It requires some proficiency and competence . Think about someone you know that is not a good communicator . is that person not good ?

Do they say things that are inappropriate , rude , or hostile This text is designed to give you the skills to be a better communicator . Reasons to Study Communication need to study for a variety of reasons . First , it gives us a new perspective on something We take for granted every day . As stated earlier , most people think they are excellent communicators . However , most people never ask another person if they are great communicators . Besides being in a public speaking class or listening to your friends opinions , you probably do not get a lot of feedback on the quality of your . In this book , we will learn all about communication from different perspectives . As the saying goes , You can see the forest for the In other words , you won be able to see the impact of your behaviors , if you don focus on certain communication aspects . The second reason we study is based on the quantity of our time that is devoted to that activity . Think about your daily routine I am sure that it involves communicating others ( via , texting , electronic ine ( lia , Because we spend so much of our time communicating with others , we should make that time worthwhile . VVe need to '

learn to communicate and communicate better because a large amount of our time is allotted to communicating with others . The last reason why we study communication is to increase our effectiveness . Marriages and relationships often fail for several reasons . The most popular reason is that people don know how to communicate with each other , leads to irreconcilable differences . People often do not know how to work through problems , and it creates anger , hostility , and possibly violence . In these cases , communication needs to be effective for the relationship to work and be satisfying . Think about all the that you with friends , family , coworkers , and significant others . This course could possibly make you more successful in those relationships . all have specific and general reasons why we communicate with others . They vary from person to person . know that we spend a large amount of our time communicating . Also , every individual will communicate other people . Most people do not realize the value and importance of communication . Sherry and Judy Pearson believe that there are three main reasons why we need to study First of all , when you study communication behaviors , it gives you a new perspective on something you probably take for granted . Some people never realize the important functions until they take a class on anatomy or biology . In the same fashion , some people never understand how to communicate and why they communicate until they take a communication studies course . Second , we need to study communication because we spend a large portion of our time communicating with other people . Gina Chen found that many people communicate online every day , and Twitter subscribers fulfill their needs of camaraderie by tweeting with Hence , we all need to communicate with others . Third , the most important reason is to become a better communicator . Research has that we need to learn to communicate better with others because none of us are very good at it . Communication Needs Think for a minute of all the problematic communication behaviors that you have experienced in your life personally or . You will probably notice that there are areas that could use improvement . In this book , we will learn about better ways to communicate . To improve your communication behaviors , you must first understand the needs for communicating with others . Physical Studies show that there is a link between mental health and physical health . In other words , people who encounter negative experiences , but are also willing to communicate those experiences are more likely to have better mental and physical health . Ronald , Lawrence , and Russell Proctor found that communication has been beneficial to avoiding or decreasing Stress Anxiety Depression Cancer Coronary problems Common Cold Research clearly illustrates that communication is vital for our physical health . Because many health problems are , communication offers a way to relieve this tension and alleviate some of the ' I ,

. It is vital for people to share What feel , because if they keep it bottled up , then they are more likely to suffer , and physically . Identity Communication is not only essential for us to thrive and live . It is also important to discover who we are . From a very young age , you were probably told a variety of characteristics about your physical appearance and your personality . You have been told that you are funny , smart , pretty , friendly , talented , or insightful . All of these probably came from someone else . For instance , Sally went to a store without any makeup and saw one of her close friends . Sally friend to her that she looked horrible without any makeup . So , from that forward , she never walked out of the house without her cosmetics . You can see that this one comment affected Sally behavior but also her perceptions about herself . Just one comment can influence how you think , act , and feel . Think about all the that you have been told in your life . VVere they hurtful comments or helpful Did they make you stronger or Weaker ?

You are who you are based on what others have told you about yourself and how you responded to these comments . In another opposite example , Mark parents told him that he wasn very smart and that he would probably amount to nothing . Mark used these comments to make himself better . He studied harder and Worked harder because he believed that he was more than his parents comments . In this situation , you can see that the comments helped shaped his identity differently in a positive manner . Social Other than using words to who we are , We use communication to establish . Relationships exist because of communication . Each time we talk to others , we are sharing a part of ourselves with others . We know people have strong relationships with others due to the conversations that they have with others . Think about all the relationships that you are involved with and how communication differs in those relationships . If you stopped talking to the people you care about , your relationships might suffer . The only relationships can grow is when communication occurs between individuals . Joy analyzed family communication patterns and communication competence . She found that people who grew up in more conversation oriented families were also more likely to have better relationships than people who grew up in lower ) Practical Communication is a key ingredient in our life . VVe need it to operate and do our daily tasks . Communication is the means to tell the barista what coffee you prefer , inform your physician about what hurts , and advise others that you might need help . know that communication helps in the business setting . Katherine and maintained that communication is important in workplace settings . They found that the ability to persuade effectively was very important . Moreover , females are evaluated on their interpersonal skills than , and were evaluated more on their leadership skills than interpersonal Overall , we know that to do well in the business setting , one learn to be a competent communicator . Moreover , we know that communication is not only crucial in professional settings but in personal settings . Daniel Canary , Laura , and Beth Semic found that communication behaviors are essential in marriages because communication is essential for marriage longevity and In ' I

another study , Laura and Daniel Canary illustrated the importance of communication in dating All in all , communication is needed for people to relate to others , build connections , and help our relationships exist . Keg Takeaways need communication . We need to be able to study communication because we spend so much time doing it , we could learn to be more effective at it , and it is something We have done for a long time . Research has us that communication can help us with physical needs . we are hungry or thirsty , we can tell someone this , but also it helps to release stress . To maintain , create , or terminate relationships , we need communication . Communication helps our social needs to connect with others . To function , we need communication for practical needs . Think of an example for each communication need . Which need is most important for you ?

Why ?

do you think it is important to study communication ?

Is this class required for you ?

Do you think it should be a requirement for everyone ?

Think about how your identity has been shaped by others . What is something that was said to you that impacted how you felt ?

How do you feel now about the comment ?

Basic Principles of Human Communication . Define and explain the term communication . Describe the nature and their importance to human communication . 22 ( DEC LU ' Explain seven important factors related to human communication . The origin of the word communication can be traced back to the Latin word , which is translated to mean or unite , to connect , to participate in or to share with This root word is the same one from which we get not only the word communicate , but also common , commune , communion , and community . Thus , we can define communication as a process by which we share ideas or )

( with other people . We comm ( nly think of communication as talking , but it is much broader than just speech . Other characteristics ( voice communicate messages , and we communicate , as well , with eyes , facial expressions , hand gestures , body position , and movement . Let us ( me basic principles about how we ( with one another . Communication Is Symbolic Have you ever noticed that we can hear ( ok at something like the word cat and immediately know what those three letters mean ?

From the moment you enter grade school , you are taught ( to recognize sequences of letters that ( words that help us understand the world . With these words , we can create sentences , paragraphs , and books like this one . The letters used ( create the word cat and then the word itself is what communication scholars call symbols . A symbol is a mark , object , or sign that represents something else by association , resemblance , or convention . Let think about one ( the most important ( commonly tossed around , ve . The ( ur letters that make of the ( I , and , are visual symbols that , when combined , the ( love , which is a symbol associated with intense regard or liking . example , I can love chocolate . However , the word has other meanings attached to it as well . For example , love can represent a deeply intimate relationship ( a attachment . In the first case , we could love our and friends , but in the second case , we experience love as a factor of a deep relationship . these are just three associations we have with the same symbol , ve . In Figure , we see American Sign Language ( letters for the word In this case , the hands themselves represent symbols for English letters , which is an agreed upon convention of users ( represent Figure ?

Child Using to Sign Love By David Pacey . This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution license . Symbols can also be visual representations of ideas and concepts . For , look at the symbols in Figure of various social media icons . In this image , you see symbols for a range ( different social media sites , including Facebook ( lowercase ) Twitter ( the bird ) Snap Chat ( the ghost image ) and many others . Admittedly , the icon for YouTube uses its .

The Symbol is Not the Thing ( that we ve explained what symbols are , we should offer a few very important guides . First , the symbol is ( the thing that it is representing . example , the word dog is not a member of the canine family that greets ( when you come home every night . If we lo ( back at those symbols listed in Figure , those symbols are ( the organizations themselves . The with a circle around it is ( The actual thing that is is a Figure Social Media Icons Social Media Mix Icons Mix 17 by This is licensed Series Of Code that exists on under the Creative Commons license . the ( that allows us , people , to interact . Arbitrariness of Symbols ( we assign symbols is entirely arbitrary . For example , in Figure , we see two animals that are categorized under the symbols dog and In this image , the dog is on the left side , and the cat is on the right side . The ( we associate these animals only exist because we have said it so for many , many years . Back when humans were labeling these animals , we could just have easily called the one on the left cat and the one on the right dog , but we didn . If we called the animal on the left cat , Cal would that Change the nature of what A ?

it . i is licensed under the Creative Commons that animal is ?

Not really . The only thing that would change is the symbol we have associated with that animal . Let look at another symbolic example you are probably familiar with ) The smiley face or the two pieces ( punctuation ( colon followed by closed parentheses ) is probably the most notable symbol used in Internet communication . This symbol may seem like it everywhere today , but its only existed since September 1982 . In early September 1982 , ajoke was ( an electronic bulletin board about a fake chemical spill at Carnegie Mellon University . At the time , there was no easy way to distinguish '

between serious versus information . A computer scientist named Scott entered the debate with the following message The Original I propose sic following sequence markers ) Read it . its is more economical Uo mark things that are , given . For , use Thus the first emoticon , a sequence of keyboard characters used to represent facial expressions or emotions , was born . Even the universal symbol for happiness , the yellow circle with the smiling face , had only existed since 1963 when graphic artist Harvey Ross Ball created it . The happy face was created a way to raise employee morale at State Mutual Life Assurance Company of , Massachusetts . Of course , when you merge the happy face with , we eventually ended up with emojis ( Figure ) Of course , many people today just take emojis for granted without ever knowing their origin at all . Communication is Shared Meaning . in our previous discussion about symbols , you noticed that although the assignment of symbols to real things and ideas is arbitrary , our understanding of them exists because we agree to their meaning . If we were talking and I said , its time for tea , you may think that I going to put on some boiling water and pull out the oolong tea . However , if I said , its time for tea in the United Kingdom , you would assume that we were getting ready for our evening meal . Same word , but two very different meanings depending on the culture Within which one uses the term . In the United Kingdom , high tea ( or meat tea ) is the evening meal . Dinner , on the other hand , would represent the large meal of the day , which is usually eaten in the middle of the day . Of course , in the United States , we refer to the middle of the day meal as lunch and often refer to the evening meal as dinner ( or supper ) Let imagine that you were recently at a party . Two of your friends had recently attended the same Figure Emojis

Broadway play together . You ask them how the was , and here how the first friend responded So , we got to the theatre 20 minutes early to ensure we were able to get ) le and coul ( do some people watching before the show ( The person sitting in front of us had the worst I lia ( ever seen . Halfway through Act I , the hair was flopping hack in our laps like the legs of a spider . I mean , those strands of hair ha ( to be to inches long and came down on us like it was pleading with us to rescue it . Oh , and this one woman who was sitting to our right was wearing this huge fur ) an thing on her hea ( It looked like some kind of animal crawled up on her head and ( lied . I felt horrible for the poor that was sitting ) her because I sure he couldn see anything over or around that thing . Here is how your second friend described the experience I thought the play was good enough . It had some guy from the UK who tried to have a Brooklyn accent that came in and out . The set was pretty cool though . At one point , the set ( from a boring looking office building into a giant tree . That was pretty darn cool . As for the overall , it was good , I guess . The show just wasn something I would normally see . In this case , you have the same experience described by two different people . VVe are only talking about the experience each person had in an abstract sense . In both cases , you had friends reporting on the same experience but from their perceptions of the experience . your first friend , you learn more about what was going on around your friend in the theatre but not about the show itself . The second friend provided you with more details about her perception of the play , the acting , the scenery , and the story . Did we learn anything about the content of the play through either conversation ?

Not really . Many of our conversations resemble this type of experience recall . In both cases , we have two individuals who are attempting to share with us through communication specific ideas and meanings . However , sharing meaning is not always very easy . In both cases , you asked your friends , how the play In the first case , your friend interpreted this phrase as being asked about their experience at the theatre itself . In the second case , your friend interpreted your phrase as being a request for her opinion or critique of the play . As you can see in this example , its easy to get very different responses based on how people interpret what you are asking . Communication scholars often say that meanings aren in words , they re in people because of this issue related to interpretation . Yes , there are dictionary definitions of words . Earlier in this chapter , we provided three different definitions for the word love ) intense regard or liking , a deeply intimate relationship , or ) a attachment . These types of definitions we often call . However , it important to understand that in addition to denotative definitions , there are also connotative definitions , or the emotions or associations a person makes when exposed to a symbol . For example , how one personally understands or experiences the word love is connotative . The warm feeling you get , the memories of experiencing love , all come together to give you a general , personalized understanding of the word itself . One of the biggest problems that occur is when one person denotative meaning conflicts with another person connotative meaning . For example , when I Write the word dog , many of you think of furry family members . If you ve never been a dog owner , you may just generally think about these animals as members of the canine family . I ,

If , however , you ve had a bad experience with a dog in the past , you may have negative feelings that could lead you to feel anxious or experience dread when you hear the Word As another example , think about clowns . Some people see clowns as characters associated with the circus and birthday parties . Other people are genuinely by clowns . Both the dog and ( cases illustrate how we can have symbols that have different meanings to different people . Communication Involves One area that often involves a bit of controversy in the field of communication is What is called . Intentionality asks whether an individual purposefully intends to interact with another person and attempt shared meaning . Each time you communicate with others , there is involved . You may Want to offer your opinions or thoughts on a certain topic . However , intentionality is an important concept in communication . Think about times where you might have talked aloud without realizing another person could hear you . Communication can occur at any time . When there is intent among the parties to converse with each other , then it makes the communication more effective . Others argue that you can not , not This idea notes that We are always communicating with those around us . As we talk more about later in this book , communication can be both verbal ( the words we speak ) and nonverbal ( gestures , use of space , facial expressions , how we say Words , From this perspective , our bodies are always in a state of nonverbal communication , Whether its intended or not . Maybe you ve Walked past someone office and saw them hunched over at their desk , staring at a computer screen . Based on the posture of the other person , you decide not to say hi because the person looks like they are deep in thought and probably busy . In this case , we interpret the person nonverbal communication as saying , I In reality , that person could just as easily be looking at and killing time until someone drops by and says , Dimensions of Communication we communicate with other people , we must always remember that our communication is interpreted at multiple levels . Two common dimensions used to ascertain meaning during communication are relational and content . Relational Dimension Every time we communicate with others , there is a relational dimension . You can communicate in a tone of friendship , love , hatred , and so forth . This is indicated in how you communicate with your receiver . Think about the phrase , You are crazy ! It means different things depending on the source of the message . For instance , if your boss said it , you might take it harsher than if your close friend said it to you . You are more likely to receive a message more accurately when you can define the type of relationship that you have with this person . Hence , your relationship With the person determines how you are more likely to interpret the message . Take another example of the words I want to see you now ! These same words might mean different things if it comes from your boss or if it comes from your lover . You will know that if your boss wants to see you , then it is probably an urgent matter that needs your immediate attention . However , if your lover said it , then you might think that they miss you and can bear the thought of being without you for too long . Dimension ' I

In same , every time we speak , we a content dimension . The content dimension is information is stated explicitly in the message . people focus on the content of a message , then ignore the relationship dimension . They are focused on the specific words that were used to convey the message . For instance , if you ran an who said I happy for you about your new relationship . You might wonder what that phrase means . Did it mean that your ex was truly happy for you , or that they were happy to see you in a new relationship , or that your ex thinks that you are happy ?

One will ponder many interpretations of the message , especially if a relationship is truly . Another example might be a new acquaintance who talks about your appearance looks You might be wondering if your new friend is sarcastic , or if just didn know a nicer way of expressing their opinion . Because your relationship is so new , you might think about why they decided to pick that term over another term . Hence , the content of a message impacts it is received . Communication is a Process word process refers to the idea that something is ongoing , dynamic , and changing with a purpose or towards some end . A communication scholar named David was the first to discuss human communication as a process back in ( We examine ideas in detail in Chapter , but for now , its important to understand the basic concept of communication as a process . From perspective , communication is a series of ongoing interactions that change over time . For example , think about the number of inside jokes you may have with your best friend . Sometimes you can get to the point where all you say is one word , and both of you can crack up laughing . level of familiarity and communication didn exist when you first met but developed over time . Ultimately , the interaction you with someone , the your relationship with that person will evolve . Communication is Culturally Determined The word culture refers to a group of people who through a process of learning perceptions of the world that influences their beliefs , values , norms , and rules , which eventually affect Let this definition . First , its essential to recognize that culture is something we learn . From the moment we are born , we start to learn about our culture . VVe learn culture from our families , our schools , our peers , and many other sources as we age . Specifically , we learn perceptions of the world . learn about morality . VVe learn about our relationship with our surroundings . We learn about our places in a greater society . These perceptions influence what we believe , what we value , what we consider normal , what rules we live by . For example , many of us beliefs , values , norms , and rules that are directly related to the religion in we were raised . As an institution , religion is often one of the dominant factors of culture around the World . Let start by looking at how religion impact beliefs . Your faith impact what you believe about the nature of life and death . For , depending on you live , you either go to a happy place ( Heaven , Nirvana , Elysium , etc . or a negative place ( Hell , Samsara , We should mention that Samsara is less a place and more the process of reincarnation as well as one actions and consequences the past , present , and future . Religion can also impact what you value . Cherokee are taught to value the earth and the importance of keep balance with the earth . religions ( Christianity , Islam , etc . on the other hand , teach that humans have been placed on earth to dominate and control the earth . As such , the value is on what the earth can provide than on ensuring harmony with nature . I ,

Religion can also impact what you view as adherents to Islam stress the importance of female modesty , so it is normal for women to cover their heads when in public or completely cover their entire bodies from head to toe . On the other hand , one branch of promotes a feminist stance Where nudity and sex work are normal and even celebrated . Different religions have different rules that get created and handed down . For most Western readers , the most famous set of rules is probably the Tradition Ten Commandments . Conversely , Hindus have a text of religious laws transmitted in the . Most major religions have , at some point or another , had religious texts that became enshrined laws within those societies . Finally , these beliefs , values , norms , and rules ultimately impact how all of us interact and behave with others . For example , because of the Islamic rules on and norms about female modesty , in many Islamic countries , Women can not speak with men unless they are directly related to them by birth or marriage . The critical part to remember about these actual behaviors is that often have no idea how ( and to What degree ) our culture our communicative behavior until we are interacting with someone from a culture that differs from ours . We talk more about issues of intercultural interpersonal interactions later in this text . Communication Occurs in a Context Another factor that how we understand others is the context , the circumstance , environment , setting , situation surrounding an interaction . Most people learning about context are generally exposed during elementary school when you are trying to figure out the meaning of a specific word . You may have seen a complicated word and been told to use context clues to understand What the word means . In the same vein , when We analyze how people are communicating , we must understand the context of that communication . Imagine you re hanging out at your local restaurant , and you hear someone at the next table say , I can believe that guy . He always out in left field ! As an American idiom , we know that out in left field generally refers to something unexpected or unusual . The term stems out of baseball because the player who hangs out in left field has the farthest to throw to get a baseball back to the first baseman in an attempt to tag out a runner . However , if you were listening to this conversation in farmland , you could be hearing someone describe a geographic location ( He was out in left field chasing after a goat who stumbled that way ) In this case , context does matter . Communication is Purposeful communicate for different reasons . VVe communicate in an attempt to persuade people . VVe communicate to get people to like us . communicate to express our liking of other people . could list different reasons why communicate with other people . Often We may not even be aware of the specific reason or need we have for communicating with others . examine more of the different needs that communication fulfills along with the motives We often have for communicating with others in Chapter . Key Takeaways Communication is derived from the Latin root , which means to share . I ' I

As communicators , each time we talk to , we share part of ourselves . Symbols are words , pictures , or objects that we use to represent something else . Symbols convey meanings . They can be , spoken , or unspoken . There are many aspects to communication . Communication involves meaning communication is a process has a relationship , intent , content dimension is culturally determined , occurs in context and is purposeful . In groups , provide a example for each of these aspects Communication involves shared meaning , communication is a process , has a relationship , intent , content dimension , occurs in a context , is purposeful , and is culturally . As a class , come up with different words . Then , divide the class and randomly distribute the words . Each group will try to get the other group to guess their words either by symbols or displaying nonverbal behaviors . Then discuss how impact perception and language . Can you think of some examples of the hypothesis ?

For instance , in Japan , the word backyard does not exist . Because space is so limited , most Japanese people do not backyards . This term is foreign to them , but in America , most of our houses a . Communication . Explain competence . Distinguish between social appropriateness and personal effectiveness and their relationship to communication competence . LEARNING . Identify characteristics of competence . Defining Competence Brian ( 2000 ) argued that communication competence involved being appropriate and Appropriate communication is what most people would consider acceptable behaviors . Effective communication is getting your desired personal outcome . You might think about communicators who were appropriate but not effective and vice versa . The two characteristics go hand in hand . You need to to be considered competent . Think about coaches who might say horrible or inappropriate things to their players to motivate them . This may be viewed as highly effective to some , but possibly very inappropriate to others . Especially if you are not )

used to harsh language or foul , then your perceptions could hinder you feel about the speaker . At the same time , you might have individuals are highly appropriate but are not effective . may the right things , but can not get any results . For instance , imagine a mother who is trying over and over to get her child to brush their teeth . She might try praises or persuasive techniques , but if the child doesn brush their teeth , then she is not accomplishing her goal . You truly need a balance between the two . Understanding Competence First of all , no one way of communicating will be best or most effective for Think about the speakers that you know . Perhaps , some are more charismatic , humorous , assertive , and timid than others . ust as there are many types of speakers and speaking styles , there are different types of competent communicators . For example , a joke in one context might be hilarious , but that same joke might be very offensive in another context . VVhat this tells us is that there is no guaranteed or method that will work in every situation . Communication that works in one context and not another depends on the culture and the characteristics of the person or persons receiving the message . Moreover , we know that communication varies from one context to another . For instance , kindergarten teachers may be wonderful in a room full of , but if you asked them to present in a college classroom , they might get a little nervous because the situation is different . Some situations are better for certain speakers than others . Some people can rise to the occasion and truly deliver a memorable speech in a moment of crisis . However , if you asked them to do it again , they might not be able to do so because of the situational variables that influenced the speech . Some individuals are wonderful public speakers but are truly unable to communicate in interpersonal relationships and vice versa . These situations occur because some people feel more comfortable in certain settings than others . Hence , competency can vary depending on the type of communication . Also , competence can be taught . The main reason Why taking a communication course is so important is to be a better speaker . Hence , this is why many schools make it a requirement for college students . Think about an invention or idea you might . If you can communicate that idea or invention , then it will probably never come to fruition . Characteristics of Competence Now that you know more about competence , it is important to note that competent communicators often man similar characteristics . Studies on competence illustrate that competent communicators distinctive characteristics that differ from incompetent communicators . We will discuss a few of these characteristics in this section . Skillful First , many competent communicators are skillful . In other Words , they use situational cues to figure out which approach might be best . Think about a car salesperson and about how will approach a customer who is wanting to make a purchase . If the salesperson is too aggressive , then they might lose a sale . For that reason , they need to cater to their customer and make sure that they meet their customer needs . The salesperson might directly approach the customer by simply saying , Hi I , I would be happy to help you today , or by asking questions like , I see you looking at cars today . Are you interested in a particular model ?

or they could ask the customer to talk more by saying , Can you tell 15 ' I about what you are looking for ?

And perhaps , a salesperson could even customer . Each of these strategies illustrates how a salesperson can be skillful in meeting the customer expectations and , at the time , their own like a chef many ingredients to use to prepare a dish , a competent communicator possesses many skills to use depending on the situation . Adaptable Second , competent communicators are adaptable . I am sure you seen a speaker who uses technology like PowerPoint to make their presentations . happens if fails , does the speaker perform poorly as well ?

Competent communicators would not let technology stop them presenting their message . They can perform under pressure and any type of constraint . For instance , if the is presenting and notices that the audience become bored , then they might chang up their presentation and make it more exciting and lively to incite the audience . Involved Third , competent communicators can get others involved . Competent communicators think about their audience and being understood . They can get people excited about a cause or effort and create awareness or action . Think about motivational speakers and they get people encouraged to do something . Competent communicators are also persuasive they the skill to involve their audience to do something such as protest , vote , or donate . Think about politicians who make speeches and provide so many interesting statements that people are inclined to vote in a certain direction . Understands Their Audience Fourth , competent communicators can understand their audience . Keeping with the same example of politicians , many of them will things like , I know what it is like not to be able to feed your family , to struggle to make ends meet , or not to have a job . I know what you are going through . I understand where you are coming These phrases are ways to create a bond between the speaker and the receiver of the message . Competent can empathize and figure out the best way to approach the situation . For instance , if someone you know had a miscarriage and truly has wanted to have kids for a long time , then it would probably be very inconsiderate to say , just try This comment would be very rude , especially if this person has already tried for a long time to have a child . A competent communicator would have to think about this person might feel and what words would genuinely be appropriate to the situation . Cognitive Complexity Fifth , knowing how to say the same thing in different ways is called Cognitive complexity . You might think that the only way to express affection would be to say , I love you or I care about VVhat other ways could you express affection ?

This skill is being complex . Think about a professor you might have had that used different methods to solve the problem . Your professor might say , To solve this problem , you might try method A , and if that doesn work , you could try method , and method is still another This illustrates that you don to say things one way , you could say it in different ways . This helps your audience understand your message better because you provided different to comprehend your intended . CI ( I .

last characteristic of competent communicators is the ability to monitor yourself . Also known as monitoring . This is ability to focus on your behavior , and , in turn , determine how to in the situation . In every speaking situation , most people will have an internal gauge of what they say next or not say . Some people never give thought to what they say to others . These individuals would low skills , in which What you see is What you get . You could high that pay attention to every little thing , how they stand , where their eyes move , how they gesture , and maybe even how they breathe . They pay attention to these minor details because they are concerned With how the message might come across to others . Competent communicators a balance of high and low , in they realize how they might be perceived , but they are not overly focused on all the details of themselves . Keg Takeaways Competence involves being both appropriate and effective . Appropriateness refers to communicative that are socially acceptable behaviors whereas , effectiveness refers to communicative behaviors that help achieve a desired outcome . Characteristics of competence involve skill , adaptability , involvement , complexity , and . do you think are communicators ?

Why ?

How would you rate yourself as a competent speaker ?

Give a brief impromptu speech , then ask someone to rate you based on the characteristics of competence . Do you agree ?

or Why not ?

Using cognitive complexity skills , think about all the ways you can express hatred . Talk about how these ways would be by others negatively and whyl Does it matter if the other person was a different sex , culture , gender , ethnicity , age , or religion ?

How and Why 17 ' I of Human Define and explain communication . Define and explain interpersonal communication . Define and explain small group communication . LEARNING OUTCOMES Define and explain public communication . Define and explain mediated communication . Figure Levels of Communication Communication Communication refers to communication phenomena that exist Within or occur because of an indiVidual self or mind . Some forms of communication can resemble a conversation one has with one self . This often is used as a to help us make decisions or make sense of the World around us . Maybe you Ve gone to the store , and you re repeating your grocery list over and over in your head to make sure you don forget anything . Maybe at the end of the day , you keep a or where you keep track of everything that has happened that day . Or perhaps you re having a debate inside your head on What major you should pick . You keep Weighing the pros and cons of different majors , and you use this internal debate to help you out your thoughts and feelings on the subject . All three of these examples help illustrate some of What is covered by the term '

scholars View the term a little more than just the internal we engage in . Communication scholar primarily discusses communication as a factor of Under this perspective , we think about the biological underpinnings of how we can . The brain is probably the single crucial part of interactions . VVe know that how people can be greatly impacted by their brains . As such , our of is broad enough to include both traditional discussions of and more of how the human body helps or hinders our ability to communicate effectively . Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication , which is what this book is all about , focuses on the exchange of messages between two people . Our days are full of interpersonal communication . You wake up , roll over , and say good morning to your significant other , then you ve had your first interpersonal interaction of the . You meet your best friend for coffee before work and discuss the ins and outs of children lives you re engaging in interpersonal communication again . You go to work and collaborate with a coworker on a project once again , you re engaging in interpersonal . You then shoot off an email to your babysitter , reminding him to drop by the house at seven so you and your partner can have a night out . Yep , this is interpersonal communication , too . You drop by your doctor office for your annual physical , and the two of you talk about any health issues this is also a form of interpersonal communication . You text your child to remind him that he has play practice at and then needs to come home immediately afterward you ve engaged in interpersonal interaction . Hopefully , you re beginning to realize that our days are filled with tons of interpersonal interactions . Some scholars also refer to interpersonal communication as dyadic communication because it involves two people or a dyad . As you saw above , the type of dyad can range from intimate partners , to coworkers , to , to friends , to , and many other dyadic . can engage in these interactions through verbal communication , nonverbal communication , and mediated communication . When we use words during our interaction to convey specific meaning , then we re engaging in verbal communication . Nonverbal , on the other hand , refers to a range of other factors that can impact how we understand each example , the facial expressions you have . You could be talking to your best friend over coffee about a coworker and his problems while rolling your eyes to emphasize how overly dramatic and nonsensical you find the person . A great deal of how we interpret the verbal of someone is based on the nonverbal messages sent at the same time . Lastly , we engage in interpersonal interactions using mediated technologies like the cellphone , emailing , texts , Facebook posts , Tweets , etc . Your average professional spends a great deal of her responding to emails that come one person , so the email exchange is a form of interpersonal communication . Small Group Communication The next type of studied by communication scholars is small group . Although different scholars will differ on the exact number of people that make a group , we can say that a group is at least three people interacting with a common goal . Sometimes these groups could be as large 15 , but lar Yer rou ) much harder to mana and end ) with . One of the . hallmarks of a small group is the ability for all the group members to engage in interpersonal interactions 19 ' I

with all the group . engage in groups throughout our lives . Chances are you ve some kind of group project for a grade you ve been . may been a great one or a horrible one , depending on the personalities within the group , the ability of the group to accomplish the goal , the of group , and other factors . you like group work or not , you will engage in many groups ( some effective some ineffective ) over your . re all born into a family , is a specific type of group relationship . When you were younger , you may have been in . As you grew older , you had groups of friends you did things with . As you enter into the professional world , you will probably be some kind of work team , is just a specialized type of group . In other words , group is a part of life . Public Communication next of communication is called public communication . Public Communication occurs an individual or group of individuals sends a specific message to an audience . This way of is often when groups become too large to maintain interactions with all group members . One of the most forms of public communication is public speaking . As I am writing this chapter , we are iii the middle of the primary season for the 2020 Presidential election . People of all political stripes have been attending candidate speeches in numbers this year . The size of the audience one speaks to will impact someone delivers a speech . If you re giving a speech to ten people , you have the ability to watch all of your audience members and receive feedback as people nod their heads agreement or disagreement . On the other hand , if you re speaking to ( people at once , a speaker can not watch all of their audience members and get feedback . With a smaller audience , a speaker can adapt their message on the as they interpret audience feedback . a larger audience , a speaker is more likely to deliver a prepared speech that does not alter based on audience members feedback . Although this book is not a public peaking book , we would recommend that anyone take a public speaking class , because its such an essential and valuable skill in the 21 Century . As we are bombarded with more and more messages , being an effective speaker is more important today than ever before . Mediated Communication The type of is mediated communication , or the use of form of technology to facilitate between two or more people . VVe already mentioned a few forms of mediated communication we talked about interpersonal communication phone calls , emails , text messaging , etc . In each of these cases , mediated technology is utilized to facilitate the of information between two people . Most mediated communication occurs because technology functions as the link between someone sending and someone receiving . For example , you go online and look up the statistics from last night baseball game . The website you choose is the link between you and the reporter who authored the information . In the same way , if you looked up these results in a , the newspaper would be the between you and the reporter who wrote the article . The technology may changed from print to electronic journalism , but the basic concept is still alive . Today we are surrounded by a ton of different media options . Some common examples include ' I .

cable , satellite television , the , content streaming services ( Hulu , etc . social media , magazines , voice over internet protocol ( Skype , Google Hangouts , etc . and others . We have more forms of mediate ( communication today than We have ever had before in history . Most of us will only experience and use a fraction of the mediated communication technologies are available for us today . Keg Takeaways communication is communication within yourself . Interpersonal communication is the exchange of messages between two people . Small group communication consists of three or more individuals . Public communication is where you have one speaker and a large audience . Mediated communication involves messages sent through a medium to aid the message . are some to mediated communication ?

are some drawbacks ?

How does it impact the message ?

type of communication would be the most to study and As a group , think of some possible research studies for each type of communication . would it be important to study ?

Mindful Define the term . Describe the basic model of mindfulness . Discuss the five facets of mindfulness . ca Explain the relationship between mindfulness and interpersonal communication . The words , mindfulness , and mindlessness have received a lot of attention both Within academic circles and outside of them . Many people hear the word mindful and picture a yogi sitting on '

a mountain peak in lotus position While listening to the wind . And for some people , that form of mindfulness is perfectly fine , but its not necessarily beneficial for the rest of us . Instead , mindfulness has become a tool that can be used to improve all facets of an individual life . In this section , We i going to explore what mindfulness is and develop an understanding of what will call in this book mindful Defining Mindfulness Several different definitions have appeared trying to explain what these terms mean . Let look at just a small handful of definitions that have been put forward for the term . as a particular type of social practice that leads the practitioner to an ethically minded awareness , intentionally situated in the here and ' awareness of perceptible experience that ordinarily requires gradual by means of systematic practice is characterized by a , investigation of ongoing experience is fundamentally sustained by such attitudes as kindness , tolerance , patience , and courage and is markedly different from everyday modes of . he process of drawing novel distinctions The process of drawing novel distinctions can lead to a number of diverse consequences , including ( a greater sensitivity to one environment , more openness to new information , the creation of new categories for structuring perception , and ( enhanced awareness of multiple perspectives in problem 17 . Mindfulness is a state of mind in which we are actively engaged in the present , noticing new things and sensitive to context , with an open , orientation to 13 . one attention in a or accepting way on the experience occurring in the present moment and can be contrasted with states of mind in which attention is focused elsewhere , including preoccupation with memories , fantasies , plans , or worries , and behaving automatically without awareness of one ' he focus of a person attention is opened to admit whatever enters experience , while at the same time , a stance of kindly curiosity allows the person to investigate whatever appears , without falling prey to automatic judgment or Paying attention in a particular way on purpose , in the present moment , and . Mindfulness is the practice of returning to being centered in this living moment right now and right here , being openly and kindly present to our own immediate mental , emotional , and bodily experiencing , and without 22 . A of one internal states and surroundings . The concept has been applied to various therapeutic example , cognitive behavior therapy , based stress reduction , and mindfulness help people avoid destructive or automatic habits and responses by learning to observe their thoughts , emotions , and other experiences without judging or reacting to 23 10 . A multifaceted construct that includes paying attention to experiences , labeling them with words , acting with awareness , avoiding automatic pilot , and bringing an attitude of openness , acceptance , willingness , allowing , kindness , friendliness , and curiosity to all observed hat we generally see within these definitions of the term mindfulness is a spectrum of ideas ranging from more traditional Eastern perspectives on mindfulness ( usually out of Buddhism ) to more perspectives on mindfulness arising out of the pioneering conducted by Ellen ' I .

Towards a Mindfulness Model Shauna Sha ) iro and Linda take the notion of mindfulness a ste ) farther and try to differentiate I I . between mindful awareness and mindful practice ( a ) Mindful awareness , an abiding presence or awareness , a deep knowing that contributes to freedom of the mind ( freedom from conditioning an ( delusion ) and ( mindful practice , the systematic practice of intentionally attending open , caring , an ( discerning , which involves ) oth knowing and shaping the mind . To capture both aspects we define the construct of mindfulness as the awareness that arises through intentionally attending in open , caring , and discerning The importance of this perspective is that Shapiro and recognize that mindfulness is a cognitive , behavioral , and affective process . So , let look at each of these characteristics . Mindful Awareness First , we have the notion of mindful awareness . Most of mindful awareness is attending to what going on around you at a deeper level . Lets start by thinking about awareness as a general concept . According to the American Psychological Association dictionary , awareness is perception or knowledge of 27 Awareness involves recognizing or understanding an idea or phenomenon . For example , take a second and think about your breathing . Most of the time , we are not aware of our breathing because our body is designed to perform this activity for us unconsciously . We don have to remind ourselves to breathe in and outwith every breath . If we did , we never be able to sleep or do anything else . However , if you take a second and focus on your breathing , you are consciously aware of your breathing . Most breathing exercises , whether for acting , meditation , public speaking , singing , are designed to make you aware of your breath since we are not conscious of our breathing most of the time . Mindful awareness takes being aware to a different level . Go back to our breathing example . Take a second and focus again on your breathing . Now ask yourself a few questions a . How do you physically feel while breathing ?

are you thinking about while breathing ?

emotions do you experience while breathing ?

The goal , then , of mindful awareness is to be consciously aware of your physical presence , cognitive processes , and emotional state while engaged in an activity . More importantly , it about not judging these it simply about being aware and noticing . Mindful Practice Mindful practice , as described by Shapiro and , is the conscious development of skills such as greater ability to direct and sustain our attention , less reactivity , greater discernment and compassion , and enhanced capacity to disidentify from one concept of To help further explore the concept of mindful practice , Shauna Shapiro , Linda , John , and Benedict Freedman proposed a component model ( Figure ) attention , intention , and ' I

Attention involves attending fully to present moment instead of allowing ourselves to become preoccupied with the past or Essentially , attention is being aware of what happening internally and externally ) By internally , we re talking about what going on in your head . What are your thoughts and feelings ?

By I externally , were referring to what going on in your . To be mindful , someone must A ) a ) on am no . humans aren very good at being attentive . Our minds tend to wander about of the Some people say that humans suffer from monkey mind , or the tendency of our thoughts to swing from one idea to the next . 32 As such , being mindful is partially being Figure ' of aware of our minds start to shift to other ideas and then refocusing ourselves . Intention involves knowing why we are doing we are doing our ultimate aim , our vision , and our So the second step in mindful practice is knowing why you re doing something . Lets say that you ve decided that you want to start exercising more . If you wanted to engage in a more mindful practice of exercise , the first step would be figuring out why you want to exercise and what your goals are . Do you want to exercise because you know you need to be healthier ?

Are you exercising because you re worried about having a heart attack ?

Are you exercising because you want to get a bikini body before the summer ?

Again , the goal here is simple be honest with ourselves about our intentions . Attitude , or we pay attention , enables us to stay open , kind , and Essentially , we can all bring different perspectives when we re attending to something . For example , attention can have a 35 As you can see , we can approach being mindful from different points , so the attitude with which you undertake the practice of paying attention and being in the present is One of the facets of mindfulness is being open and , so having that cold , critical quality is antithetical to being mindful . Instead , the goal of mindfulness must be one of openness and . So , what types of attitudes should one attempt to develop to be mindful ?

Daniel proposed the 37 cold , critical quality , or an openhearted , curious , and compassionate quality . acronym COAL when thinking about our attitudes curiosity , openness , acceptance , and love . stands for curiosity ( inquiring without ) stands for openness ( having the freedom to experience what is occurring as simply the truth , without judgments ) A stands for acceptance ( taking as a given the reality of and the need to be precisely where you ' CI ( I .

are ) stands for love ( being kind , compassionate , and to others and to yourself ) Jon , on the ( hand , recommends seven attitudes that are necessary for mindfulness . observing without categorizing or evaluating . Patience accepting and tolerating the fact that things happen in their own . Beginner seeing everything as if for the very first . Trust believing in ourselves , our experiences , and our feelings . being in the moment without specific goals . Acceptance seeing things as they are ( judgment . Letting Go allowing things to be as they are and getting bogged down things can not change . Neither COAL nor seven attitudes is an exhaustive list of attitudes that can be important to mindfulness . Still , they give you a representative idea of the types of attitudes that can impact mindfulness Ultimately , the attitude that we bring to the practice of mindfulness will to a large extent determine its value . is consciously cultivating certain attitudes can be very helpful Keeping particular attitudes in mind is actually part of the training Five Facets of Mindfulness From a social scientific , one of the influential researchers in the field of mindfulness been Ruth . most significant contribution to the field been her Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire , which you can take on her website . research concluded that there are five different facets of mindfulness observing , describing , acting with awareness , of inner experience , and to inner experience ( Observing first facet of mindfulness is observing , or noticing or attending to a variety of internal or external phenomena ( bodily sensations , emotions , sounds ) When one is engaged in mindfulness , one of the basic goals is to be aware of What is going on inside yourself and in the external environment . Admittedly , staying in the moment and observing can be difficult , because our minds are always trying to shift to new topics and ideas ( again that darn monkey brain ) Describing The second facet of mindfulness is describing , or putting into words of inner experiences of perceptions , thoughts , feelings , sensations , and The goal of describing is to stay in the moment by being detail focused on what is occurring . We should note that having a strong vocabulary does make describing what is occurring much easier . I

Awareness Non Describing of Inner Figure Five Facets of Mindfulness Acting with Awareness The third facet of mindfulness is acting with awareness , or engaging fully in one present activity rather than functioning on automatic When it comes to acting with awareness , it important to focus one attention . In our lives , we often engage in behaviors without being consciously aware of what we are doing . For example , have you ever thought about your routine for showering ?

Most of us have a pretty specific ritual we use in the shower ( the steps we engage in as we shower ) Still , most of us do this on autopilot without really taking the time to realize how ritualized this behavior is . of Inner Experience The fourth facet of mindfulness is the of inner experience , which involves being consciously aware of one thoughts , feelings , and attitudes them . One of the hardest things for people when it comes to mindfulness is not judging themselves or their inner experiences . As humans , we are pretty judgmental and like to evaluate things as positive or negative , good or bad , etc However , one of the goals of mindfulness is to be present and aware . As soon as you start judging your thoughts , feelings , and attitudes , you stop being present and become focused on your evaluations and not your experiences . Non reactivity to Inner Experience ' lU (

The last facet of mindfulness is to inner experience is about becoming aware of distressing thoughts , emotions , and mental images automatically responding to to inner experience is related to the issue of not judging your inner experience , but the difference is in our reaction . involves taking a step back and evaluating things from a more logical , dispassionate perspective . Often , we get so bogged down in our thoughts , emotions , and mental images that we end up preventing ourselves from engaging in life . For example , one common phenomenon that plagues many people is impostor syndrome , or perceived intellectual Some people , who are very smart and skilled , start to believe that they are frauds and are just minutes away from being found out . Imagine being a brilliant brain surgeon but always afraid someone going to figure out that you don know what you re doing . to our inner experience would involve realizing that we have these thoughts but not letting them influence our actual behaviors . to inner experience is easier described than done for of us . MINDFULNESS ACTIVITY As a simple exercise to get started in mindfulness , we want to spend 15 minutes coloring . Yep , you heard that right . want you to color . Now , this may seem a bit of an odd request , but research has us that coloring is an excellent activity for increasing mindfulness , reducing stress , and increasing your ( Coloring also has direct effects on our by reducing our heart rates and blood Coloring also helps college students reduce their test For this exercise , we ve created an interpersonal communication , coloring page . According to Lawrence Shapiro , author of Mindful . A and Fun to Reduce Stress in Your Life , here are the basic steps you should take to engage in mindful coloring Set aside to 15 minutes to practice mindful coloring . Find a time and place Where you will not be interrupted . Gather your materials to do your coloring and sit comfortably at a table . You may want to set a timer for to 15 minutes . You should try and continue your mindful practice until the alarm goes off . Choose any design you like and begin coloring wherever you like . As you color , start paying attention to your breathing . You will probably find that your breathing is becoming slower and deeper , but you don to my to relax . In fact , you don to try and do anything . Just pay attention to the design , to your choice of colors , and to the process of After completing this simple exercise , answer the following questions . How ( lid it feel to just focus on coloring ?

Did you find your mind wandering to other topics while coloring ?

If so , did you refocus yourself ?

How hard would it be to have that same level of concentration when you re talking with someone ?

Interpersonal Communication and Mindfulness For our purposes within this book , we want to look at issues related to mindful communication that spans across these definitions . Although the idea of mindfulness and communication is not ' Charles Berger , and Vincent ( lI ( were three of the first researchers to formulate a of envisioning mindfulness and interpersonal As with the trouble of defining mindfulness , perspectives on what mindful communication is differ as well . Let look at three fairly distinct definitions . Communication that is , processed , creative , strategic , based ( as opposed to ) would seem to qualify as mindful , whereas communication that is reactive , superficially processed , routine , rigid , and emotional would fall toward the mindless end of the . Mindful communication including mindful speech and deep listening are important . But we must not overlook the role of compassion , wisdom , and critical thinking in communication . must be able to empathize with others to see things from their perspective . should not continue with our narrow prejudices so that we can start meaningful relationships with others . We can then come more easily to agreement and work . Mindful communication includes the practice of mindful presence and encompasses the attributes of a approach to , staying actively present in the moment , and being able to rapidly adapt to change in an As you can see , these perspectives on mindful communication align nicely with the discussion we had in the previous section related to mindfulness . However , there is not a single approach to what is mindful Each of these definitions can help us create an idea of what mindful communication is . For our purposes within this text , we plan on taking a broad view of mindful communication that encompasses both perspectives of secular mindfulness and mindfulness ( primarily stemming out of the Buddhist tradition ) As such , we define mindful communication as the process of interacting with others while engaging in mindful awareness and practice . Although more general than the definitions presented above , we believe that aligning our definition with mindful awareness and practice is beneficial because of Shapiro and existing mindfulness However , we do want to raise one note about the possibility of mindful communication competence . From a communication perspective , it entirely possible to be mindful and not effective in one communication . Berger , and wrote , without the requisite communication skills to monitor their actions and adapt their messages , without the breadth of repertoire that enables , novel thought processes to translate into creative action , a more mindful state may not lead to more successful As such , a marriage must be made between mindfulness and communication skills . This book aims to provide a perspective that enhances both mindfulness and interpersonal communication skills . Keg Takeaways The term mindfulness encompasses a rang of different definitions from the strictly religious ( primarily Buddhist in nature ) to the strictly secular ( primarily ' I .

psychological in nature ) Simply , there is not an agreed upon definition . Shauna Shapiro and Linda separate out mindful awareness from mindful practice . Mindful practice involves three specific behaviors attention ( being aware of what happening internally and ) intention ( being aware of why you are doing something ) and attitude ( being curious , open , and ) Ruth identified the five facets of mindfulness . The five facets of mindfulness are ( being aware of what is going on inside yourself and in the external environment ) being on what is occurring while putting it into words ) acting with awareness ( purposefully focusing one attention on the activity or interaction in which one is engaged ) of inner experience ( being consciously aware of one thoughts , feelings , and attitudes without judging them ) and ( to inner experience ( taking a step back and evaluating things from a more logical , dispassionate perspective ) Mindful communication is the process of interacting with others while engaging in mindful awareness and practice . So much of what we do when we interact with people today centers around our ability to be mindful , in the moment with others . As such , examining how to be more mindful in our communication with others is essential to competent communication . If you haven already tried mindful coloring , please take this opportunity to it out . Give yourself 10 to 15 minutes in a quiet space to just sit and focus on the coloring . not to let yourself get disturbed by other things in your environment . Just focus on being present with your colors and the coloring sheet . to try something a bit deeper in Consider starting simple meditation . Meditating is an important facet of mindfulness , and although most religious traditions have some form of meditation practice built into the religion , it is not specifically religious in nature . Even atheists can meditate . a simple meditation like Seated Breath Meditation This technique can help you Enhance mental clarity Be fully present in the moment Understand your inner emotional state Feel grounded OOOO Find a quiet place . Light a candle if you wish . Sit tall in your chair , feet on the floor , or sit comfortably on the floor . Align your spine , shoulders over hips , as if suspended from above . Hands can be in your lap or on your thighs , palms up , or press palms together at heart . Feel your posture as both rooted and energetic . Eyes can be closed or softly focused . Mouth is 29 ' I

closed , tongue relaxed . Be sure you can breathe comfortably . Center your awareness on your nostrils , where the air enters and leaves your body . Notice your breath . Begin counting your breaths , returning to one time a thought intrudes . thoughts come in , notice them , then let them go . Bring yourself back to your physical body , to the breath coming in and out . Source Thousand Waves Martial Arts Self Defense Center ( VVant to try some longer meditation practices ?

The Free Mindfulness Project links to a number of mindfulness audio . In this chapter , we explored why it important to study human communication , the basic principles of human communication , the nature of communication competence , the types of human communication , and mindful communication . We hope this chapter makes you interested in staying with us throughout the rest of the book as We explore interpersonal communication . End of Chapter Intention Acting with Awareness Appropriate Communication Communication Attention Mediated Communication Attitude Mindful Awareness Cognitive Complexity Mindful Communication Communication Mindful Practice Communication Competence of Inner Experience Connotative to Inner Experience Denotative Observing Describing Public Communication Effective Communication Group Symbol

. Communication is all the following CA except . is a freshman in college and doesn understand why he needs to take a communication studies course . He doesn see the importance or application of this On course . He Wants to be an engineer . His math and engineering classes are more exciting than a communications course . He has been talking his Whole life and is very contains a content dimension ( culturally assumed . An individual at a concert a popular friend the peace sign using her index and middle to Can you convince him Why communication the letter This is an example is important for ?

of what ?

a sign a word mediated communication ( an emoji END OF ER a symbol . type of communication the exchange of messages between two people i . of the following are reasons for studying interpersonal to increase our effectiveness small group gives us a new perspective ( public because we spend so much time mass doing it ( a ) all of the above . My mother told me that I would succeed at anything I put my mind to and that I could achieve thing . type of need is this example ?

physical practical identity ( social affectionate I ' .

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